I enjoy how you get right to the info without doing a whole intro with a logo and annoying music. Just a simple logo dancing there as you start. Thank you for that.
This channel is pure gold to learn basic electronics but without the boring parts, with well prepared episodes and with a logical structure! I can't thank you enough for this!
All I can say is that these are the best electronic repair videos on the internet. Not kidding. You are doing a great job. I plan to watch all of them. Thanks for putting them out there.
I'm not even going to let the video finish I want to say I've been trying to figure out transition for 10 years this is the first time that I've understood it 100% and it makes perfectly good sense to me now thank you very much
Really good explanation and presented very well. Not patronising, but clearly a man who knows his stuff and can convey it to others. Just wish I had come across this sooner. So thanks for taking the time to record this and get it out there. Very much appreciated.
Germanium transistors are still used for guitar fuzz boxes to this day. Usually to get the "vintage tone" some guitarists search for. One thing I noticed also, with the cheap transistor tester, it read 1.1v for voltage drop on the darlington. That could indicate it is reading 2x the voltage drop of each junction inside. Love your videos! Keep them coming! Thank you so much!!
@Tone Electronics "Usually to get the "vintage tone...". Well not really. They use them because they have low forward bios voltage 0.2 compared to silicon 0.6. Guitar pickups generate low voltages (the magnetic ones). I think you may be mistake it with tube amplifiers. They have a more mellow "vintage tone" .
@@HairyHu that makes no sense whatever, the transistors are bias into conduction with bias resistors, so the 0.2v/0.6v is mitigated and the AC signal is then coupled in through a capacitor, transistors are current driven devices so it's the gain that's important, silicon transistors have a lot more gain than germanium hence you would need more stages depending on how small a signal you were amplifing I built a non contact probe using silicon transistors that can sniff a audio cable (basically a few mV of leakage) the video is on my channel, the guy is right people still use germanium transistors in pedals etc because they say they sound better (despite them being obsolete, unstable, leaky and very inconsistent electrically ) this instability gives them a more dynamic and expressive character, the also have a lower frequency response than silicon which I suspect causes the retro sound the FX guys speak of
Best electronics site I've found, you explain everything very clear to a person who knows just enough to be dangerous. I've learned a lot from you, thank you.
I wanted to take a moment to express my sincere gratitude for the incredible seminar you conducted on semiconductors, transistors, and MOSFETs. Your ability to break down complex concepts in a clear and concise manner within just one hour was truly impressive. Your passion for the subject shone through, making the intricacies of these components comprehensible and engaging. As someone who has struggled to grasp these concepts in the past, I can confidently say that your session has provided me with a newfound understanding that I failed to achieve during my months in university.
This is really cool. I have a pretty nice Parasound 6 channel amp. I'm pretty good at fixing very basic stuff, but the issue I am having with this amp, I didn't think was something I would be able to tackle myself. But the cool part is I have sat here, without really getting distracted, and watch 50 minutes so far, and I'm not really getting lost or confused. I don't understand everything, but I understand enough so I think i can continue to learn and maybe fix the issue I am having with this amp, which is a protection overload issue on one channel. I will keep watching and learning. Thanks for this awesome channel!
Really enjoying your instruction, i wish i has youtube and tuition like this back in the 80's when i was studying GCSE electonics.. the kids don't know how lucky they are. Many thanks
Played w/ transistors ,mostly as switching devices ,since 1966. Semi retired security sys troubleshooter ... Thanks ever so much for such great memory prodding info ....This is your forte !!!
in the 1st 8 minutes of this video I learned MORE about transistors than I have in 5 years of trying to read about them and comprehend them! thank you!
Much thanks and greetings from germany. The way you explain those topics is just amazing and very understandable. Please keep going with the video series as this is a great value for young upcoming technicians and engineers. Thank you so much! 🇩🇪👍🏻
20:37 it appeared when you put the big transistor in the cheap tester you may have put the pins into 1, 2, and 1, which would explain why it said diode. I have the same tester, and mine acts the same way if I put a transistor into 1,2,1. Besides that, everything looks great so far.
