Thank you so very much Mate! My publications, Review, Prospect, Preprint and even PhD thesis is cited here. This made my week. I'd be happy to share my unpublished works personally if you are interested :) Thanks again
@@nicholasneyhart396 iThank you so very much Mate. I will share two more papers with you next week about Alzheimer's and Melanoma. Ofcourse Endogenous Retroviruses are involved there too.
interesting. but you didn't even mention transposons being degenerated retroviruses and accelerating our evolution by making it easier to duplicate and delete genes as well as aiding with crossover during meiosis.
tru7hhimself is that confirmed? That’s very interesting if so that means viruses reverted to a non infectious form which is very interesting considering they are obligate intracellular parasites
Hello! This sounds really cool, but I'm not up to speed on what all these terms mean or the mechanics involved. tru7hhimself, are you saying transposons were absorbed into our cells' DNA? Or did something else happen? I'm going to try reading up on these, but I get the feeling I'll be just as confused lol, so any explanation would be great!
@@aamirrazak3467 kind of. a bunch of LTR transposons are occasionally found with virus like caspids. They are also a bit similar to retroviruses. As a result the ICTV has put them into a ortervirales (retro spelled backwards) classification along with the vanilla retroviruses.
Funny cause in one of my psychology classes on uni, our professor told us "pregnant women feel so awful during pregnancy because babies are basically parasites." Lol
9:50 I love how my brain automatically tries to make puns out of things. The first time around I totally heard this as "tip of the ice-HERV" which I thought was a slightly clever pun. Turns out it was just me with bad hearing. Ah well, nice job Hank!
I've heard about this on _Scientific American Frontiers,_ but the topic I was watching involved the photosynthesis of certain types of algae, and that viruses helped evolution along by passing on changes.
Excellent video, not something I had heard, but SHOULD have suspected. Interesting to see versions of "More about ... that you might not know". Most people think bacteria are also just "bad", but they make up a tremendous percentage of our bodies (more than half?), and have become parts of our immune systems, guts, etc. Sometimes what starts out as a possible or actual parasitic relationship becomes truly symbiotic.
Not to take away from what you are saying, but parasitism is actually a types of symbiosis. Symbiosis is where an organism benefits directly from another organism. There are three types of symbiosis: Parasitism, where one organism benefits and the other is harmed. Commensialism where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. And mutualism, where both organisms benefit.
Hmm.Ask about it, you would expect a parasite to be one of those pinworms or tapeworms or flukes or roundworms, so you can tell her you are a virus. Try ‘endogenous retrovirus’ instead of parasite, ok? ;)
@@Xykon1258 i guess that would work if the girl is not educated enough or has insufficient knowledge about what virus are, because in science, no matter what kind of virus it is all virus are classified as parasite as they need a host or other organism in order to survive and reproduce Edit:order
spring breeze Viruses are not parasites. Both viruses and parasites are microbes though, but the whole point of parasites is that they are alive. Vituses are not.
"You might get the impression that all viruses are terrible, awful, no-good things that just wreak havoc on humanity. But, surprise: The truth is way more interesting!" This aged well
Its still true. Some are extremely dangerous and cause massive death tolls or long term health complications, but there are also some that are beneficial. The truth really is much more complicated and interesting than just "virus = bad"
This topic was my 12 grade bio final work, 7 years ago. We had to make a presentation about viruses, every1 choose a sickness, meanwhile im there talking about retroviruses and every1 is like "WTF did he smoke?".
Seriously though, if you haven't listened to Tangents yet, go do so now! It's my favorite podcast right now. I love the sense of excitement and wonder the hosts have. Plus they are really smart and funny.
Fascinating topic! And there is a HUGE amount of research and writing occurring on the topic. My favorite author is Dr. Nick Lane, author of "The Vital Question: Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life". A passionate and humorous biochemist who leads the "Origins of Life Program" at University of London, describes how introns (parts of our DNA that don't code for any useful protein) evolved from parasitic genes splicing themselves into and out of bacterial cells that later became mitochondria. The entire book is science-intense reading, but well worth it, as the author is a captivating writer who describes first how life began, and later why eukaryotes evolved. (Some of his lectures are here on TH-cam as well.)
I would love to see a video about Introception and its link to our emotions. Its a really facinating topic that I read about today. It gives a whole new spin to what I thought about how my emotions worked. But I didnt understand entirely because it wasnt in video format. lol
What did you get out of it, other than mainstream medical science doesn't have satisfactory explanations but instead use a bunch of terms meant to perplex the listener?
