Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App! Download it here for Apple Devices: apple.co/3d4eyZo Download it here for Android Devices: bit.ly/2SrDulJ
Bro... Your the reason why I'm gonna pass 11th grade chemistry, XD I wish you were my teacher, my teacher (miss roach) has no clue what she's doing, she messed up teaching us about moles (6.02*10^23) and reversed gamma, beta and alpha particles, she made alpha the strongest one and gamma the one stopped by paper.. So in short thanks for being smart bro :-)
+Robert McKinley We get taught about nuclear power mainly in physics, and I see where you're going. Although my teacher does not make stupid mistakes usually, he is slower at teaching than a snail and misses out on a lot of stuff. He doesn't challenge with his learning so I just bring my own work to class.
+Robert McKinley I had a math teacher like that last year. He would mix up EVERYTHING he taught. The only reason my friends and I passed is because TH-cam videos and Khan Academy.
Comrade Stalin right? My teachers are always wasting time babbling about nonsense in their regular lives and it makes the whole thing like x1000 more difficult to understand
Although I'm a microbiology/immunology and pharmacology student I've always been fascinated with the more physical chemistry. Cheers for very interesting and well presented videos. It's good to take a break from working with plasmids. Lol
I don't think I can thank you enough for all the help you've brought. The questions at the end were the cherry on top (they were exactly what I needed). Thank you so much and please keep doing this, you're saving an entire generation with their homework and stuff :)
I find it fascinating that E=mc^2 is so often associated with nuclear energy but not with say chemical energy. Those 420 tons of coal mentioned in the video, together with the O2 needed to burn it will be heavier than the CO2 and other stuff released by burning it by exactly the same amount as the mass defect of a mole of oxygen.
***** I'm pretty sure that's part of the reason. It's probably also because it's much easier to understand the usual explanation for chemical binding energy that looks at the valence electrons than it is to understand exactly what happens during nuclear fission or fusion. The video also acknowledges this by saying something like "well, it's complicated but here's an explanation that's easy to understand". So that in itself would have been fine. However, the video still puts it as if E=mc^2 somehow only applied to nuclear processes but not to chemical ones which I believe is a common misconception in physics.
***** Not only that, but when you do measure the mass defect, it really does not contribute much to understanding the chemical reaction. It is only useful to confirm Einstein's theory, which already had more than enough confirmation elsewhere.
There has got to be a way to make fusion work. I think it’s an engineering problem of reaction confinement, which is why I’m doing my undergrad in Electrical Engineering and am planning on studying Plasma Physics in grad school with a focus on Nuclear Fusion. It’s in my view one of the five technologies that would be most impactful, which is why I want to dedicate my life to helping to figure it out. Love the videos John, keep them up.
This is a bit difficult to say, but CrashCourse and SciShow just make me feel like I watching funny videos and studying and studying at the same time. I think when you have such an educational topic that is incredibly hard to do, so even when I had a great day, these TH-cam channels are still the icing on the cake. Thanks Jack and Hank.
Thank you, CrashCourse! For the last week, I have been watching your General Chemistry videos (1-39) to help study/prepare for my PCAT (pharmacy standardized test). The last time I took Gen Chem 1 was three years ago (sophomore level of high school) and Gen Chem 2 was one year ago. Needless to say, I lost some of my notes along the way and had no good way to study for my test. So I thank you for making these videos to help me review and actually teach me some things I have never learned before. I love all of your videos and will eventually watch all of them. :) Yes, even the history ones probably even though I am not too fond of history simply because both you and your brother make learning very fun. :)
heard that one before. also irrelevant to the video. try "nuclear fission. would be ironic in the sense that randomly place in a haiku, it does not make sense, and in relation to the video-if you didn't understand it- that's two humor points for you. also making an original ending would have spared you this response.
+Lance Corey he forgot to put the square sign over there........but if u check the value of c square,then it is equal to (3.0x10^8)^2 in hank's calculations..
Bear in mind that if it takes 4.5 billion years to halve the number of nuclei in a sample, it will not take double the amount to go away completely, but rather take another 4.5 billion years to halve again... and again, and again, etc. This is why we say these things are basically always a problem, since just two half lives to get uranium a quarter of its previous size takes more time than the Earth has left to live, haha (because the Sun will run out of Hydrogen in about 6.5 billion years).
This was really well explained, kind sir! I'm a fan of nuclear chemistry and its possibilities and obstacles to break! Keep up those amazing videos! (:
since you are correcting hank himself, I am assuming you know why the 'C' constant is the squared of the speed of light itself? why? please tell me dude. please
God is an atheist C is the speed of light. Because the conversion of mass to energy is an enormous factor, as even the smallest mass holds an enormous amount of energy.
