Irish Potato Famine - The Corn Laws - Part 2 - Extra History
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 22 ก.พ. 2019
- 📜 Irish Potato Famine: The Corn Laws - Prime Minister Robert Peel was caught between the political pressures of the Whigs and the Tories. He repealed the corn laws in Britain to keep food prices low in Britain, with the secondary goal of famine relief for Ireland, but that bureaucratic multi-tasking would not help the Irish very much.
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Prime Minister Robert Peel was in a tough position--once the potato blight reached Ireland, he knew he had to do something, without undercutting the grain market and upsetting either the Tories or the Whigs. So naturally, he sent an agent to Boston, on a mission to buy £100,000 worth of cornmeal and quietly ship it to Ireland...
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Extra Credits I thought the joke was funny
Hi Extra Credits!!
Peel was a very important pm as he had made the police and self delt with this
Could you guys do a extra history on african history? (Maybe pre colonialism or even the independence movements?)
Thanks for everything and love watching you guys much love from Angola!
You must love politicans for literally caring so little for the very people that earn them their money. #Sarcasm
I always love how "Maybe we should feed poor people?" is a legit question politicians debate over.
@@justinchase6666 this is really shitty argument. What will those same local buisnesses run on if even half of all people have died of starvation?
@@game_boyd1644 let's say the us donates a billion dollars a year to Angola for food aid hypothetical, undercutting all local farmers making them unable to make a living farming. Then 1929 happened and the us needs to subsidize there own food and Angola starves since there is no one who can make there own food.
A question I think could be easily answered by locking the politicians in with chamber pots and water for a few days.
@@justinchase6666 libertarians be like…..
@@justinchase6666 are you under the impression that Angolans don't know how to farm?
Its hard to ignore the hypocrisy in the phrase "let the irish feed themselves" yet the irish were not allowes to keep their food from being exported. They could easily have fed themselves if not for the British exploitation.
Well, they had to feed themselves with the leftovers of the english, that's simple, right? :D
@MrNorthernSol you are right
Letting them go Bankrupt is worse than a slow painful death
*sarcasm off*
Well don't get hungry
History repeats itself this time agenda30, u can't grow your own food and they're going to create a manufactured crisis of a food shortage. Look up in kenya they passed the Irish potato Regulations, imprisonment and heavy fines if you grow your own potatoes, once they apply to one crop they do to the rest
@@bondrewdthelordofdawn3744 yeah ikr like L snowflakes they need to man up and just not die
Man watching this gets you so mad at politicians. I bet they were saying stuff like, “The Irish wouldn’t be starving if they worked hard!”
It actually sounds like they're saying, "The Irish aren't starving at all! You're all a bunch of liars!"
Sounds like Republicans in the States.
Science Fiction Double Feature aren’t the majority of republicans just average voters?
@@placeholder8768 yes, especially when they need the assistance. Suddenly, they are the exception to the " pick yourselves by the bootstraps" rule.
Science Fiction Double Feature well, you’re not wrong.
If I’m honest though, both sides of the spectrum have their nice people, and their idiots.
My great grandpa fled Ireland during the famine, and the story goes when he got to the docks, they told him to just get on a boat, not knowing where it would go. He almost chose the boat to Australia, but ended up picking the one set for New York City
How did he know that he almost chose the one heading to Australia?
@@geologist1235 He probably heard the names but had very little idea about what those places were, and where they were in the world. Education wasn't that great or consistent back then.
Crazy to think that one single decision determined if you were going to exist or not.
When you realize the Ottomans managed to help the Irish more than the British who were in control
Stay tuned for Brexit in 2 months
I'm surprise how the Irish can endure all the disrespect from England.
Stay tuned for Brexit in 2 months
I'm surprise how the Irish can endure all the disrespect from England.
Don't forget the Native Americans, who helped even though they were going through their own hardships.
Paul O'Reilly the sultan send £100000 by secret behind their back using private ships
Ikr
The famine was so bad that people died leaving the country and their transport became known as 'corpse ships' when there were too many bodies to bury they'd just send them out to sea.
*Coffin Ships
Like the Byzantines during a plague.
they were called coffin ships...just fyi
Coffin Ships
SPOILERS!
>Trevalyn
[Screams in Irish]
I swear, the arguments in favor of the famine being a genocide are almost solely based on how much this man was proud of how he made the Irish starve.