Food is genetically modified so that it is resistant to Roundup so that they can spray the fields with it and only kill the weeds. That's why I try to look for non GMO foods. I don't have a problem in general with gmo., Only with the gmo related to using Roundup.
@@gg3675 I think the point is that as they are done in nature it's by definition natural oh and for the debate, we have long since used gmo as "the banana" is fully a gmo and is not natural as it can't even reproduce and needs humans to farm it
Artavenday Osnaughfay technically is since it is take a gene either add one or delete one , so is still gene editing , just no humans are doing it , but viruses
@@xxdragonrenderxx no, it's natural. The placenta example is shared by all placental mammals (obviously). And don't forget that the human genome is the most studied, so there's a sampling bias on top of that.
@@ronenshtein7083 Didn't say it wasn't natural, I don't have the knowledge to say only offering speculation. Could be some is natural and some could be from an external source. We'll find out eventually probably.
Every embryo is in some ways a parasite. A foreign body the embryo sends signals to the mother's body to slightly lower the activity of her immune system. That is also why women with MS have much fewer or even no episodes during the time of the pregnancy. It really is quite a fascinating topic
Living organisms are the most complex things in the Universe. The 'wheels within wheels within wheels" concept taken almost to the level of infinity; there is virtually always a layer supporting and modifying whatever internal system within an organism you study with spirals of feedback loops and controls from above, below, and "out of left field". The fact that viruses have used us and all other organisms to both reproduce and reject their competitors has made this even more complicated.
10:02 Who are these people delivering healthy baby wells? My sister in law's kid looks kind of like a bucket, and I once had a tadpole that resembled an Archemdies Screw, but that is pretty much the extent of it.
@@oleksandrbyelyenko435 While many definitions of parasitism stipulate that the parasite is of a different species than the host, I (and a lot of people who are smarter than me) consider it a form of symbiosis wherein the parasite is *commonly* a different species but is not required to be. Within this latter model, parasites are classified by the nature of their interaction with their hosts. Although it may not be a perfect fit when describing the fetus-mother relationship, fetuses do satisfy general requirements of a parasite and specifically those of a "facultative parasite," though a common example of this type is a flea (in that it may live free of a host, it can spend time as a parasite, whereas a fetus requires a host until it eventually gains the ability to live free of her).
Viruses and transposons (Ancestor and virus-like sequence which are more common in most organisms, 8% are HERV, around 40% are transposons in human) are probably one of the essential driver for speciation: 1. Marsupials (mammals with pouch e.g. koala, kangaroo) has transposon sequences called PEG10 2. Placental mammals have an extra insertion of transposon called PEG11, so we have both PEG10/PEG11 3. Monotreme (egg laying mammals e.g. platypus) have neither if I am not mistaken 4. VIruses and transposons are usually only expressed in pluripotent state and are involved in embryogenesis and cell differentiation. This is a very efficient strategy for the viruses to be propagated since they work together with the host in generating new offsprings. 5. If you inhibit the viruses/transposons expression during embryogenesis, the cells would not develop. HERV are specifically express at Day 2 post fertilization in human, then from day 4 onwards, a transposon called LINE-1 is expressed. There is a sequential expression which we still do not understand.
I only watched 3 minute of this and I'm really confused about that which viruses are good or bad to our body or just a begging our body to earn copy of them by human cells. I need written sources or maybe I should just watch rest of this video
7:23 Placenta-Part: I am confused. I always thought that the placenta is conected to an embryo via the umbilical cord. Did they meant to say "attached to the uterus"? Please, someone enlighten me.
It is, it's probably just that those proteins are like a prototype umbilical cord, and either get replaced, or used as scaffolding for the cells to actually become the umbilical cord. not entirely sure, but yes at some point in the process the umbilical cord is there
Such excellent content, but for not mentioning a few things others have said, as well as omitting the most infamous retrovirus of our History, HIV, with which I am unfortunately intimately involved (undetectable for 23 years).
The content is so nice, I heard it for the first time that viruses have some positive impact on all of us but I would love to not hear phrases like: our DNA told what to do. It is like saying your phone told you to go to the store after you talked with someone on your phone. Our DNA can't tell what to do because it doesn't even know it exists. It does not have a will and it does not have the power to tell something. I also don't like phrases like "you may want to thank HERVs after you taste sugar, recover from illness etc." because they are just a bunch of materials. It would only make sense to thank if you believe in a power that controls them and then thanking the creator of the viruses is logical. It is the same with the title too. We don't know if the reasons are the creators of the actions without a belief. Objectively, viruses didn't shape the humanity, the humanity was shaped using viruses. You can say this action's perpetrator is dead material, not God but it is up to you to decide. I don't really think those things can exist without an all-knowing perpetrator, it is so absurd. This video shows clearly those actions have to be done by someone. Someone who knows us, who loves us, who wants us to prosper.
