I was shocked to find my comment mentioned on your show! Even more shocked about it because this episode came out on my Birthday! What a great gift! Thank you Matt O'Dowd and PBS Space Time!
Remember we couldn't even observe black holes until this decade, and before we could only work out where they might be by observing their effect on other objects nearby, in fact to begin with they were only mathematical probabilities. It's amazing that a method for finding and observing quasars, is being used to study the centre of galaxies and therefore each one of the galaxies supermassive black holes. ⚫
@@alext5497 A black hole emits Hawkins radiation. If the conjecture holds true you could theoretically image the Schwarzschild radius of a bh. You still would not know what is going on inside. Unless you have ftl radiation that could escape the EV and would let you build a topographical map of the inside or you might look for a naked singularity.
@@alext5497 That's just absurdly not true. We've been able to recognize black holes for a while due to their gravitational influence and have been able to capture one due to the accretion disk. We cannot see the subject itself, but the black hole was literally captured just a couple years ago
This channel existing on TH-cam fills me with so much joy. Growing up in the 90's without that little black cable box that my lucky cousins had, I was stuck with basic broadcast tv and PBS was always on. I'm glad that PBS can be a constant in my life.
As a phys grad I love the way this channel tackles big questions without massively dumbing down (minus the maths of course).. and then explains the basics as it goes... truly unique.. very successful ... this kind of thing should be more mainstream. 2:36 What I'd love to see is a whole phys degree content taught in this way.. specifically undergrad level.. with the maths obviously. But, its so visually perfectly explain... so much better than a text book.
This is the first time I have heard an explanation of what the accretion disk reflected light observations were actually looking for. I didn't know that you could actually get a spectrum off anything that hot.
This is so sick. The presentation really helps me grasp these complex ideas that are generally caked in math so dense that I can't follow it. Thanks so much for this!
Hey Matt, are you going to make a Video about the recent successes of the nuclear fusion test? Sounds like pure science fiction, is it realistic and commercializable?
If you're talking about the laser fusion success, I have serious doubts about that being a practical and economical method of actual electricity production. Yeah they may very well be able to get over break even but you still have to turn that into a steady stream of electricity somehow.
Light from BEHIND a Black Hole!!! Images of M87's Black Hole! LIGO's detection of ripples in Gravitational Waves ( from 2 of those monsters colliding). And soon... The JWST launch! What a marvelous modern time we live in.
Ok, shower thought time. Apologies if this has been brought up before. The "singularity" within a Black Hole is where everything that comes in and get's shredded ultimately points to. It could then just be considered an ultimate direction. Combining the idea of QFT, everything that comes in is an energy state of it's corresponding field, so it would stand to reason that it's possible for the extreme gravity to redistribute that energy into other fields. Now close enough to the singularity is it possible the fields themselves collapse like everything else? All that space should do... something. Perhaps into some "black hole" field, which should have it's own corresponding field, and quanta. So everything falling in would be redistributed to this Frankenstein field, and form elementary "black hole" particles. Either 1 "big" one or a big ball of them if there is some kind of degeneracy pressure keeping them from collapsing. Maybe there's nothing to it, but it would be fascinating to imagine a quanta that can ONLY exist at the center of a black hole.
When I went to school, quasars were newly discovered and in my physics book they speculated if they were white holes. They knew they were small due to fast radiation variations, but they new not much more. Insane development of Astronomic science since Hubble were launched (and got "glasses").
Matt: "For more details, read the original scientific paper in the link below." Also Matt: "Don't bother reading whole books: just take the lazy route with the Cliff's Notes version via Blinkist."
You do excellent work explaining the complex processes that science uses to explore the unknown. I can only imagine how much work goes into creating the script, collecting/searching adaquate footage, recording the video and finally, put it all together so that we can enjoy it. Thx sooo much! Please don't stop!
I love how these new discoveries will change how modern physics looks at the universe, not by disproving GR, only adding to it. As GR did to Maxwells and Newton’s work.
Between you and Dr. Becky, I learn so very much about your (both of you) favorite subject! Perhaps you should consider a collaboration between you and Dr. Becky? That would be so awesome!
Theoretical astrophysicist working on black holes here. I haven't had time to watch the video yet (conference week), so i don't know if it states this... but FYI: these are highly contested results within the field and it is way too early to claim that we have in fact observed light from the "other side".
Honestly, it'd be interesting to see a video summarizing a 'Why this might be wrong'. The phenomena that could also be responsible are often just as interesting.
_In answering the question, “What does the red spectrum tell us about quasars?” - write bigger - there are various words that need to be defined. What is a spectrum, what is a red one, why is it red, and why is it so frequently linked with quasars?_
A lot of gama-ray bursts could could also be one FTL ship and a bunch of sublight ships in stop and go traffic, assuming the FTL ship is piloted by that guy who guns their engine during rush hour to cover that 5 meter gap as fast as possible.
Saying that his accent is as unfalsifiable as many words is genus, and perfect humor! I should send it to my friends, although I doubt they would understand.
I gone through some hops, but this is the first time I actually use a signup code! I love this show, and been watching for years, and it made me happy to know that I can support You, keep up this awesome work
it seems that black holes have no "behind" because there should exist "straight lines" (aka geodesics) from the observer to every point in space outside the event horizon as well as every point on the surface.
Butt. There is a behind. You're making a good point because if you ask a photon that's been emitted from the BH's rear area then that photon's going be all like "I totally travelled in a straight line to get here so wtf are you talking about I got 'curved round'?" You could also say that about the light Eddington observed during a solar eclipse when he proved general relativity's correct: ̲╲|̲╱ Star appeared to be over here ╱|╲¯ ' - . _ ¯ ' - . _ ¯ ' - . _ ¯ ' - . _ . ╌'¯¯¯ ¯ ' - . _ . ¯ ' - . _ . ¯ ' - . _ . ¯ ' - . _ . ¯' - ._ . ______ ¯ ' - . _ . , d" `" b , ¯ ' - . _ ̲╲|̲╱ , " " , ¯ ' - . _ ╱|╲ d" "b ¯ '🌎 Actually, the star was d' `b behind our sun 8 Sun 8 Y, , P a P "a a " " Y b , ___ , d " & so you could say that about the ISS which is falling past Earth at 8 km/s. ISS is following a geodesic too right? The great DrPhysicsA said (in the YT vid 'Einstein Field Equations - for beginners!'): _"& on a sphere - on the Earth, for example, the equator is a geodesic. Any line of longitude is a geodesic. The shortest distance between 2 points where you have to go round a curve - you can't go in a straight line, is called a geodesic."_ So IMO if you throw a ball it's following a geodesic through curved spacetime. Earth round's because of gravity because of curved spacetime. Conclusion: Earth is flat
Parallel Geodesics terminate in the singularity or they stay parallel in an infinitely curved space time dot or stay parallel in a scalar field and exit into a five dimensional manifold that looks like a donut. Penrose says they terminate. A bh rotation is a bit like a planck lenght flipbook with 99.9999 % lightspeed the upper speed limit. We really need to engineer and build a naked singularity to figure out what is going on. A planck lenght size bh should work.