This was such an inspiring video! I love how at the end, you said, "You've already taken the first step. It's now up to you how far you want to go. Maybe you'll write the next ... equation that'll take us to the next level!" I love that. The best thing is it's true! Hard work and determination!
This amazing video has inspired me to the answer of fission's disillusion. I believe the purpose of traveling into space is to begin scientific experimentation in the vacuum of space.... Thank you, Hank Green.
As far as I am aware the only current means of working against the heat of even laboratory fusion reactions (unfinished and non-stabilized) it with huge magnetic fields that repulse the oncoming kinetic particles an therefore prevent heat from transferring to the surrounding containment areas. Our problem is however that the energy we use to generate said magnetic field is more then the energy we get out of those test reactions.
On a positive note, if we were able to maintain said reactions for a specific duration, the energy output, assuming we are able to utilize most of the released energy, would allow us to maintain the magnetic field and still have excess.
Yap and the magnetic fields don'T contain the high energy neutrons which in turn are a huge problem for the reactor. (you know, fun stuff like inducing radioactivity in the reactor walls)
Wow! I think I finally got the difference between the concepts and how a nuclear power plant and a nuclear bomb work!! By the way you are so inspiring by telling how this is the beginning and with enough effort anyone can be next big physicist... It’s a little for me though, but I’ll show it to my students!!!
It also would have made sense, when discussing the nuclear reaction that dominates the Sun's energy production, if he had mentioned that all those gamma rays are produced at or very near the core, so that they lose a lot of energy on their remarkably slow path to the surface of the sun, where the energy is finally released as mostly visible light. So no need to worry about gamma rays from the sun.
Err... The display of the calculation for E (@02:40) is missing the square for 3.0x10^8 m/s. Should be (3.0x10^8)^2). Your answer is correct, but the displayed equation is incorrect.
Penny Lane already sort of covered this in their comments, but you made the same mistake most people who talk about nuclear chemistry make: E = mc^2 isn't the "source" or "cause" of the energy released in a nuclear reaction. It's an equation that tells you that the *result* of that reaction is going to involve a change of mass, because energy manifests itself as inertia/gravity. E = mc^2 gives us a way to measure the energy change, sure, but you got the causal arrow backwards (if a causal arrow can be drawn at all). The "cause" of nuclear binding energy is the strong nuclear force, of course.
What I don't understand is why fusion creates energy. In fission as small amount of mass is converted into energy, but in fusion energy needs to be poured in to create mass.
Chris P That is not right. Fusion releases energy if it occurs between elements lighter than iron. Fission releases energy if it occurs between elements heavier. So when you fuse two protons to get a deuteron, about 1% of the proton mass gets converted to kinetic energy of the deuteron.
The proton "mass" is just a measure of its energy. The deuteron "mass" is a measure of its energy. The energy released is simply equal and opposite the nuclear binding energy of deuterium, which is negative and which derives from quantum chromodynamics (the physics of the strong nuclear force). "Mass" never needs to enter into it except that it's easy to measure.
you know how the Grinch's heart grew 4 sizes that one day? that just happened to my brain, this killed me, which means I'm god, or I'm a ghost... oh God I'm a ghos
At about 4:40, he says that when you hit a Uranium nucleus with a neutron, it splits. But this is only one of the possible outcomes. All the difficulties of reactor or bomb design require understanding that there are more possible outcomes, and how to optimize the desired outcome. For example, in a natural uranium reactor, you can use a 'heterogeneous' arrangement of moderator and fuel, which increases the probability of fission by slowing the neutrons down. But if you are building a breeder reactor, you may actually want faster neutrons, since they transmute more often. So splitting is one possible reaction, transmutation due to absorption of the neutron is another. Then there is scattering, which in turn can leave the nucleus in an excited state.
Researchers at Lockheed Martin in the USA are working on a compact fusion reactor. In 2014 they claimed a prototype will be running by 2019. This claim has been met with scepticism by some in the scientific community
+OSUfirebird18 It's a theory of everything my child! Science has branches, but everything about it is very very connected like a string and time... Cheerio! :D
I agree with the other comments that these things are all closely connected, but nuclear chemistry in particular focuses on how one type of atom transforms into another. Nuclear chemistry might also cover the chemical techniques and properties of radioactive substances and how teh radiation and the change in element affects the chemical environment. Nuclear physics might for example more concentrate on that amounts of energy released, how to slow speed or confine a chain reaction. What are the fundemntal forces involved in the nucleus that give it is properties. What are the constituent parts of the nucleus. Is the study of fire physics or chemistry? Kind of depends on what you are studying about it. Its more of an emphasis rather than a distinction.
