RUST Enums ARE Better
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 28 มิ.ย. 2024
- RUST does ENUMS better than Typescript and that’s a fact, no matter what they say.
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first, also hey, let me know what you think about this code video? I tried to make LOTs of code, but cool and exciting. (also like the video, ty ty :))
hey prime, where do I find the streams where you teached BigO and data structures? I cant find it ;-;
Might be my favorite one yet! I really like how you "show, don't tell" us that Rust is better. Currently halfway through the Rust Handbook, hoping I get an idea for something to create soon!
hope you keep doing stuff like these. I know you are taking on a different arch doing click baits, but you are truly a good teacher dont turn to the dark side :D
I feel so hyped to learn Rust every time you make a video on it
yayaya! i feel like this is great
Are you a c/c++ dev?
@@pedrolucasdeoliveiralara8199 I'm a TS dev
@@matheusnogueira7219 then you should probably learn c/c++ before learning rust.
You should start now, cuz learning Rust takes a WHILE 🤭 ( *while = between 1 and 25 yrs depending on ur current knowledge level and time u put into it 😅)
I really love this new style with showing the ctode, great video!
Oh my God, these animations and the code presentations are God tier! What the fuck is this super high quality!!! Also the explanations are top notch. The video is amazing! 10/10
Gotta love Motion Canvas
@@NathanHedglin thank you, i was looking for this :)
I love clear Result/optional types, these are soo much better then exceptions!
Prime, I loved this style of comparing code. Really, really helps and also really dig that colour scheme;)
Seems very similar to language features from the FP world, specifically OCaml.
The match functionality with extracting out data from container values is so powerful that it serves as the basis for most algorithms in OCaml.
It’s pretty cool to see so many languages adopting FP language features like Python and Rust taking matching.
Funny you should say it. Rust did get a lot of inspiration from other languages such as OCaml and Swift, etc. In fact, the Rust compiler was written in OCaml before being self-hosted.
Wish more languages preferred total functions over partial functions that throw exceptions, checked exceptions are decent, but I prefer the latter.
ReScript is the OCaml for JS, and thus has a better type system than TS, comparable to Rust.
I know this concept from Haskell and Swift. They‘re great! I really hope, that there will someday be an equivalent in TS
I am currently doing my CS undergrad and we are doing a one-year-long team-programming exercise. We have to do this in Java and in our code we basically have multiple enums that are templates to build functions out of. The hoops you have to jump through to make this a reality in Java are insane (we ended up coding a bunch of Factories) and I am quite jealous that it does not work like in Rust.
Woah Prime! Calm down there! If you continue like this I'll end up learning rust
you just tweeted me this :)
@@ThePrimeagen caught in 4K
Waiting for more Rust jobs, to finally switch from TypeScript to Rust. I love TypeScript sooo much, I written lots and lots of code during 5 years of my career, but Rust seems to me to be my next step
It's just a trend. It's very annoying to work with (which is ironic) and it takes 10 years to compile a hello world app. Even if it gets more popular, the whole world will not adopt it if the don't fix at least these problems. So it will stuck at a point. Typescript is the best for its usecase. Rust is not the best in ANYTHING.
Switch from TypeScript to Rust? There programming languages are geared towards fundamentally different niches, they are not interchangeable. You won't be writing anything client-side for a Website (e.g. for a Browser) in Rust - because browsers don't run Rust code.
@@itsimplified Not really. Browsers also run WebAssembly which Rust can be compiled to. So you can use Rust framework like Leptos to build Web Apps. Also TS is used for writing Node server-side applications which you can also do in Rust.
So... they are almost interchangeable 😅
@@DEVDerr How many websites made in WebAssembly have you seen? Which percentage of the web are these?
