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. Sleep is a temporary state of unconsciousness in which the brain is primarily responsive to internal, rather than external stimuli. Unlike other states of unconsciousness such as coma or general anesthesia, sleep is a natural, cyclic process that is self-regulated and easily reversible to wakefulness. Brain activity can be recorded in the form of electroencephalogram, EEG, which measures electrical activities in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex. Different stages of consciousness correspond to different types of brain waves. A fully awake and alert brain produces high-frequency low-voltage beta-waves. As consciousness decreases, brain waves become progressively slower in frequency and higher in voltage. There are 2 major phases of sleep: rapid eye movement, REM, sleep, and non-rapid eye movement, non-REM, sleep. Non-REM sleep progresses in 3 stages: N1, N2 and N3 N1 is the transitional state between wakefulness and sleep. The EEG is dominated by alpha-waves. The sleeper is easily awoken with light stimulation. N1 typically lasts a few minutes. The next stage is N2, a deeper sleep state, where stronger stimuli are required to produce awakening. Brain activity is slower and more irregular, with short bursts of “sleep spindles” and “K-complexes.” It is believed that memory consolidation occurs during this stage. N3 is deeper than N2. Slow delta-waves dominate. Muscles relax, vital signs are at their lowest; and it is difficult to wake the sleeper. N3 is typically followed by a transition to N2 before REM sleep occurs. As its name suggests, REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements under the eyelids. It’s also known as “paradoxical” sleep because the brain’s EEG is very much similar to that of the waking state. REM sleep is when most dreams occur, as well as some autonomic reflexes. Vital signs are up, but there is a total inhibition of skeletal muscles, which prevents sleepers from acting out their dreams. This sequence of stages repeats itself 4 to 5 times in a typical night. As the night progresses, the duration of N2 and REM sleep increases, while N3 decreases. The amount and timing of sleep is regulated by 2 major factors: homeostatic drive and circadian rhythm. Homeostatic drive is basically the body’s need for sleep, or pressure to sleep. Adenosine is thought to be a substance that accumulates with waking hours and drives the pressure to sleep. Interestingly, caffeine appears to promote wakefulness by acting as an antagonist of adenosine. The need to sleep increases with illness, as well as cognitively stimulating or physically demanding activities. Circadian rhythm is the body’s biological clock for the sleep-wake cycle. It determines the timing of sleep. The master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the SCN, of the hypothalamus. It receives light inputs from the retina and resets the clock everyday accordingly to the day-night cycle. The SCN is most active during the day, and least active at night. The sleep-promoting region is located in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, VLPO, of the hypothalamus. The VLPO is inhibited by the SCN and activated by adenosine. The VLPO uses GABA to inhibit wake-promoting regions of the brain, which include multiple nuclei in the reticular formation and posterior hypothalamus. Of these regions, it’s important to note the tuberomammillary nucleus, TMN, and the hypocretin neurons. The TMN consists mainly of histaminergic neurons, but it also produces GABA that inhibits VLPO in return. This mutual inhibition is the basis of the “switch” between sleep and wake. The hypocretin neurons stimulate the TMN, and are crucial for maintaining wakefulness. The loss of these neurons results in narcolepsy. There is a similar switch between REM and non-REM sleep, mediated by mutually inhibiting REM-on and REM-off neurons in the pons
I just wanted to say that we appreciate your effort in spreading science and facilitating it through a video. I liked very much the presence of the Arabic language. In the past, I was somewhat struggling with understanding the explanations, but now there is a translation and this is very easy, and we appreciate your efforts, keep it up
Very good video. The homeostatic pressure to sleep is sometimes referred to as the "S process" and the circadian rhythm as the "C process" in some older materials.
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NEW: Now you can also get access to our courses with our TH-cam channel membership (Academy Access levels)
Hoping that anyone who watches this will have a good night's sleep afterwards.
.
Sleep is a temporary state of unconsciousness in which the brain is primarily responsive to internal, rather than external stimuli. Unlike other states of unconsciousness such as coma or general anesthesia, sleep is a natural, cyclic process that is self-regulated and easily reversible to wakefulness.
Brain activity can be recorded in the form of electroencephalogram, EEG, which measures electrical activities in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex. Different stages of consciousness correspond to different types of brain waves. A fully awake and alert brain produces high-frequency low-voltage beta-waves. As consciousness decreases, brain waves become progressively slower in frequency and higher in voltage.
