Coffee's hidden health benefits | James Hoffmann and Prof. Tim Spector

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 16 พ.ค. 2024
  • Tips to control your gut from ZOE Science and Nutrition - Download our FREE gut guide: zoe.com/gutguide
    Many of us love coffee, but we may not be aware of its health benefits. If you thought coffee was just a caffeine kick, think again.
    In today's episode, Jonathan, Prof. Tim Spector, and coffee expert James Hoffmann explore the intricate relationship between coffee and health. They uncover truths and myths about caffeine and describe coffee’s fascinating role in improving gut health.
    Tim also shares exciting news about soon-to-be published research. The topic: coffee and the gut microbiome. Plus, James brews coffee live in the studio and helps us understand the different coffee variants. He even dives into the world of coffee kombucha.
    James Hoffmann is an English barista, TH-camr, entrepreneur, coffee consultant, and author. He came to prominence after winning the World Barista Championship in 2007 and is credited as a pioneer of Britain's third-wave coffee movement.
    Tim is a professor of genetic epidemiology at King’s College London, director of the Twins UK study, scientific co-founder of ZOE, and one of the world’s leading researchers.
    If you want to uncover the right foods for your body, head to zoe.com/podcast and get 10% off your personalised nutrition program.
    Follow ZOE on Instagram: / zoe
    Timecodes:
    00:00 Introduction
    01:50 Quickfire Questions
    04:24 Why are we all so obsessed with coffee?
    05:02 What are the health benefits associated with coffee?
    06:40 There is a lot more fibre in coffee than you think
    09:47 The effects of caffeine and gender differences
    12:31 Why is coffee full of polyphenals?
    15:12 Tim’s new research teaser…
    21:21 What is the health relationship between fibre, microbes and our bodies?
    27:32 Should we all start drinking coffee and should we choose decaf?
    31:52 Modern coffee is all about flavour
    33:03 Does the way that we make coffee impact our health?
    37:55 James explains his mini laboratory!
    43:42 Why is coffee not regulated in coffee shop chains?
    44:35 What is the best way to make coffee?
    44:40 Coffee #1 Filter Coffee
    47:10 Coffee #2 Decaf Coffee
    51:00 Coffee #3 Instant Coffee
    1:00:50 How does caffeine affect high blood pressure?
    1:05:36 Summary
    Mentioned in today's episode:
    Books:
    - How to Make the Best Coffee at Home by James Hoffman: amzn.to/3wEkesy
    - Every Body Should Know This by Dr Federica Amati: amzn.to/4blJsLg
    - Food For Life by Prof. Tim Spector: amzn.to/4amZinu
    James Hoffmann's TH-cam channel: / @jameshoffmann
    Editorial correction: At 35:18, James refers to chlorogenic acid as a polyphenol. We have since learnt that this is incorrect. Rather, it is a phenolic compound or a phenolic acid. James has shared this short video on his TH-cam channel clarifying this: • What I got Wrong About...
    Episode transcripts are available here: zoe.com/learn/category/podcasts
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ความคิดเห็น • 748

  • @VanMan83
    @VanMan83 19 วันที่ผ่านมา +30

    I'm 58. I've been drinking coffee daily since I was 14. For the last 20 or 30 years I've been reading articles debating the benefits or hazards of coffee, claiming it's bad for you, claiming it's good for you, claiming it's neither. You'll never hear the end of it. I will continue to have my morning coffee for the duration of my life.

    • @MrTrda
      @MrTrda 11 วันที่ผ่านมา

      I dunno man…. That might not be a good idea.

    • @cuzIjust
      @cuzIjust 10 วันที่ผ่านมา +3

      I am 40, like you was heavy drinker for 20+ years. Cut two weeks now from drinking only morning cup. Best decision ever, noticedcm coffee made me dehydrated, sleep better now, no crashes, no anxiety.. might drink a decaf coffee once in a while on Sunday but not yet. Loved smell of grinded ,fresh coffee. Try to cut it out for 2 weeks to see what did you relied on.

    • @nathan87
      @nathan87 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Were you reading "articles" or were you reading research? Science is a process by which views with nuance are gradually teased out of the evidence. You have one of the world's leading nutrition researchers telling you about the cutting edge facets to our understanding of coffee, and you boil it down to a smug "both sides" comment implying you and your common sense worked it all out 40 years ago? Do better.

    • @bradcampbell5766
      @bradcampbell5766 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Check out Jason Christoff.

    • @DMMPower
      @DMMPower 2 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

      I told myself the same thing a couple years ago until the day I could not even get a deep breath living hell on Earth!!!

  • @cassif19
    @cassif19 หลายเดือนก่อน +27

    Love it when specialists tell me that my addiction is actually healthy

    • @standardtuning4guitars423
      @standardtuning4guitars423 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Researches found that people with addictive personalities are short-term thinkers. They consider only the short term,quick reward. If health is about a long-term commitment to good lifestyle choices i dont see addictive types finding the right path or having the dedication. If your approach to life is to be addicted and look for something positive that justifies it youre probably ignorant about lots of things. A "healthy" cup of coffee will mean nothing if someone goes on to eat/drink a ton of crap.

    • @bradcampbell5766
      @bradcampbell5766 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

      That is because they are captured by the coffee agenda as you are. See Jason Christoff.