@Make McCarthyism Great Again They probably just mean the usual spherical geodesics, the shortest paths on the sphere, not the Einstein's spacetime geodesics. Probably just as an example of how "straight" path in a curved space/spacetime can look curved in some other coordinate system.
In another universe Matt did draw X’s and O’s and you did laugh, but it wasn’t a good thing because in that universe you were escaping from terrorists through some duct work like John McClain when TH-cam sent you a video notification that you couldn’t resist. Because of your untimely laughter every hostage was killed, including you.
Isn't it like a whirlpool in your sink? Einstein's field equation is: curvature = (mass & energy & flux & stress & pressure & farts & momentum i.e. basically all energy) / c⁴ c⁴ is huge thus your farts have to be very powerful before you'd notice any distortion in the fabric of spacetime. Thus the Science Asylum said spacetime is not very elastic. It's like you put a bowling ball on a trampoline but the trampoline fabric's super tight so it doesn't even bend down very much. However, you're talking about 1 of the most powerful things in the universe so i dunno
The coolest and most amazing thing is how Albert Einstein figured out so many things inside his brain. So many of which no one could even prove until 100 years later. What an amazing man.
I actually wondered if he dyed his hair some kind of metallic blue/grey. It contrasted so perfectly with the color of his beard that I wasn't sure if it was a lighting effect or not. :)
Hi I know this isn't about the video but I've had this question for a while and haven't been successful finding the answer on my own. We know that the universe's expansion was decelerating for a period of time and then started accelerating again. I was curious about what exactly we think changed for that to happen. Did the expansion hit a point where things were far enough away from each other that gravity wasn't enough to keep dragging the expansion rate down? Or was it something else? Overall, I'm just interested in this period of spacetime. So I'm curious about what it looked like in general, not just the factors that caused the expansion to accelerate, but just the state of the universe--especially how close the universe was to the expansion continuing to decelerate until it reversed. What differences would have been necessary for that to happen? I know that's a lot of questions now, but the first one is the one I'm most interested in getting an answer to. The others are just bonuses I guess. Thanks!
If I’m not mistaken, it was the tipping point of Dark Energy vs Gravity. I do remember seeing this exact graph in college (engineer so forgive me if it’s not my forte), and it was explaining the difference and effects of dark energy on the universe. Since Dark Energy is the constant in the void, it has always been continuously pushing the universe apart, while gravity is the force of attraction. Before the tipping point, gravity was causing the deceleration of the universe (in terms of expanding matter) and dark energy was not strong enough to overcome this deceleration because the universe was too concentrated. As the universe expanded, the space between increased causing Dark Energy to grow, while gravity became exponentially weaker (due to r^2 denominator). Eventually Dark Energy became stronger than Gravity in the universe (on a cosmic scale) and things started accelerating apart.
Dark Energy. Fermilab on youtube has a video called ""Probing the Dark Universe" - A Lecture by Dr. Josh Frieman." At the 44:30 mark there is a nice chart on how dark energy starts to dominates the universe after 9.5 billion years. I'd recommend watching before that to hear the audio too. Also, the fact that it's dark energy means we don't know everything so you may not get all your questions answered.
I'm not a physicist. But IIRC it was caused by a ratio of dark energy vs gravity. I'm pretty sure PBS Space Time and/or FermiLab have a video about it.
One hypothesis is that it is a phase transition in dark energy triggered by inflation. Similar to how the density of water changes when it changes phases from liquid to solid (freezes), the phase ( in this case energy density) of vacuum energy could also have changed. So the slower rate of expansion could have been a false vacuum that decayed to the vacuum we see today (I am unclear on whether it is theoretically possible that today's is also a false vacuum that could further decay if that is the case).
"...to verifying Einstein's general theory of relativity." At this point, I'm disappointed whenever I hear this. We need it to break SOMEWHERE to make any progress on quantum gravity.
@@stanrogers5613 I'm using quantum gravity in the general sense of a theory that reconciles quantum mechanics with general relativity, which we do know, logically, must exist.
@@_John_P And how has that been going? Seems to me there needs to be more data to work with; the smartest minds of the smartest generation have been pounding this problem for decades.
@Fractal Chaos I kinda agree, QFT assumes an independent space & time structures, which we know from GR, is not the case, so a theory of quantum gravity must fix this in QFT and update it to work with a full combined space-time structure.
It will be very difficult to calculate the total energy released by black hole, a hypothesis states the mass that black hole sucks in gets converted into energy and a part of it is released by it in different sources.
I have a question. Why do artistic and photo'd images of these jets show them straight out? I know they're moving quite fast, near the speed of light. But those jets span unimaginable distances. And the whole time, the structure that emits them is moving. Even at the speed the jet's are moving, with a moving emitter, wouldn't the jet be skewed a little at those scales?
All that gas in the jets are also moving in a similar way to the star or object that is emitting them. Kind of like if you're in a moving car with a convertible top. Toss a ball straight up with the top down and the ball goes backward relative to the car due to all the wind but with the top up, the ball goes straight up and straight back down because the air is moving with the car and the ball.
Because the black hole is taken as a frame of reference. I.e. we don't care about anything else. Also if the black hole has momentum the jet will have that same momentum added to it. So the jet will follow the frame of reference. Like if you throw a ball in the air in a car. It won't go backwards unless you're accelerating. Now if the black hole is accelerating then yes it could be "skewed"
This show is so big, that the authors of some papers might be willing to come on to talk about the papers in the future. That could be really cool. Like spacetime2 or series of its own.
Could we have an episode about the Phoenix Universe hypothesis? It seems to be gaining popularity again and would be a good follow-up to any major supermassive black hole topic. Thanks.
I'll try to get some answers about the vacuum bubble size from some theorist friends of mine! In the meantime, I'll keep plugging away trying to check the shape of the Higgs potential ;)
PBS Space Time-- Can you finally answer "What is charge?". Ive been trying to find a good explanation for over a year. I figured it'd be a good topic, since it's very deep.
At one point there were (unscientific) worries that LHC could produce a black hole. Is it (theoretically) possible to build particle accelerator large enough that it could produce a tunnelling event leading to vacuum decay?