thanks for the vid, if i might say... its hard for me to see so small drawings. & you had a big mosfet when it was like the other, but when you get to the different one ( pnp) you choose a very small mosfet.. and that is where the lesson is at for me.. im still grateful fir the vid. thank you
WOW, I learned more USEFUL information about transistors in the first 5 minutes of this than any chapter in a text book. Frankly, saying that a transistor can be defined by the following, x+y/%$#@;:×"#-xcf/=???? Means nothing to me. What gem of information you've explained here. Thank you very much
Man I say again thankyou for your uploads. Guys / gals you should hit this guys Patreon up if you are using this channel and benefitting. He is giving way more than we deserve!! I wish you had been my tutor at college I would have learnt lot more than I actually did! Thanks again
Thank you very much. Patreons are always welcome and appreciated - it costs as little as €1 a month to support this channel and all money raised goes into buying stuff for the channel to review, or to improve my recording and video editing equipment. You can subscribe and make a monthly payment as little as €1 a month via this link www.patreon.com/learnelectronicsrepair You can send one-off donations of any amount via this link www.paypal.com/paypalme/youtubeLER Many Thanks 🙂
this video it the best thank you to the man that made this videos I loved it the ways he teaches it very clear easy to understand it including a diagram I want to watched all his videos he the master of all in electrionic than my teachers back in the 90s
I have to fix stuff (cheap Chinese car charger "Intelligent Pulse Charger" that keeps blowing a fuse to be exact) and I come to this channel to learn. I now have a clearer picture of what I am dealing with and what to measure.
Absolutely brilliant video, thank you so much for the effort put in. I've been watching so many transistor videos and your is by far the easiest to understand. Thank you,
I’ll have to say, after messing with this stuff for a very long time, i was never able to memorize the whole npn/pnp deal. The way you explained it, finally made it “click” to were i know it by memory.
Great review, that was fun. I know you don't like that second tester, but if you added three jumper wires with micro clips, it would give more versatility for different sized transistors.
An excellent presentation, very nostalgic for me as I spent many years teaching on City and Guilds Electronic Servicing courses. But, please use the correct BSI symbols for the basic npn and pnp transistors. Sorry to be pedantic but “if a jobs worth doing”.
Hi ! I really love the way you explain repairs in your videos .Please could you make a video in topic "everything you need to know about ..." about opamps , how they work etc ? I saw an old video about this component and I didn't fully understand how exactly work . THANK YOU !
Great stuff love watching your videos, i done basic electronics about 30 years ago these have been a great refresher course , what type of multimeter do you use ?
Thanks, I did not know that the Emitter gave a slightly higher voltage on the diode test. I normally explain a transistor as being a bit like a tap with the handle being the base but I like your explanation when it comes to a faulty transistor. Good video and a great way for me to refresh my knowledge
You are welcome. The reason the emitter has a higher voltage drop is because the two N type silicon layers (in an NPN) transistor have a different amount of doping compared to each other. The same applies with the two P type layers in a PNP transistor. I think this trick of identifying the emitter is something that is hidden in plain sight. You see the small voltage difference every time you test one but you don't think about it's significance. This will very occasionally let you down and you will find some transistors where you can not see a difference B-C and B-E but I never saw one where B-C gives the higher reading.
At around 7:20, why is there a reading with positive probe on the base? Does electricity not flow from negative, which then would be blocked by the diodes?
@@LearnElectronicsRepair Loved the video..just learning from pure theory I never could understand how transistors work...you showed us in practice and it was hell a lot easier...
Some old transistors are hard to find. When you replace a transistor in an amplifier with a different but the best replacement. How do you position and solder the new one with a different pinout. Thank you.
I’m Tae and I love your videos. Trying to learn a new hobby, and I was with you up til 15:58 when you identified the two transistors as NPN & PNP. You wrote them having the same c/b/e setup but they were testing as a different setup. Can someone explain this to me or am I missing something?
Peace be to you, You teach very clearly. I thank you. Heavenly Father is calling home the articulate. 8th day is being nearly complete. Servant of The Deeper Mystery
there is a tricky to test electrionic parts in the circuits board let says a transistor is leaking when you pulled out from the circuits board tested good what do you think the tricks is have a gust
If you ever come across any Germanium Transistors cheap at a boot sale or wherever, you definitely want to pick those up. They fetch quite a bit on ebay and such nowadays. As others mentioned, they are very popular in old and new guitar pedals. And of course, since they aren't being manufactured any longer and needed as replacement parts in many other vintage devices, NOS resellers sell them at a premium.