  • @cliffcastle9808
    @cliffcastle9808 หลายเดือนก่อน +32

    Thanks for putting this video together and for all the valuable information. As a coffee roaster, I would like to offer some additional comments. Coffee is essentially the pit of a cherry meaning that coffee "beans" are actually "seeds." Once coffee has been processed, green beans can be stored for a long time (years) without losing much nutritional value. However, once coffee has been roasted, the clock begins to tick. The flavor and nutritional value begin to diminish and after a couple of 6-8 weeks the difference is very apparent. Even more critical is the grinding date. Once beans have been ground, the clock ticks even faster. After a week of being ground, coffee starts getting stale. The takeaway is to buy your beans as soon after the roast date as possible (allowing 72 hours for degassing). And do not grind the beans until you are ready to use them. Outside of the origin and quality coffee beans themselves, these two things are critical to the end result.

    • @drioliv1
      @drioliv1 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      Valuable info!

    • @bradcampbell5766
      @bradcampbell5766 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

      What about freezing ground coffee?

    • @cliffcastle9808
      @cliffcastle9808 3 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @@bradcampbell5766 does not help. In fact it will have an adverse negative effect on the taste

  • @erasmus9627
    @erasmus9627 หลายเดือนก่อน +27

    But how does milk affect the health benefits of coffee? Given so many people put milk in their coffee, it’s dumbfounding that this issue wasn’t covered.

    • @waltery5582
      @waltery5582 7 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Glad that I read your coment, I drink the best coffee for the las 8 years ,-3cup- Bialetti coffee moka stove and and use double the size of my coffee with hot regular milk, can not live with out. you are listnening 130 mins and not coffee with milk, WTF

  • @themangochannel
    @themangochannel 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +157

    The most amazing lesson for me from this is that two cups of coffee has more fibre than a banana! Really interesting, as usual - thank you!

    • @cataony813
      @cataony813 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +16

      That statement is utterly false. Have you considered that filter or pour-over coffee passes through fine paper, which retains almost all solids and only allows particles that are less than couple hundred microns to escape?

    • @BergerandLeggman
      @BergerandLeggman 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Bananas not so good for smoothies either. Cuts antioxidant activity of other fruits(Amylase). I never eat them.

    • @xethified
      @xethified 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +16

      ​@@cataony813The dietary fibre in coffee is water soluble so a filter paper isn't going to make a difference. The extraction method might but not the filtration as far as I understand.

    • @user-bm9rp6ec4z
      @user-bm9rp6ec4z 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      your cofee table has fiber in it as well, why don't you grind it down and drink it as well?

    • @tasty_sand
      @tasty_sand 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      I've had soluble fiber drink before. They come in sachets and they dissolve like salt in water and are tasteless.

  • @peterjordan-turner8789
    @peterjordan-turner8789 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +419

    So the good news is that James Hoffmann is going to live forever.

    • @jonathanperry4189
      @jonathanperry4189 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

      And ever and ever 👴

    • @RichardLaurence
      @RichardLaurence 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +11

      Legend has that he already has!

    • @follantic
      @follantic 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      That is indeed good news!

    • @davidway3905
      @davidway3905 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      0!"0

    • @zinniazinnia2145
      @zinniazinnia2145 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      or be a Homer Simpson and eat all-u-like and be medicated to the hilt?

  • @6stringcodger450
    @6stringcodger450 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +63

    My father explained to me back in the 1980s there was magic in coffee, the vast number of his eldest patients (late 90s and a few 100 year olds) were coffee drinkers. He kept his coffee habit as well into his mid 90s. I never doubted and intentionally ignored all the doctors asking me to stop coffee over the decades.

    • @yvonne3903
      @yvonne3903 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Me too, taxi driver coffee.

    • @janezscancar4178
      @janezscancar4178 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      well, my father's first wife never drink coffee and is now 101 years old. Almost all 90 and 100 year olds in my region of our planet never touch coffee or tea. It was not in the menu back then. They had barley coffee, but i don't think that this is the reason for their longevity.

    • @silversilk8438
      @silversilk8438 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Survivorship bias? What’s that? ;)

    • @6stringcodger450
      @6stringcodger450 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

      ​@@silversilk8438 well its not a study (probably n

  • @hermanblinkhoven1856
    @hermanblinkhoven1856 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +70

    Nerds and nutrition. I love it

  • @jimihenrik11
    @jimihenrik11 หลายเดือนก่อน +19

    Few years ago I decided to live healthier and one of the things I wanted to change was to consume less soft drinks. I was daily drinking stuff like coca cola at work. I vowed to completly give that up and only consume water, cofffee and tea instead. The tea didn't stick, because I didn't enjoy the taste, but the water and coffe proved to be a comfortable choice. Some people told me I was exchanging one harm with another. But I felt so much better and healthier with my choice, that I stuck with it. Awesome to hear that coffee is not as unhelathy as rumored after all (as I expected already).

  • @brianhawthorne7603
    @brianhawthorne7603 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +59

    I love the look on Tim’s face as James discusses the differences in coffee types. He had that “I can see another paper in this” look.

  • @tammieprintupakaemaarukah5348
    @tammieprintupakaemaarukah5348 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +25

    Finally, someone confirms that a pinch of salt takes coffee flavor to another level!!!

    •  หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Been a German tradition, my mother always added a pinch of salt.

    • @nevinkuser9892
      @nevinkuser9892 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      I put a teaspoon of salt in my coffee with butter.

    • @Grassmonster3
      @Grassmonster3 6 วันที่ผ่านมา

      I break open a green cardamom and put that in my coffee.

  • @meatme53
    @meatme53 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +42

    I just started the vid. I do like James’ videos. I thought I’d mention, as an Audhd-er (ADHD+Autism) I saw a video talking about dopamine.
    She said,” why do “we” sometimes feel more relaxed after a nice coffee? It satisfies a dopamine shortage. The chase for that unknown anxiety satiation.

    • @SamsaSpoon
      @SamsaSpoon 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Have a link, please?