Not realy. Look into the Oh My God Particle, a very VERY high energy cosmic ray. A single, subatomic particle with the kinetic energy of a 100mph baseball. The universe is sending particles at us that have energies billions of times greater than what the LHC can produce. AN accelerator loop around the equator wouldn't be able to match some of those and things like neutron stars would put human efforts to shame. The universe is a vast and powerful place.
Day 1 Requesting PBS Space Time to make a video about Tachyons, and draw a fine line between real and hypothesis And debunk some common misconception about them (I guess from CW Flash)
I can't imagine the odds of this happening. The light bouncing behind the black hole, being pulled by the black hole and then heading to the direction of earth only to be observed by our scientists.
Well the odds are related to an outburst being generated within the inner accretion disk in the first place so look at enough galaxies and or have an early warning system in sky surveys and it becomes less improbable.
I have a question that I can’t wrap my head around. Gravity propagates across spacetime at the speed of light, because the speed of light is actually the speed of causality. So, gravity cannot propagate faster than that, it is the maximum speed at which events can unfold. In a black hole, space time is curved inward on itself, and space time is cascading inward faster than the speed of light, which is why light does not escape it. If space time is falling into a black hole faster than the speed of light, the gravity of the black hole can only reach outward at a speed slower than everything is cascading inward… so the gravity of the black hole should never escape it, and it would have no gravitational field outside the event horizon… But it does. How?
I went from watching these videos in middle school, to being in the physics undergrad program now! Wonder what would I be if you didn't exploit my curiosity :D
So the light behind the blackhole was blue-shifted because it first traveled away from us? You said it was then gravitationally lensed back toward us and accelerated? How is light accelerated? Do you mean away/escaping from the immense gravity?
How do we know that there was only one “Big Bang” in our universe? Wouldn’t consecutive bangs cause ripples in space time so massive that they would impact how we view deep space?
An interesting point to me is spaghettification. An object stretched into vastly differential points leading into the singularity are not uniform. Inside the effect, atoms will deviate based on their structure. From a external viewpoint it will seem as if matter closer to the center of the singularity has completely stopped although parts further away are still moving (Although it would all look like it had stopped to an observer). This type of atomic alignment is like a hard drive of stored information. Note: I can visualize how matter is recorded and stored but I have no idea how to utilize or retrieve such stored information. What goes into a black hole isn’t destroyed. Still, with no way for it to escape, it essentially might as well be. Just theorizing a bit, if black holes somehow are linked to other universes, just maybe this is how the laws of physics are transferred? [maybe] I just don’t know. Hawkings radiation might have something to do with the transfer.
This is cute, but it doesn't even begin to explain how you can see something from behind a black hole. Keep in mind, we (us humans) haven't invested in anything to actually do that, since apparently black holes in space are (from what science tells us) extremely dangerous, and can destroy anything that comes too close.
By "behind," the scientists mean something on the other side of the entire black holes, not within the event horizon. We don't expect that there's any way to get something out of an event horizon. As for something behind the black hole, the light is getting grabbed and flung around.
When I eat extra hot wings I have an accretion disk forming, and I will now refer to the results of such consumption effects as superheated plasma vortex blasting outwards uncontrollably, thanks PBS-SP!
In the series of books with Ender Wiggin, the communication is carried out through a device called an 'ansible', which allows for instantaneous communication across any distance. This seems like it would be possible using quantum entanglement as the source. If we could devise a way -- a device -- to hold the individual particles in such a way as to allow them to be separated and taken physically in devices to wherever the two parties wish to communicate from, then we should also be able to use those particles to allow information to be input and received from both ends simultaneously through electronic means. The particles would have to be held completely free without any physical points of interaction. The only interface would be through EM radiation.
@@drampadreg1386 I would like to think not. The particles could be held in the center of a spherical region through -- ?8-way laser containment, or magnetic confinement? -- . The particle would then be able to be scanned for whatever its resonant frequency of vibration in its 'static' state is, thereby allowing for it to accept input of radio or microwave frequency bursts that would be instantaneously replicated in the other particle, and thus allow for the information being output from the other particle to be 'read' by the laser confinement system, or other such scanning system, that could then be electronically interpreted by the computer. In this way, the concept is really no different than a modern-day telephony: A phone allows for input in one mode that is output in the opposite mode, and vice-versa, culminating in both ends allowing for both input and output at the same time. You talk into one speaker and hear out of another.
I appreciate you! Great job! I appreciate this is your favorite subject! The idea of a graviton is that the component string or reverberation pattern ascribed to matter that we refer to as a graviton comes about as it moves through three dimensions of compacted space. Would it be possible to have exotic matter that has antigravitrons? Or to have the graviton or the reverberation pattern operate in the opposite direction? I’m saying as simply an expression of the functions that describe the wavefunctions of a thing. So if we applied CPT inversion to matter with this component would we then be able to produce physics breaking events in our reality? Because the exotic matter would behave backwards RELATIVE to the environment. About FTL, mass means a thing pushes space around it away. It’s compressed and if I were to draw field lines for the vacuum energy it would be pushing towards the massive body. Conversely, exotic matter would decompress space around a body and push away. The idea I had for FTL would be to use exotic matter like those walkways at the airport. The space around us is moving and we’re moving inside of that. There would be a limit, you know, being negative the speed of light? Right? The most we could accelerate exotic matter would be to the inverse of the speed of light? Another question, vacuum energy acts inversely to mass, or space compresses in an attempt to unfurl (compacted dimensions) or decompress to return to equilibrium. It acts inversely to mass minus the weight of one proton per unit volume. Is the reason we know protons decay because vacuum energy acts ubiquitously? Like a proton is 3 quarks held together by gluons. Together, the hold of the system is greater than vacuum energy and therefore able to produce all of the atoms and the things with the balance and geometry. However, there is still the smallest amount of space where the vacuum energy acts with ubiquity. Over time it would overpower those forces? Or is it simply an event brought about by super positions and the inevitability of physics? It’s possible to decay so it does. For example, a photon is a ray. Line with a direction. If we curl that into a donut then we’ve introduced the most infinitesimally small amount of space. Space, thanks to relativity, can be smaller than immutable strings. It’s what let’s us treat strings as strings and therefore elastic things. So space would have a vacuum energy that’s pushing towards the thing trying to unfurl itself? To return everything to a flat plane of radiation? Also, the Higgs Boson is responsible for imparting the Weak Force in that it imparts a change onto bosons for left handed chiral matter. Which eventually leads to nuclear decay as it becomes unstable. It wouldn’t cause decay of the proton? How does that relate to the Higgs Field? Is the Higgs Field a ubiquitous field that gravitons cause perturbations on as they move about it?