@kamilksen I saw from WebAssembly's official doc the other day saying they're still catching up for resource-intensive stuff like video editing/image/computer vision rendering stuff because for now, Rust doesn't support those as neatly as Javascript does. I'm sure soon enough, especially with more traffic/usage, they'll be caught up. Nothing starts out popular. It's adoption and iteration for improvements that make anything we have today "popular". "How many browsers are made of WebAssembly" is a regressive way of looking at tech :), and quite frankly, might become irrelevant the more popular it gets.
I remember learning how Rust enums can hold a subtype and it blew my mind.
Also pretty cool is that Option (which would be the same as a nullable pointer) actually is represented as a single nullable pointer in memory, since rust knows that the pointer (Box) cannot be null, and therefore uses null to represent None.
enum RealProgrammingLanguages { Rust, Haskell }
This type of format is so good. I feel that re-watching the video does not tire me at all if I don´t get the concept in the first run.
Hey Prime! loved the vid. One quick question, what software do you use to edit your coding videos like this?
It's really crazy how readable rust can be if you don't try to get too fancy. Loving getting to work with TS and Rust on my 2 projects right now
such luck!
When I write my potato rust I find it very readable. When I start using other peoples clean optimised Rust it's alien language.
@@mannycalavera121 yeah, rust's functional power inherited from haskell allows for ultimate concise solutions. You can be as much semantic as the language is able to on both OOP or functional programming. Rust is the human being game changer
Yep, Rust's arcane parts are wwaaaay more readable compared to C++ templates.
@@CasimiroBukayoto old C++ templates, the modern ones are so much readable ... even more than rust (rust macros are hard to read).
Great video, as usual! The editing on this one however is next level. Well done! Really easy to follow! Good job! Keep up the good work!
Great videos man. Would love to see some on meta skills like your process of learning and how to develop deep understanding of these abstract systems
What software you used to show the code? Is the same as code aesthetics? Just curious. I really liked it.
I wondered what tool did you use for the code animations? Great video 🙂👍🏻
This feels pretty similar to Java enums. What I like about Rust's approach is having errors propagate as values, since like you said, you know exactly what you're getting just from the return type including potential errors
Can the Java enums have a value attached to one of the variants? I thought they are just ints underneath, but if they do that's a gamechanger
@@mskiptr Yeah they can. Each of the items of the enum is an instance of the object you define
@@chatt7486 So how would you write the following in Java?
enum TreeOfInts {
Node(TreeOfInts, u32, TreeOfInts),
Nil,
}
@@mskiptr Hmm I don’t think you can quite do something like that. Java enums basically are just a set of pre-defined instances of the class, so you can’t have individual enum values have different sets of properties (but, they can have the same set of properties). I suppose Rust enums are more akin to tagged unions whereas Java enums are more or less just a set of predefined instances.
@@mskiptr that would be
sealed interface TreeOfInts {
record Node(TreeOfInts left, int value, TreeOfInts right) implements TreeOfInts {}
record Nil() implements TreeOfInts {}
}
My favorite part about result is that you can make your own error type that you can implement Into for - meaning you can seamlessly turn a random imported error type into your own with minimal code and clutter (usually *less* clutter)
Nice video! On the array example, am I right that this is demonstrating the difference between structural and nominal typing, and how the latter is stricter?
You can use typescript enums to enforce that each case is matched. It's not on by default which would be nice, but you can get it to give you a type error by sending the variable you're switching over to never.
function getColorName(c: Color): string {
switch (c) {
case Color.Red:
return "red";
case Color.Green:
return "green";
// Forgot about Blue
default:
const exhaustiveCheck: never = c;
throw new Error(`Unhandled color case: ${exhaustiveCheck}`);
}
}
The result types feel similar to Java checked exceptions. Interesting, in general I think the industry moved over to unchecked exceptions due to the caller not being able to handle properly all the possible exceptions. Seems like in Rust this works better I suppose?
Also was glad to see that Kotlin enums share some similar traits as Rust which is neat.
Great job with the code highlighting Prime! Did use any programs to achieve this darken / focus effect on the code?