Currently, a Canadian company is working on a full-scale reactor that uses steam pistons to initiate the fusion, instead of magnetic fields (such as are used in the Tokamak in ITER and JET), which they hope will better allow it to produce a net gain in power. They're expecting the full-scale prototype to be tested around 2015. I for one am eagerly anticipating the results.
I'm looking forward to the next generation of nuclear reactors that are better able to manage the fuel and are largely self-buffering, and can even use old nuclear waste as new fuel!
Assuming that A. You can make it work B. You can make it less expensive C. Companies funding it won't lose billions trying to figure it out. (Think about General Public Utilities losing billions after the Three Mile Island incident. Take away the meltdown scare but keep everything else the same, that's the big scare for investors.)
gizmodo.com/5990383/the-future-of-nuclear-power-runs-on-the-waste-of-our-nuclear-past Most of the research into how to make this kind of reactor was done decades ago by the US government. They're becoming cost effective BECAUSE of the amount of waste traditional reactors have accumulated over time.
TechLaboratories I'm not talking about initial costs, although they would still be high. www.energyfromthorium.com/pdf/lidsky1983FusionTrouble.pdf Pages 9 and 10.
The Creeper Awesome article! Thanks for sharing! And I agree with you, (and MIT) that a fusion reactor is currently far more costly than we can imagine. But what I'm talking about is the molten salt fission reactor, which can use the existing nuclear waste 'stockpiles' as source fuels, and can be designed to be self regulating and with safeguards against accidental release of radioactive material, at a higher cost than current nuclear power yes, but only marginally. Current fission processes leave large amounts of energy in the nuclear waste that they produce, and if these could be reclaimed, or better used, it's more cost effective for everyone in the long run. After the initial outlay of building such a plant, it's longevity comes from a next-to-nothing cost for additional fuel, which is in rich supply, and without the ability to create enriched Uranium or Plutonium for atomic warfare.
I so wish you would do an in-depth investigation of Thorium reactors and why we aren't converting to this technology. I mean, I know why...however it appears to be the perfect answer to our energy crisis and yet - nada. No one is working on it. Why? I'd love to learn more - but there is so little discussion on this topic. Bring us up to speed Hank. Would be an excellent video on Alternative Nuclear energy.
That would be a perfect topic for a future episode of SciShow. To sum up my knowledge of the subject - In the early days of nuclear research they had a few options as to the primary fuel but they chose uranium because the waste can be used for bombs. Since then it has been used simply because it is proven to work. Very few investors are willing to back a completely untested technology when it means putting up $10B+ up front.
***** Yes, but not untested - it has been tested and is safer and the half life is only like 100 years. The reason they don't convert is money - everything has been built to process Uranium and they just don't want to spend the millions necessary to retool everything for this safer, more efficient method of generating power. And it doesn't make weaponized uranium for bombs. - But we should be using Thorium reactors as they are not only much safer, but are also scalable - you can have a plant per each city or town and the fuel is found in dirt all over the world. It's just cheap ass greedy elite who don't want to lose a dime if they aren't forced to. But I'd like to hear more - it would be great to start a international dialogue about it as India and other developing countries could benefit greatly and there is no need to worry about bomb making.
If I recall correctly they build a fusion plant that makes as much energy as is needed to sustain itself for short periods of time, so there is progress I guess
We have figured out how to control fusion reactions! and we are trying to generate energy with it! Look up Tokamaks or stelarators. We have done almost break even at the JET tokamak in England Q~0.7. ITER under construction in France would hopefully do 10 times as much energy for 30.minutes.
After my rather unfortunate rant on the last video I feel I need to address that one too. Well, keeping it short - this one is factually much better than the last one. In fact, I couldn't catch any obvious faults (unlike the last one). So there, this video is good. I'm still mad at them, though, for calling it chemistry. This is not chemistry, it's physics! I know the lines are blurred and we step on each other's toes all the time and I've not complained much when they ventured into physics in the past (the ideal gas laws are not chemistry, guys). But... we need to draw the line somewhere. And we teach students that chemistry stops with the electron shells, the nucleus in chemistry is just treated as a given and questions about it are forwarded to physicists. Next thing you know they'll be doing quark chemistry.
Well is sort of found a error but it was more a such a minor side note that it not really worth mentioning. (But I will do it anyway. Fusion reactors have a tendency to produce some radioactive martial due to transformation coursed by neutron radiation. This only very slight and easily managed. Especially compared to what you standard Fission reactor puts out in terms of radioactive waste.) I really think this was a great episode and hopefully people will start to go deeper in to nuclear chemistry being inspired by this. I feel one of the greatest dangers with nuclear power is not the power it self, but the general ignorance of the public and politicians in the matter.
