'We the People' - the three most misunderstood words in US history | Mark Charles | TEDxTysons
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 23 ม.ค. 2019
- The son of an American woman of Dutch heritage and a Navajo man, Mark Charles offers a unique perspective on three of the most misinterpreted words in American History. Written in the Papal Bulls of the 15th Century, embedded in our founding documents in the 18th Century, codified as legal precedent in the 19th Century and referenced by the Supreme Court in the 20th and 21st Centuries, the Doctrine of Discovery has been used throughout the history of the United States to keep "We the People" from including all the people. Mark Charles is a dynamic and thought-provoking public speaker, writer, and consultant. The son of an American woman (of Dutch heritage) and a Navajo man, he speaks with insight into the complexities of American history regarding race, culture, and faith in order to help forge a path of healing and conciliation for the nation. Mark serves as the Washington DC correspondent and regular columnist for Native News Online and is the author of the popular blog "Reflections from the Hogan." Mark is a founding partner of a national conference for Native students called “Would Jesus Eat Frybread?” Mark’s forthcoming book on the Doctrine of Discovery entitled Truth be Told is being published by InterVarsity Press and will be available in 2019.
Mark is active on Facebook, Twitter, TH-cam and Instagram under the username: wirelesshogan. This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at www.ted.com/tedx
One of the most powerful explanations of the issue I've ever seen or heard. Truly heartbreaking, but so very necessary. Thank you.
Finally, someone has put into words the plain TRUTH. Like St. Augustine said years ago: "Truth is like a lion, you don't have to defend it, it will defend itself." Thanks to Mark Charles to let the truth out.
Hear, hear!
Unless that lion’s been repetitively declawed, and turned into an occasional “house cat” for the handouts attached to it… like our sovereign “title” and immunity, held captive as political prisoners, and “warehoused” in the DELAWARE CORPORATION’s title 29 codes… while they all CONtinue to walk in our
moccasins. With that being said… i suggest they walk the Trail of Tears in our place too.
Agreed 💯
@@dorothyhome577 you weren't forcibly ousted by any trail of any tears were u? do u have housing now? i do
Ditto. Glad I discovered this video 🙃
Amazing :.) This made me so emotional. As a fellow Native American, I am proud of this man. Stay strong as we stay strong with you. Voices will be loud, voices will be heard.
I'm proud of this man also, and I'm an old white man. Evan a a young boy, I felt that something was disgustingly and morally wrong with the colonization of the American continents. This is one of the best presentations on this topic I have ever heard.
That is amazingly powerful medicine...one that turns experiences of cruelty and hatred into actions of love and kindness! Awe inspiring!
This is one of the most remarkable speeches I have heard in years ... and I have been teaching, coaching, and judging public speeches in Japan for over 30 years. Earlier this year, I finished my third stint as a volunteer preliminary judge for Tokyo University's All Japan English Speech Contest ... wrote over 150,000 words of comments for the 51 semi-finalists.
One thing that bothers me about speech contests is the zero-sum game mentality which underlies your moral thrust. The kids, and adults alike, are so busy thinking of how to win, or even game the system to guarantee recognition ... that with a few exceptions, the single most common problem with those speeches is the lack of fit between what they say, and what they do, their obsession with a winning form takes precedence over any earnest real-world, problem-solving ideals they profess. And in so doing, an otherwise good speech is reduced to a charisma-slick sales pitch.
What you said, and how you said it, shook me to the bone. I have already begun sharing your speech with students and adults here in Japan, and had I not resigned from a tenured position at a Japanese college for institutionally sanctioned racism, I would love to have been in a position to invite you to Japan to give a speech or teach a course, to teach us a thing or two about what 'we the people' really mean.
Well done, Mark Charles.
Will be keeping an eye on you, and inviting many in Japan to do the same.
Steve Martin Mark is running for President!
Keep teaching and keep the word moving.
What an awesome response! I too am in awe of his intelligence and insight!
@@SpecialSP We need a navaho president.. Ahe'xhee!
@@shiverarts8284 but, not a Christian. We need true Indigenous Representation.
Who is this amazing orator? One of the best, most articulate speeches I have ever heard. When someone knows their material so well and can explain it to this level, then that person is a born leader.
This is the most unforgettable, powerful, gripping, and important TedTalk I have ever heard.
