Well this certainly and utterly dispelled the "gold has better conductivity which is why it's used in electronics" assumption in my head. Really it's used for corrosion resistance on mating surfaces like connectors. This video made me smarter today. thank you.
Once a join or clevis is installed it's not....if it was as good as you say the appliance company's would be using it in huge amounts and in transformers.
Also, copper is more conductive for the weight. I can't wait until carbon nanotube magnet wire is available. Even better conductivity than copper, while also being much lighter weight.
After learning about the Lie-to-children teaching method I have realised that a lot of the UK's GCSE-level content is taught this way and I wish this were not the case. I was "taught" that the central electron shell contains 2 electrons and all the rest contain 8. It is nice to know this is incorrect 🙄
Lewis model, IIRC. It describes effective rules for chemistry, and actually came before more physical models for that were understood. You do know that there are the same number of electrons _somewhere_ as the atomic number, and shells == rows on the table. But, even knowing the population details in detail, that's not enough! The rabbit hole keeps getting deeper. You get hybrid bonds, which recover the earlier model of all the bonding points being the same. But that's for single atoms... molecular bonds calculated on whole molecules are bespoke solutions, and explains why even knowing the rules for chemistry they are still "rule-of-thumb", quite different from laws of physics learned elsewhere.
I have a challenge for you A question that I can't answer so quickly at first without looking in the literature and doing calculations. Think you as an Aero engineer have more skills than me as an electical engineer on this question/hypothesis anyway: 3D mode FPV is when the motor can change direction of rotation. Are more propellers and a low KV better than few propellers and high KV? 3D mode is always good to fly when changing from high speed in one direction to high speed in the other direction is quick and easy... According to my instinct, lower speeds should actually make changing the direction of rotation easier (because of the rotating mass), but maybe I think too easy because a higher number of propellers also makes the change more difficult (air resistance)... Although 3D propellers are currently being delivered with 3 blades, that doesn't mean that these are the ideal 3D props, but are designed for standard KV motors in my opinion...
For 3D mode I would look for lightweight propellers that can change RPM quickly. Blade count affects efficiency and thrust so 3 baldes is a good compromise between efficiency and thrust. 3D props are always much less efficient than standard props because they have to be a compromise in the forward and reverse directions.
Hi Chris, great video! Thanks! I followed most of the explanations, but couldn't grasp the "pushing down on lower level" part. could you point me to a basic reading or YT on this? Thanks!
So the 3d orbital is physically closer to the center of the atom than the 4s orbital, so the positively charged core would pulling this spare electron from the 4s orbital back down into 3d
I really like the effort to distribute science. The problem for me is that EA is not really the best measure. We need to find a way that matches more modern knowledge. Also because in solid state the full picture might change. Let me reframe it. Teaching EA is not good. It was deprecated many years ago. Some engineers still use it for just fit to purpose applications.
ahh.. I was a computational chemist. I can probably calculate the EA of any atom. But as I mention it has very little to do with conductivity properties in metals.
Technically speaking you start to introduce misinformation. EA = Conductivity. And this is definitely not correct. I do understand that you did try to explain the orbitals shells, but that concept went away for normal people very fast. In addition that theory works nicely for isolated atoms but probably not that much in solids.
Many contacts are made of silver, because the silver oxide is so much more conducive than even silver itself… in a place where gold will be burned off quickly, it is the best choice. Gold is good for ultra low power contacts, like communications, because it is actually cheaper and easier to work with than silver. … I know many will comment this.
Silver oxides appear to be darker and are less conductive when compared to pure silver. Silver oxide has electrical conductivity of 10-3 S/m and is a p-type semiconductor that is not much favorable to conducting electricity.