Endogenous retroviruses are fascinating. New fields such as Paleovirology examine genomes to sequence old retroviruses to see when they first appeared and what descendant organisms still have them.
That bit about the placenta made me wonder: where does the potentiality of convergent evolution fit in? DNA is smart, sort of how AI machines learn (in a very broad sense at least), so is it possible that somewhere in the evolutionary chain a bit of DNA simply "saw" how a virus worked and, rather than being infected, just copied the mechanism?
The question would be 'how?'; DNA is a molecule, unless you're imbuing it with some sort of new age consciousness there's not much it can do. In the case of HERVs we also have the rest of the crippled virus near the gene of interest, sometimes active enough to cause damaging mutations. It seems unlikely that the entire virus would be copied like this if DNA (or whatever) were interested only in a mechanism.
That is kind of my question... What I was thinking about was how evolution is basically a random mutation that sticks around for one reason or another right? So maybe it's possible that some random peptide or protein molecule reproduced a random mutation in DNA that mimicked a bit of viral code rather than it got snipped in because of viral machinery. I was thinking of this when that question popped into my head: th-cam.com/video/X_tYrnv_o6A/w-d-xo.html
In that sense yes, there are cases where two different genes have the same function, but I wouldn't say DNA 'saw' how a viral protein works. With evolution in general you see 'solutions' that work with the starting material and can achieve the same basic result via a very different method.. For example the 'thumb' on a panda's hand does not use one of the fingers like our own thumb does, it uses a wrist bone instead: evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/analogy_06
I have basically a 2 part question this video gave me Part 1 Are all Genes universal through all species? Like if I take a gene that gives me something like more hair than normal and inbed that gene into a hairless cat, can that gene make the cat hairy? Part 2 Can DNA be read and predicted to what it can do without having to give it to another animal to see what it does? Like pick a random gene and read it, then be like, oh yeah this gene tells your body to make melatonin or something.
mateo polanco the gen interact with other genes , even if you give that gene to a hairless cat you need to give/delete other genes to make it not hairless, about the second question idk but we can do reversal dna thing to know from where it was from
No in most cases. Ignoring all the complex stuff a string of DNA will produce a protein. THIS will generally be 'universal' (Though bacteria do this differently and so might mess it up.) but what that protein then does depends on what it's in. If you put a hair gene in a fish for example, it has no hair to act on and so might do nothing. If it's put into a cat, it MIGHT make it hairy... or it might mess up the existing hair stuff and cause the cat to grow hair on its tongue or something. In general the more basic something is, the more 'conserved' it will be and the more universal. Hair genes only apply to things with hair, but sugar-handling genes are present in pretty much all life and often use the same protein to do the same thing. This is partly why we can't 'read' a new piece of DNA and know what it does, life is complex and does weird things.. But if we DO know the function of a gene and we find it in other species then it's a pretty good chance it does the same thing in those species as well. To the point that human and FLY genes can sometimes be interchangeable.
I can't believe you didn't mention that we all have Herpes. I hope you're saving it for an episode where you discuss this endogenous retrovirus's links to schizophrenia. I love to tell people I have Herpes, you really missed that one. I guess you wanted to fill us with wonder instead of with dread. Oh well.
I don't think herpes is really in the purview of this episode. It's not endogenous to people, you just get exposed to it so often that you're more likely than not to eventually get it.
@@assdan27 We all have herpes, it's in our genome from a germ cell infection long ago. It's not normally expressed in most people (tight suppression), but we all have it.
Dear SciShow: I have decided to share much TMI. Yesterday I was dx'ed with my first case of shingles. It looks like it is coming from the right side of my L1 vertebrae. This effectively means I have "crotch shingles." I am also fairly young and still having kids. So, to summarize, I have a virus hanging out around my germ-cell factories. I grant the chances are slim but his post could be a historical record of a major evolution in human history.