Agree!!!!
it's full of inaccurate statements presented as facts
@@stopgettingtriggered i agree
I don't often comment on TH-cam videos, for this one, I will make an exception. All of what he related is absolutely true without one shred of doubt. Throughout my life, I have faced racism and discrimination countless times. I find myself wondering why people that enslaved people that looked like me are held as the proud founding fathers of our country. The reason this is true is because of what, Mr. Charles spoke about in this video. It's all True! The sad thing is that it is very doubtful that it will ever be reconciled in my lifetime. I've always know that when our Founding Fathers, wrote "We the People" They weren't talking about me or my Native American brothers and sisters. Or women in general.
And of course, women...thank you for that insight.
... it might not be reconciled in our lifetime. However, we need to deal with it. We need to find strength again, reconcile our relation to life, earth and community, unbreak our heart, or if we can't, then feel how great our hearts are still.
@Pam Baker I don't think you understood his comment or you wouldn't have named those people for him to talk to.
Stop living in the past. People who live in the past never build a better future. It’s time we move on and continue to evolve and improve as a people. Sure, many people were handed a bad deal, but dwelling on the past isn’t helping us fix the problem.
Great ideas. Totally in the right!
This whole country needs to truly confess it's sin of pride and repent and walk in humility.
YES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
YOU MOVE TO A LESS "PERFECT UNION"!!!! 👋🏿👋🏿👋🏿
The country has been fine. The hate of white people is THE fastest growing racial issue. Nobody alive today is responsible for 200 years ago. Anyone who doesn't see why that's important is probably not very smart
Thank you. Mark. For the benefit of the human race, let’s set aside our prejudice and misconstrued ideologies. Together we live, divided we perish.
I agree, that is not what was discussed however. The system is incredibly flawed, but not in the divisive way that he pointed out. Racial discrimination under the law has been rectified and then reintroduced. The problems that minorities have faced have almost exclusively been perpetuated by the state. Trusting the state to continue to fix them is asking for the return of slavery under a new name. The issues no longer rest in race but in class and the "elite" have intercepted the people's revolution and redirected it towards racial division once again. This will usher in a new dark age if we cannot overcome their deceit and manipulation.
@@chancevicino3270 Really? Example google Florida's 2nd amendment rights.
Sounded like a rather divisive speech to me.
So many people or sheep's and the media pushes a race narrative and most of USA follows every bit of what is forced on them...
Thank you Mark! This was so good to hear and deepen my understanding of the native struggle. We are taught only surface level things in all mainstream schools, and even as a kid I remember thinking “this is bs. we took their land and killed them off and put them in camps. That’s the bottom line.” What hit me the hardest was when you said we can not be a community when we do not share a common past. This is something I have been pondering for so long about America, and you just answered the question so beautifully. We all need to hear this and listen to this, and find a way to build bridges that will heal our past.
I suggest listening also to John Trudell who says that "we all came from the tribes...which he says even THE TRIBES OF EUROPE. The Tribes of Europe for roughly 1100 years had many of the things that happened to the Tribes in the western hemisphere after Columbus arrived. Trudell speaks of especially for roughly 400 years, prior to Columbus arriving, they went through torture which was part of the Catholic churches inquisition to "possess the souls of the heathen pagans" and once they were accused they were tortured and murdered and their property was then taken. He says they tired and pretty much succeeded in separating the being part from the human being. therefore my point is when we all want a different future for the 7 generations that we all use concise and cohesive thinking to just remember we are all human beings and made up of the metal minerals and liquids of our "Mother Earth "
@@thommyers3080 thank you. I have been researching more since my last comment and have come across Lester Howse, who goes into similar subjects, but all it did was leave me with 1000 more questions. Will research trudell!
Not just Build bridges but also make ammends & offer acceptable restitution imo...walk the talk....
we been cheated by our own family members blows my freaking mind we are our children's worst enemy all because of electricity from fossil fuels. I'm almost 100% certain Tesla figured out how to harness lightning as a source of clean electricity blows my freaking mind how cruel the capitalistic mind is
Wonderful comment! And in fact their is a 'bridge' and it's God. But no, not the one the mainstream Christendom religions ( ie. Note plurals, because a house divided, well you probably know what happens to it, it's the crumbling base with its divisions, on which nothing can stand) I refer instead to the true God, the Creator of man. The one that understands and loves his creation......