Checked exceptions are less flexible, unchecked exceptions are error-prone. I really like Rust’s method because it’s flexible and prevents unhandled errors.
Yeah, I am glad that more languages are adopting functional programming feature. That with OOP, we can have the better of both worlds
The point of Rust type system (enums included) is that it guarantees that there is no undefined behavior in your code. It's not like here we have type system, here we have exception system and they somehow working together if programmer knows what he is doing. No, that's the old way and practice tells that it never works. Instead in Rust type system IS exception handling system. Why? Because types is the only thing that always guaranteed in compilation time. So that what makes this effect "if it compiles -- it works"
Did you use some software to edit the code slides, or was this done by your editor?
a fun, random fact about rust enums: if you want to have an "any" type (i.e. retrieving a value from a database store), you can use it in order to map db types to rust types. this is how surrealdb handles query values internally for each column
While this video may not be the best performing video, the knowledge packed into it is stellar. Thanks for making it Prime.
:)
Pattern matching in Elixir is even more mind blowing.
Even better in Haskell
Holy crap. Just came across your channel. Love the production and content quality. Subbed!
Hey Prime, nice video. Have you ever tried Haskell? I would be curious what you thought of it. Rust has so much momentum now and I wish some other really cool languages like Zig, Haskell, or even Common Lisp or Clojure could get some love from a big voice.
Gawd knew Clojure and Haskell wud be too powerful if He made the popular 😭
For 0:36, I cover this issue with the `@typescript-eslint/switch-exhaustiveness-check` rule in eslint. It would be ideal if it was a TypeScript warning or option, but I think most TypeScript devs use eslint anyway so I don't think it's a big issue
I like to think of Rust enums as C unions. I know it's not a one-to-one comparison but I think it makes the most sense
i think its best to do that :)
A fix to the scalability issue you mention with traditional enums is to make an X macro that expands into a static array. This way, it is impossible to miss a single enum type. Then, you don't need a function, rather index into the static array using the enum name to yield its value.
in the first example switch statement make sense; what if you dont want yellow to do anything? you still have to add it but then immediately break?
I think you should mention exhaustive switches in typescript via function assertUnreachable(x: never): never { }. It would also make a lot of sense to mention tagged union types in typescript which brings it closer to rust enums.
Prime, is this video part of an upcoming Rust For TypeScript Devs course. Amazing explanations, as always. Thank you.
Thank you very much for the Inspiration and motivation you give me / us trough youre wonderfull blaizinglyyyyyyy fast videos !!! I love you're vibe !
you are welcome
I did the rustling exercise(not all of it yet) and I really like how enums are used in match cases and results. I never even thought of using them in a vector though
FWIW, you can get exhaustiveness checking in TS switch statements by using something like
default: notReachable(value);
where
function notReachable(value: NoReturn): NoReturn {}
Anyway, algebraic data types FTW. Glad languages like Rust are looking at functional languages for inspiration.
The video was entertaining and educational at the same time, Well Done! 😄
Beautiful video! I’d recommend slowing down a tad bit tho, felt like you were going too fast at times
How'd you animate all those fancy text comparisons?
Looking at this, coming from Swift to Rust might actually be way easier than I thought. This sounds exactly like Swift enums, even Optional is basically enum { case none, some(T) }
Don't forget let else, which landed recently. It's the early return guard version of if let, although it lets (heh) you do other things as well. And it moves so much code to the left.
You would well fit into an aula giving a lecture to a whole class and each student would come out understanding what they have just learned
He has courses, his personality is a lot less explosive but he really motivates you to learn.
How do you choose between result parameterized by option and vis versa
Dang! I didn't know enums could have methods in Rust. That's pretty cool. As a casual Rust dev, I find it hard to discover some of the rare pearls of Rust like this one. You just have to know that this feature exists. I have never heard of methods on enum in any other languages, making hard to look for this. Even if I already knew 95% of what you talked about in your video, the enum part blew my mind. Thanks Prime for doing these kind of videos. I really like the content you create. Keep it up!
wait till you hear Dart enums can not only have methods, but constant parameters too.