Chezmanq, You have my deepest sympathy. I had a case of shingles a year ago that not only caused the typical measles-like rash, i had interior nerve involvement that made my left testicle half numb and I could barely feel my bladder so it was hard to pee. The pain was indescribable, and I hardly slept for a month.
viral vectors of evolution are such an important piece of the evolutionary puzzle... And fascinating one. Like the zika viraus - makes human fetus skulls smaller. Perhaps there was another one that made skulls bigger, allowing for bigger brains to develop. Surely, those that were too big to fit through the birth canal did not survive, hence we have just the biggest heads as newborns that we could still be actually born :). And maybe females that had larger birth canals had offspring that was more... succesfull :)
Some of these viral remnants are like season 1 anime villains that end up helping the heroes later on.
NARUTO SPOILER:
Like Orochimaru in the Great Ninja War!
That actually says alot lol
Best explanation
dio
Lol
Thank you so very much Mate!
My publications, Review, Prospect, Preprint and even PhD thesis is cited here.
This made my week.
I'd be happy to share my unpublished works personally if you are interested :)
Thanks again
Thank you for your contributions to the pool of human knowledge.
@@nicholasneyhart396 iThank you so very much Mate. I will share two more papers with you next week about Alzheimer's and Melanoma. Ofcourse Endogenous Retroviruses are involved there too.
@@TheManvendrasingh1 *Of course.
It is two words ^^
Fantastic stuff. Where can we see more information?
Thanks to SciShow for properly citing the sources
And thanks to you for contributing your knowledge to the humankind
As an investigative journalist I'd love to read your unpublished research please Manvendra Singh. Thank you for your contribution to science.
"I'm not suggesting that fetuses are like viruses attached to hosts" That's exactly what you're suggesting, Hank!
They actually got more similarities with cancer growth...
Hafez Ali: I ain't sayin' it's a nutrient-sapper, but it ain't hangin' wit' no broke blastocysts.
I knew it!
@Oma Cool You'd feel a lot better if you took that stick out of your ass.
It's not what he's suggesting.
But he wouldn't be wrong to suggest it.
I did my thesis on HERV-W and it's link to psychotic illness. It's a fascinating area of biology!
I had a history question and this guy answered on one channel, then I had a science question and this man is answering it on another channel. Amazing.
interesting. but you didn't even mention transposons being degenerated retroviruses and accelerating our evolution by making it easier to duplicate and delete genes as well as aiding with crossover during meiosis.
tru7hhimself is that confirmed? That’s very interesting if so that means viruses reverted to a non infectious form which is very interesting considering they are obligate intracellular parasites
Hello! This sounds really cool, but I'm not up to speed on what all these terms mean or the mechanics involved. tru7hhimself, are you saying transposons were absorbed into our cells' DNA? Or did something else happen? I'm going to try reading up on these, but I get the feeling I'll be just as confused lol, so any explanation would be great!
@@aamirrazak3467 kind of. a bunch of LTR transposons are occasionally found with virus like caspids. They are also a bit similar to retroviruses. As a result the ICTV has put them into a ortervirales (retro spelled backwards) classification along with the vanilla retroviruses.
Retroviruses: doing to evolution what your classmate did to your art project when you left the computer open during break.
He turned it into a masterpiece!
But it looks so much better/worse now. Best to keep/throw it away
This is very specific... who hurt you?
classmates tend to fixate on male genitalia... luckily/unluckily retroviruses have a more sophisticated approach to editing...
@@spawn7128 This is a fictional scenario, and I have a very lively imagination. :) Don't worry about me, haha.
I love the way you present Hank! Thanks, I've been enjoying you for years.
His awkward hand gesticulations really throw me off, but not enough to distract me from that high pitched voice reminiscent of an 11 year old.
I like his bedroom voice in his journey to the microcosmos channel
imagine seeing this video now
Funny cause in one of my psychology classes on uni, our professor told us "pregnant women feel so awful during pregnancy because babies are basically parasites." Lol
I felt great during my pregnancies.
@@ItsMe-ic7onokay then they’re not talking about you?? Lol what was the point of this comment, you wanted a cookie?? 😂🍪🍪
"The human genome contains everything you need to know to make a human"
Me: *cries in epigenome*
I mean you can make em but epigenetics says maybe don't
The sentence is correct, what is the problem?
9:50 I love how my brain automatically tries to make puns out of things. The first time around I totally heard this as "tip of the ice-HERV" which I thought was a slightly clever pun. Turns out it was just me with bad hearing. Ah well, nice job Hank!
Boring
I've heard about this on _Scientific American Frontiers,_ but the topic I was watching involved the photosynthesis of certain types of algae, and that viruses helped evolution along by passing on changes.