Watched this for American Literature, the fact that the natives wern't even counted as people pissed me off. they were just "occupants of the land before discovery" makes me have an even stronger hate towards Columbus day. We need to remove the "holiday"
Tell that to people south of the boarder and you'll get stoned hahah
it's not like Americans voted to have a Columbus day... it's not like the Russians voted to be Soviet or the North Koreans live in the country they so dearly wanted to be communists , use your head man.
@@MarcDufresneosorusrex please, i am 15. i was just learning about the subject for school😐
@@twicetv2387 sorry bruh 😁👍 : ) don't let school get in the way of your education, you sound like a smart guy : )
@@MarcDufresneosorusrex haha thank you, its all good. I appreciate it.
Incredible talk. 🙏 Thank you.
People today need to hear this. It ought to be shown on every network , every day for at least a year.
🌲🌝☘️
100% agree!
Agree
Mr Charles is amazing and he speaks the truth. It is time that the US looked at what has been done to the Indigenous people and make amends to right the wrong.
This was a masterpiece of historical reflection...thank you!
Indeed it was. I was choked up with anger and frustration while watching it.
Exactly!!!
It was quite an interpretation, that's for sure. 🙄
@@bronxboy47 that's the objective. Keep people mad. Anger dulls the mind and then you can be controlled
@@edwinamendelssohn5129 What clinical research can you point to that says "Anger dulls the mind"?
One of the best Ted Talks, thank you
Thank you! - no criticism here. Just open hearing of the story and gripping it is. I love that you see the profound injustice perpetrated and yet you have so much hope and a vision for conciliation with such historic enemies. This is truly redemptive.
What he is talking about is termination. He is that colonized that he thinks tribes shouldn't exists
@@melanieortiz712 um what? Mark Charles???
Melanie Ortiz You obviously didn't listen to him!
@@SpecialSP Melanie had her congenital filters on while she listened.
Melanie Ortiz - You need to clean out your ears, lady.
Very thought provoking, Thank you.
Great info!👍🏼
Thank you sir for that impressive speech. I used these three words in a comment I made earlier on yt. Thank you for enlighten me from where the words "we the people.." actually stands for. I may have misused them, but non-intentionaly, more out of ignorance and idealism from my part. I do hope that these three words get that inclusive meaning as in ..ALL people. I do hope that the people of america, can find a common ground, in fighting racism, predjudice, hatred and become a better society.
That was one galvanizing talk. Goosebumps. Thank you, sir!
THE BEST TED TALK I HAVE EVER HEARD.
I agree.
Amazing talk!
Hi Mark....thus us a brilliant presentation. Well researched and beautifully articulated.
I wish this TED Talk could be used in its entirety in high school history classes. This well-crafted thesis is the best explanation for the PRESENT situation in the United States that I have ever heard. This would be a great discussion starter, and I believe most people would find a way to relate to it, to see themselves in history. The single page mentioning Native Americans in my high school history class was about how the U.S. Cavalry finally captured the savage Geronimo and was able to protect white settlers. WE HAVE TO DO BETTER!
Thank you sir. So much information. I am from the Cree Nation in northern British Columbia, Canada.
give up your land already
Mark Charles for President 2020! He's running as an Independent.
SpecialSP I support his vision but cannot vote this election for personal reasons. Support and/or vote for anyone you see fit - that is how we make USA 🇺🇸 stronger.
@@druid3744 I don't know if he is still running. I think now, that he is a sellout to his own people. Everything I've seen on him has him as a spokesman at Christian churches!
@@SpecialSP Why does that make him a "sellout"? Christianity is not owned by any race.
@@SpecialSP He participates in the Reformed Church of North America, which descends from the Dutch and is Calvinist in denomination. His practice of it is derived from his Dutch-descended mother. So he seems to act on both his American Indian and Dutch American heritage.
@@savagejay0485 KNOWLEDGE IS POWER!! SHINE ON, BROTHA!! 💪💞✨🌄
I will be sharing this.
Wow! Brilliant! Thank you for this eloquent talk about the sad truths of our nation. I'm going to share this with some friends in hopes of moving Mark Charles ideas forward. The truth needs to be acknowledged, the wound exposed so it can be healed.