    • @aduantas
      @aduantas 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      everyone just rhymes off these truisms about dopamine now as if the brain was this simple

    • @nevadanate4957
      @nevadanate4957 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@aduantas True but the fact remains that the #1 treatment for ADHD is drugs that feed you dopamine.

    • @Jammoud
      @Jammoud หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@aduantasfacts

  • @gibbsandpartnersltd1866
    @gibbsandpartnersltd1866 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +75

    Can't wait for the tea study!

    • @fibber2u
      @fibber2u 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +14

      I'm looking forward to the Scones.

    • @jonathanperry4189
      @jonathanperry4189 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ​@@fibber2u they will find a scone digesting bacteria, just hold on

    • @wilts43
      @wilts43 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Extremely toxic due to its uniquely high Fluoride content. Gave me what they called IBS. Long cured after discovering this.

    • @rdvgrd6
      @rdvgrd6 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      My worry with tea is the possible huuuge amounts of insecticides in it…

    • @bobadams7654
      @bobadams7654 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ​@@rdvgrd6organic is the way to go

  • @terrihoornstra8695
    @terrihoornstra8695 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +52

    Thank you! I grew up in Wisconsin with coffee as my warm morning beverage. I had to give up the caffeine due to heart palpitations, so had to switch to decaf, and I am so happy that it has the same health benefits. I still love coffee and have found good-tasting decafs.

    • @chinookvalley
      @chinookvalley 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Beware of the chemicals used to make decaf.

    • @k8eekatt
      @k8eekatt 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      Nossa Familia, a grower of deliciously roasted Brazilian coffee, is working on a caffeine free bean!

    • @whatrubbishthishandle
      @whatrubbishthishandle 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      If only coffee had no caffeine - 1 cup of coffee can make me very ill. You don’t mention such a possibility. I find your information is biased.

    • @princemohlala4751
      @princemohlala4751 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@k8eekatt i should buy from them

    • @chriscarpunky
      @chriscarpunky 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      There is. It’s called decaf. Swiss water processed is natural and 99.7 percent caffeine free

  • @nesanesa9547
    @nesanesa9547 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    I just love the balance of these discussionS...experience. scientific and explanatory for us ..
    THANK YOU ZOE

  • @myrnaalexander2090
    @myrnaalexander2090 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

    Thank you for this excellent, cutting edge podcast!

  • @lau.mclaren
    @lau.mclaren 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    loved this! James and Tim were a perfect combination as guests. Also the summaries at the end of your episodes are great 👌🏼

  • @krimke881
    @krimke881 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +10

    I appreciate the avoidance of the japanese tradition to acknowledge every single word from your guest. There's too many podcasters in practise, dubbing their guests with; Yeah, yeah, yes, yes, mmhm, mhm, mmm,mmm,," But nodding the head back and fwds to every word said, is really a new way to do this. LOL,, it's quite fascinating! glad there's more than 1 camera angle. Oh, yeah, and of course, great subject! Great talk! :)

  • @KatharineLikesCake
    @KatharineLikesCake 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    Really enjoyed this, thank you!

  • @pyfinx
    @pyfinx 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +19

    james hoffmann is such a cool guy. so passionate about coffee.

    • @MrRaybrown007
      @MrRaybrown007 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      He needs a new jumper

    • @nevadanate4957
      @nevadanate4957 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@MrRaybrown007 Must be his favorite, we know he has a few others

  • @ondrejmitas3325
    @ondrejmitas3325 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    Loved this, and hope the tea podcast is also on the way.

  • @user-hd4wn2mx1n
    @user-hd4wn2mx1n 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +11

    Really informative - as always. Loving all the Zoe podcasts etc.

  • @siroyal2040
    @siroyal2040 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    This podcast really opened my eyes to my health and the benefits to coffee thanks for sharing just seighed up to the zoe podcasts really interesting thanks 🎉🎉🎉

  • @miketranfaglia3986
    @miketranfaglia3986 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +26

    James is great! I'm a home coffee roaster, so I'm obviously a big coffee fancier. His advice about water is spot on---the flavor of your coffee will depend on the water almost as much as the coffee. Good coffee is not cheap, so use good water. But you can also play with it a little; if your coffee is too acidic for your taste, you can use hard water to mellow it out. If it's flat and needs more acid, use spring water or even distilled. My well water is very hard, but my water softener removes some of the minerals and adds a bit of salt, which makes nice, tasty coffee.

    • @scoobtoober2975
      @scoobtoober2975 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Oh goodie, another home roaster. I've been doing it out of cost savings for 10 years or so. What roaster do you use. I use a metal bowl and a heat gun and metal spoon constantly stirring. Coffee for me dries my skin out. How about you, in winter especially? Cheers. Thanks for the water tips.

    • @miketranfaglia3986
      @miketranfaglia3986 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@scoobtoober2975 I roast my coffee outside on a gas grill with a rotisserie attachment. Many years ago I bought a drum coffee roaster that fits on the rotisserie and holds up to 5 pounds of green beans. I usually roast about 3 to 3 1/2 pounds at a time because the motor on the rotisserie struggles with a full load. This method is great for roasting large batches, and all the smoke stays outside the house. The disadvantage, of course, is that I need reasonably good weather for roasting.

    • @scoobtoober2975
      @scoobtoober2975 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Cool, my neighbor has a similar setup, much smaller. Cheers, keep it up. just bought some new green beans.@@miketranfaglia3986

    • @CesarSandoval024
      @CesarSandoval024 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      My mom has a alkaline water filter at home. That filter with my LA water is fucken perfect for coffee

  • @laurencejardine4095
    @laurencejardine4095 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Excellent work, love the format, keep it up!