Sorry for commenting about an old episode on a new one, but I want to know more about the possibility of communication between worlds. It is apparently possible to measure the state of something without interacting with it, see: Elitzur-Vaidman bomb tester. In that experiment it seems like 50% of the time a measurement is made in another "world" but the information is available to us here. I'm no expert but it seems like the EVBT is demonstrating a way for information to pass from one "world" to another. Do you have anything to say about that experiment?
In the case of a dud bomb the experiment works by creating two 'worlds' when the photon is split and recombining them when the photon reaches the second half-silvered-mirror. (Alternatively the 'worlds' are not separate as they can still interfere with one another. In the case of a live bomb there's a 50% chance that the bomb detonates and the wordlines split. One universe contains a detonated bomb, where the probing photon took the bomb path. The other universe contains an undetonated bomb and is then split into 2 more universes when the photon hits the second half-silvered mirror.' The dud option's results are identical, 'degenerate' and thus different from the live bomb's two, different, results. This difference in possible outcomes makes the final sum or results different in the two cases. We don't need to send information between universes for this. Indeed the live bomb result occurs *because* the two universes are forever separate branches that can't be recombined or interfere.
I"m giggling as I sit in my office, thinking about watching Matt O'Dowd do high level physics stand-up comedy. It's something that's sorely missing from the comedy scene.
I'm giggling as my buttthole leaks smelly diahrea all over your car... Im squatting on top of it with my pants down... oh god the brown shart is leaking inside... have fun cleaning that up lol!
Lost my post. You said SMBs pretty much are only going in Galactic centers. The nuance is interesting. How often do they persist outside of Galactic centers? Wouldn't they be considered the new centres of another galaxy for how many stars they would take with them? I suppose if we could find them in supervoids they would be a fine argument for primordial black holes to explain their formation.
I was shocked to find my comment mentioned on your show! Even more shocked about it because this episode came out on my Birthday! What a great gift! Thank you Matt O'Dowd and PBS Space Time!
Really cool! Happy birthday dear Mark!
Happy birthday dude, I'll have a drink for yah! Here's to another fall around our star!
Happy Birthday to a fellow Space Time fan!
Happy birthday Mark!
Congrats and happy birthday!!!
Remember we couldn't even observe black holes until this decade, and before we could only work out where they might be by observing their effect on other objects nearby, in fact to begin with they were only mathematical probabilities. It's amazing that a method for finding and observing quasars, is being used to study the centre of galaxies and therefore each one of the galaxies supermassive black holes. ⚫
Its observing geodesic effects of a black hole. Observing a black hole...you might need a FTL x-ray machine.
Still can't observe black holes. If you could, it wouldn't be a black hole.
@@alext5497 A black hole emits Hawkins radiation. If the conjecture holds true you could theoretically image the Schwarzschild radius of a bh. You still would not know what is going on inside. Unless you have ftl radiation that could escape the EV and would let you build a topographical map of the inside or you might look for a naked singularity.
I remember when supermassive black holes at the center of galaxies were still a theory
@@alext5497 That's just absurdly not true. We've been able to recognize black holes for a while due to their gravitational influence and have been able to capture one due to the accretion disk. We cannot see the subject itself, but the black hole was literally captured just a couple years ago
You guys are literally the most accessible-yet-in-depth science channel out there. Thanks so much for what yall do.
described them perfectly!
PBS Eons, Casual Geographic and TierZoo are amazing too
Arvin Ash is better
This channel is pure trash. Space can’t bend
@@neildown7231 You need to improve your trolling game mate😂
It's so wonderfully insane to see that quasars produce broad emission lines. It's exactly what you'd expect, but insane nonetheless.
The slightest of affirmations from the void is potent fuel for thought.
This channel existing on TH-cam fills me with so much joy. Growing up in the 90's without that little black cable box that my lucky cousins had, I was stuck with basic broadcast tv and PBS was always on. I'm glad that PBS can be a constant in my life.
As a phys grad I love the way this channel tackles big questions without massively dumbing down (minus the maths of course).. and then explains the basics as it goes... truly unique.. very successful ... this kind of thing should be more mainstream. 2:36
What I'd love to see is a whole phys degree content taught in this way.. specifically undergrad level.. with the maths obviously. But, its so visually perfectly explain... so much better than a text book.
Matt always fakes me out like 3 times on the “in space time” ending
This is the first time I have heard an explanation of what the accretion disk reflected light observations were actually looking for. I didn't know that you could actually get a spectrum off anything that hot.
Hi
This is so sick. The presentation really helps me grasp these complex ideas that are generally caked in math so dense that I can't follow it. Thanks so much for this!
By sick, you mean good? So healthy = bad?
@@marks6663 the shit's ill bro
Except space can’t bend so…
@Bob Smith No. Space means area, it has no physical properties
Hey Matt, are you going to make a Video about the recent successes of the nuclear fusion test? Sounds like pure science fiction, is it realistic and commercializable?
Commercialization is just 30 years away.
@@caveman4659 Always has been
@@caveman4659 Tomorrow, tomorrow! I love you, tomorrow. You're always a day away!
If you're talking about the laser fusion success, I have serious doubts about that being a practical and economical method of actual electricity production. Yeah they may very well be able to get over break even but you still have to turn that into a steady stream of electricity somehow.
Would love to see a video about it
SyFy: Sharknado!
PBS Spacetime: That's cute. *cues up Quasarnado*
Good one 😅
Gravnado?
You: walks outside
Everyone who looks at your ugly face: *vomits*
@@powewq1748 cringe
@@powewq1748 so edgy
Light from BEHIND a Black Hole!!! Images of M87's Black Hole! LIGO's detection of ripples in Gravitational Waves ( from 2 of those monsters colliding). And soon... The JWST launch! What a marvelous modern time we live in.
I think the launch of that JWST rocket is going to be heart palpitating… It just has to make it.
Jwst?
@@GinoNL James Webb space telescope. 10 billion dollar replacement for Hubble telescope heading to space this year
Hawking: “Nature abhors a naked singularity”
Black Hole: *shows us it’s backside*
Still not a naked singularity though, just saying
You: are born
Your parents: we should have aborted it
@CRIMNALSNEAK I have depression
@@powewq1748 crippling depression*
@@Mediocreinput no i can walk just fine
Best explanation I have ever heard Matt! I still don't understand it but I am much closer! Thank you again.
Always looking forward to PBS SpaceTime
Such a wonderful use of the language that helps old car mechanics understand space-time etc....
Absolutely fantastic! Thank you for all your videos!
That final line was the most brutal I've ever seen you be at Many Worlds, and it was hilarious
Ok, shower thought time. Apologies if this has been brought up before.