Thanks for highlightning interesting parts.
Rust looks really promising.
Regarding exceptions, if I get you right, there is interesting opinion on forcing explicitly manage exeptions.
Article is The Trouble with Checked Exceptions
Thank you for providing this comparison of Rust and JavaScript! Your perspective has inspired me to create my own videos on the topic. Thanks, see you soon! 💪
ThePrimeagen, I am learning rusting to create a cross platform app. I'm thinking of using rust for the backend. For the front end, should I rely on a Javascript framework or a rust framework like Dioxus?
This was so entertaining to watch!! :) thanks for this sweet delicacy of content! I can tell you put a lot of effort into them no doubt
hi primagen, do you mind sharing the language you write mostly at netflix?
bruh, if you make this a series I might have to learn rust
You and the "No Boilerplate" channel have gotten me so interested in trying Rust
Rust is just such a well-designed language in general, and enums are a great example. Rust's enums are a combination of the classic enum concept of associating a constant int with a defined string to constrain values to a range of valid values, mixed with the idea of a union type, where you can have one variable that can hold multiple types of data. Most mainstream languages have seriously sucked at handling union types properly. Typescript somehow manages to even screw up the constant to act as a value constraint part too.
Would LOVE a video on how you manage to work full time, run a twitch and yt channel, and learn and work on your skills. All while having 4 kids and a wife!?
I struggle harddddd to find more than 2-3 free hours per week and i’m a senior dev with a wife and 2 kids. Would love to know how you organize your time and make it all happen!
Simply amazing. You do explain very well, thank you for these videos
and again, I'm super hyped to get back to Rust hshshshshs
Love this format, more videos like this please 🙏🏽
legit a great video. I do feel bad that it's doing not doing as well as your other ones. I share your pain in that regard.
You should have mentioned the feature of forcing non exhaustive pattern matching on an enum.
It is done in libraries where you want to have the option of adding more variants without breaking
users' code.
#[non_exhaustive]
enum MyEnum{...}
the second point you brought up about Item and string seems to be based on the duck-typed nature of TS. TS must be duck-typed because the types don't exist at runtime, so you can only assure that types are compatible with each other, but not actually the correct instances (unless you use prototypes/classes). so i think this applies to every statically typed language, not just TS. maybe not a fair comparison?
What do you use for the code part of the video?
damn, I was just learning these yesterday. As a typescript dev I am really loving the rust enums so far, especially the pattern matching!
The first example is a problem with the js switch statement, not the enum.
Awesome Prime, bring more differences and why Rust is better!!! First look enums seems the same in TS and Rust, but know I now there's a huge difference!!
Nice video man, I always used enums anyways. Whats the colorscheme btwm
pinerose
@@ThePrimeagen thanks
Good vid. btw, you can add methods to Enums in TypeScript too
Thumbnail is really good! It was satisfying to my eyes and rust enums are the best
Very nice presentation! Loved the commands being highlighted and everything.
> Who handles the error?
This is why I fundamentally abhor exceptions for error handling. Every time I try to catch exceptions without resorting to `catch (BaseException e)`, assuming the language has one base class for exceptions, I always find one undocumented and uncaught exception that crashes my app, because the only way to find all the exceptions thrown is to read all the functions you call, and all the functions those functions call, and all the functions those functions call, ad nauseam.
The code animations/highlighting are on point. Super fun to read
Have you ever tried elm for front end? It's also strict toyed language and I think someone who loves types in Rust must love elm
Swift also has all these features with enumerated & you’d be surprised how much easier everything is to maintain when using enums this way. The possible permutations are logically sealed & so it’s very hard to miss things if you base your foundation of workable items in enums.