Actually I gave all my quite large collection of Germanium transistors, mostly pulls, to a Radio Amateur friend in the UK before I left in 2016, thinking I wouldn't need them anymore. These were all devices I had salvaged and kept from the 70s and 80s, and all sorted by component part number
@@LearnElectronicsRepair Doh! Well, I guess we've all done something like that. I had a huge Star Wars toy collection in the mid 80's and by the time I was 12-13 years old, I felt it wasn't cool to be playing with toys anymore and gave my entire (now vintage) collection to my nephews who ultimately lost, broke, or thrown them away 🤦.
Looking forward to an amplifier tutorial… I’ve got a pair of faulty power amps. Simple circuit (I’ve got the schematic) but it has a DC offset at idle of around 1V and I’m not sure where the fault is. Cheers.
heres one i have for you. i have a few cassette deck motors. they have a speed control circuit in them. there is a 4 terminal transistor. is it a transistor or an ic? had to put one of these in a getto blaster works well!
Well I need the part number to tell you that. There are some four terminal transitors that I know of, the extra terminal is often a 'shield' connected to the metal case of a transistor and you generally only find this in high frequency circuits (radio receivers/transmitters)
@@LearnElectronicsRepair cant get the part no as they are in the end of the motors. looked at another bigger motor and this one had 3pins but it is still that same type. the body has a 3 point star hole. no heat sink. these can be either 3 pin or 4.
I like your video's do you have anything on audio surround systems, I'm trying to fix a Teac V G1200 receiver the rear channel is not working all front channnels are good is there a rellay involved?
That little lever on the cheap component tester opens and closes those little slots. You can also simply use the little silver contact pad to the right.
that 3rd transistor appears to have a free wheel diode - I have one of those atlas tools the DCA 85 I think it is- has a curve trace function when you hook it to a comp through the USB- it is my most used diagnostic tool as well
I love these videos, especially the notebook drawings! Thanks so much for making them! I've played with electronics since age 20 or so (now in my 60s) but never really got how to diagnose & fix stuff much. Now I'm seeing the light! BTW I've always used the phrase 'not pointing n' to instantly identify NPN transistors on schematics (because the arrow points out, not 'n'). After some time I began referring to PNP symbols as 'pointing in pointer' but I never really liked that one, ha ha. Thanks again!
I enjoy how you get right to the info without doing a whole intro with a logo and annoying music. Just a simple logo dancing there as you start. Thank you for that.
Cheers
😀
It is time saving I agree, very thoughtful.
no 5 minutes blabbering
It has been mentioned a few times 🙂
This channel is pure gold to learn basic electronics but without the boring parts, with well prepared episodes and with a logical structure! I can't thank you enough for this!
All I can say is that these are the best electronic repair videos on the internet. Not kidding. You are doing a great job. I plan to watch all of them. Thanks for putting them out there.
I'm not even going to let the video finish I want to say I've been trying to figure out transition for 10 years this is the first time that I've understood it 100% and it makes perfectly good sense to me now thank you very much
You are welcome ,and thank you for such as nice comment. There are many many videos explaining transistors but now I feel like I achieved something 😊
Watched lots of videos about transistors, yours is by far the best. Thank you.
Really good explanation and presented very well. Not patronising, but clearly a man who knows his stuff and can convey it to others. Just wish I had come across this sooner. So thanks for taking the time to record this and get it out there. Very much appreciated.
These videos are amazing. Thanks for taking the time. Wish I had these at college
Germanium transistors are still used for guitar fuzz boxes to this day. Usually to get the "vintage tone" some guitarists search for. One thing I noticed also, with the cheap transistor tester, it read 1.1v for voltage drop on the darlington. That could indicate it is reading 2x the voltage drop of each junction inside.
Love your videos! Keep them coming! Thank you so much!!
@Tone Electronics "Usually to get the "vintage tone...". Well not really. They use them because they have low forward bios voltage 0.2 compared to silicon 0.6. Guitar pickups generate low voltages (the magnetic ones). I think you may be mistake it with tube amplifiers. They have a more mellow "vintage tone" .
@@HairyHu that makes no sense whatever, the transistors are bias into conduction with bias resistors, so the 0.2v/0.6v is mitigated and the AC signal is then coupled in through a capacitor, transistors are current driven devices so it's the gain that's important, silicon transistors have a lot more gain than germanium hence you would need more stages depending on how small a signal you were amplifing I built a non contact probe using silicon transistors that can sniff a audio cable (basically a few mV of leakage) the video is on my channel, the guy is right people still use germanium transistors in pedals etc because they say they sound better (despite them being obsolete, unstable, leaky and very inconsistent electrically ) this instability gives them a more dynamic and expressive character, the also have a lower frequency response than silicon which I suspect causes the retro sound the FX guys speak of
Best electronics site I've found, you explain everything very clear to a person who knows just enough to be dangerous. I've learned a lot from you, thank you.