  • @mrpiekuta
    @mrpiekuta 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    I can't wait to read this study. I understand it's still being reviewed.

  • @jonathansprout22
    @jonathansprout22 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    Very informative! Thanks! I’ve been cold brewing coffee and wonder what its caffeine and polyphenal content is. I’m under the impression cold brewing produces less bitter coffee. Would love to hear your expert opinions!

  • @joanmurphy2166
    @joanmurphy2166 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you. Excellent information. ☕

  • @mdevile2703
    @mdevile2703 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Excellent podcast. Thanks

  • @akaiappears
    @akaiappears 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    What a fantastic watch. Thank you!

  • @brianworrell9143
    @brianworrell9143 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

    These webinars are so interesting and in presenting the latest thoughts about our health. Keep them coming. Thank you.

  • @louMccarthy221
    @louMccarthy221 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Fantastic! This was amazing to me bc of the previously unknown factors of fiber and polyphenols! Who knew? Well, now I do and I'm so glad to have found this video. Thank you so very much!

  • @britishmemes
    @britishmemes 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    i love this guy's voice

  • @dwalker6868
    @dwalker6868 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Interesting program. Thank you for the information.

  • @xlalouba
    @xlalouba 23 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Thank you for a fascinating and very informative presentation.

  • @keithholmes6776
    @keithholmes6776 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +23

    I can't drink tea in the evening as I wake in the night to use the loo. Drinking coffee however I have a full nights sleep!

    • @thehappypotter9612
      @thehappypotter9612 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      These things are so individual. I get nauseous if I drink tea early in the day, even after eating a meal. Other people cannot stomach coffee.

    • @vanessac1965
      @vanessac1965 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ​@@thehappypotter9612it's probably the tannins in the tea bothering you

  • @karentodd2678
    @karentodd2678 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    This is encouraging news. I have long loved coffee and currently use an AeroPress. I also have started using decaf later in the day.

  • @ronaldreid2185
    @ronaldreid2185 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +11

    As a coffee nerd, this is music to my ears.

  • @karenlin-mahar3403
    @karenlin-mahar3403 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    This is so interesting and the research so critical. Thank you Zoe from Sydney Australia!❤

  • @IntrovertPlayer
    @IntrovertPlayer หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Refer this research article - [Rao, N.Z., Fuller, M. Acidity and Antioxidant Activity of Cold Brew Coffee. Sci Rep 8, 16030 (2018)] where they investigates the impact of hot and cold brewing processes on the polyphonic content of coffee. It analyzes factors such as antioxidant levels and acidity in both brewing methods. The study aims to provide insight into how different brewing techniques affect the nutritional and sensory properties of coffee.
    In the study, the researchers observed that the hot brewing process led to higher levels of acidity, and antioxidant activity compared to cold brewing. However, cold brewing resulted in a smoother and less acidic taste profile. Overall, the observations indicated that the choice of brewing method can significantly affect the polyphonic content and sensory characteristics of coffee.

  • @lynbeck2359
    @lynbeck2359 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Great Show
    on the scientific study by Zoe, no guilt enjoying coffees ☕️
    We are fortunate to have several coffee houses! Brattleboro Vermont!

  • @joeedwards9272
    @joeedwards9272 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Aup Ollie, your an inspiration i can’t wait for the day you say you’ve beat this keep us posted 👊

  • @seanjohal7
    @seanjohal7 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    I always put Himalayan pink salt in my coffee, especially if you fast, do sauna and exercise. Losing salt needs to be replaced, so move more then have more. I also add some cayenne pepper for it's benefits to. Love the taste and benefits. Turmeric to.

  • @jjjames6894
    @jjjames6894 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Love James, his TH-cam channel on coffee is top notch, it’s amazing he’s back on Zoe, thanks for this episode love it!!

  • @risasklutteredkitchen1293
    @risasklutteredkitchen1293 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    I’ve been having gut issues for most of my life, Early on (5 yo), I had constipation. Up until pregnancy (34), I had a lot of the same issues. When I got pregnant, that all shifted and I was able to go everyday. After I delivered, I started having opposite issues. Never had problems with that. On and off, I’ve had the opposite of constipation. A little here and there. It is especially terrible when I am at work and I have to run up-and-down the stairs to the bathroom. So, I started eating homemade yogurt (plain) on a twice a month basis. Eating it every night with a touch of stevia and a little bit of berries OR some night time magnesium powder. I wake up and have no gas, no issues,, no problems at work. Then I heard about l.reuteri fermented dairy. I finally broke down and bought the tablets to make the fermented dairy. I finally made a batch of it and I started it last night. So far, I have no gas and I had a normal bowel movement. Sorry TMI. So I can’t wait to see your body response to this. I love kimchi. It is wonderful. I also eat fermented sauerkraut found in the dairy aisle. You could probably try that too, as it is very good for the micro biome too.

    • @karentodd2678
      @karentodd2678 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I saw that yogurt demo too. I’ve made yogurt many times in the past. I’m reluctant to use the inulin because I avoid inulin on a low FODMAP diet.

    • @atelier27
      @atelier27 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@karentodd2678 I make it just fine without it.

  • @LaCheshireChat
    @LaCheshireChat 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    Yay!! Finally! Good news!

  • @harrietendean1126
    @harrietendean1126 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +13

    So interesting, but from a coffee loving tea enthusiast Tim please note that green and black teas can contain equal amounts of caffeine. 13:50 They can be made from leaves from the same plants. Green and white teas can even contain more caffeine than black teas. It’s complicated, varietal, terroir, growing season, processing method etc can all have an impact on the chemical composition of the leaves. 🍃

    • @rolandrodgers5201
      @rolandrodgers5201 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Green Tea has a lot of caffeine. I have to drink decaf GT now. GT should be brewed at 85Deg, not boiling, which reduces the caffeine a bit.