The division between physics and chemistry is pretty artificial, though. While calling nuclear physics chemistry seems a bit of a stretch it does involve transmutation of elements which sounds like a pretty big deal to a chemist. Electron shells and so on aren't necessarily chemistry either since they're relevant to quantum mechanics, lasers, x-ray production etc. And Hank's video on silicon touched on geology and electronics, which aren't chemistry or physics!
I found no significant errors from Hank's side either; the only error I could see was that Kr was described as having 35 protons instead of 36 in the animation, but this is probably just a typo from Thought Café's side.
and besides chemistry is mostly far cooler than physics...except for the stuff we want to steal for our own. Nuclear physics is now ours, mwa ha ha. (although you can keep gas laws, they definitely fall into the 'uncool physics' category) Obviously all in jest though, don't take this too seriously .
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: apple.co/3d4eyZo
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The internet needs more of this kind of content.
true
+J.M. Studios pretty cool stuff. i didnt understand much of it but still..
4:42 "Yes, krypton is real thing". LOL I loved that line.
Bro... Your the reason why I'm gonna pass 11th grade chemistry, XD I wish you were my teacher, my teacher (miss roach) has no clue what she's doing, she messed up teaching us about moles (6.02*10^23) and reversed gamma, beta and alpha particles, she made alpha the strongest one and gamma the one stopped by paper.. So in short thanks for being smart bro :-)
+Robert McKinley We get taught about nuclear power mainly in physics, and I see where you're going. Although my teacher does not make stupid mistakes usually, he is slower at teaching than a snail and misses out on a lot of stuff. He doesn't challenge with his learning so I just bring my own work to class.
+Robert McKinley I had a math teacher like that last year. He would mix up EVERYTHING he taught. The only reason my friends and I passed is because TH-cam videos and Khan Academy.
+Robert McKinley Does CC chemistry have structural diagram drawing?
+Robert McKinley hes currently the reason im passing my general chem II class in college.
I love ur teacher 😂😂
Can you cover Rap God?
He's not that fast, unless he practices
Martin Ducharme hehe
You should find Benedict Cumberbatch instead for that.
Bro, you taught me more in 10 minutes than my teacher in a double class(1h 20 minutes)! Thanks for being smart.
Why am I spending an hour in class barely getting this information when I can get it here in a few minutes
Comrade Stalin right? My teachers are always wasting time babbling about nonsense in their regular lives and it makes the whole thing like x1000 more difficult to understand
Although I'm a microbiology/immunology and pharmacology student I've always been fascinated with the more physical chemistry. Cheers for very interesting and well presented videos. It's good to take a break from working with plasmids. Lol
Thank you so much! This really helped clear up my conFUSION about nuclear energy
What a joke!!!!!! love it
Great new studio.
It's amazing that you can speak that fast and fluently without tongue twisting. It's sure takes a lot of rehearsing and practice.
Hands down, one of my favorite, if not my favorite video explaining how nuclear energy works.
I don't think I can thank you enough for all the help you've brought. The questions at the end were the cherry on top (they were exactly what I needed). Thank you so much and please keep doing this, you're saving an entire generation with their homework and stuff :)
I find it fascinating that E=mc^2 is so often associated with nuclear energy but not with say chemical energy. Those 420 tons of coal mentioned in the video, together with the O2 needed to burn it will be heavier than the CO2 and other stuff released by burning it by exactly the same amount as the mass defect of a mole of oxygen.
***** I'm pretty sure that's part of the reason. It's probably also because it's much easier to understand the usual explanation for chemical binding energy that looks at the valence electrons than it is to understand exactly what happens during nuclear fission or fusion.
The video also acknowledges this by saying something like "well, it's complicated but here's an explanation that's easy to understand". So that in itself would have been fine. However, the video still puts it as if E=mc^2 somehow only applied to nuclear processes but not to chemical ones which I believe is a common misconception in physics.
Penny Lane see this is why I like the new comment system...things like this :)
@kyle386 Oh so bored today
***** Not only that, but when you do measure the mass defect, it really does not contribute much to understanding the chemical reaction. It is only useful to confirm Einstein's theory, which already had more than enough confirmation elsewhere.
SpectatorAlius Why would it explain anything less in the chemical than in the nuclear case?
There has got to be a way to make fusion work. I think it’s an engineering problem of reaction confinement, which is why I’m doing my undergrad in Electrical Engineering and am planning on studying Plasma Physics in grad school with a focus on Nuclear Fusion. It’s in my view one of the five technologies that would be most impactful, which is why I want to dedicate my life to helping to figure it out. Love the videos John, keep them up.