Excellent video, not something I had heard, but SHOULD have suspected. Interesting to see versions of "More about ... that you might not know". Most people think bacteria are also just "bad", but they make up a tremendous percentage of our bodies (more than half?), and have become parts of our immune systems, guts, etc. Sometimes what starts out as a possible or actual parasitic relationship becomes truly symbiotic.
Not to take away from what you are saying, but parasitism is actually a types of symbiosis. Symbiosis is where an organism benefits directly from another organism. There are three types of symbiosis: Parasitism, where one organism benefits and the other is harmed. Commensialism where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. And mutualism, where both organisms benefit.
I can see a sci-fi horror novel about an ancient retrovirus being artificially reanimated in order to turn people into zombies being written.
Artificially, naturally ... in the end, we're still all zombies.
I write novels. That would be a fantabulas plot! (Promise I won't steal it) lol
parasite eve
@@theshuman100 And a perfect title!
Omg I thought I was the only one to think of that.Id totally buy that book exc.
My ex says I'm a parasite. Now I can tell her she's wrong and I'm actually a virus.
Virus are parasite, so technically she is right
Hmm.Ask about it, you would expect a parasite to be one of those pinworms or tapeworms or flukes or roundworms, so you can tell her you are a virus. Try ‘endogenous retrovirus’ instead of parasite, ok? ;)
@@Xykon1258 you got it sweetheart
@@Xykon1258 i guess that would work if the girl is not educated enough or has insufficient knowledge about what virus are, because in science, no matter what kind of virus it is all virus are classified as parasite as they need a host or other organism in order to survive and reproduce
Edit:order
spring breeze Viruses are not parasites. Both viruses and parasites are microbes though, but the whole point of parasites is that they are alive. Vituses are not.
This is some of the best news I've heard in a long time. I have MS and have had it for almost 20 years.
This video aged super well.
May I ask why?
"You might get the impression that all viruses are terrible, awful, no-good things that just wreak havoc on humanity. But, surprise: The truth is way more interesting!"
This aged well
Its still true. Some are extremely dangerous and cause massive death tolls or long term health complications, but there are also some that are beneficial. The truth really is much more complicated and interesting than just "virus = bad"
I just gave birth two days ago to a healthy baby girl. Thanks virusses!
This topic was my 12 grade bio final work, 7 years ago.
We had to make a presentation about viruses, every1 choose a sickness, meanwhile im there talking about retroviruses and every1 is like "WTF did he smoke?".
This video ought to be watched by people all over the globe for three good reasons.
Mal wieder ein richtig gelungenes Video. Wie viel Arbeit und Zeit dahinter steckt, kann ich mir fast gar nicht vorstellen.
Seriously though, if you haven't listened to Tangents yet, go do so now! It's my favorite podcast right now. I love the sense of excitement and wonder the hosts have. Plus they are really smart and funny.
Ahhh, the reason to learn embryology in med school.
To learn we actually heavily affected by retrovirus in our early days of life.
Fascinating topic! And there is a HUGE amount of research and writing occurring on the topic. My favorite author is Dr. Nick Lane, author of "The Vital Question: Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life". A passionate and humorous biochemist who leads the "Origins of Life Program" at University of London, describes how introns (parts of our DNA that don't code for any useful protein) evolved from parasitic genes splicing themselves into and out of bacterial cells that later became mitochondria. The entire book is science-intense reading, but well worth it, as the author is a captivating writer who describes first how life began, and later why eukaryotes evolved. (Some of his lectures are here on TH-cam as well.)
I would love to see a video about Introception and its link to our emotions. Its a really facinating topic that I read about today. It gives a whole new spin to what I thought about how my emotions worked. But I didnt understand entirely because it wasnt in video format. lol
IntEroception? Here's a TH-cam Ted talk:
th-cam.com/video/hI_gG49sV2s/w-d-xo.html
“Viruses that changed the world”
*looks around*
*cries*
This channel is amazing. ❤❤❤
I wonder how the anime "Cells at Work" would depict this? 😂
That could be epic.
black.market
I love that anime, specially after a few edibles
Considering how viruses act almost like xenomorphs, I’m guessing HERV-affected cells would end up like Ripley-8?
These are in fact subcellular mechanism so it requires a whole another series titled "Proteins at Work".
I learned about the retrovirus thing from the book Darwin's Radio by Greg Bear, but not much about which specific things they do.
this is fascinating
What did you get out of it, other than mainstream medical science doesn't have satisfactory explanations but instead use a bunch of terms meant to perplex the listener?
I'd love a TH-cam channel about viruses. Is there one?
Tactical dot
All the viruses/bacteria that surround us 24/7....not at the top of things I want to be thinking about...