    • @ben-fe3zy
      @ben-fe3zy 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      I heard that tea often contains more per gram, but we generally use more coffee per cup, so a cup of caffeinated coffee contains more than a cup of tea (generally!). Does this sound correct?

  • @geog8964
    @geog8964 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thanks. An interesting and information rich episode.

  • @TylerLatsha
    @TylerLatsha 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    James, there is a coffee shop in Las Vegas i think you should go check out. The owner has roots in Ethiopia and she has original coffee making equipment that was passed down by her grand parents, also the coffee is delicious. She roasts her own beans every week. The shop is off the strip. It’s called the Java Tree and it’s on flamingo road in a shopping plaza. If you decide to go i wanna meet you there it would fulfill a life dream of mine. God bless you James
    And great panel here thanks for the talk about a lot of interesting nuance about coffee!

  • @soccerboy10
    @soccerboy10 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +10

    I was surprised cold brew process was left out of the conversation. Does it have the same benefits?

    • @IntrovertPlayer
      @IntrovertPlayer หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Refer this research article - [Rao, N.Z., Fuller, M. Acidity and Antioxidant Activity of Cold Brew Coffee. Sci Rep 8, 16030 (2018)] where they investigates the impact of hot and cold brewing processes on the polyphonic content of coffee. It analyzes factors such as antioxidant levels and acidity in both brewing methods. The study aims to provide insight into how different brewing techniques affect the nutritional and sensory properties of coffee.
      In the study, the researchers observed that the hot brewing process led to higher levels of acidity, and antioxidant activity compared to cold brewing. However, cold brewing resulted in a smoother and less acidic taste profile. Overall, the observations indicated that the choice of brewing method can significantly affect the polyphonic content and sensory characteristics of coffee.

  • @muhammadraflin7044
    @muhammadraflin7044 14 วันที่ผ่านมา

    The speaker is very practical and honest. Some of us so much worry to be against the mainstream. To share my experience, I have been drinking black coffee a lot count 2-3 medium cup a day since few years before Covid, with the grace of God, while almost everyone affected by Covid I was among the one who has never got infected.

  • @chrisavetrano
    @chrisavetrano 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great interview!

  • @makumbolindo3566
    @makumbolindo3566 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +13

    What about when you drink coffee with milk or cream?, what happens? can reduce the goods properties of coffee?

    • @mnjammnjamm
      @mnjammnjamm 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      this would be the only topic of concern to me as well

    • @juliajones3613
      @juliajones3613 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I would love to know that too - I had assumed that the protein in the milk would somehow neutralise the benefits of the tanins BUT James jept saying "or a flat white" made me think "really?!" I wonder what Tim's stance on added cows milk or plant "milk" containing protein is - does it lower the level of good compounds we can absorb from the coffee???

    • @fromtheflightdeck252
      @fromtheflightdeck252 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Somewhat. Much better to enjoy black coffee without all the bad stuff!

  • @cycoklr
    @cycoklr หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Started drinking coffee occasionally in the early 1960s when I was still in elementary school against my parents' wishes. Since 1980 I don't remember a day without coffee. I quit tobacco and hard drinking in 1983. Almost 71 now, living an active lifestyle, good vision, no maintenance meds and at 16% body fat. I can't attribute my good health to coffee but 2-3 cups a day does not seem to have made a dent in my physical condition. I've ran the gamut from instant to espresso but settled with French press as my current choice.

  • @natus49
    @natus49 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Soo cool to see James Hoffman working with ZOE :D

  • @TomBarlowBanhMi
    @TomBarlowBanhMi 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Great podcast, loved this. A couple of things I would have liked to hear about though.
    1. Grind size. You touched a bit on surface area but wondering what your thoughts are around this.
    2. Water temperature I boil to 80 degrees but is there a temp that’s optimal for drawing out flavour.
    3. Water - James brought his own water and I’ve been reading a bit about removing chlorine from water for better flavours. What’s the best method to get the perfect water for a brew

    • @hggmstrbmba3050
      @hggmstrbmba3050 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Great questions, I hope I can help:
      1. There's a lot to be said about grind size, but generally you are going to vary it depending on brewing style (eg very fine for espresso, quite coarse for French press). Compounds in fine grinds will dissolve more readily when water moves through the grounds, but overly fine grinds can lead to unpleasant bitterness or congestion in the brewer.
      2. generally speaking, higher temperature water will dissolve more compounds from coffee grounds. Usually, people use very hot (boiling) water for light roast coffees and pour over, and less hot water for darker roasted beans (which are more prone to bitterness)
      3. If you are trying to get "perfect water" for a brew(you do not need to do this! But it is tasty), the easiest method is probably to obtain distilled water, either by buying it at a store or filtering it at home. Next, you can remineralize it using commercially available powders like 3rd wave water, which will allow you to create water with a "good" (keeping in mind that this is actually pretty subjective) mineral profile for brewing.
      Hopefully this helps 😅. James has great videos on all of these topics on his channel, and if you'd enjoy a more technical, biophysical perspective, I would strongly recommend the blog Coffee Ad Astra

  • @joycealdrich
    @joycealdrich 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thank you for this valuable information. I love using Aeropress. I use Lavazza Rosa coffee, diluting it with hot water, in the cup, making ut a delicious brew. I do add cream and honey, so know this depletes some of the benefits, but it's how I enjoy my coffee. I will drink it black, when out of cream.