The "singularity" within a Black Hole is where everything that comes in and get's shredded ultimately points to. It could then just be considered an ultimate direction. Combining the idea of QFT, everything that comes in is an energy state of it's corresponding field, so it would stand to reason that it's possible for the extreme gravity to redistribute that energy into other fields. Now close enough to the singularity is it possible the fields themselves collapse like everything else? All that space should do... something. Perhaps into some "black hole" field, which should have it's own corresponding field, and quanta. So everything falling in would be redistributed to this Frankenstein field, and form elementary "black hole" particles. Either 1 "big" one or a big ball of them if there is some kind of degeneracy pressure keeping them from collapsing.
Maybe there's nothing to it, but it would be fascinating to imagine a quanta that can ONLY exist at the center of a black hole.
When I went to school, quasars were newly discovered and in my physics book they speculated if they were white holes. They knew they were small due to fast radiation variations, but they new not much more. Insane development of Astronomic science since Hubble were launched (and got "glasses").
It used to be a brand TV too... by Motorola.
Insane how part of society has advanced so far and part of it think it's against the law of "god" for women to reveal their faces and men to shave.
@@AlecsNeo Yeah, just like the USA, where its illegal for women to have abortions! Crazy stuff.
@@greensteve9307 *Texas. Not the whole USA. And they're still better than almost every Islamic nation
Matt: "For more details, read the original scientific paper in the link below."
Also Matt: "Don't bother reading whole books: just take the lazy route with the Cliff's Notes version via Blinkist."
.
Cliff Notes is Great for gaining knowledge 👌
Why reading the whole paper when u can read the title
@@EstamosDe Don't judge a paper by its title
Well... A paper is not quite a book right?
You do excellent work explaining the complex processes that science uses to explore the unknown. I can only imagine how much work goes into creating the script, collecting/searching adaquate footage, recording the video and finally, put it all together so that we can enjoy it. Thx sooo much! Please don't stop!
I love how these new discoveries will change how modern physics looks at the universe, not by disproving GR, only adding to it. As GR did to Maxwells and Newton’s work.
Between you and Dr. Becky, I learn so very much about your (both of you) favorite subject! Perhaps you should consider a collaboration between you and Dr. Becky? That would be so awesome!
Biggest take away from this is wanting to hear much more about Dr. Bryant's work on graphing the shape of the Higgs potential. #mindblown
This channel is on another level. Please do an episode about the cyclic universe theory of Roger Penrose!
Yeah Matt is a serious scientist and takes care to explain in a user friendly manner
Theoretical astrophysicist working on black holes here.
I haven't had time to watch the video yet (conference week), so i don't know if it states this... but FYI: these are highly contested results within the field and it is way too early to claim that we have in fact observed light from the "other side".
I would be dissapointed if they not, this is Astrophysics, after all.
Honestly, it'd be interesting to see a video summarizing a 'Why this might be wrong'. The phenomena that could also be responsible are often just as interesting.
Excuse me Sir can you please make a separate playlist on Quantum Mechanics and Physics.I love your videos.Thank You
Surfing the event horizon: A future X-Games event once we've gone galactic ✨🐱🏍
They Universe will go crazy wheat they splash across the Photon Sphere for the first time!
Like slingshot racing in the Expanse. But look what happened to Maneo...
Sponsored by Red Taurus
Sponsored by spaceX
[Kelly Slater has entered the chat]
Thanks for the shout out. Was a bit surreal to hear my name and see my comment :)
_In answering the question, “What does the red spectrum tell us about quasars?” - write bigger - there are various words that need to be defined. What is a spectrum, what is a red one, why is it red, and why is it so frequently linked with quasars?_
I know where this is from, used to be on Thursday nights BBC two then Fridays, I won't spoil it for others tho.
@@XrisD147 Douglas Adams?🤔
@@nancyhernandez2271 Nope. Google has the answer if you want to know, though.
A lot of gama-ray bursts could could also be one FTL ship and a bunch of sublight ships in stop and go traffic, assuming the FTL ship is piloted by that guy who guns their engine during rush hour to cover that 5 meter gap as fast as possible.
Saying that his accent is as unfalsifiable as many words is genus, and perfect humor! I should send it to my friends, although I doubt they would understand.
Def Leppard 👍
I gone through some hops, but this is the first time I actually use a signup code! I love this show, and been watching for years, and it made me happy to know that I can support You, keep up this awesome work
Matt, your hair is definitely in the ultraviolet wavelength.
That would be an unexpected feature of a camera used for shooting TH-cam videos.
Nice to see you Matt expressing some thoughts of your own.
'Quasar Reverberation Map' was my favorite Trip-Hop band in High School.
Nice job guys
it seems that black holes have no "behind" because there should exist "straight lines" (aka geodesics) from the observer to every point in space outside the event horizon as well as every point on the surface.
Butt. There is a behind.
You're making a good point because if you ask a photon that's been emitted from the BH's rear area then that photon's going be all like "I totally travelled in a straight line to get here so wtf are you talking about I got 'curved round'?"
You could also say that about the light Eddington observed during a solar eclipse when he proved general relativity's correct:
̲╲|̲╱ Star appeared to be over here
╱|╲¯ ' - . _
¯ ' - . _
¯ ' - . _
¯ ' - . _
. ╌'¯¯¯ ¯ ' - . _
. ¯ ' - . _
. ¯ ' - . _
. ¯ ' - . _
. ¯' - ._
. ______ ¯ ' - . _
. , d" `" b , ¯ ' - . _
̲╲|̲╱ , " " , ¯ ' - . _
╱|╲ d" "b ¯ '🌎
Actually, the star was d' `b
behind our sun 8 Sun 8
Y, , P
a P
"a a "
" Y b , ___ , d "
& so you could say that about the ISS which is falling past Earth at 8 km/s. ISS is following a geodesic too right? The great DrPhysicsA said (in the YT vid 'Einstein Field Equations - for beginners!'): _"& on a sphere - on the Earth, for example, the equator is a geodesic. Any line of longitude is a geodesic. The shortest distance between 2 points where you have to go round a curve - you can't go in a straight line, is called a geodesic."_
So IMO if you throw a ball it's following a geodesic through curved spacetime. Earth round's because of gravity because of curved spacetime. Conclusion: Earth is flat
Luckily there's a black hole in my behind though.
Parallel Geodesics terminate in the singularity or they stay parallel in an infinitely curved space time dot or stay parallel in a scalar field and exit into a five dimensional manifold that looks like a donut. Penrose says they terminate. A bh rotation is a bit like a planck lenght flipbook with 99.9999 % lightspeed the upper speed limit. We really need to engineer and build a naked singularity to figure out what is going on. A planck lenght size bh should work.