Superb video 👍
SciShow would be a good podcast on Spotify
GMO Fear-Mongers: "Transgenic organisms are unnatural!"
Nature: "Aww... You're adorable!"
Gmo fear mongers don't like Roundup in their food. That's the issue.
@@trig33kgirl he meant non GMO people
Food is genetically modified so that it is resistant to Roundup so that they can spray the fields with it and only kill the weeds. That's why I try to look for non GMO foods. I don't have a problem in general with gmo., Only with the gmo related to using Roundup.
Wait wouldn’t this indicate that they’re right? That genetic modification could have huge unintended consequences?
@@gg3675 I think the point is that as they are done in nature it's by definition natural oh and for the debate, we have long since used gmo as "the banana" is fully a gmo and is not natural as it can't even reproduce and needs humans to farm it
Whoa that's really spoopy
:o
I just found your podcast on spotify!
I especially enjoyed Rob Lowe's guest appearance on Tan Gents.
Hank, you are the only person I trust to tell me that I am disgusting. Thank you. ♥
Or gene editing, using viruses, has been around a lot longer than we thought.
Greg Reilly yeah , is only been decades since we started to use it
Artavenday Osnaughfay technically is since it is take a gene either add one or delete one , so is still gene editing , just no humans are doing it , but viruses
@@taventube2151 Might not have been natural tho, I wonder if other animals have this much viral dna.
@@xxdragonrenderxx no, it's natural. The placenta example is shared by all placental mammals (obviously). And don't forget that the human genome is the most studied, so there's a sampling bias on top of that.
@@ronenshtein7083 Didn't say it wasn't natural, I don't have the knowledge to say only offering speculation. Could be some is natural and some could be from an external source. We'll find out eventually probably.
Always interesting, thank you.
Every embryo is in some ways a parasite. A foreign body the embryo sends signals to the mother's body to slightly lower the activity of her immune system. That is also why women with MS have much fewer or even no episodes during the time of the pregnancy. It really is quite a fascinating topic
HERVs: you either die a villain or live long enough to see yourself become a hero..
Hank for President!
Living organisms are the most complex things in the Universe. The 'wheels within wheels within wheels" concept taken almost to the level of infinity; there is virtually always a layer supporting and modifying whatever internal system within an organism you study with spirals of feedback loops and controls from above, below, and "out of left field". The fact that viruses have used us and all other organisms to both reproduce and reject their competitors has made this even more complicated.
10:02 Who are these people delivering healthy baby wells? My sister in law's kid looks kind of like a bucket, and I once had a tadpole that resembled an Archemdies Screw, but that is pretty much the extent of it.
Awesome Video!!!!
So thats why my parents called me a parasite!
Oh trust me Deniss, there's a lot more to that story *snickers*
While you are a fetus you are a parasite, no?
@@oleksandrbyelyenko435 yeah, if mothers are ready to have a parasite in them then why do parents criticize their kids of being parasite
And cause you took their money prolly
@@oleksandrbyelyenko435 While many definitions of parasitism stipulate that the parasite is of a different species than the host, I (and a lot of people who are smarter than me) consider it a form of symbiosis wherein the parasite is *commonly* a different species but is not required to be. Within this latter model, parasites are classified by the nature of their interaction with their hosts. Although it may not be a perfect fit when describing the fetus-mother relationship, fetuses do satisfy general requirements of a parasite and specifically those of a "facultative parasite," though a common example of this type is a flea (in that it may live free of a host, it can spend time as a parasite, whereas a fetus requires a host until it eventually gains the ability to live free of her).
Viruses and transposons (Ancestor and virus-like sequence which are more common in most organisms, 8% are HERV, around 40% are transposons in human) are probably one of the essential driver for speciation:
1. Marsupials (mammals with pouch e.g. koala, kangaroo) has transposon sequences called PEG10
2. Placental mammals have an extra insertion of transposon called PEG11, so we have both PEG10/PEG11
3. Monotreme (egg laying mammals e.g. platypus) have neither if I am not mistaken
4. VIruses and transposons are usually only expressed in pluripotent state and are involved in embryogenesis and cell differentiation. This is a very efficient strategy for the viruses to be propagated since they work together with the host in generating new offsprings.
5. If you inhibit the viruses/transposons expression during embryogenesis, the cells would not develop. HERV are specifically express at Day 2 post fertilization in human, then from day 4 onwards, a transposon called LINE-1 is expressed. There is a sequential expression which we still do not understand.