And what if this individual's opinions are part of the Papal Bull scheme that stole the Americas from the now extinct Vikings in 1066AD?
- Cretan Guard discovered America c.1200BC adding to the Linear A & B expeditions that started in 1450BC
- Plato's Hermocrates Dialogue 404BC orates the discovery of America that went beyond the Pillars of Hercules
- Zeus' Deluge, God Mar inhabit cave in Equador 754BC, did the Gold Writings that the Mormon Church is based upon
- Religion of Thor started in 133BC with Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, men over 300 pounds sent to America
- Carthage was moved to America during the Punic Wars 261BC, Phoenicians inhabited Vineland, the Appalachian Mtns
- Religion of Thor ended in 791AD with the defeat of the Battle of Uppsala Sound, Vikings from America returned 793AD
- Viking settlements on New York Island are found vacated, the legend of Roanoke began, New Amsterdam founded
- Freydis Eiriksdottir - South America, Liefr Eirikson - North America, the Ouroboros Dragon leading to Vineland Station
While everyone can agree the Indians were treated poorly, the Phoenicians were displaced long before them & the Vikings killed
Thanks for your work, M. Charles.
All the People. Yes.Also honoring All my Relations of all living beings on this planet.
Mark Charles for President!!!
I can not think of a better idea! Yes, please!
So true We can make the differences if We do IT together Courage and Strenght to the people Thankyou ❤️🙏🌍🙏❤️
It is definitely a conversation that needs to be had...humanity, as a whole, needs the "truth" to be told to them.
Powerful presentation 👏
"The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the most rapidly and widely ratified human rights treaty in history-with 194 countries as “states parties.” The only countries that have not ratified the treaty are Somalia, South Sudan, and the United States."
Wow! Mr. Charles blew me away. Powerful indeed!
Wow! You nailed it! I would love to see this dialogue and we in Canada still have much more to do as well. Thx!
Mark Charles is a gift we must cherish.
Superbly presented. Appreciated the facts and even the hope presented. Salute.
Thankyou....best talk yet...history in 17 minutes.
14:49 mark ... memory creates the future, so true ... so, we must challenge our memories [as they reinforce more of the same future] ... were those Shared and reflective memories of the emotional Imprinting for every person involved? History books and words in general, can only tease the Intellect and rarely [accurately] touch the Heart. Intellectuals usually seek control of opinion via mental manipulation, so the sides of the Storyline are rarely complete and accurate. Thank you Mark, for so emotionally helping us to imagine and properly remember our TRUE history. You displayed absolute brilliance in your research and accounting of the TRUE history in a way that shows the ignorANCE of our past.
thank you for this . . . humbly & honestly
thank you
I learned so much from this gentleman in a few minutes, than I learned in school.
I agree with you 100%
Intellectual, spiritual and emotional briljant speech. Thank you very much. Respect sir.
Absolutely excellent!
This video affected me emotionally, spiritually, ethnically, etc....The best truthful, painful, uncomfortable explanation of American History. Please continue your work and spread the truth. The truth needs to be acknowledged so we as a country and world push pass this ethnocentric racial divide. Outstanding!!!
Excellent presentation!
JPB
Excellent talk! This needs to be corrected NOW. Thank you for making it so clear. Blessings We all are above all else "HUMAN BEINGS"
How do you correct it? Kick people off native land and give it back?
@@justgonnastay It's the native american way.
@@tuckerbugeater or you can commit genocide on the tribes that don't agree with you. I'm sure that as long as he's searching for the truth he won't mind letting all the truth come out.
Excellent!!
This is one of the greatest Ted Talk's I've ever heard. Well Spoken, facts well placed, points well proven.
Stunning.
I'm an 80 yr old American Existential Psychologist. I'm shocked at myself having never heard this view before! Now I'm absolutely bound to make amends, using my own existence to mean something real -- what about you?
Well said....very very important talk
Wonderful, thank you
This is so important, it would be nice to share in a school setting. I am one of those teachers that want my students to know the realities of the people who live in North America. I do know that I would immediately be censured for playing your speech, sadly. I also previewed Greg Deal for his TedTalk. All I can really do is relay the message you give.
