"homologous, homologous.. what that means is that everytime you see this the the prefix, ho.. uh you know.. h-o uhhh homologous" That made me crack up so hard
Depends on how drastic the mutation is and how important that gene/protein is to the organism. To your point, however, DNA does have more redundancy and fault tolerance than most computer programs (and is far, far, far more complex)
Genes are narcissists, proteins are empaths, but only phenotypes/acting functional forms 'matter'. Gender binary isn't "real" because gender is psycho-social but yeah, sex is mostly binary in "bisexual life"... Explaining science to the scientifically illiterate is like playing Mozart to millennials.
You're the man! Thank you for taking the time out to help, I've used your videos for just about all my upper level biology classes and you've helped every time, thanks again!
I honestly enjoy all your videos. I hope you are making all these videos you say you might make, like prokariotes vs eukariotes and a few others youve mentioned, as I know some about them I believe it never hurts to get many versions of the subject. You keep it interesting thank you :)
I'm an international health science student in an American university and i have lots of question which i can not find the answer in my book. And i can not afford to get premium memberships of teaching websites. So, i really deeply appreciate your channel and your time you dedicate to these free videos🙏🙏🙏 you are helping me in my lessons incredibly! Thank you🏃♀️💕
@GollaGandaLova Well, I am a biologist! And I don't know what you're regarding to. I think he does a great job at teaching and that people like him should start their own schools and teach!
Great video! Could you please do some videos on upper level bios like genetics, anatomy & physiology, and embryology?! Thanks again for all your helpful videos!
Is the etymology the same? Homo sapiens could mean "The same sapien" which would make perfect sense. And the idea of homosexuality was probably introduced as a male male idea (since for the longest time we have lived in a patriarchal society). So it too means "same" though implies male, and it developed into homme and hombre as you stated.
Sal, I'd like to correct you on one little thing at 11:35, the homo in homo sapiens is from Latin meaning man (cognate to French homme, Spanish hombre, etc.) while the homo used in homologous or homosexual means same.
Also, I was amazed that you never mentioned the fact (which is very important in evolutionary and population biology) that sexual reproduction has the ability to battle deleterious mutations and cancel some of their harm to a certain extent. I remember form my upper division genetics class at the university that there were these mice that had a gene that killed them (in homozygous dominant state) even before they were born, thus observing a 2 (A/a):1 (a/a) ratio.
Great video. I just have one question, though. With the crossover of the genes and a chromosome pair, wouldn't there be a chance that the dna strand could be split up half way through a protein's 'coding', making that that coding useless?
Because you are getting variation as opposed to copying. Imagine your computer is a female and you are the male in the situation. You enter information into the computer then print that information an unspecified amount of times. Each printed copy looks the same, clean, and easy to read. Whereas if you take that piece of paper which has been printed from two things and just take it to the copier, then put the copy into the copier, then the copy of the copy and so on the print becomes blurry.
@khanacademy I agree with sal on the the dependency to how important the protein is to the organism eg sickle cell one > one "wrong" protein and well death of the individual can occur
Computer codding is in ones and zeros. Humans are more like zeros, ones, twos , threes and fours we are far more complex then computers so it is possible for us to have more tolerance to error because of backup fail safes encoded. Sometimes however children are born with terrible mutations that can become very fatal. Computer coding errors can cause glitches some glitches are tolerable by the program but some can render the program unusable
I love these videos and I'm learning a lot, but I just wanted to say one thing. You described the variations provided for by our DNA as nearly INFINITE. The problem is that we cannot comprehend infinity, so we think of it as a very large number, such as the number of human variants. Nothing, however, can ever be nearly infinite, because it is either finite or not; there is no degree of being infinite.
As in the case of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) the phenotype bar-eyed is due to gene duplication of the genes that control eye morphology, which, by no doubt, is brought about via genetic mutation during recombination during meiosis. Thus, sexual reproduction not only combines different traits, but also produces mutations itself. So mutations, whether dependent or independent of sexual reproduction, deserve way more credit than you give them =) if not the same as sex. repro.