  • @weekenddistractions
    @weekenddistractions 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

    Great and informative video. I wish that coffee's effects on things like the liver and kidneys were discussed. For some odd reason, I sleep far better if I drink coffee before I go to sleep.

    • @thehappypotter9612
      @thehappypotter9612 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I stopped drinking coffee a while back and have been wondering if I did not sleep better when I used to drink it. But oh dear, did I feel terrible when I drank coffee for two weeks when I could not get hold of decaf in my little village. I was a dedicated coffee drinker for 20 years. Then I hit the wall and went cold turkey. Very thankful for decaf I am.

  • @rebeccahacker4503
    @rebeccahacker4503 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +18

    I'm 62 and have never drunk coffee! This has convinced me to start!😂

    • @user-pf5xq3lq8i
      @user-pf5xq3lq8i 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

      Don't do it.

    • @marieobrien9465
      @marieobrien9465 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      me too

    • @KittenLord69
      @KittenLord69 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      Consider caffeine free coffee since caffeine can really screw you up. Anxiety, heart palpitations etc.

    • @vlogkitsune6785
      @vlogkitsune6785 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      Get caffeine free.

    • @eliasbram3710
      @eliasbram3710 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      i have never consumed coffee either untill last year, started with decaffeinated. Get the allegedly benefits, and no caffeine. Besides, it helps me to curb hunger in dieting

  • @tD-oo2ox
    @tD-oo2ox 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    Absolutely fantastic to have cutting edge science like this in an easy digestible format (see what I did there?...Ill get my coat). Seriously, I have a bachelors degree and masters in related subjects but been out of science for decades now. It's fascinating to see how things have moved on and to hear direct from those at the cutting edge in this way. Thank you!

  • @ericojonx
    @ericojonx 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Coffee comment:
    500 +/- years ago when coffee & tea was introduced into Europe, the attraction was bitterness.
    The epicurean idea is to safely experience everything, without dying; Normally bitterness means death. (Today most want their coffee as sweet liquid candy.)
    Appreciate good coffee, but not real particular. I drink mine black and enjoy the bitterness safely.👌.
    Edit # 1 - Salt free!
    Will study water quality.
    Edit #2 - Taster's Choice in packets for on the go coffee.🎉

  • @docgl8301
    @docgl8301 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    As a coffee drinker I found this amazing and informative, especially the de-caf info. I do wish you had touched briefly on the effect "if" milk, cream and natural sweeteners are added, and the effect of these additives.

    • @vanessac1965
      @vanessac1965 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Milk neutralises the benefits, Dr Gundry discussed this somewhere

    • @pattifisk1829
      @pattifisk1829 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I made myself learn to love it 'Black' years ago❤

    • @literatious308
      @literatious308 2 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @@vanessac1965 I’m skeptical of Gundry, too many infomercials selling his “amazing” products.

  • @trixie880
    @trixie880 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    My goodness. Anyone else bored to tears listening to this?
    All this could be said in 5 minutes

    • @markym5002
      @markym5002 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      I think I extracted more from it.

    • @svacharya8180
      @svacharya8180 8 วันที่ผ่านมา

      One would have lost important details and the nuances. And good coffee could be quite nuanced

  • @valevans3510
    @valevans3510 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    The yellow Zoe mugs on the table look excellent for those with arthritic hands - big handles!! Can one buy them>

  • @dorotheauschnig3174
    @dorotheauschnig3174 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    I love finely ground Turkish coffee enriched with cardamom and nutmeg It's a bit a ceremony but so worth the effort…

    • @dreamervanroom
      @dreamervanroom 29 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Cardamom and cinnamon is good too.

  • @gwpff205
    @gwpff205 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    While listening to your podcast I made a cup of coffee in a Moka pot: when a cloud of marvelous smell started pouring out, a question ensued almost simultaneously: Is the smell alone able to produce any noticeable effect on our brain?

  • @Ko1234567890S
    @Ko1234567890S 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    So glad you get many of the same benefits from decaf, I love coffee but my body does not love caffeine

  • @flaljee
    @flaljee 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Very informative!

  • @PavelMatous-vu9vh
    @PavelMatous-vu9vh 14 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    I been using distill water lately with dark roasted coffee. I am 85, I feel mentally alert .I drink 3 cups in the early mornings 4:00am to 9;00: am I use African coffee it has no acidic other coffees from South America and Asian coffees has to much acidic where I use to get hardburns until I change to African coffee where they say it originated before taken to other parts of the world. I use to buy coffee from a well known coffee shop but change because I was getting hard burns from their coffee I found later their filter water was not to clean coming out from the fossette a young boy told me , plus his manager told him not to mention it to customers. Also a woman told me most coffee shops especially restaurants use water from the fossette because they don't change the filter periodically 50% of the water goes through but not too clean .

  • @Mimulus2717
    @Mimulus2717 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I love a good instant coffee for making iced coffee in the summer. I so wish James Hoffman would have mentioned what brand coffee that was he made, they had removed the label. On his YT channel he did a taste test of instants and chose "Little's colombian premium instant coffee" but that was a round jar and this one is a squared round. Any idea british consumers? here in America I like the organic Mt. Hagen brand. comes in decaf too. Listening to him makes me want to up my brewed coffee game. I do start with good tasting water and use a Moccamaster machine when using my chosen freshly ground bean, but too chealp to be spending $20 plus per pound for beans. Edit: I went back and watched at slow speed and I think it is Nescafe Gold Alta Rica Blend which did not even make it past the first round.