He’s evil. However, he was finally forced to realize that he couldn’t win when the other nations decided to help Ireland.
I mean yeah if the leader of the country that hates your people is doing everything possible to starve your people to death then yeah it's literally a genocide by textbook definition.
What about the landlords?
Sword company owner named: Blunt. Criminal named: Law, and now peel.
If this were a story, it'd be called cheesy writing.
it a horrible story but we live in it.
"its ironic..."
A decorated soldier named Coward
Trafalgar D. Water Law?
"Scurvy started CROPPING up"
I see what you did there
Badly-cooked cornmeal also caused pelagra. Yes, THAT pelagra
Strange that the irish got scurvy from corn. My grandparents (Austria) ate corn 3 times a day and didn't get it.
Ayyyyyyyyyyyyyy
My good friend scurvy
6:35
I think it's funny that the prime minister during the potato famine name was his name was Peel
Except they ruined it by pointing it out with a 4th wall break.
It's kinda cute.
Me too.
Brexit is going to be enacted around May xD
I was thinking at that point, too. That made me laugh so hard xD
Partisan politicians dismissing dire reports as "fake news?"
MAKES YA THINK
I think we can all agree that Politicians on both(and probably all side now)will dismiss anything that goes against their narrative as fake news. We live in the post truth Era,where News agency sell narratives not fact,All tweets,clips and articles are about what a side is selling and facts are countered with Emotions rather than argument now. Though I will say I see the Left doing this more often especially in light of the recent controversies that occurred such as the Coventing kids,the Buzzfeed Muller Report and the Empire Actor.
@@drowningin It was never new that the press oft tailored articles for local audiences and to sell papers, the difference is now we've met in spirit that we know from closer sources than most press have ever had.
And apparently partisan utubers, see above :/
@@drowningin one actor and one made up hate crime is the same as a politician and a report of thousands dying? Nice false equivalency.
@@drowningin You brought it up did you not?
"No mass death" except for y'know, the obvious mass death.
That's the next episode, this is just the warm-up.
@@twotone3471 That implies there's no death right now. There totally is. We're just going from 'famine' to '25% of the population is dead' in this jump.
@@Shatnerpossum There is death in this episode, but generally speaking the Malnutrition suffered so far in this timeline pales to the wholesale starvation to come. Mr Peele did blunt the effects of the blight in Ireland and really his downfall was the trigger for the outright horrors to plague Ireland in his absence. The episode highlighted that the UK did in fact do something to help the Irish, and the next will show what happened when that help was withdrew, though it may not fully go into the sheer hate and bigotry that motivated it.
Why let a little alarmism get in the way of good partisan debates?
@Dead Inside Why let relief programs get in the way of a good famine?- Thomas Malthus probably
Mad libs
@@CatholicWeeb
Ew
I started crying out of nowhere when the ending music started. My great grandma emigrated from Ireland during the famine, and all of a sudden it hit me how hard things must've been for her.
"Hey there's a famine in ireland"
London "Fake news"
"For you stole Trevelyan's corn
So the young might see the morn,
Now a prison ship lies waiting in the bay"
for those who somehow live through today?
Loooooooooooow lie! The fields of athenry! Where once we watched the small ffree birds fly! Our love is on the wing, we had dreams and songs to sings! It's so lonely round the fields of athenry!
Context please?
@@pendragonxt3674 The Fields of Athenry. A modern Irish folk ballad written in 1979 about a man living through the famine who was arrested for stealing barley (Trevelyan's corn) to keep his children fed and was sent to an Australian penal colony in Botany Bay as punishment, separated from his Wife and family.
It's sung pretty commonly at Irish sporting events and the Boston Punk band The Dropkick Murphys even made their own recording of it.
"Nothing matters Mary when you're free
Against the famine and the crown
I rebelled, they cut me down
No you must raise our child with dignity"
@@CollinMcLean I see.
8:27: It's amazing how often historical politics echo our modern issues. The more things change, the more they stay the same, am I right?
I was thinking, to err is to be human, but to really fuck things up you need a politician.
@@band-o-lear Honestly, anyone trying to act for the good of any group too large for a naked ape to comprehend would do the trick.
Brexit in 2 months time...
The behaviour of states is historically consistent.