I cannot thank the crash course crew enough! These videos are awesome!
Never expected to see Commander Shepard in a CrashCourse video..... I love this.....
I got to say, you are my favorite chem person I like watching on here. Keep up the GREAT work!
Amazing explanation. Its potential is enormous, we just need to use it in the right way
Before, people say fusion energy is impossible to contain
Now, people say screw you we found out how
Haha love the mass defect animation.
Nuclear engineer in training. Glad to see someone is trying to explain to the general public the basics of nuclear chemistry. --Thanks
This is a bit difficult to say, but CrashCourse and SciShow just make me feel like I watching funny videos and studying and studying at the same time. I think when you have such an educational topic that is incredibly hard to do, so even when I had a great day, these TH-cam channels are still the icing on the cake.
Thanks Jack and Hank.
Thank you, CrashCourse! For the last week, I have been watching your General Chemistry videos (1-39) to help study/prepare for my PCAT (pharmacy standardized test). The last time I took Gen Chem 1 was three years ago (sophomore level of high school) and Gen Chem 2 was one year ago. Needless to say, I lost some of my notes along the way and had no good way to study for my test. So I thank you for making these videos to help me review and actually teach me some things I have never learned before. I love all of your videos and will eventually watch all of them. :) Yes, even the history ones probably even though I am not too fond of history simply because both you and your brother make learning very fun. :)
Cmon' Hank lets stretch for Organic Chemistry before the year ends!
Thank you so much for these courses, people like you are having a positive impact on humanity.
4:11 is very closely linked to the evolution of the most massive stars, that drop-off after Fe is why supernovae occur.
I can't say Chemistry makes sense to me, but Crash Course is the best channel on You Tube for general knowledge.
2:15 Mass effect reference! Ayyy lmao
Oh cool. This is what Homer Simpson does.
FrankGarrett316 lol.. who knew he was actually smart
haikus are easy
but sometimes they don't make sense
refrigerator
heard that one before. also irrelevant to the video. try "nuclear fission. would be ironic in the sense that randomly place in a haiku, it does not make sense, and in relation to the video-if you didn't understand it- that's two humor points for you. also making an original ending would have spared you this response.
Geez, let this human enjoy his humor!
Huh, it's almost like
energy IS mass and force...
I mean quantum flux.
Defiantly the best chemistry episode I've watched
So with a nuclear fission reactor, you could have a really awesome power plant and a balloon factory at the same time!
Best comment! Haha!
*fusion
Do crash course quantum physics/mechanics!
Me being the sad person i am would actually watch all of it. Please do!
OnlineDater69 Watch SciShow, Hank talks about Quantum Mechanics
CC physics #43
thanks Hank Green, I hope everything is going well for you right now
If you want to learn more about the nuclear bombs, I have a video in my channel explaining what happens when a nuclear bomb explodes...
Great channel :)
At 2:40 in Nuclear Chemistry part 2, you didn't square the constant.
+Lance Corey he forgot to put the square sign over there........but if u check the value of c square,then it is equal to (3.0x10^8)^2 in hank's calculations..
The half-life of Uranium-235 is 4.5 billion years
whats a half-life its in my paper and i have no clue what the hell it is!!!
MegaHazzaBee
Its the time it takes for an element's radiation emission to decrease by half.
+Jamie Williamson awesome thank you very much x
MegaHazzaBee
thats alright
Bear in mind that if it takes 4.5 billion years to halve the number of nuclei in a sample, it will not take double the amount to go away completely, but rather take another 4.5 billion years to halve again... and again, and again, etc.
This is why we say these things are basically always a problem, since just two half lives to get uranium a quarter of its previous size takes more time than the Earth has left to live, haha (because the Sun will run out of Hydrogen in about 6.5 billion years).
This was really well explained, kind sir! I'm a fan of nuclear chemistry and its possibilities and obstacles to break! Keep up those amazing videos! (:
i honestly find Hank really cute :)
I just love the shirt Einstein is wearing
You mentioned at 6:54 that it produces krypton and bromine, it should be krypton and barium.
Actually 6:50 ish
since you are correcting hank himself, I am assuming you know why the 'C' constant is the squared of the speed of light itself? why? please tell me dude. please
God is an atheist C is the speed of light. Because the conversion of mass to energy is an enormous factor, as even the smallest mass holds an enormous amount of energy.
but why speed of light as the factor why squared and why cant any other constant be used?
God is an atheist Don't ask me, ask Einstein
This was such an inspiring video! I love how at the end, you said, "You've already taken the first step. It's now up to you how far you want to go. Maybe you'll write the next ... equation that'll take us to the next level!" I love that. The best thing is it's true! Hard work and determination!