  • @Murraigh
    @Murraigh 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    This was one of the best yet, thanks!
    Big question though… Does the fibre in coffee affect the time restricted eating theory? I start the day with coffee at around 6.30am, but then don’t eat till 12. I’m concerned now thought that my ‘clean-up crew’ are displaced in my gut when the fibre is released.
    It would be great if one of the experts could put my mind any rest!

    • @karentodd2678
      @karentodd2678 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I’d bet Zoe would have a podcast or two on time restricted eating. Maybe one of those or I like Nutrition Made Simple. Gil has a lot of interviews with people about various diets.

    • @Murraigh
      @Murraigh 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      They did, and indicated that coffee is okay as it doesn’t trigger the same responses as food. But…. If there is a specific bacteria that likes coffee and it’s got fibre in it then surely it must create a response in the gut.
      My morning coffee is important to me but so is my 16hour fast

    • @drioliv1
      @drioliv1 หลายเดือนก่อน

      As long as you dont add anything to your coffee

  • @dreamervanroom
    @dreamervanroom 29 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    James talks so much faster than the others do I like his mind.

  • @WhatsBliss
    @WhatsBliss 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    It occurs to me that a lot of people believe that drinking coffee keeps them regular. Maybe having a consistent amount of fiber at the same time every day is contributing to that perception? Other parts of peoples diets are relatively erratic compared to coffee, which is typically drunk in the same quantities at the same time on a daily basis. I understand that caffeine has been eliminated as a cause for that phenomenon.

  • @gordslater
    @gordslater 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    I am so chuffed my local pub has a coffee machine - I have the perfect excuse now

  • @michaeltaylor8204
    @michaeltaylor8204 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    7 days off caffeine feel amazing energy, clarity, back to the gym each to the own but i feel back to normal.

  • @R0ckMum
    @R0ckMum 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Very interesting - about the fibre in coffee, I always thought that caffeine stimulated peristalsis, especially in the colon, so it's good to have caffeine early in the morning, so you can have a good movement before leaving the home, but I didn't know about the gut bacteria and fibre aspects.

  • @yvonne3903
    @yvonne3903 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    At 4 years old I absolutely loved my first cup of coffee and it was strong. I also occasionally need a cup of coffee to get to sleep.

  • @josephludwig1126
    @josephludwig1126 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    It is a wonderful time to live to be able to enjoy coffee at a realistic cost

  • @ChloeJames-ny2fi
    @ChloeJames-ny2fi หลายเดือนก่อน

    Most useful to hear a drink I can’t do without is actually good for me!

  • @kidoscopic
    @kidoscopic 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    love you, guys! your optimistic vibes reinstate the values of decency, common sense, and professionalism in fundamental social behavior restoration endeavor. you give me hope that humanity as a species yet still has a chance. you are simply beautifully crafted. inside out. my coffee break today was very aromatic, sweet, and joyful, as you were alike. thank you!

  • @iceanfire
    @iceanfire หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    I've recently read some studies where coffee resulted in a spike in LDL Cholesterol in the range of 3-5 cups a day. Curious what the Zoe take on this would be?

  • @yuribudilov5638
    @yuribudilov5638 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Question: what about the coffee impact on the brain-related health issues? (Dementia, Parkinsons, Alzheimer's etc?)? Is it Good? Bad? Neutral? Unknown? What roles does the caffeine in coffee play in the brain related matter? Or does the decaf coffee work equally well ?

  • @hezhakarim8825
    @hezhakarim8825 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Its best morning drink ...

  • @earthmamma85
    @earthmamma85 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    I love coffee. I drink at least 2 cups everyday sometimes 4. I prefer black coffee but on occasion I’ll create some kind of latte.

    • @andreahodson7031
      @andreahodson7031 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Butter latte, add a small chunk of butter, whisk with small spoon/ wisk, allow a minute to settle then enjoy!

  • @sarah.gilman
    @sarah.gilman 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Great to learn about the fibre content in coffee. Can the ZOE app be updated to show this fibre content as it's currently set to 0mg? Even when I add 3 x coffees it still says 0. A banana shows up as having 1.4g. :)

  • @electronblue8334
    @electronblue8334 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I never understood the people who complained about coffee having an immediate effect on their digestion until I changed my diet. Since I started eating healthier, I get the "acceleration" effect, too. So I understand everyone who wants to keep away from coffee because it messes with their digestion. Me, I gotta have my big mug in the morning. That's 500 ml of coffee and I usually stop after that and switch to water and herbal infusions in the evening.

  • @MarianDouglasUngaro
    @MarianDouglasUngaro 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    What about FRENCH ROAST coffees? What are their properties, compared to other types of roasts? And WHY is French roast even called French roast? 🇫🇷 Thank you! ☺️

  • @coronabaytherapy
    @coronabaytherapy 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    *I now know more about coffee than I ever thought I would !* 🌝

  • @joseansoroa514
    @joseansoroa514 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi, thanks for your fantastic Zoe information.
    In your videos about coffee I only see positive comments, but is there any study about the impact of it's Acrylamide content?
    I use to drink 3 or 4 cups every day and last weeks I'm concerned because I've read that coffee contains Acrylamide and this seems to improve cancer risk.

  • @balabani
    @balabani 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

    What does roasting coffee beans do to the chemical benefits of coffee?

    • @stephendenagy3396
      @stephendenagy3396 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Unlocks everything. The Maillard reaction (look it up) changes the available chemistry into magic.

  • @florida3658
    @florida3658 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I love my coffee! 😊I can’t go a day without it.

  • @dreamervanroom
    @dreamervanroom 29 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    It’s really interesting. I have it going at 1.5 or 1.75 speed but then James starts talking and I must bring it back down to normal.