And then you look at this pattern, suggest that political power is inherently a bad idea, and people immediately call you insane
England: Ireland must feed Ireland.
Ireland: So we can keep our food then?
England: ...eh, no.
"In the future, families would die with empty bellies in Ireland; while in London, politicians would dismiss reports of famine as alarmist."
Why does this concept sound so familiar?
Why indeed? I dont get what you are on about
India ring a bell
@@patefreeman1739 Bengali famine and others
Me being an Irish citizen it’s nice to know that people are actually covering that topic. Basically every Irish person learns about the famine.
It is also well known in the US-large hordes of walking skeletons showing up on the docks of downtown Manhattan is very hard to forget. So many were so very sick. So many would kiss the shoes of charity workers for even a morsel of apples or a bit of soup!
Wish I knew more about my family in Ireland only have my last name
It's pretty well-known, at least the fact that it existed and that it was terrible
Jaw drops open...
Suddenly I understand why the Irish have such beef with England
Oh it get worse. MUCH WORSE.
As an Irish person I can assure you...it gets far FAR worse before it gets better...
Oh, stay tuned. It gets much, much worse. There's also a lot of nuance that hasn't been included in these videos so far. The saying goes that god created the blight but the English created the famine. Some politicians back in the day shared the view that God had created the blight and so it was providence that the Irish starve.
virusguy5611 , not only because of that. They were the first colony of the British. Ireland in the Middle Ages was a fiefdom of the English king, as Lord of Ireland, but it lacked the attention Wales had due to being on the same ground to England. Then, with the split of the church by Henry VIII, Ireland became a kingdom but English settlers were encouraged to go to Ireland to outscored Catholic Irish. Later, the Stuarts, the Civil War and the Glorious Revolution oppressed even more Ireland as these events banned Catholics (aiming most of the Irish) from participating in politics and to have most civil rights. If you feel the trend, Ireland was governed by English and Scottish bureaucrats in the name of the British King/Queen, not the local population like in England and Scotland. That's mainly why Northern Ireland is Protestant and the Republic is Catholic: it is not only a matter of faith affiliation, but anglo and scot immigration to Ireland.
virusguy5611 “beef”. “Robert *Peel*”. Hmmm. Or am I the only person who peels his steaks?
The best thing Peel did was to create Scotland Yard. The police are still named Bobbys in his honor
I have never in my life heard anyone call the police Bobbys, yet people keep telling me that my countrymen and I do that XD
Yeah, but the British police are a joke now. One of my hobbies is spamming various official police social media pages (twotter, farcebook, etc.) with copies of Peel's Principles of Policing to remind them how far they've fallen.
@@harbl99 Now you've shown them
@@harbl99 If there are deficiencies in their work it's down to not having the manpower to do their jobs mate. Look at the government spending reports, that will tell you all you need to know.
Tories love cutting spending and you're seeing the result.
You get the government you deserve and you epitomise the voting practices of the people. Raging at the institutions that are crumbling and ignoring the people who have the power to do anything about it.
This Peel guy really seems like a good dude.
Man, I just wanna thank you guys for covering this topic. As an Irish person, this is a subject that's never terribly far from my mind as the biggest shaper of Irish histoy since the mid-19th century, and it's important to recognise the role that laissez-faire economics and partisan hackery played in the exacerbation of a humanitarian crisis into a borderline genocide.
You mean conspiracy theorists ended up making a bad situation worse? Sounds familiar...
Likely pushed by political strife.
When you use a country of people as a bargaining chip you basically stop treating them like people.
Cough, Russian intervention
@@StellaEFZ Cough Benghazi cough
Climate Change is false'' cough
Private property and colonialism was the definititive cause of Irish starvation. If they owned their own means of production to diversify the crop and not by abide by foot of landlords, they would have lived.
Ah the Irish, the historically oppressed bunch of European history that no one talks about.
Correct! We deserve credit
Jacksil Jackson yeh, i don’t think credit is the right word.
Jacksil Jackson Credit probably isn't what your seeking
@@Jacksiloution recognition more so than credit , but I get the idea
Credit for surviving under the british.
It's more than the zulus and native americans can show for themselves
Literally the best part was when the narrator said "Peel had his faults" and it showed him eating eggs with ketchup.
LMAO They said "The epidemic isn't that bad, it's a government conspiracy"
History really does repeat itself...