4:43 if so, then Superman must be real. 😂
Doing this in year 11 physics right now. Really helpful.
burn 420 metric tons of 420 blaze it
SuperSamSquared 69th comment like
This amazing video has inspired me to the answer of fission's disillusion. I believe the purpose of traveling into space is to begin scientific experimentation in the vacuum of space.... Thank you, Hank Green.
The sound effects are so cute! 4:35
Thank you this will really help my project, and I will make sure to reference you
Now to put a fusion reactor in my chest like Tony Stark!
Very inspiring! Just what I need before applying to Chemical Engineering bachelor program this summer
As far as I am aware the only current means of working against the heat of even laboratory fusion reactions (unfinished and non-stabilized) it with huge magnetic fields that repulse the oncoming kinetic particles an therefore prevent heat from transferring to the surrounding containment areas. Our problem is however that the energy we use to generate said magnetic field is more then the energy we get out of those test reactions.
On a positive note, if we were able to maintain said reactions for a specific duration, the energy output, assuming we are able to utilize most of the released energy, would allow us to maintain the magnetic field and still have excess.
Also Beam-Beam confinement
Yap and the magnetic fields don'T contain the high energy neutrons which in turn are a huge problem for the reactor. (you know, fun stuff like inducing radioactivity in the reactor walls)
ProFoxMike We can only hope that one day, soon than later, we can produce a stabilized nuclear reactor.
Wow! I think I finally got the difference between the concepts and how a nuclear power plant and a nuclear bomb work!! By the way you are so inspiring by telling how this is the beginning and with enough effort anyone can be next big physicist... It’s a little for me though, but I’ll show it to my students!!!
Carolina Crown 2013 e= mc^2
It also would have made sense, when discussing the nuclear reaction that dominates the Sun's energy production, if he had mentioned that all those gamma rays are produced at or very near the core, so that they lose a lot of energy on their remarkably slow path to the surface of the sun, where the energy is finally released as mostly visible light. So no need to worry about gamma rays from the sun.
At 4:49 isn’t krypton atomic number 36, not 35; the reaction doesn’t even add up with 35 there
your right
oh that inspiration in the end!!!
Error at 2:40
He has forgotten to square the speed of light. The result checks out though.
THIS IS AMAZING. helped me understand the concepts i'll be tested on :)
Err... The display of the calculation for E (@02:40) is missing the square for 3.0x10^8 m/s. Should be (3.0x10^8)^2). Your answer is correct, but the displayed equation is incorrect.
Slow clap
Haha, the Hikus are easy, but sometimes they don't make sense, refrigerator t-shirt. I love that shirt. Great video too!
"Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." (Oppenheimer)
This man is the reason why I’m passing High school
Penny Lane already sort of covered this in their comments, but you made the same mistake most people who talk about nuclear chemistry make: E = mc^2 isn't the "source" or "cause" of the energy released in a nuclear reaction. It's an equation that tells you that the *result* of that reaction is going to involve a change of mass, because energy manifests itself as inertia/gravity. E = mc^2 gives us a way to measure the energy change, sure, but you got the causal arrow backwards (if a causal arrow can be drawn at all).
The "cause" of nuclear binding energy is the strong nuclear force, of course.
@thomas353 Hi it's been a long time.....yes I'm still modeling part time
What I don't understand is why fusion creates energy. In fission as small amount of mass is converted into energy, but in fusion energy needs to be poured in to create mass.
Chris P That is not right. Fusion releases energy if it occurs between elements lighter than iron. Fission releases energy if it occurs between elements heavier.
So when you fuse two protons to get a deuteron, about 1% of the proton mass gets converted to kinetic energy of the deuteron.
The proton "mass" is just a measure of its energy. The deuteron "mass" is a measure of its energy. The energy released is simply equal and opposite the nuclear binding energy of deuterium, which is negative and which derives from quantum chromodynamics (the physics of the strong nuclear force).
"Mass" never needs to enter into it except that it's easy to measure.
*****
That's because they're light :D
CrachCourse - Thank you so much for this educational video :). It helped me a ton for my exam. I thank you and i owe you a lot :).
you know how the Grinch's heart grew 4 sizes that one day? that just happened to my brain, this killed me, which means I'm god, or I'm a ghost... oh God I'm a ghos
At about 4:40, he says that when you hit a Uranium nucleus with a neutron, it splits. But this is only one of the possible outcomes. All the difficulties of reactor or bomb design require understanding that there are more possible outcomes, and how to optimize the desired outcome. For example, in a natural uranium reactor, you can use a 'heterogeneous' arrangement of moderator and fuel, which increases the probability of fission by slowing the neutrons down. But if you are building a breeder reactor, you may actually want faster neutrons, since they transmute more often.