@mrdavetail Well, I am a biologist! I have already written an email to Sal, expressing my admiration of what he has done... I feel people like him can truly be called "heroes." They are sharing free education, which people pay thousands of dollars to learn in schools, which probably don't even care about them =) People like Sal are trying to spread education across the globe, and even Gods have not been able to do that (if there are any).
Love the video, not crazy about all the "noise" in your presentation. THe noise being the profusion of extra words you use which sometimes muddle the meaning. I suggest that you prepare better for the presentation better ahead of time.
what's the point of being able to have such a large number of variations in your offspring? Is there some sort of gain by the species overall, apart from the obvious?
I have a question sal. Does sexual reproduction created new genes? If not, then mutation is the ultimate source of variation becasue sexual reproduction merely help recombine and spread out the genes within a population. Thanks
Organisms reproducing via asexual reproduction (mitosis) would be unable to battle such deleterious mutations. Overall, this was a good vid, Sal. Very informative, just needs a little more info in there to complete the idea. I guess now I provided it here and we're all good =) take care. Aleksi
There is always polyploidy (3N, 4N, etc.); not to mention errors in DNA replication and translocatons; all processes that produce new genetic forms independent of sexual reproduction. In other words, I produce the colored chips and you arrange (combine) them in different combination. However, it would also be incomplete to say that sexual selection just does a mere job of combination. It doesn't!
@mrdavetail Anyhow, instead of wasting time and space there and here, respectively, why don't you add some information instead of attacking me =) The whole point of macadamia and education is to share knowledge and ideas, and add onto existing knowledge, and I fell I have done that here. So please do the same!
Hi Khan, massive fan of your work and I am thoroughly enjoying your videos. I think you have something incorrect in this video. Germ Cells are not the sperm and ova. Germ Cells are still Diploid Cells, which consists of the Ovaries and Testicles. The haploid cells/gametes are sperm and egg cells, which the germ cells produce. Can you confirm this for me?
That is simply untrue. To attribute such a notion to pure laziness is irrational and loose. Study philosophy before making general blanket statements about a subject that you have no real knowledge of.
+Dennis Wicker biggest straw man EVER. if you didnt know, most of the greatest scientists were theists, not to mention the golden age when science advanced immensely, (when europe was in the dark ages) and guess what? They were theists. Lets be sincere now, not kids.
Sal would you say that with an increase in homosexual organisms the population of a species can decrease if that is the homosexual organisms under no circumstances desire to mate with members of the opposite sex?
My background is chemical engineering, and I don't see a word of science in your rude commentary. Now, an information scientist will tell you that it is a mathematical impossibility for a natural, random process to create information. Evolution has matter and energy but no source of information. This is why what we observe in the lab today is DNA degeneration, not evolution. Your belief in evolution is not based on observation, but rather your commitment to naturalism - it is a religious belief.
My background is also chemical engineering. I kindly invite you to look into the field of molecular biology to see some examples of information addition. An easy example in prokaryotes is to look at the Ames test or the work of Frederick Griffith. For eukaryotes, look at duplication, or certain insertions, inversions and mismatches in chromosomal crossing-over. You can generate chromosomes that contain more information in the daughter chromosome, which could be passed to offspring if it occurs in the germ line. These are very basic examples, but by all means research to your heart's content.
You sir are playing with common definitions and specific ones, and its a naughty little game aswell. Information theory is a massive subject, one which I only have a cursory understanding of. I am going to assume you are referencing Gitt's ideas about information theory, or someone referencing Gitt. But the fundemental error he makes is basically making one big false premise. He just decides that you cannot get information unless its from inteligence, but has nothing to back that up.
But no matter how much variation within the specie, it will not become a new specie. (Slightly off topic) The amount of mutations to make a land animal into a marine animal is numbered in the millions. All have to occur in the same generation, in sync, to at least a male and a female in a close range. OTHER WISE the mutations would either kill the creature, or it won't have a mate.
this proves that the first people was not black and naturally adapted to Africa but their would of been a variation of skin colours and then over time the best features for africa become the majority, and thats why when the environment changes and the people are in Europe the variations now may be more beneficial than the old favourites (which they are because being black in Europe makes you more likely to catch disease like rickets)
"homologous, homologous.. what that means is that everytime you see this the the prefix, ho.. uh you know.. h-o uhhh homologous" That made me crack up so hard
Depends on how drastic the mutation is and how important that gene/protein is to the organism. To your point, however, DNA does have more redundancy and fault tolerance than most computer programs (and is far, far, far more complex)
Genes are narcissists, proteins are empaths, but only phenotypes/acting functional forms 'matter'. Gender binary isn't "real" because gender is psycho-social but yeah, sex is mostly binary in "bisexual life"... Explaining science to the scientifically illiterate is like playing Mozart to millennials.