"Michael they have taking you away
For you stole Trevelyan's corn
So the young might see the morn
Now a prison ship lies waiting in the bay"
"Low Lie The Fields Of Athenry
Where Once We Watched The Small Free Birds Fly
Our Love Was On The Wing
We Had Dreams And Songs To Sing
It's So Lonely 'Round The Fields Of Athenry"
Great song: th-cam.com/video/kkVG7HJqfwY/w-d-xo.html
Blow job
Ah, nothing better than eating and watching this video... about a famine.
Vitalis ya nothing better expect maybe then snuggling up in a warm blanket and thinking about smallpox
Ah i wasn't the only one
@Markiplier777 Should I die of starvation because some of the people are unlucky? :P Or donate my sandwich?
@Сёма Маликов and eating a supermacs
Dude uncool
Oh boy. I sure do hope the British parliament doesn't let a partisan issue do serious damage to millions ever again.
*Cowabunga it is*
Too late.
I just snorted out loud and woke my husband. Thanks.
Aaaah British politics. If there is one thing you can ever count on it's them making life a headache for the Celtic nations...
My favorite part was when peel peeled all over the potatoes 🥔🥔🥔
I always thought that the famine was just something that happened, and I never realized the crazy political aspects that surrounded it. thanks for the enliughtment
Do a series on the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, it's fascinating.
Well if you can't wait, Dan Carlin's current hardcore history is on the rise and fall of imperial Japan.
Thank you so much taking the time to write, record, and animate the OOC interruption about the Prime Minister pun. Favorite part of the episode.
"I cannot describe in language strong enough the frightful and awful alarm of the poor people... but I think the phrase 'we're fucked' is a good place to start"
4:40 Oh, by the way? In the English language no matter where you are, "corn" means "grain" - specifically the dominant local crop of grain. It makes sense in the Americas to refer to maize as "corn" but the word traces back to long before any speaker of English had ever seen a maize plant. Barley, wheat and rye were all commonly called corn depending on what was most common locally.
"his name was Peel" *tongue click* "noice" lol.
As an irish girl I'm so happy you're sharing this story.
"But...his Name was Peel"
😂😂😂😂😂😂
Laughed way too hard about that 😂😂😂😂
Things I learned from this video:
No one really noticed two things:
-the famine, and
-the Irish people (and after that, everyone watching this video) seeing Robert Peel's name as an innuendo.
Nick is by far their best animator, all of his work looks so smooth and natural, it's absolutely amazing
“By a lonely prison wall,
I heard a young girl calling,
Michael they have taken you away,
For you stole Trevelyans corn, so the young might see the morn,
Now a prison ship lays waiting, in the bay”
“Low lie the fields, of Athenry”
I didn't know this happened in waves, so when I heard that the crop loss was only half what they predicted I breathed a sigh of relief. I figured Part 3 would be about the aftermath, or the lingering political effects, or whatever.
Imagine the look on my face when he continued...
Being a bengali, this series is giving me Deja Vu
Yes. I too am looking forward to next week's episode, where they cover the invasion by Japan.
@@grantm6933 bro, search Bengal famine and you will know what I am saying.
I know what you are saying. What I am saying is that the Japanese invasion of Burma contributed to the Bengal feminine. Burma contributed a significant amount of food to the empire and it's loss was catastrophic.
O Guess that Britain causing famine in their colonies was a type of hazing (please don't get me wrong).
@@grantm6933 I might told you, but this Burma thing is highly manipulated and circulated by English to save the ass of Churchill. The major reason of famine was fucked up land laws and Churchill's decisions. If you have doubts, let me tell you today Bengal is mostly self sufficient in producing crops and one of the largest Producers of rice. Now how did that happen, if Bengal is that much dependent on others for food. Actually that year growth of crops were ruined mostly for the rain Churchill just made the situation worse.
I'm so happy you guys are covering this event I actually have some Irish ancestors I came to America because of this
The crazy part is, Irish people never even went to America before 1845. Never even left Ireland before that
8:33 oh...this is starting to sound eerily familiar...
I remember coming across the phrase "corn laws" in Victorian and historical novels set in 19th century Britian. Now I know what they were.
There's a lot of evidence that, although crops fail on a regular basis, famine is a political problem--caused by man being a jerk to fellow man.