So splitting is one possible reaction, transmutation due to absorption of the neutron is another. Then there is scattering, which in turn can leave the nucleus in an excited state.
Thanks a lot bro! you really help me pass my IGCSE LMAOO
Seems you only touched on fast breeder reactors. I hope you can do a show about molten salt reactors. More specifically, LFTR.
Something so complicated, explained so easily....starting with the radioactive decay video.Thanks
Missed the squared on the equation at 2:35.
There is progress in fusion reaction, an institution in Europe (France I thought) is developing a technique using lasers to fuse hydrogen.
Researchers at Lockheed Martin in the USA are working on a compact fusion reactor. In 2014 they claimed a prototype will be running by 2019. This claim has been met with scepticism by some in the scientific community
WOW!
So what happens to all the electrons during fusion and fission?
At around 6:50, you said Uranium-235 splits up into Krypton and Bromine but it should be Barium
+Ahnaf An-Nafee yaa man actually it was a mistake by them...but its okk ...it happens
exactly
2:11 Commander Shepherd from Mass Effect makes an appearance!
There is a mistake in the nuclear equation of uranium fission.
Atomic number of Kr is 36.
2:13 Mass (D)effect.... I understood that reference!
Are you going to talk about Thorium generated power? Maybe comparing it with Uranium and Plutonium ones? :)
and how much more badass the name throium is over poussy plutonium, and uranusum
It would have been hilarious if you had had helium voice when you said, "And helium is awesome." LOL.
Am I the only one that got a ad for help with Chemistry?
Doing a class project on nuclear energy, found this really helpful!
I'm curious, where do you draw the line between nuclear chemistry and nuclear physics, or heck even the realm of quantum mechanics?
you can't, they get combined very oftrn. the same way physics ans chemistry overlap
+OSUfirebird18 It's a theory of everything my child! Science has branches, but everything about it is very very connected like a string and time... Cheerio! :D
I agree with the other comments that these things are all closely connected, but nuclear chemistry in particular focuses on how one type of atom transforms into another.
Nuclear chemistry might also cover the chemical techniques and properties of radioactive substances and how teh radiation and the change in element affects the chemical environment.
Nuclear physics might for example more concentrate on that amounts of energy released, how to slow speed or confine a chain reaction. What are the fundemntal forces involved in the nucleus that give it is properties. What are the constituent parts of the nucleus.
Is the study of fire physics or chemistry? Kind of depends on what you are studying about it. Its more of an emphasis rather than a distinction.
Currently, a Canadian company is working on a full-scale reactor that uses steam pistons to initiate the fusion, instead of magnetic fields (such as are used in the Tokamak in ITER and JET), which they hope will better allow it to produce a net gain in power.
They're expecting the full-scale prototype to be tested around 2015. I for one am eagerly anticipating the results.
What is the company called?
General Fusion
I'm looking forward to the next generation of nuclear reactors that are better able to manage the fuel and are largely self-buffering, and can even use old nuclear waste as new fuel!
Assuming that A. You can make it work
B. You can make it less expensive
C. Companies funding it won't lose billions trying to figure it out. (Think about General Public Utilities losing billions after the Three Mile Island incident. Take away the meltdown scare but keep everything else the same, that's the big scare for investors.)
gizmodo.com/5990383/the-future-of-nuclear-power-runs-on-the-waste-of-our-nuclear-past
Most of the research into how to make this kind of reactor was done decades ago by the US government. They're becoming cost effective BECAUSE of the amount of waste traditional reactors have accumulated over time.
TechLaboratories I'm not talking about initial costs, although they would still be high.
www.energyfromthorium.com/pdf/lidsky1983FusionTrouble.pdf Pages 9 and 10.
The Creeper Awesome article! Thanks for sharing! And I agree with you, (and MIT) that a fusion reactor is currently far more costly than we can imagine. But what I'm talking about is the molten salt fission reactor, which can use the existing nuclear waste 'stockpiles' as source fuels, and can be designed to be self regulating and with safeguards against accidental release of radioactive material, at a higher cost than current nuclear power yes, but only marginally. Current fission processes leave large amounts of energy in the nuclear waste that they produce, and if these could be reclaimed, or better used, it's more cost effective for everyone in the long run. After the initial outlay of building such a plant, it's longevity comes from a next-to-nothing cost for additional fuel, which is in rich supply, and without the ability to create enriched Uranium or Plutonium for atomic warfare.
TechLaboratories From what I know of that, that is still purely theoretical.