@Make McCarthyism Great Again They probably just mean the usual spherical geodesics, the shortest paths on the sphere, not the Einstein's spacetime geodesics. Probably just as an example of how "straight" path in a curved space/spacetime can look curved in some other coordinate system.
@@alwaysdisputin9930 photon don't experience time so how do they know they have a behind?
Your videos inspired my open-source Atom Component System game engine. Thank you for explaining all this to me!
I'd have laughed so hard if you'd have made some X's and O's with the arrows when talking about the path of the light.
|_|_
In another universe Matt did draw X’s and O’s and you did laugh, but it wasn’t a good thing because in that universe you were escaping from terrorists through some duct work like John McClain when TH-cam sent you a video notification that you couldn’t resist. Because of your untimely laughter every hostage was killed, including you.
@@jeremybyington Lol
Matt you are a fantastic science communicator. Continue doing what you do and you will be in one league with Feynmann and Sagan.
Can a super massive black hole frame drag so hard as to create turbulence so vigorous that it creates tangles of space time ?
I wanna know as well
Isn't it like a whirlpool in your sink?
Einstein's field equation is: curvature = (mass & energy & flux & stress & pressure & farts & momentum i.e. basically all energy) / c⁴
c⁴ is huge thus your farts have to be very powerful before you'd notice any distortion in the fabric of spacetime. Thus the Science Asylum said spacetime is not very elastic. It's like you put a bowling ball on a trampoline but the trampoline fabric's super tight so it doesn't even bend down very much. However, you're talking about 1 of the most powerful things in the universe so i dunno
@@alwaysdisputin9930 Unless your close to something with enough gravity ;) What if that bowling ball weighed a billion pounds?
The bowling ball on a sheet analogue is a good way to get a basic grasp of gravity but it's misleading since space-time is not a simple plane..
It cant rip the space time but it can fold over itself and causally disconnect.
The coolest and most amazing thing is how Albert Einstein figured out so many things inside his brain. So many of which no one could even prove until 100 years later. What an amazing man.
He usually confuses me faster than the speed of light.
Funny.
Yeah but his voice is the science version of Morgan Freemon
Backstage at the Blackhole theater... Spacetime gets four stars in the review.
That alien ambulance was the most funny ever to happen in the background.
Really funny 😁😄🤣
Matt, have you considered doing a video with Dr. Becky? That would be fab!
How can 173 'people' dislike this?
Keep up the good work :-)
Technical note: Matt should turn off the halo above his head while recording so that his hair fits more into the darkness of the video...
It does look weird.
But if they did that, then people wouldn't be able to accuse Doom of being a bad ripoff of Matt's hair.
I actually wondered if he dyed his hair some kind of metallic blue/grey. It contrasted so perfectly with the color of his beard that I wasn't sure if it was a lighting effect or not. :)
The company Just for Men, makers of “a touch of grey”, disagree with the your statement, aesthetically. But they do agree from a technical standpoint.
He has that blue granny hair going on lol
"How do you see the unseeable"
The TTGL theme song just kicked on in the back of my mind.
ROW ROW FIGHT THE POWER
Hi I know this isn't about the video but I've had this question for a while and haven't been successful finding the answer on my own.
We know that the universe's expansion was decelerating for a period of time and then started accelerating again. I was curious about what exactly we think changed for that to happen. Did the expansion hit a point where things were far enough away from each other that gravity wasn't enough to keep dragging the expansion rate down? Or was it something else?
Overall, I'm just interested in this period of spacetime. So I'm curious about what it looked like in general, not just the factors that caused the expansion to accelerate, but just the state of the universe--especially how close the universe was to the expansion continuing to decelerate until it reversed. What differences would have been necessary for that to happen?
I know that's a lot of questions now, but the first one is the one I'm most interested in getting an answer to. The others are just bonuses I guess.
Thanks!
If I’m not mistaken, it was the tipping point of Dark Energy vs Gravity. I do remember seeing this exact graph in college (engineer so forgive me if it’s not my forte), and it was explaining the difference and effects of dark energy on the universe.
Since Dark Energy is the constant in the void, it has always been continuously pushing the universe apart, while gravity is the force of attraction. Before the tipping point, gravity was causing the deceleration of the universe (in terms of expanding matter) and dark energy was not strong enough to overcome this deceleration because the universe was too concentrated. As the universe expanded, the space between increased causing Dark Energy to grow, while gravity became exponentially weaker (due to r^2 denominator). Eventually Dark Energy became stronger than Gravity in the universe (on a cosmic scale) and things started accelerating apart.
Dark Energy. Fermilab on youtube has a video called ""Probing the Dark Universe" - A Lecture by Dr. Josh Frieman." At the 44:30 mark there is a nice chart on how dark energy starts to dominates the universe after 9.5 billion years. I'd recommend watching before that to hear the audio too. Also, the fact that it's dark energy means we don't know everything so you may not get all your questions answered.
I'm not a physicist. But IIRC it was caused by a ratio of dark energy vs gravity. I'm pretty sure PBS Space Time and/or FermiLab have a video about it.
Good question. I'm interested in this as well.
One hypothesis is that it is a phase transition in dark energy triggered by inflation. Similar to how the density of water changes when it changes phases from liquid to solid (freezes), the phase ( in this case energy density) of vacuum energy could also have changed. So the slower rate of expansion could have been a false vacuum that decayed to the vacuum we see today (I am unclear on whether it is theoretically possible that today's is also a false vacuum that could further decay if that is the case).
I was scared that something had gone wrong with the show!! This content was incredible!
Sweeet new episode finally!
currently researching close regions of the accretion disks of AGN using micro lensing. this opens up so many new opportunities
the amount of lesing near a SMBH is spectacular and if we find a way to use it we could see so far into time
"...to verifying Einstein's general theory of relativity."
At this point, I'm disappointed whenever I hear this. We need it to break SOMEWHERE to make any progress on quantum gravity.
Objection, M'Lud: counsel assumes quantum gravity. I'll grant that it _makes_ _sense_ but its existence has not been established.
There's no need for any breakdown, all the quantum gravity models have to do is to explain all data so far and make a testable prediction.
@@stanrogers5613
I'm using quantum gravity in the general sense of a theory that reconciles quantum mechanics with general relativity, which we do know, logically, must exist.
@@_John_P
And how has that been going? Seems to me there needs to be more data to work with; the smartest minds of the smartest generation have been pounding this problem for decades.
@Fractal Chaos I kinda agree, QFT assumes an independent space & time structures, which we know from GR, is not the case, so a theory of quantum gravity must fix this in QFT and update it to work with a full combined space-time structure.