Evidenced by the export of Irish beef to England during all this...
Famines are always man made. The question is if it was intentional or not.
@Nub93 ...... The Irish were poor because the English stole everything, and then rented it back to them at extortionate prices. The transport networks were so poor, inhibiting industrialisation because the English deliberately kept it so. There's a reason the garlic for "the famine" is "the great hunger". The former implies it was an accidental/act of god
@Nub93 And why were they so poor during this
@Nub93 because of the British now what country caused the famine
Okay, why have I never learned about this in history class. I mean sure, I knew about the famine, but I never new the magnitude of it till now.
As a companion piece to this series, I’d love to see an extra history on the Highland Clearances. It’s an under appreciated event in World history and also very personal to my family. Myself and my father attend the remembrance of Culloden every year along with the members of other Clans. It’s a journey we have made as a family for almost 280 years spanning generations, to have that story told on this channel would be wonderful.
Keep on making great videos, thanks for all the content! (going all the way back to the escapist!)
“His name is Peel”
A few seconds later...
“The news trouble Peeled”
Peel had his faults?
Putting ketchup on eggs isn't a fault, it's a crime against humanity.
NO ITS NOT
Fite me !!!!
I put ketchup on my eggs... and there's nothing you can do to stop me!
*MUAHAHAHAHAH!!*
Putting Pineapple on Pizza is worse mate. It's inhumane
ketchup on egg WEAK I DO BBQ SAUCE ON EGG
I am enthused that someone is telling this story effectively. Thanks for posting.
200 years later, history repeats itself.
Robert Peel was from my hometown. There's a statue of him in the town centre. One of my favourite pubs is named for him. One of the houses at my school was called "Peel". It's fascinating to look at him from a different angle like this
Aye. They have a statue of that bastard Cromwell outside Parliament. That shocked me the first time I saw it. The filthy genocidal maniac.
I studied him in my GCSEs, I saw this video before I started learning about the Crime and Punishment unit. I thought he was a horrible person but now that I think about it, it feels like he was being forced into bad decisions by the rest of the Parliament
So Prime Minister Robert's action wasn't aPEELng?
Hi hello *slow golf clap*
His party didn't have much of a steak in his plans.
god fucking dammit...
Get out of here!
Do he hate or love rePEELs?
The revelation that corn means grain actually has made me re-evaluate one of my favorite novels. In Pandora, the main character a Roman lady in Antioch says Isis is the goddess of the corn. Thinking of corn as an exclusively new world crop, this has always struck me as a glaring inaccuracy on the part of Anne Rice... until now.
Outside of the United States, ‘corn’ refers to whatever grain is the primary crop of the area.
Because maize was the corn crop of Colonial America, the word shifted its meaning from ‘primary grain staple’ to referring to maize exclusively here.
Kinda makes me more thankful for social media and youtube. Puerto Rico is still recovering and Flint County still doesn't have clean drinking water.
I sit in my comfy chair, after a doctor just checked me for health issues, free of charge, munching down on food that I never seem to run out of, while a highly complex machine entertains me and I realize that my brain is barely capable of comprehending the sheer terror and tragedy of such massive loss of life and widespread misfortune.
An Irishman by the name Michael who stole Trevelyn's corn
So that he could feed his young, and is sent to jail. That's from a song named: The Fields of Athenry. I
always wondered who this Trevelyn was until now
Such is liberal economics and politics. It hasn't changed much. Besides, socialism and communism derive from liberalism which to begin with is based on a fasle philosophy cooked up by English philosophers such as Hobbes and Locke with contributions from Rousseau, but contrary to human nature.
"Peel bad his faults, but inaction wasn't one of them"
AND NEITHER WAS THE KETCHUP ON THE EGGS!
This has to be one of my favourite channels. Since History is my favourite subject, this channel is both extremely informative and really interesting. Keep it up!
“I’m sorry, I’m sorry. His name’s peel though” man I love this channel
As someone whose ancestry is mostly English, but with some Irish and Welsh in me...I'm thoroughly ashamed of the nonsense perpetrated in the name of political power. God help us all.
I may not be a native Irishman (I'm Irish-American) but I've always had a love for the Emerald Isle and a disliking towards the British.