I wanted to take a moment to express my sincere gratitude for the incredible seminar you conducted on semiconductors, transistors, and MOSFETs. Your ability to break down complex concepts in a clear and concise manner within just one hour was truly impressive. Your passion for the subject shone through, making the intricacies of these components comprehensible and engaging. As someone who has struggled to grasp these concepts in the past, I can confidently say that your session has provided me with a newfound understanding that I failed to achieve during my months in university.
This is really cool. I have a pretty nice Parasound 6 channel amp. I'm pretty good at fixing very basic stuff, but the issue I am having with this amp, I didn't think was something I would be able to tackle myself. But the cool part is I have sat here, without really getting distracted, and watch 50 minutes so far, and I'm not really getting lost or confused. I don't understand everything, but I understand enough so I think i can continue to learn and maybe fix the issue I am having with this amp, which is a protection overload issue on one channel. I will keep watching and learning. Thanks for this awesome channel!
Man you should put these on Spotify! I would listen to these at work everyday.
Excelent video, clear and simple concepts. Learning a lot with your lessons. Thank you for your time.
The last 7 minutes are golden.
And the first hour was a waste of time was it ?
Really enjoying your instruction, i wish i has youtube and tuition like this back in the 80's when i was studying GCSE electonics.. the kids don't know how lucky they are. Many thanks
Played w/ transistors ,mostly as switching devices ,since 1966. Semi retired security sys troubleshooter ... Thanks ever so much for such great memory prodding info ....This is your forte !!!
God bless you for the precious knowledge, that you give as for free!
in the 1st 8 minutes of this video I learned MORE about transistors than I have in 5 years of trying to read about them and comprehend them! thank you!
You're welcome
🙂
....WOW!!!!!!!!!! THANK YOU, FOR DEMONSTRATING, AND EXPLAINING THESE PRACTICAL, USEFUL TESTING PROCEDURES, AND TIPS!!!! AWESOME!!!!!!!!
Much thanks and greetings from germany. The way you explain those topics is just amazing and very understandable. Please keep going with the video series as this is a great value for young upcoming technicians and engineers. Thank you so much! 🇩🇪👍🏻
Agree with previous comments. Firts time transisors makes sense to me. Appreciate the time and effort.
Thank You
One of the best Transistor videos I have seen
20:37 it appeared when you put the big transistor in the cheap tester you may have put the pins into 1, 2, and 1, which would explain why it said diode. I have the same tester, and mine acts the same way if I put a transistor into 1,2,1. Besides that, everything looks great so far.
Excellent. I remember doing this stuff in college in the 1980s. Great reminder
I'm blown away about how good these lections are. Following you with high interest.
thanks for the vid, if i might say... its hard for me to see so small drawings. & you had a big mosfet when it was like the other, but when you get to the different one ( pnp) you choose a very small mosfet.. and that is where the lesson is at for me.. im still grateful fir the vid. thank you
Really appreciate every single video of this series. Thank you!!!
What a great summary! Loved the explanation of the circuits and the testing on plain paper!!
Very well presented, and definitely the best explanation on the subject I've seen yet. Thanks for sharing.
WOW, I learned more USEFUL information about transistors in the first 5 minutes of this than any chapter in a text book.
Frankly, saying that a transistor can be defined by the following, x+y/%$#@;:×"#-xcf/=???? Means nothing to me.
What gem of information you've explained here.
Thank you very much
a very good lesson, thank you dear collége
Man I say again thankyou for your uploads. Guys / gals you should hit this guys Patreon up if you are using this channel and benefitting. He is giving way more than we deserve!! I wish you had been my tutor at college I would have learnt lot more than I actually did! Thanks again
Thank you very much. Patreons are always welcome and appreciated - it costs as little as €1 a month to support this channel and all money raised goes into buying stuff for the channel to review, or to improve my recording and video editing equipment.