I so wish you would do an in-depth investigation of Thorium reactors and why we aren't converting to this technology. I mean, I know why...however it appears to be the perfect answer to our energy crisis and yet - nada. No one is working on it. Why? I'd love to learn more - but there is so little discussion on this topic. Bring us up to speed Hank. Would be an excellent video on Alternative Nuclear energy.
That would be a perfect topic for a future episode of SciShow.
To sum up my knowledge of the subject - In the early days of nuclear research they had a few options as to the primary fuel but they chose uranium because the waste can be used for bombs. Since then it has been used simply because it is proven to work. Very few investors are willing to back a completely untested technology when it means putting up $10B+ up front.
*****
Yes, but not untested - it has been tested and is safer and the half life is only like 100 years. The reason they don't convert is money - everything has been built to process Uranium and they just don't want to spend the millions necessary to retool everything for this safer, more efficient method of generating power. And it doesn't make weaponized uranium for bombs. - But we should be using Thorium reactors as they are not only much safer, but are also scalable - you can have a plant per each city or town and the fuel is found in dirt all over the world. It's just cheap ass greedy elite who don't want to lose a dime if they aren't forced to. But I'd like to hear more - it would be great to start a international dialogue about it as India and other developing countries could benefit greatly and there is no need to worry about bomb making.
Nexus2Eden You know those same reasons might be used when/if fusion power ever becomes commercially viable.
2:39
Squared, mind you. =P
+Mohammed Zaid Nop! he distributed the square in: the speed of light is 3.00*10^6 m/s, if you square it, it's 3.00*10^8 as written. hehe :p
Baptiste Bauer
Yeah, right! ;P
*****
He meant it as a joke
This episode came out the day I got homewrokon fusion and fission... impeccable timing, my friends..
the c was not squared...
If I recall correctly they build a fusion plant that makes as much energy as is needed to sustain itself for short periods of time, so there is progress I guess
Isn't the equation E=(mc^2)^2 + (pc)^2
We have figured out how to control fusion reactions! and we are trying to generate energy with it! Look up Tokamaks or stelarators. We have done almost break even at the JET tokamak in England Q~0.7. ITER under construction in France would hopefully do 10 times as much energy for 30.minutes.
Thorium is the answer! look it up.
One word: fantastic teaching.
.
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Did I say one word?!?
HBO's Chernobyl brought me here ...again
The Great Wave off Kanagawa was a nice touch.
E^2=M^2 * C^4 + P^2 * C^2
Is the actual full equation.
krypton is 36, not 35
really loved the episode.
ikr I was trying to add it up and it didn't make sense lol
@@bsku0765 at least they may put it at the description, or people notice it in the comments.
@@colonelslade3630 yeah xd
After my rather unfortunate rant on the last video I feel I need to address that one too. Well, keeping it short - this one is factually much better than the last one. In fact, I couldn't catch any obvious faults (unlike the last one). So there, this video is good.
I'm still mad at them, though, for calling it chemistry. This is not chemistry, it's physics! I know the lines are blurred and we step on each other's toes all the time and I've not complained much when they ventured into physics in the past (the ideal gas laws are not chemistry, guys). But... we need to draw the line somewhere. And we teach students that chemistry stops with the electron shells, the nucleus in chemistry is just treated as a given and questions about it are forwarded to physicists. Next thing you know they'll be doing quark chemistry.
Dunno why you are complaining. Quark chemistry sounds AWESOME!!!
Well is sort of found a error but it was more a such a minor side note that it not really worth mentioning.
(But I will do it anyway. Fusion reactors have a tendency to produce some radioactive martial due to transformation coursed by neutron radiation. This only very slight and easily managed. Especially compared to what you standard Fission reactor puts out in terms of radioactive waste.)
I really think this was a great episode and hopefully people will start to go deeper in to nuclear chemistry being inspired by this. I feel one of the greatest dangers with nuclear power is not the power it self, but the general ignorance of the public and politicians in the matter.
The division between physics and chemistry is pretty artificial, though. While calling nuclear physics chemistry seems a bit of a stretch it does involve transmutation of elements which sounds like a pretty big deal to a chemist. Electron shells and so on aren't necessarily chemistry either since they're relevant to quantum mechanics, lasers, x-ray production etc. And Hank's video on silicon touched on geology and electronics, which aren't chemistry or physics!
I found no significant errors from Hank's side either; the only error I could see was that Kr was described as having 35 protons instead of 36 in the animation, but this is probably just a typo from Thought Café's side.
and besides chemistry is mostly far cooler than physics...except for the stuff we want to steal for our own. Nuclear physics is now ours, mwa ha ha. (although you can keep gas laws, they definitely fall into the 'uncool physics' category)
Obviously all in jest though, don't take this too seriously .
love the mass effect reference!
My head hurts :(