It will be very difficult to calculate the total energy released by black hole, a hypothesis states the mass that black hole sucks in gets converted into energy and a part of it is released by it in different sources.
The human race is so damn impressive sometimes. It boggles the mind to think of how far these things actually are from us.
Why thank you. You are also impressive
Astounding craftiness my fellow humans.
I have a question. Why do artistic and photo'd images of these jets show them straight out? I know they're moving quite fast, near the speed of light. But those jets span unimaginable distances. And the whole time, the structure that emits them is moving. Even at the speed the jet's are moving, with a moving emitter, wouldn't the jet be skewed a little at those scales?
What do you mean by skewed? The jets are directly perpendicular to the accretion disk like poles to an equator
All that gas in the jets are also moving in a similar way to the star or object that is emitting them. Kind of like if you're in a moving car with a convertible top. Toss a ball straight up with the top down and the ball goes backward relative to the car due to all the wind but with the top up, the ball goes straight up and straight back down because the air is moving with the car and the ball.
Because the black hole is taken as a frame of reference. I.e. we don't care about anything else.
Also if the black hole has momentum the jet will have that same momentum added to it. So the jet will follow the frame of reference. Like if you throw a ball in the air in a car. It won't go backwards unless you're accelerating.
Now if the black hole is accelerating then yes it could be "skewed"
This show is so big, that the authors of some papers might be willing to come on to talk about the papers in the future. That could be really cool. Like spacetime2 or series of its own.
Reverberation mapping: Light's equivalent of a sonar ping.
Give me a ping, Vasily. One ping only, please.
Radars basically
One of the most interesting episodes to be sure.
Girls dont find you interesting...
Hey Blinkist.
"Did you say Abe Lincoln?"
"Nah man. I said HEY BLINKIST."
Could we have an episode about the Phoenix Universe hypothesis? It seems to be gaining popularity again and would be a good follow-up to any major supermassive black hole topic. Thanks.
I'll try to get some answers about the vacuum bubble size from some theorist friends of mine! In the meantime, I'll keep plugging away trying to check the shape of the Higgs potential ;)
PBS Space Time-- Can you finally answer "What is charge?". Ive been trying to find a good explanation for over a year. I figured it'd be a good topic, since it's very deep.
While you're on your quest, how about a clean, single and complete definition of what a photon is.
@@RME76048 another good question
16:20 Unless everyone in the chain has a lot of discipline whoever figures out how to send messages back in time will probably not be the first.
Good job. Keep working things out.
Thanks to Dr. Matt, next time I grow up I want to be a physicist instead of a welding engineer.
I like to watch blacksmithing channels like Kyle Royer and That Works. These guys can do some amazing things with steel.
Amazing video and amazing subject
At one point there were (unscientific) worries that LHC could produce a black hole.
Is it (theoretically) possible to build particle accelerator large enough that it could produce a tunnelling event leading to vacuum decay?
Not realy. Look into the Oh My God Particle, a very VERY high energy cosmic ray. A single, subatomic particle with the kinetic energy of a 100mph baseball. The universe is sending particles at us that have energies billions of times greater than what the LHC can produce. AN accelerator loop around the equator wouldn't be able to match some of those and things like neutron stars would put human efforts to shame. The universe is a vast and powerful place.
Day 1
Requesting PBS Space Time to make a video about Tachyons, and draw a fine line between real and hypothesis
And debunk some common misconception about them (I guess from CW Flash)
I can't imagine the odds of this happening. The light bouncing behind the black hole, being pulled by the black hole and then heading to the direction of earth only to be observed by our scientists.
Well the odds are related to an outburst being generated within the inner accretion disk in the first place so look at enough galaxies and or have an early warning system in sky surveys and it becomes less improbable.
Hi PBS Space Time team, just a heads up there's a typo in the subtitles at 11:32: Hole is written as hogle.
What if you could travel as far back in times as time is already moving forward it would work very well for traveling through space .
I have a question that I can’t wrap my head around. Gravity propagates across spacetime at the speed of light, because the speed of light is actually the speed of causality. So, gravity cannot propagate faster than that, it is the maximum speed at which events can unfold. In a black hole, space time is curved inward on itself, and space time is cascading inward faster than the speed of light, which is why light does not escape it. If space time is falling into a black hole faster than the speed of light, the gravity of the black hole can only reach outward at a speed slower than everything is cascading inward… so the gravity of the black hole should never escape it, and it would have no gravitational field outside the event horizon… But it does. How?
"It can be done with a single, ordinary ''scope", yeah, probably not mine though.
Puts away stethoscope…
I went from watching these videos in middle school, to being in the physics undergrad program now! Wonder what would I be if you didn't exploit my curiosity :D
Imagine being that guy who said Black Holes don't exist because you can't see them....But your a radiologist
I'm the guy saying dark matter isn't real, I hypothesize that machine elves create seventh dimensional lucky charms.
Remember kids, gas can't exist in a vacuum, but liquid can. That's why the Earth has no air and why freeze dryers don't work.
Wow, what a Great time to be a physicist!
People will be kicking themselves in few weeks if they miss the opportunity to buy and invest in bitcoin
Investing in cryptocurrency is one of the best chance
Stocks are good crypto is better
That won't bother you if you trade with a professional like Edward Martin's
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So the light behind the blackhole was blue-shifted because it first traveled away from us? You said it was then gravitationally lensed back toward us and accelerated? How is light accelerated? Do you mean away/escaping from the immense gravity?
How do we know that there was only one “Big Bang” in our universe? Wouldn’t consecutive bangs cause ripples in space time so massive that they would impact how we view deep space?
You just answered your own question. Since we don't see that, it's not a thing.
You should do a video on some of your publications. I am interested to see your actual peer reviewed-academic work.
First
Very nice.
@@brianknow9142 it is. It’s very nice.
@@Smerpyderp But not as nice as 69th.
An interesting point to me is spaghettification. An object stretched into vastly differential points leading into the singularity are not uniform. Inside the effect, atoms will deviate based on their structure. From a external viewpoint it will seem as if matter closer to the center of the singularity has completely stopped although parts further away are still moving (Although it would all look like it had stopped to an observer). This type of atomic alignment is like a hard drive of stored information.
Note: I can visualize how matter is recorded and stored but I have no idea how to utilize or retrieve such stored information. What goes into a black hole isn’t destroyed. Still, with no way for it to escape, it essentially might as well be. Just theorizing a bit, if black holes somehow are linked to other universes, just maybe this is how the laws of physics are transferred? [maybe] I just don’t know. Hawkings radiation might have something to do with the transfer.