There are 2 major phases of sleep: rapid eye movement, REM, sleep, and non-rapid eye movement, non-REM, sleep. Non-REM sleep progresses in 3 stages: N1, N2 and N3
N1 is the transitional state between wakefulness and sleep. The EEG is dominated by alpha-waves. The sleeper is easily awoken with light stimulation. N1 typically lasts a few minutes.
The next stage is N2, a deeper sleep state, where stronger stimuli are required to produce awakening. Brain activity is slower and more irregular, with short bursts of “sleep spindles” and “K-complexes.” It is believed that memory consolidation occurs during this stage.
N3 is deeper than N2. Slow delta-waves dominate. Muscles relax, vital signs are at their lowest; and it is difficult to wake the sleeper.
N3 is typically followed by a transition to N2 before REM sleep occurs. As its name suggests, REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements under the eyelids. It’s also known as “paradoxical” sleep because the brain’s EEG is very much similar to that of the waking state. REM sleep is when most dreams occur, as well as some autonomic reflexes. Vital signs are up, but there is a total inhibition of skeletal muscles, which prevents sleepers from acting out their dreams.
This sequence of stages repeats itself 4 to 5 times in a typical night. As the night progresses, the duration of N2 and REM sleep increases, while N3 decreases.
The amount and timing of sleep is regulated by 2 major factors: homeostatic drive and circadian rhythm.
Homeostatic drive is basically the body’s need for sleep, or pressure to sleep. Adenosine is thought to be a substance that accumulates with waking hours and drives the pressure to sleep. Interestingly, caffeine appears to promote wakefulness by acting as an antagonist of adenosine.
The need to sleep increases with illness, as well as cognitively stimulating or physically demanding activities.
Circadian rhythm is the body’s biological clock for the sleep-wake cycle. It determines the timing of sleep. The master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the SCN, of the hypothalamus. It receives light inputs from the retina and resets the clock everyday accordingly to the day-night cycle. The SCN is most active during the day, and least active at night.
The sleep-promoting region is located in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, VLPO, of the hypothalamus.
The VLPO is inhibited by the SCN and activated by adenosine.
The VLPO uses GABA to inhibit wake-promoting regions of the brain, which include multiple nuclei in the reticular formation and posterior hypothalamus. Of these regions, it’s important to note the tuberomammillary nucleus, TMN, and the hypocretin neurons.
The TMN consists mainly of histaminergic neurons, but it also produces GABA that inhibits VLPO in return. This mutual inhibition is the basis of the “switch” between sleep and wake.
The hypocretin neurons stimulate the TMN, and are crucial for maintaining wakefulness. The loss of these neurons results in narcolepsy.
There is a similar switch between REM and non-REM sleep, mediated by mutually inhibiting REM-on and REM-off neurons in the pons
Thank you❤
thanks
You! Yeah you there, get some sleep now, you can study this shit later when you are awake
I just wanted to say that we appreciate your effort in spreading science and facilitating it through a video. I liked very much the presence of the Arabic language. In the past, I was somewhat struggling with understanding the explanations, but now there is a translation and this is very easy, and we appreciate your efforts, keep it up
😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
Very good video. The homeostatic pressure to sleep is sometimes referred to as the "S process" and the circadian rhythm as the "C process" in some older materials.
Today understood this sleep physiology well for the first time after long time 😅
Watching this trying to fall asleep. 👍
Continue to translate to Arabic language
Who is here in august 2024?
Just slept
This is exaclty the information I needed. Thank you so much for this video, it was very informative!
اجعل فيديوهات باللغة العربية تحصل مشاهدات كبيرة
Great presentation. One minor correction in Stage N1 the waves are Theta not Alpha. Thank you
This is ammazing 💛 narrator is clear af
This vid popped up and wow I like learning new things about sleeping before doing it😉😉
GREAT ANALYSIS SIR 👍
very interesting and helpful video thank you for sharing it
Can you plz tell me which one is characterized as deep sleep ( is it Rem sleep stage or non ram sleep stage) I m very confused bw these 2
I ll have to study this in few days so i m just gonna save this and come back later
@anvwrk5341 best way to pass the time!
Your videos are awesome ,easy understandable.
Sleep Physiology, Animation
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2022
Stages of sleep, REM and NREM sleep, mechanism of regulation, sleep- and wake-promoting regions (VLPO, TMN and hypocretin neurons) of the brain, homeostatic drive and circadian rhythm.
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Sleep is a temporary state of unconsciousness in which the brain is primarily responsive to internal, rather than external stimuli. Unlike other states of unconsciousness such as coma or general anesthesia, sleep is a natural, cyclic process that is self-regulated and easily reversible to wakefulness.