TEDx... 100% not a TED Talk. This is a TEDx. It might be in the spirit of a TED Talk, but TED Conferences, LLC has separated themselves from this line of video for good reason. TEDx have some guidelines to follow, but are not vetted for accuracy, not vetted for bias... don't group them in the same category; 'cause they are lightyears apart.
Censored by your district?
@@markportnoy6290 Nope, censured by the media.
@@alvaroq2024 What media would censor her for playing the video in her school?
Insightful. Mark is simply brilliant in this brief piece. Watch it if you have not.
Amazing concepts. Thank you!
I argued with my teachers in school about this in the 70's and was mad . now it is up to us to tell the truth . ya got that right .
Thank you Mark you've made the case regarding the genesis of discrimination and its continuation today. This information needs to be repeated over and over so that the few who understand will become the many and will fight for justice for all indigenious and peoples of color.
Well Said....and this should already be common knowledge. Truth
Well said
Excellent and true !
Oat. Yahtee' abi'ne! Thanks brother! Well spoken.
Thank you.
This is so powerful. May it come to pass asap.
Well said. Bravo
A speech that everyone who lives this slammed then we call home should hear this and understand do you education the heart felt words that were translated into a language that the planet could understand my soul was shaken to the core thank you.
Excellent ❤
Thank you for this new perspective 🙏👏👏👏👏👏❤❤
Not ownership nor loanership, for we need guardianship, caretakership and stewardship. Consumption, like competition, are not natural ways for humans. Where it is co-operation and community instead of competition, it is reception and bestowal instead of consumption. Reception and bestowal is the natural way of life, and we need to return to it. A sharing, gifting economy, one that engages with the concept of personhood and understands it does not stop at women, Africans and Turtle Islanders, at humanity, but includes all our relations: our plant relations, our animal relations, our mineral relations. These are not "natural resources" and that ownership / superiority viewpoint is what got us into this ecological and societal crises to begin with!
PRRRREEEEEEEACH!!!!! 🙌
(ALAS Someone has said it before me👍 & even better!) 😋
@@1light4love WHAT A FRUITCAKE ‼️ GOD CREATED THESE THINGS FOR CONSUMPTION AS THE WORLD IS NOT "MILLIONS" OF YRS OLD EITHER... I BET UR A GREEN "NEW" DEALER & U HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THE GEOR GIA GUIDEST 👁️NES R🤔‼️‼️‼️
🔼🐑🐑🐑🐑🐑🐑
If you don't think competition for resources are innate to humans, you haven't the slightest clue how not only we work, but animals in general.
I so needed to hear this, thank you. This is truth spoken and not apologized.
So sad that every word is the absolute truth! Money, power and uninformed voters will keep it this way.
YOU UNINFORMED 🐑🐑🐑🐑SHEEPLE HAVE OBVIOUSLY NEVER HEARD OF 👁️N W O- GEO R GI🔼 GUID E STO N3S👺
@@justincase3240 TRIGGERED 😛🌋🌋👀
Thank you very much.
Dear Mark, with deepest gratitude thank you for speaking the truth I've always felt in my
European-immigrant heart. Growing up in the gentle lands outside Cincinnati, the spirit
of the many generations of people before me were quietly present in the soil and green
trees and plants. My conscience makes sure I never forget, as in, "lest we forget".
I live with a great sorrow knowing to live on this land with an ignored history of it's
origins can not bring outer peace or happiness without conciliation, as you say.
I hear your ancestors drumming in the heavens - loudly, in a steady beat to awaken all of us
to the sacred purpose of our human relationship to the Earth, cosmos and each other.
May we awaken.
Brilliant!
Thank You.
Thank you
Stunning! I totally agree with the speaker.
I’m glad that my kid’s teacher showed this to the class in school today! My kid then texted the link to view it to me.
I’ve been learning a lot more about the real history of this country since I bought an old house (built in 1881) that came with old documents listed as “for historical interest only”; the documents contain records started in the 1840’s. That quickly led me to learning about the Mankato hangings. Horrible that it happened and bad that I grew up in the area and didn’t even know about it until I was nearly 40. We all need to learn the true history of this country!
What was the story that you learned about with the Mankato hangings?
Fantastic
Thank you Mark for challenging us white Americans to hear and speak the truth.
He is running for president. Vote for him.