You can subscribe and make a monthly payment as little as €1 a month via this link
www.patreon.com/learnelectronicsrepair
You can send one-off donations of any amount via this link
www.paypal.com/paypalme/youtubeLER
Many Thanks 🙂
this video it the best thank you to the man that made this videos I loved it the ways he teaches it very clear easy to understand it including a diagram I want to watched all his videos he the master of all in electrionic than my teachers back in the 90s
You are an Amazing instructor. Thank you so much.
This channel is fantastic, so much information clearly explained. Thank you for taking the time making this videos.
Many thanks Richard for yet another great tutorial. The diagrams help immensely!
You're welcome
I have to fix stuff (cheap Chinese car charger "Intelligent Pulse Charger" that keeps blowing a fuse to be exact) and I come to this channel to learn. I now have a clearer picture of what I am dealing with and what to measure.
Welcome aboard 🙂
Absolutely brilliant video, thank you so much for the effort put in. I've been watching so many transistor videos and your is by far the easiest to understand. Thank you,
I’ll have to say, after messing with this stuff for a very long time, i was never able to memorize the whole npn/pnp deal. The way you explained it, finally made it “click” to were i know it by memory.
Thanks for the PNP transistor biasing explanation!
reached the end of this series and would like to say thanks for posting this series was amazing and will be book marked and re visited another time :)
Fantastic lecture l have never known much more about transistor b4. Thanks
love it just need to watch it about a few times to fully gasp all that information tks nice lecture how you started and ended.......
Great review, that was fun. I know you don't like that second tester, but if you added three jumper wires with micro clips, it would give more versatility for different sized transistors.
is it possible in time to determine a mosfet replacement when charts have no interface to existing replacements today
Thanks for taking time to educate.
Does that work better mostly with some analysis device get more information ?.
An excellent presentation, very nostalgic for me as I spent many years teaching on City and Guilds Electronic Servicing courses. But, please use the correct BSI symbols for the basic npn and pnp transistors. Sorry to be pedantic but “if a jobs worth doing”.
Very useful video, real info leaving aside the fluff, well done
You sir are doing a FANTASTIC JOB!!
Thanks for your time. Excellent video.
very helpful vid, thank you for your work in making these.
Really learned a lot about diagnosis of transistor faults. Thanks.
Very nice explanation !!! 👍👍
Keep up the great work on these videos. Well explained and enjoyable to watch.
Hi ! I really love the way you explain repairs in your videos .Please could you make a video in topic "everything you need to know about ..." about opamps , how they work etc ? I saw an old video about this component and I didn't fully understand how exactly work . THANK YOU !
Great tutorial. I wish I had found those years ago. Even that I learned a lot. Please keep going.
Great stuff love watching your videos, i done basic electronics about 30 years ago these have been a great refresher course , what type of multimeter do you use ?
Very happy I found your channel. Great stuff!
Thanks, I did not know that the Emitter gave a slightly higher voltage on the diode test.
I normally explain a transistor as being a bit like a tap with the handle being the base but I like your explanation when it comes to a faulty transistor. Good video and a great way for me to refresh my knowledge
You are welcome. The reason the emitter has a higher voltage drop is because the two N type silicon layers (in an NPN) transistor have a different amount of doping compared to each other. The same applies with the two P type layers in a PNP transistor. I think this trick of identifying the emitter is something that is hidden in plain sight. You see the small voltage difference every time you test one but you don't think about it's significance.
This will very occasionally let you down and you will find some transistors where you can not see a difference B-C and B-E but I never saw one where B-C gives the higher reading.
Thank you very much I learnt a lot. Cheers!
At around 7:20, why is there a reading with positive probe on the base? Does electricity not flow from negative, which then would be blocked by the diodes?
Yes it is blocked by a diode
Thank you very much amazing videos thanks for the info MR
Should that be Ve or Vcc on the NPN sketch?
Loved the video..now I finally know how transistors work....is there a video on how to test MOSFETs on PCB??I wanna learn that, too.
AYNTKA Mosfets will be the next video in this series, let's see if i can do a good job on those too 😉
@@LearnElectronicsRepair Loved the video..just learning from pure theory I never could understand how transistors work...you showed us in practice and it was hell a lot easier...
Awesome. Tysm for your videos Sir 👍
Very interesting video, very simple and very usefull.
Thanks for the useful video 🌷
Some old transistors are hard to find. When you replace a transistor in an amplifier with a different but the best replacement. How do you position and solder the new one with a different pinout. Thank you.