Brain activity can be recorded in the form of electroencephalogram, EEG, which measures electrical activities in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex. Different stages of consciousness correspond to different types of brain waves. A fully awake and alert brain produces high-frequency low-voltage beta-waves. As consciousness decreases, brain waves become progressively slower in frequency and higher in voltage.
There are 2 major phases of sleep: rapid eye movement, REM, sleep, and non-rapid eye movement, non-REM, sleep. Non-REM sleep progresses in 3 stages: N1, N2 and N3
N1 is the transitional state between wakefulness and sleep. The EEG is dominated by alpha-waves. The sleeper is easily awoken with light stimulation. N1 typically lasts a few minutes.
The next stage is N2, a deeper sleep state, where stronger stimuli are required to produce awakening. Brain activity is slower and more irregular, with short bursts of “sleep spindles” and “K-complexes.” It is believed that memory consolidation occurs during this stage.
N3 is deeper than N2. Slow delta-waves dominate. Muscles relax, vital signs are at their lowest; and it is difficult to wake the sleeper.
N3 is typically followed by a transition to N2 before REM sleep occurs. As its name suggests, REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements under the eyelids. It’s also known as “paradoxical” sleep because the brain’s EEG is very much similar to that of the waking state. REM sleep is when most dreams occur, as well as some autonomic reflexes. Vital signs are up, but there is a total inhibition of skeletal muscles, which prevents sleepers from acting out their dreams.
This sequence of stages repeats itself 4 to 5 times in a typical night. As the night progresses, the duration of N2 and REM sleep increases, while N3 decreases.
The amount and timing of sleep is regulated by 2 major factors: homeostatic drive and circadian rhythm.
Homeostatic drive is basically the body’s need for sleep, or pressure to sleep. Adenosine is thought to be a substance that accumulates with waking hours and drives the pressure to sleep. Interestingly, caffeine appears to promote wakefulness by acting as an antagonist of adenosine.
The need to sleep increases with illness, as well as cognitively stimulating or physically demanding activities.
Circadian rhythm is the body’s biological clock for the sleep-wake cycle. It determines the timing of sleep. The master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the SCN, of the hypothalamus. It receives light inputs from the retina and resets the clock everyday accordingly to the day-night cycle. The SCN is most active during the day, and least active at night.
The sleep-promoting region is located in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, VLPO, of the hypothalamus.
The VLPO is inhibited by the SCN and activated by adenosine.
The VLPO uses GABA to inhibit wake-promoting regions of the brain, which include multiple nuclei in the reticular formation and posterior hypothalamus. Of these regions, it’s important to note the tuberomammillary nucleus, TMN, and the hypocretin neurons.
The TMN consists mainly of histaminergic neurons, but it also produces GABA that inhibits VLPO in return. This mutual inhibition is the basis of the “switch” between sleep and wake.
The hypocretin neurons stimulate the TMN, and are crucial for maintaining wakefulness. The loss of these neurons results in narcolepsy.
There is a similar switch between REM and non-REM sleep, mediated by mutually inhibiting REM-on and REM-off neurons in the pons
I take GABA before bed... Curious how it impacts sleep long term?
It prolongs your sleepiness (you sleep longer) And increases N3 ( deep sleep)
brain waves become more active,
Your piece is heartwarming; similar to a book that was heartwarming and insightful. "Better Sleep Better Life" by Various Authors
aeaeaeaaaeaeaeeaeaeaeaeaeaaeeaeaea
I CNAT SLEPE
not covered the pineal gland to melatonin regulations but love your work 🙏
Wow thank you so much for. This ...we do science , we eat science we practice science .... congratulations for sharing this ....
The best channel I have found accidentally... Sad my 1st yr medical school is near to its end.. 😢
Very clear explanation about the physiology of sleep - thank you!
1.11am here, tryna sleep early, my sleeping habit sucks ;-;
👍👏👍👏👍
Can verify the switch-like nature of sleep onset via conscious experience.
I slept 5.25 hours REM sleep and 5.26 hours deep sleep.
Insane quality. Thanks 👏
Aww found this channel too late but well explained sir thank u
I really adore u. I dunno how to live without u :((
Great Learnig ,Many many thanks sir
Perfectly concise, thank u from the bottom of my heart❤️💙
This is ammazing 💛 narrator is clear af
Thank youu❤
I'm so lost rn
Amazing explanation... thank you so much.
Glad it was helpful!
amazing effort ♥
thanks a million
Very cool
So helpful
🧠👨🏾⚕️ Top
Interesting
I love ❤️ ur all video's sir
So helpful, amazing
Beautiful!
Тнапх мисн.
Amazing video .
Thank you!