Brilliant
Wow imagine that we the people may one day actually mean all the people. In the land of the free. The truth and nothing but the truth is what this Ted talk says to me.
This country is an illegal occupation. This guy doesn't speak for all natives. He's deeply colonized.
Thank you Melanie, even our own indigenous representatives are sadly misguided and deluded about what our children and those not yet born into our 1st Nations need from us. I know many of our people who are already well down the road to not being N8iv whatever their blood quantum is. What is that disorder of kidnapped people that end up sympathising with their abductors, "Stokholm Syndrom" I think , if I'm wrong please correct me. And last this should be made clear and unapologetically, christianity is not indigenous, islam, buddhaism, hinduism, baptism, etc. etc. etc. are foreign ideologies, we have our own heroes, jesus's, ethical leaders and way of life obviously far beyond ethically what they have forced upon us. Yokoke'(thank you)
@@hilohahoma1547
I would respond to your statement if only I could figure out what's your point, what the heck you're talking about, and how this possibly relates to this guys discussion.
America has never been great but some of you are not ready to have that conversation.
As a Caucasian female I appreciate the power of your words. Blessings that in spite of all the combined efforts to wipe out Native Americans and their history you and many like you have somehow managed to survive and carry your truth and history forward to educate many who take what we've learn in school as truth and make us question everything we think we know...
So many Native peoples were wiped out without any documentation. I wish we could tally their deaths. RIP to the victims of his ancestors.
Awesome and powerful speech. I was shocked at the Ginsburg document.
Thank you my brother
Thank you very much, very informative talk. Bringing events together that, to a novice seem unrelated, is the very best history lesson. In school, history is taught as single unrelated events; its wonderful to see 1450s plans ideas, documents, given meaning in a 2015 ruling. This is a history lesson that reminds us to question everything.
Should be taught in all schools!
Food for thought
Best speech I've heard in a long time.
Dang RBG that's messed up.
IT's because he's lying.
"Justice Ginsburg delivered the opinion of the Court." All it takes is a quick Google search to see that she did write it, just like Mark Charles said.
I remember hearing about. Screwed them again. For the money
Did you miss the part where they SOLD their lands. But now they bought them back, they wanna pretend they never sold them
@Shelia Farmer lolz 1. show me a treaty by any country that has been kept
lolz 2. the Chief had the authority to sell it
I have purchased his Presidential Run T-Shirt and Mask, He is the best candidate. Mark Charles for President
God, I wish he could win. But we HAVE to get the cheeto out. Gotta go Biden :'(
Agreed.
HunkaPey huka ENZA!
AMEN Brother. Rise UP.....TAKE BACK ....
RETURN OUR LANDS TO US. OR CONTINUE TO YOUR FATE OF YOUR OWN LACK OF ACCOUNTABLITY.
FOR KUJI-KURI IS
UPON YOU ALL. IF YU
SCOFF JUST WATCH WHATS RIGHT NOW
BECOMING VISIBLE IN
WHAT YOU ALL ARE DOING TO AMERICA .... WATCH WHAT TRUMP AND HIS CRONIES AND SUPPORTERS ARE DOING TO THEMSELVES...IN JUST EIGHT YEARS SINCE WE DIRECTED
THIS ANCIENT WAY OF
CAUSING ENEMIES TO DESTORY THEMSELFS.
AND NOTE HOW THEY
CANT SEE THEY ARE
DOING THE DEED TO THEMSELVES. WHILE WE NINJAS ENJOY THE SHOW....AND DO NOTHING. BUT TWIDDLE OUR FINGERS. AND LET THEM BECOME ANCIENT HISTORY...
OF THEIR OWN WORDS, THOUGHTS, DEEDS AND ACTIONS.
😀
Amazing!!! Thank you for sharing your light and truth!
I wonder who those 40 people (so far as of 6/27/2020) are who gave this incredibly moving speech a "thumbs down".
White supremacists.
It seems I always am pondering the down thumbs on everything from A-Z where I have taken notice by upvoting anything from serious and scholarly presentations like this to cute puppy surprise gifting-
e foget .. the deportation of the acadien .. 1755 not just white acadien ..+ the native . vs .. english
❤Brilliant. Please run again Mark Charles!!!
Brilliant....
Amazing
This is truly good!