This is so cool
and so again i reconsider what it means to be human
I only watched 3 minute of this and I'm really confused about that which viruses are good or bad to our body or just a begging our body to earn copy of them by human cells. I need written sources or maybe I should just watch rest of this video
Wow, thanks!
Thanks for info
I learn a new thing about my body everyday
Hi Hue
Grandadd: Hue! Hue!
I might've missed something, but what's actually the effect of HERV delays the maturity of a cell?
7:23 Placenta-Part: I am confused. I always thought that the placenta is conected to an embryo via the umbilical cord. Did they meant to say "attached to the uterus"? Please, someone enlighten me.
It is, it's probably just that those proteins are like a prototype umbilical cord, and either get replaced, or used as scaffolding for the cells to actually become the umbilical cord. not entirely sure, but yes at some point in the process the umbilical cord is there
This explain everything
Such excellent content, but for not mentioning a few things others have said, as well as omitting the most infamous retrovirus of our History, HIV, with which I am unfortunately intimately involved (undetectable for 23 years).
Your undershirt is soooo purple. I am mesmerized by it. 😳 You must show us this full shirt of yours. What was that about viruses? 8%?
The content is so nice, I heard it for the first time that viruses have some positive impact on all of us but I would love to not hear phrases like: our DNA told what to do. It is like saying your phone told you to go to the store after you talked with someone on your phone. Our DNA can't tell what to do because it doesn't even know it exists. It does not have a will and it does not have the power to tell something. I also don't like phrases like "you may want to thank HERVs after you taste sugar, recover from illness etc." because they are just a bunch of materials. It would only make sense to thank if you believe in a power that controls them and then thanking the creator of the viruses is logical. It is the same with the title too. We don't know if the reasons are the creators of the actions without a belief. Objectively, viruses didn't shape the humanity, the humanity was shaped using viruses. You can say this action's perpetrator is dead material, not God but it is up to you to decide. I don't really think those things can exist without an all-knowing perpetrator, it is so absurd. This video shows clearly those actions have to be done by someone. Someone who knows us, who loves us, who wants us to prosper.
Scott said SCOTT Obsessed : Maybe Retribution Wilt Season Estimation Pure Pore Fore Ideal Laser--ING Zebra.
This channel always makes me regret why i didn't opt for science im highschool
Endogenous retroviruses are fascinating. New fields such as Paleovirology examine genomes to sequence old retroviruses to see when they first appeared and what descendant organisms still have them.
Good morning, Missoula!
and here i was hoping you would talk about smallpox and stuff
Thank you HERVS
several videos later and im just realizing i already see hank green shorts on youtube or tiktok, i forget
Weeelllp, time to update the list.
That bit about the placenta made me wonder: where does the potentiality of convergent evolution fit in? DNA is smart, sort of how AI machines learn (in a very broad sense at least), so is it possible that somewhere in the evolutionary chain a bit of DNA simply "saw" how a virus worked and, rather than being infected, just copied the mechanism?
Pretty sure evolution is blindly stumbling along it's many paths, but it is interesting to think about
The question would be 'how?'; DNA is a molecule, unless you're imbuing it with some sort of new age consciousness there's not much it can do.
In the case of HERVs we also have the rest of the crippled virus near the gene of interest, sometimes active enough to cause damaging mutations. It seems unlikely that the entire virus would be copied like this if DNA (or whatever) were interested only in a mechanism.
That is kind of my question... What I was thinking about was how evolution is basically a random mutation that sticks around for one reason or another right? So maybe it's possible that some random peptide or protein molecule reproduced a random mutation in DNA that mimicked a bit of viral code rather than it got snipped in because of viral machinery.
I was thinking of this when that question popped into my head: th-cam.com/video/X_tYrnv_o6A/w-d-xo.html
In that sense yes, there are cases where two different genes have the same function, but I wouldn't say DNA 'saw' how a viral protein works. With evolution in general you see 'solutions' that work with the starting material and can achieve the same basic result via a very different method..
For example the 'thumb' on a panda's hand does not use one of the fingers like our own thumb does, it uses a wrist bone instead: evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/analogy_06
6:20 what kind of antiviral protein are we talking about here? RNA silencing proteins?
check editing after 3:30 to 4:30
my head perked up when you mentioned MS, I have that!
You have Microsoft?
@@gabrielgarcia9822 guessing this is sarcasm? Multiple Sclerosis.
Who needs school? Amirite? Just watch this channel 24/7 and give yourself quizzes and tests
I have basically a 2 part question this video gave me
Part 1
Are all Genes universal through all species? Like if I take a gene that gives me something like more hair than normal and inbed that gene into a hairless cat, can that gene make the cat hairy?