The best kind of code is the kind that won’t compile if you do something the system isn’t meant to do.
Most languages are the same as Rust, C# for example is the same. Rust has become a religion almost followers are going crazy.
This reminds a lot of c#, it has pattern matching though it’s still called switch, and extension methods which lets u define functions in a similar way to “impl”, and most importantly flag enums, not sure if rust has flag enums, but it seems stupid not to
a more semantically equivalent version of the Item type from typescript would technically be a
```
union Item {
foo: String,
bar: usize,
baz: Custom
}
```
though it is more semantically equivalent because it has a lot of the same issues as the typescript version, as well as being much more unsafe to actually use.
I really wish the tech-fluencers take inspiration from this much effort into putting such a valuable lesson for us. I would really wish that you publish writings using GPT if you find it helpful for speed for publication.
I would love to read code-oriented and example-oriented style in blogs. It really makes it easier for me to "fork" the examples and consume it in my own notes, while allowing you to funnel to potentially a wider audience.
No, this comment is not GPT-generated, and I nor did I tell it to explicitly write like I'm 13 years old
love how you showed the code, i think if you took more breaks to clarify everything it would be even better, (like okay this is what we did up to this point) lovin it tho
Preach it bro! For a future where we spend more time building and less time debugging!
You are the reason why I started learning Rust and I have to say it’s so damn good
Enums in rust sound a lot like structs, a type that hold some data and you can define methods on those types. Is there some fundamental difference between structs, in Go for example, and enums in rust?
That `if let = value { true } else { false }` can even be shortened with the `matches!` macro which does just that: `matches!(value, )`
Sick editing, great video 👍
It's also worth mentioning (i don't know about TS), that rust enums are ADT-sums and you can have aribatary data inside variants, in most languages like c++ enum is int with name
The rust enums often remind me of Kotlin sealed classes, I know their are not fundamentally the same thing, but the experience in using them is somewhat similar.
You should take a look at Kotlin, it's a really powerful language and great for backend dev (expecially with ktor ;)
Prime, what about Java or C# do you not like and prefer Rust over?
You are the Goat. I'm waiting for your livestream on Frontendmaster
what is the font in your terminal?
You can make ts enum switch case to also throw an error if not all cases are handled by using never in default.
Even despite this fact rust enums is still much better since you don't need to remember to always include default, and not just that.
enum Color {
Red,
}
function test(x: Color) {
switch (x) {
case Color.Red:
return;
default:
const test: never = x;
}
}
JS->TS->Rust pipeline let's gooo. Love this kind of content from your channel.
:) ty ty
Hi from India. You are the reason I learned Rust, thank you so much. Seeking for a full time opportunity in Rust.
I'd say the "string | number | Custom" type isn't quite equivalent to the Rust's enum, because there are no primitive variants in the Rust example (since that is not possible, which why we need to wrap the value type). You can think of each variant as its own type that can wrap around their associated values.
It would be more correct to say
type Item = Foo | Bar | Baz;
Where any variant Foo, Bar and Baz are typed as:
type Foo = {
kind: "Foo"; // Discriminator
value: string; // Bar = number, Baz = Custom
}
This way we also avoid the issue with pushing strings to the array.
You could think of this as being similar to the more verbose version in Rust:
enum Item {
Foo { value: String },
Bar {.value: usize },
Baz ( value: Custom }
}
Albeit with extra step of defining the discriminator manually.
In very short, explicitness over implicitness. I like it.
Java tried to do the Result thing with checked exception, but nobody like that
No intro with what Enums are and when to use them? :(
Great work Prime. Keep it up. Proud of you.
These comparisons are a really good way to convince people to learn rust. I am a Frontend dude, I use Typescript, I hate it but I use it because it's better than plain JS but I still hate it.
Rust is brilliant. This error handling however does put a lot of boilerplate match/if statements. But I agree its better than debugging random crashing & failures.
By far your best ever video…..thanks so much for this!