I would be careful about calling this a scientific deep dive. Although orbitals are mentioned they are not really used nor explained, opting instead to use a shell (or "levels") model and using terminology like "are forced down", which is not very scientific. If a orbital model was presented instead using energy levels such mysterious forces are not needed, as the electrons simply take the lowest available energy state (as the orbital naming is simply the shape and order of orbitals with the given shape, not energy). A much more clear explanation would come from simply mentioning the arrows in the orbital diagram, as they show the order they are filled. This would not even need to explain the quantum physics that describe how high energy a electron has in a given orbital. The points about electron-negativity seem misleading, people might remember from chemistry that oxidation=loosing an electron so how can gold both loose it gladly (conductive as per explanation given) and be inert? Gold actually has a rather high electron negativity, alkali metals have much much lower - but they are not at all as conductive (the explanation for that lies in with what orbitals are participating and the overlap between them). Lastly there are a lot more things that affect conductivity, or are relevant when discussing it, such as crystal type, hybridisation, carrier concentration, material structure (annealed, crystalinity etc), skin effects (why silver coat), electron interference, and relevant to drone motors magnetic permeability (in a drone motor impedance will be more relevant) and there more then a factor two difference in magnetic susceptibility in silver and copper (albeit most of the magnetic flux will be in the iron that has many orders of magnitude difference (and is not diamagnetic). The summary about cost and when to use which is good, but I don't think the video is a scientific deep dive, nor a very good resource for the matter of conductivity.
To be honest this is the worst explanation on conductivity and even Electron Affinity, The definition of electron affinity has its problem on its own. In addition you did not even show the energy levels of the shells. Assuming this is indeed still a good description. Please remove the video, we can do a new one together.
Science rather than opinion. It feels good on the internet ! Thank you very much for this moment !
Well this certainly and utterly dispelled the "gold has better conductivity which is why it's used in electronics" assumption in my head. Really it's used for corrosion resistance on mating surfaces like connectors. This video made me smarter today. thank you.
Desperately waiting for your next video!
10:33 I'd like to se Aluminum listed for comparison, as well. Isn't that what's used for all those overhead wires carrying power long distances?
And that's all there good for unfortunately, it's a very poor electrical carrier
@@M-H433 Its pretty good actually, its second best to copper, the third best to copper is zinc funnily enough...
Once a join or clevis is installed it's not....if it was as good as you say the appliance company's would be using it in huge amounts and in transformers.
came here for drone motors, leaved with a physics degree😂😂😂. Great vid! ❤
Also, copper is more conductive for the weight. I can't wait until carbon nanotube magnet wire is available. Even better conductivity than copper, while also being much lighter weight.
Wow Chris this was deep! And I loved it! Cheers!
That was a great video. I loved every second of it. I hope you keep creating this kind of content.
Thank you.
What about axial flux motors on drones?
very interesting and easy to follow
Great stuff. Thank you.
Will you make 7" motor test?
Is platinum in that top tier of conductors?
And I am still waiting the code for your finite element results.
what next? a super conductor motor in liquid nitrogen?
make a video on how to make the perfect and correct conformal coating on the whole quad!
Great topic. I've wondered about this subject for many years. No BS!
After learning about the Lie-to-children teaching method I have realised that a lot of the UK's GCSE-level content is taught this way and I wish this were not the case. I was "taught" that the central electron shell contains 2 electrons and all the rest contain 8. It is nice to know this is incorrect 🙄
Lewis model, IIRC. It describes effective rules for chemistry, and actually came before more physical models for that were understood. You do know that there are the same number of electrons _somewhere_ as the atomic number, and shells == rows on the table.
But, even knowing the population details in detail, that's not enough! The rabbit hole keeps getting deeper. You get hybrid bonds, which recover the earlier model of all the bonding points being the same. But that's for single atoms... molecular bonds calculated on whole molecules are bespoke solutions, and explains why even knowing the rules for chemistry they are still "rule-of-thumb", quite different from laws of physics learned elsewhere.
Actually you can test it. Get 3 equal rods: copper, gold and silver.
🙏 thank you
FWIW, I have a degree in chemistry and I thought you did a fantastic job explaining this.
I have a challenge for you A question that I can't answer so quickly at first without looking in the literature and doing calculations. Think you as an Aero engineer have more skills than me as an electical engineer on this question/hypothesis anyway:
3D mode FPV is when the motor can change direction of rotation. Are more propellers and a low KV better than few propellers and high KV? 3D mode is always good to fly when changing from high speed in one direction to high speed in the other direction is quick and easy...
According to my instinct, lower speeds should actually make changing the direction of rotation easier (because of the rotating mass), but maybe I think too easy because a higher number of propellers also makes the change more difficult (air resistance)...
Although 3D propellers are currently being delivered with 3 blades, that doesn't mean that these are the ideal 3D props, but are designed for standard KV motors in my opinion...