Thanks for this, I was looking forward to it. Some helpful tips in here
Mentioned Germanium Transistors and just used a 'matched pair' of germanium transistors to create the 'Fuzz Face' circuit Guitar EFX pedal
I’m Tae and I love your videos. Trying to learn a new hobby, and I was with you up til 15:58 when you identified the two transistors as NPN & PNP. You wrote them having the same c/b/e setup but they were testing as a different setup. Can someone explain this to me or am I missing something?
Thank you so much for that information
Peace be to you,
You teach very clearly.
I thank you.
Heavenly Father is calling
home the articulate.
8th day is being nearly complete.
Servant of The Deeper Mystery
Great stuff. You got yourself a new subscriber.
Very nice and simple video.
Good video, looking forward to ‘All You Need To Know About Fets’ ;)
That's coming soon 😉
there is a tricky to test electrionic parts in the circuits board let says a transistor is leaking when you pulled out from the circuits board tested good what do you think the tricks is have a gust
Thanks a lot for these lessons
If you ever come across any Germanium Transistors cheap at a boot sale or wherever, you definitely want to pick those up. They fetch quite a bit on ebay and such nowadays. As others mentioned, they are very popular in old and new guitar pedals. And of course, since they aren't being manufactured any longer and needed as replacement parts in many other vintage devices, NOS resellers sell them at a premium.
Actually I gave all my quite large collection of Germanium transistors, mostly pulls, to a Radio Amateur friend in the UK before I left in 2016, thinking I wouldn't need them anymore. These were all devices I had salvaged and kept from the 70s and 80s, and all sorted by component part number
@@LearnElectronicsRepair Doh! Well, I guess we've all done something like that. I had a huge Star Wars toy collection in the mid 80's and by the time I was 12-13 years old, I felt it wasn't cool to be playing with toys anymore and gave my entire (now vintage) collection to my nephews who ultimately lost, broke, or thrown them away 🤦.
Looking forward to an amplifier tutorial… I’ve got a pair of faulty power amps. Simple circuit (I’ve got the schematic) but it has a DC offset at idle of around 1V and I’m not sure where the fault is. Cheers.
Amazing transistor content
Great video but are we testing ac or dc voltage...
Extremely great channel
heres one i have for you. i have a few cassette deck motors. they have a speed control circuit in them. there is a 4 terminal transistor. is it a transistor or an ic? had to put one of these in a getto blaster works well!
Well I need the part number to tell you that. There are some four terminal transitors that I know of, the extra terminal is often a 'shield' connected to the metal case of a transistor and you generally only find this in high frequency circuits (radio receivers/transmitters)
@@LearnElectronicsRepair cant get the part no as they are in the end of the motors. looked at another bigger motor and this one had 3pins but it is still that same type. the body has a 3 point star hole. no heat sink. these can be either 3 pin or 4.
I like your video's do you have anything on audio surround systems, I'm trying to fix a Teac V G1200 receiver the rear channel is not working all front channnels are good is there a rellay involved?
The last 10 minutes were enlightening
Thanks, Prof.
Thanks again the last part was a little confusing due to no B-C-E not being labeled
easy way to remember difference, is the one with arrow pointing out or NPN is "not peeing in", as per the arrow!
That little lever on the cheap component tester opens and closes those little slots. You can also simply use the little silver contact pad to the right.
Very informative tyvm
great video! thanks very much for your efforts
that 3rd transistor appears to have a free wheel diode - I have one of those atlas tools the DCA 85 I think it is- has a curve trace function when you hook it to a comp through the USB- it is my most used diagnostic tool as well
should have watched longer- its a darlington
Thank you Sir, that helped clear up some of my confusion.. Sub
You r a legend. Best channel on u tube fir electronics
I tried this technique to identify some transistors , didn't work with the red lead but worked with a negative. What does that mean.
For me its great to keep it simple, don't work on amplifiers so a lot easier. Thanks for a nice review.
I love these videos, especially the notebook drawings! Thanks so much for making them! I've played with electronics since age 20 or so (now in my 60s) but never really got how to diagnose & fix stuff much. Now I'm seeing the light!
BTW I've always used the phrase 'not pointing n' to instantly identify NPN transistors on schematics (because the arrow points out, not 'n'). After some time I began referring to PNP symbols as 'pointing in pointer' but I never really liked that one, ha ha. Thanks again!
Sir Plz Make A Video On All Types Of Transistor With Images And Specification