When people are dying, and the government, one that is supposed to help the people, does fuckall nothing, it says a lot about a nation.
yep a Muslim war focused country helped Ireland more than Britain
I love the "This is Fine" meme inserted around the 50 second mark
You should cover the the Troubles or Irish revolution next, really enjoying this series!
I love your videos keep up the great work!
Well that last thing we'd want is cheap food provided to the starving populouce! That's be bad for profits!
Fast Food Companies: *It's free real estate*
Just realised this video is only a day old. Can’t wait for the next one, what a complex slice of slice of history.
WOOT. I love Extra History almost as much as Time Ghost's WW2 series and look forward to it every Saturday!
Lmao, man I like the drawn horses so much. Their legs, and expressions... Lol, perfect.
Rich people in position of power always care about their self-interest more than about saving poor people's lives!
Well if the poor people get in power, they are most likely going to create a socialist state, if not a communist one.
Doesnt everyone?
7:25 why doesn't it say "R. Peel's Repeal?"
Thanx for these animations. I wish i had them last year when i was so excited to see black 47. I must've explained the whole famine story to a dozen people. Who were totally cluless and had never heard of it
I always get chills in the end of your videos. Theyre absolutely amazing!
Good god, may history damn Trevelyan's name for the suffering he imposed.
Alec Trevelyan is, of course, the bad guy in Goldeneye, defeated by James Bond, played then by Irish-born actor Pierce Brosnan.
Low lie the fields, of Athenry
Do one on Bengal Famine.
Btw love from India.
I've been waiting for a video series like this! Thank you!
only you guys could make an episode on corn laws as appealing as this turned out to be
do something good in politics: get thrown out.
and people wonder why politics is such a shit show.
Natural flaw of man?
@@theskullboy8700 no just idiots and by our nature to survive and do what is best for us
@@theskullboy8700 but also people becoming friends and best friends and stuff like that is just the evolution of distinct nature to make friends and do stuff with friends because we used to have to work together to survive and we still do just in a different way
I love, love, love the outromusic for this one!
It's good. I mean, I'd rather it was Primordial's song ahout the starvation, The Coffin Ships; but I'll take this.
Bursykovski I couldn’t agree more it’s sooooooioooi good
"Corn" refers to the primary grain crop of a region. Since maize was the primary cereal grown in the American colonies, "corn" became synonymous with "maize" in American English.
Ok I gotta admit, that was hilarious how you aknowledged the peel issue
Should've named the disease 'Tater Annihilater"
Annhiltater
Tater devastater
People died
Guys this is extremely disrespectful, obviously the correct name is potano
@@thezerfer9860 I hate every single one of you, that one actually made me chuckle.
It was funny that the prime ministers last name was Peel , but it’s also funny that the guy who make the potato chip last name was Crum XD
I'm so glad you pointed out the PMs name because I accidentally snorted my tea when you said that and my mum ran in thinking I was choking
YAY BOTH OF MY FAVORITE HISTORY CHANNELS ARE DOING THE IRISH POTATO FAMINE! (the other was simple history but love you both)
3:16 peel had his faults. (Puts ketchup on fried eggs).
I see what you did there
The information in this video is soo similar to the events right now in the US about Covid.
there's an amazing irish film called Arracht that focuses on the irish retaliation to mistreatment during the famine
Thank you for not having eight billion ads on your amazing videos 🙏
You can take the Irish out of the potato, I guess you cannot take the potato out of the Irish
What?
Note to self: get your mind out of the gutter.
Ah Trevelyan, the only person who could truly be blamed for how bad things got, he was Cornish too, so much for Celtic unity. Once again another fair episode that covers the reality of this event that avoids pinning the blame on everyone. As you can see there were attempts to handle it.
Sir Robert Peel also established London's first police force. They were later and still are of course called "Bobbies", but at first they were called (wait for it...) Peelers.
wheat means grain, corn means corn, maize means maize, barley means barley, but corn was also a catch all word for all grain types.
his name is peel tho-
0:53
Looks awfully familiar
Is this a reference to the "this is fine" meme?
Nice homage
The famous Irish folk tune "Fields of Athenry" describes the desperation of a man named Michael, who resorted to the thieving of "Trevelyan's corn" so his family wouldn't starve, and how he was caught and shipped off to Botany Bay.
The population of the Ireland still haven't reached the pre famine high. Just shows what an impact it had