Part 2
Can DNA be read and predicted to what it can do without having to give it to another animal to see what it does? Like pick a random gene and read it, then be like, oh yeah this gene tells your body to make melatonin or something.
mateo polanco the gen interact with other genes , even if you give that gene to a hairless cat you need to give/delete other genes to make it not hairless, about the second question idk but we can do reversal dna thing to know from where it was from
No in most cases. Ignoring all the complex stuff a string of DNA will produce a protein. THIS will generally be 'universal' (Though bacteria do this differently and so might mess it up.) but what that protein then does depends on what it's in. If you put a hair gene in a fish for example, it has no hair to act on and so might do nothing. If it's put into a cat, it MIGHT make it hairy... or it might mess up the existing hair stuff and cause the cat to grow hair on its tongue or something.
In general the more basic something is, the more 'conserved' it will be and the more universal. Hair genes only apply to things with hair, but sugar-handling genes are present in pretty much all life and often use the same protein to do the same thing.
This is partly why we can't 'read' a new piece of DNA and know what it does, life is complex and does weird things.. But if we DO know the function of a gene and we find it in other species then it's a pretty good chance it does the same thing in those species as well. To the point that human and FLY genes can sometimes be interchangeable.
Wow, is this really strange? I'm surprised that viruses can help us too. My dream is to become a clinical pathologist.
Please study Herv from the bubble boy.
Brilliant
I had to look up “clade”.... now I’m going to try and fit it in as many conversations as I can. Because I’m ill with the flu and bored. 🤒☺️
ily hank
Hank definitely played megaman battle network
Is HERV-K present/active in just human embryo or other placental mammals as well?
prophetic words from january 2020 preparing us for COVID19.
My ikea furniture came with instructions but I still had to read it and put it together
I can't believe you didn't mention that we all have Herpes. I hope you're saving it for an episode where you discuss this endogenous retrovirus's links to schizophrenia. I love to tell people I have Herpes, you really missed that one. I guess you wanted to fill us with wonder instead of with dread. Oh well.
I don't think herpes is really in the purview of this episode. It's not endogenous to people, you just get exposed to it so often that you're more likely than not to eventually get it.
@@assdan27 We all have herpes, it's in our genome from a germ cell infection long ago. It's not normally expressed in most people (tight suppression), but we all have it.
3:31 I was gonna make a Tintin joke, but that's en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herg%C3%A9
you should do an episode about the viral eukaryogensis hypothesis
I am an architect but all i wanna have is your job
4:00 when I scratch the back of my arm, I can feel the sensation on the side of my torso, I learned it’s because of this phenomenon
Science is awesome
Amazing
It would be interesting to hear your take on the DRACO antiviral, and how it might interact with HERVs.
Honestly this was a plot twist literally was guessing Black Plaque for sure. 😂
i must say i was scared of covid but since i got it i feel like a brand new person , i feel fantastic i highly recommend it if your in doubt
This vid shd go...viral. :-)
COVID19 - "My time to shine."
It’s going to crack me up when we figure out we’re actually a viral Cordyceps. I wonder how our ego would take it.
The Girl with all the Gifts was close
That would be about the best explanation of consciousness lmao
William Henry England makes sense to me.
Dear SciShow: I have decided to share much TMI. Yesterday I was dx'ed with my first case of shingles. It looks like it is coming from the right side of my L1 vertebrae. This effectively means I have "crotch shingles." I am also fairly young and still having kids. So, to summarize, I have a virus hanging out around my germ-cell factories. I grant the chances are slim but his post could be a historical record of a major evolution in human history.
None-the-less, I have to rate "crotch shingles" one star out of five; would not recommend...
Make your infection worse for science
chezmanq Although Crotch Shingles could be the name of an alt rock band.
Chezmanq, You have my deepest sympathy. I had a case of shingles a year ago that not only caused the typical measles-like rash, i had interior nerve involvement that made my left testicle half numb and I could barely feel my bladder so it was hard to pee. The pain was indescribable, and I hardly slept for a month.
viral vectors of evolution are such an important piece of the evolutionary puzzle... And fascinating one.
Like the zika viraus - makes human fetus skulls smaller. Perhaps there was another one that made skulls bigger, allowing for bigger brains to develop. Surely, those that were too big to fit through the birth canal did not survive, hence we have just the biggest heads as newborns that we could still be actually born :). And maybe females that had larger birth canals had offspring that was more... succesfull :)