This is cute, but it doesn't even begin to explain how you can see something from behind a black hole. Keep in mind, we (us humans) haven't invested in anything to actually do that, since apparently black holes in space are (from what science tells us) extremely dangerous, and can destroy anything that comes too close.
By "behind," the scientists mean something on the other side of the entire black holes, not within the event horizon. We don't expect that there's any way to get something out of an event horizon. As for something behind the black hole, the light is getting grabbed and flung around.
behind is relative. they mean seeing light being bent around it to show whats on the other side.
When I eat extra hot wings I have an accretion disk forming, and I will now refer to the results of such consumption effects as superheated plasma vortex blasting outwards uncontrollably, thanks PBS-SP!
Amazing stuff! Thanks, Matt! 🙌😁
In the series of books with Ender Wiggin, the communication is carried out through a device called an 'ansible', which allows for instantaneous communication across any distance. This seems like it would be possible using quantum entanglement as the source. If we could devise a way -- a device -- to hold the individual particles in such a way as to allow them to be separated and taken physically in devices to wherever the two parties wish to communicate from, then we should also be able to use those particles to allow information to be input and received from both ends simultaneously through electronic means. The particles would have to be held completely free without any physical points of interaction. The only interface would be through EM radiation.
Wouldn't the EM radiation needed mess up the electronics?
@@drampadreg1386 I would like to think not. The particles could be held in the center of a spherical region through -- ?8-way laser containment, or magnetic confinement? -- . The particle would then be able to be scanned for whatever its resonant frequency of vibration in its 'static' state is, thereby allowing for it to accept input of radio or microwave frequency bursts that would be instantaneously replicated in the other particle, and thus allow for the information being output from the other particle to be 'read' by the laser confinement system, or other such scanning system, that could then be electronically interpreted by the computer. In this way, the concept is really no different than a modern-day telephony: A phone allows for input in one mode that is output in the opposite mode, and vice-versa, culminating in both ends allowing for both input and output at the same time. You talk into one speaker and hear out of another.
I appreciate you! Great job! I appreciate this is your favorite subject!
The idea of a graviton is that the component string or reverberation pattern ascribed to matter that we refer to as a graviton comes about as it moves through three dimensions of compacted space.
Would it be possible to have exotic matter that has antigravitrons? Or to have the graviton or the reverberation pattern operate in the opposite direction?
I’m saying as simply an expression of the functions that describe the wavefunctions of a thing. So if we applied CPT inversion to matter with this component would we then be able to produce physics breaking events in our reality?
Because the exotic matter would behave backwards RELATIVE to the environment.
About FTL, mass means a thing pushes space around it away. It’s compressed and if I were to draw field lines for the vacuum energy it would be pushing towards the massive body. Conversely, exotic matter would decompress space around a body and push away.
The idea I had for FTL would be to use exotic matter like those walkways at the airport. The space around us is moving and we’re moving inside of that. There would be a limit, you know, being negative the speed of light? Right? The most we could accelerate exotic matter would be to the inverse of the speed of light?
Another question, vacuum energy acts inversely to mass, or space compresses in an attempt to unfurl (compacted dimensions) or decompress to return to equilibrium. It acts inversely to mass minus the weight of one proton per unit volume.
Is the reason we know protons decay because vacuum energy acts ubiquitously? Like a proton is 3 quarks held together by gluons. Together, the hold of the system is greater than vacuum energy and therefore able to produce all of the atoms and the things with the balance and geometry.
However, there is still the smallest amount of space where the vacuum energy acts with ubiquity. Over time it would overpower those forces? Or is it simply an event brought about by super positions and the inevitability of physics? It’s possible to decay so it does.
For example, a photon is a ray. Line with a direction. If we curl that into a donut then we’ve introduced the most infinitesimally small amount of space. Space, thanks to relativity, can be smaller than immutable strings. It’s what let’s us treat strings as strings and therefore elastic things.
So space would have a vacuum energy that’s pushing towards the thing trying to unfurl itself? To return everything to a flat plane of radiation?
Also, the Higgs Boson is responsible for imparting the Weak Force in that it imparts a change onto bosons for left handed chiral matter. Which eventually leads to nuclear decay as it becomes unstable. It wouldn’t cause decay of the proton?
How does that relate to the Higgs Field? Is the Higgs Field a ubiquitous field that gravitons cause perturbations on as they move about it?
Sorry for commenting about an old episode on a new one, but I want to know more about the possibility of communication between worlds.
It is apparently possible to measure the state of something without interacting with it, see: Elitzur-Vaidman bomb tester. In that experiment it seems like 50% of the time a measurement is made in another "world" but the information is available to us here.
I'm no expert but it seems like the EVBT is demonstrating a way for information to pass from one "world" to another. Do you have anything to say about that experiment?
In the case of a dud bomb the experiment works by creating two 'worlds' when the photon is split and recombining them when the photon reaches the second half-silvered-mirror. (Alternatively the 'worlds' are not separate as they can still interfere with one another.
In the case of a live bomb there's a 50% chance that the bomb detonates and the wordlines split. One universe contains a detonated bomb, where the probing photon took the bomb path. The other universe contains an undetonated bomb and is then split into 2 more universes when the photon hits the second half-silvered mirror.'
The dud option's results are identical, 'degenerate' and thus different from the live bomb's two, different, results. This difference in possible outcomes makes the final sum or results different in the two cases. We don't need to send information between universes for this. Indeed the live bomb result occurs *because* the two universes are forever separate branches that can't be recombined or interfere.
We need a video on Hance & Hossenfelder's new paper "The wave-function as a true ensemble"!
increible & beautiful video. The universe its literally amazing
I"m giggling as I sit in my office, thinking about watching Matt O'Dowd do high level physics stand-up comedy. It's something that's sorely missing from the comedy scene.
I'm giggling as my buttthole leaks smelly diahrea all over your car... Im squatting on top of it with my pants down... oh god the brown shart is leaking inside... have fun cleaning that up lol!
Space Time has made me realize that I'm more interested in quantum physics than astrophysics. Though find this all fascinating.
i like every episode. and i got a vintage space time t-shirt without the pbs digital studios line.
Lost my post. You said SMBs pretty much are only going in Galactic centers. The nuance is interesting. How often do they persist outside of Galactic centers? Wouldn't they be considered the new centres of another galaxy for how many stars they would take with them? I suppose if we could find them in supervoids they would be a fine argument for primordial black holes to explain their formation.
Well theres a SMB thats so big it has an SMB that orbits it.
Trying to grasp the mystery and magnitude of the strange astronomical actors in our universe. Power beauty and violence uninaginable and real.
Great video thank-you. Very well explained and great graphics helped me to understand.