For 3D mode I would look for lightweight propellers that can change RPM quickly. Blade count affects efficiency and thrust so 3 baldes is a good compromise between efficiency and thrust. 3D props are always much less efficient than standard props because they have to be a compromise in the forward and reverse directions.
Aha.... So gold for long lengths of cable etc?
Like pilon cables.
It's soo coool thank you :)
The geekyest fpv channel i follow!
Can't wait to rock some gold plated copper wired motors on my quad, bling bling
Hi Chris, great video! Thanks! I followed most of the explanations, but couldn't grasp the "pushing down on lower level" part. could you point me to a basic reading or YT on this? Thanks!
So the 3d orbital is physically closer to the center of the atom than the 4s orbital, so the positively charged core would pulling this spare electron from the 4s orbital back down into 3d
Fantastic explanation, Chris! Thanks a bunch! 😃
Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊
So, how about Roentgenium? xD
The video went a bit over my head, but at least i had the conclusion right why we use gold over silver 😊 it is the corrosion baby 😂
I really like the effort to distribute science. The problem for me is that EA is not really the best measure. We need to find a way that matches more modern knowledge. Also because in solid state the full picture might change. Let me reframe it. Teaching EA is not good. It was deprecated many years ago. Some engineers still use it for just fit to purpose applications.
ahh.. I was a computational chemist. I can probably calculate the EA of any atom. But as I mention it has very little to do with conductivity properties in metals.
Technically speaking you start to introduce misinformation. EA = Conductivity. And this is definitely not correct. I do understand that you did try to explain the orbitals shells, but that concept went away for normal people very fast. In addition that theory works nicely for isolated atoms but probably not that much in solids.
So when it comes to conductivity, silver's the Goldilocks Zone. . .
Platinum, Iridium? Too expensive!
Many contacts are made of silver, because the silver oxide is so much more conducive than even silver itself… in a place where gold will be burned off quickly, it is the best choice.
Gold is good for ultra low power contacts, like communications, because it is actually cheaper and easier to work with than silver.
…
I know many will comment this.
Silver oxides appear to be darker and are less conductive when compared to pure silver. Silver oxide has electrical conductivity of 10-3 S/m and is a p-type semiconductor that is not much favorable to conducting electricity.
Very interesting. I hadn't realized silver contacts were common.
I would be careful about calling this a scientific deep dive. Although orbitals are mentioned they are not really used nor explained, opting instead to use a shell (or "levels") model and using terminology like "are forced down", which is not very scientific.
If a orbital model was presented instead using energy levels such mysterious forces are not needed, as the electrons simply take the lowest available energy state (as the orbital naming is simply the shape and order of orbitals with the given shape, not energy). A much more clear explanation would come from simply mentioning the arrows in the orbital diagram, as they show the order they are filled. This would not even need to explain the quantum physics that describe how high energy a electron has in a given orbital.
The points about electron-negativity seem misleading, people might remember from chemistry that oxidation=loosing an electron so how can gold both loose it gladly (conductive as per explanation given) and be inert? Gold actually has a rather high electron negativity, alkali metals have much much lower - but they are not at all as conductive (the explanation for that lies in with what orbitals are participating and the overlap between them).
Lastly there are a lot more things that affect conductivity, or are relevant when discussing it, such as crystal type, hybridisation, carrier concentration, material structure (annealed, crystalinity etc), skin effects (why silver coat), electron interference, and relevant to drone motors magnetic permeability (in a drone motor impedance will be more relevant) and there more then a factor two difference in magnetic susceptibility in silver and copper (albeit most of the magnetic flux will be in the iron that has many orders of magnitude difference (and is not diamagnetic).
The summary about cost and when to use which is good, but I don't think the video is a scientific deep dive, nor a very good resource for the matter of conductivity.
GCSE chemistry lesson lets goooooooooooooooooo
New sub here! Thanks for these vids I’m smrt now
HAH so gold IISS worse than copper
To be honest this is the worst explanation on conductivity and even Electron Affinity, The definition of electron affinity has its problem on its own. In addition you did not even show the energy levels of the shells. Assuming this is indeed still a good description. Please remove the video, we can do a new one together.
Sorry, the definition of EA is fine but the correlation to other properties is in question. Yet you still need to measure it. The EA.
You can still give me the experiment that measures the EA. ;)
First! Lol
Thank you, video is amazing!