  • @annettemurty624
    @annettemurty624 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This was really interesting - especially that decaf coffee has the same health benefits. I would like to have heard what difference it makes to the health benefits if you buy ready ground coffee in a supermarket as opposed to grinding your own just before you make the coffee. I have to think grinding your own is better but I wonder if the difference is worth it.

  • @newlifecalling2233
    @newlifecalling2233 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Another great podcast. Coffee drinker for 50+ years here, but I've always shied away from decaf, guessing that I would be drinking some awful chemical. It's good to know about that, and how instant is made too! All very interesting information!

    • @chriscarpunky
      @chriscarpunky 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Google Swiss water decaf process. There are no chemicals and tastes like regular coffee. It is 99.7 percent caffeine free. It has to say water process or Swiss water process.

    • @Jill-jb1jg
      @Jill-jb1jg 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Grumpy Mule decaf is good. And it’s water decaffeinated.

    • @kay8930
      @kay8930 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I was always told de cafe was chemically washed and not processed the same as normal coffee.

    • @Jill-jb1jg
      @Jill-jb1jg 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@kay8930 I believe only some sorts of decaf are made using chemical solvents.
      The Swiss Water website says, ‘When you see the Swiss Water name, it means your favorite roaster offers 100% chemical-free decaffeinated coffee.’

    • @Jill-jb1jg
      @Jill-jb1jg 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@kay8930 I think some coffees are decaffeinated using chemical solvents and some using water only. The Swiss Water Process company say that coffee decaffeinated using their process is 100% chemical-free.

  • @trees5338
    @trees5338 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Always a tea drinker, stopped alcohol after not finding flavours i like, i grew up in a household that did not drink coffee or alcohol, i prefer water.
    Recently started work in a place that has a coffee machine, proper beans and a selection of coffees, so i occasionally have a latte, i may now venture to the other options. I don't buy coffee, will not continue with coffee when i leave in about 6 weeks.

  • @svacharya8180
    @svacharya8180 8 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Great coffee traditions in South India. Worth a visit

  • @marybusch6182
    @marybusch6182 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +10

    My husband and I love coffee, specially New Orleans coffee. which has Chicory in it and we find that it is easier on our stomachs and does not trigger the spikes and we like the flavor... I would love to see some scientific information about the chicory... There are two kinds available, Cafe du Monde and Luzianne and Cafe du Monde has a decaf version...

    • @ddh_ddhddh_ddh3436
      @ddh_ddhddh_ddh3436 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Try to source south Indian filter coffee. It also has chicory added in different ratios and traditionally a diff Brewer is used to make a strong concentrated decoction which is diluted with hot milk and sugar.
      And you can also prepare the decoction and store it for a few days

    • @josefwahlgren4498
      @josefwahlgren4498 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      That's interesting with the Chicory part since it's a prebiotic (inulin) Chicory was used as a replacement for coffee during war times when coffee was difficult to come by

    • @vanessac1965
      @vanessac1965 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ​@@ddh_ddhddh_ddh3436milk destroys the benefits of coffee

    • @dreamervanroom
      @dreamervanroom 29 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

      I mix my own or just drink chicory infusion. I don’t know why we don’t call it coffee, tea, or chicory tea, or camellia, tea, or Jamaica tea. That would make so much sense.

    • @dreamervanroom
      @dreamervanroom 29 วันที่ผ่านมา +3

      @@josefwahlgren4498. I’d like to mention for you and everybody that uniquely among these that I’ve heard of, coffee and chicory are both roasted. That gives them a similar flavor, texture to the palette.

  • @nevinkuser9892
    @nevinkuser9892 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Bad sleep is due to candida or parasites. After I fixed those things I could drink a strong coffee right before bed and fall right asleep.

  • @viktorbaraga4514
    @viktorbaraga4514 13 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Talking about the water quality, I'm wondering what effect would it have if Tap Water was Structured and used as such.
    I have simple magnetic rotor at home ,where I mix tap water in a Vortex, which is a natural process, which structures water molecules from unstructured in to natural structure. Absorption is much higher so hydration is multiplied. Any idea?

  • @michaelstreeter3125
    @michaelstreeter3125 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Since joining Zoe, I now have *2 jars of instant coffee:* caffeinated for mornings and decaf for afternoon/evening. Caffeine interferes with the activity of adenosine, which makes you feel sleepy. I still use my french press from time to time, but I'm really after the fibre not the caffeine.

    • @deedeedoes818
      @deedeedoes818 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Did you also have a 0% score for Lawsonibacter 'Ted' in your results?

    • @michaelstreeter3125
      @michaelstreeter3125 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@deedeedoes818 original score 55, retest score 95. *Ted (Lawsonibacter hominis) 0%* in both tests (Jan 2023 and Aug 2023).

    • @michaelstreeter3125
      @michaelstreeter3125 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@deedeedoes818 Weird! I thought I replied to this but can't see the reply. I scored 0% for Ted on my Initial test Jan 2023 and my retest in Aug 2023. How can I get it?! Hang around in coffee shops talking to customers I suppose.

    • @deedeedoes818
      @deedeedoes818 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@michaelstreeter3125 do you mind me asking if you were pleased with your results after presumably changing your eating habits?

    • @michaelstreeter3125
      @michaelstreeter3125 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@deedeedoes818 Was (01/03/23) Weight: 79.8kg, Height: 177cm, Max Sys: 122mmHg, Min Dia: 63mmHg, BMI: 25.5kg/M2
      Now (25/08/23) Weight: 70.4kg, Height: 177cm, Max Sys: 107mmHg, Min Dia:72mmHg, BMI:22.5kg/m2. I'm delighted.