This really helped me clarify, thank you for making this free.
You're the man! Thank you for taking the time out to help, I've used your videos for just about all my upper level biology classes and you've helped every time, thanks again!
Darn you, genetic variation.
We want more sals!
khan academy is the smartest in science
I honestly enjoy all your videos. I hope you are making all these videos you say you might make, like prokariotes vs eukariotes and a few others youve mentioned, as I know some about them I believe it never hurts to get many versions of the subject. You keep it interesting thank you :)
I'm an international health science student in an American university and i have lots of question which i can not find the answer in my book. And i can not afford to get premium memberships of teaching websites. So, i really deeply appreciate your channel and your time you dedicate to these free videos🙏🙏🙏 you are helping me in my lessons incredibly! Thank you🏃♀️💕
@GollaGandaLova Well, I am a biologist! And I don't know what you're regarding to. I think he does a great job at teaching and that people like him should start their own schools and teach!
Could anyone give an explanation for why it's 2 to the power of 23? Love his videos but I couldn't follow the tutors wording on that part.
19:21 Rainbow gang destroyed by facts and logic
dont blame the poor guy for the slip of the tongue.
I am 13 and it is easy for me to understand and not a gross simplification at all in my opinion, it is probably the only way i could understand it.
why doing meiosis when you are 13 years old.
lydia Malik you don't learn meiosis at GCSE level
I'm 11 just turned 12
Same boat sis
Great video! Could you please do some videos on upper level bios like genetics, anatomy & physiology, and embryology?! Thanks again for all your helpful videos!
Thank you so much for your videos, it really helps me a lot.
Is the etymology the same? Homo sapiens could mean "The same sapien" which would make perfect sense. And the idea of homosexuality was probably introduced as a male male idea (since for the longest time we have lived in a patriarchal society). So it too means "same" though implies male, and it developed into homme and hombre as you stated.
Sal, I'd like to correct you on one little thing at 11:35, the homo in homo sapiens is from Latin meaning man (cognate to French homme, Spanish hombre, etc.) while the homo used in homologous or homosexual means same.
Liked the last point :)
His videos are the best. Thank you!
Also, I was amazed that you never mentioned the fact (which is very important in evolutionary and population biology) that sexual reproduction has the ability to battle deleterious mutations and cancel some of their harm to a certain extent. I remember form my upper division genetics class at the university that there were these mice that had a gene that killed them (in homozygous dominant state) even before they were born, thus observing a 2 (A/a):1 (a/a) ratio.
Great video. I just have one question, though. With the crossover of the genes and a chromosome pair, wouldn't there be a chance that the dna strand could be split up half way through a protein's 'coding', making that that coding useless?
Great video! Thank you so much!
Nuclei!
Lifesaver! Thank you.
Thank you so much for your video.
i wish i discovered ur vids BEFORE i finished bio.. T________T
btw ur very good at explaining bio+chem. :)
Because you are getting variation as opposed to copying. Imagine your computer is a female and you are the male in the situation. You enter information into the computer then print that information an unspecified amount of times. Each printed copy looks the same, clean, and easy to read. Whereas if you take that piece of paper which has been printed from two things and just take it to the copier, then put the copy into the copier, then the copy of the copy and so on the print becomes blurry.
@khanacademy I agree with sal on the the dependency to how important the protein is to the organism eg sickle cell one > one "wrong" protein and well death of the individual can occur
ty
Computer codding is in ones and zeros. Humans are more like zeros, ones, twos , threes and fours we are far more complex then computers so it is possible for us to have more tolerance to error because of backup fail safes encoded. Sometimes however children are born with terrible mutations that can become very fatal. Computer coding errors can cause glitches some glitches are tolerable by the program but some can render the program unusable
thank you very helpful
I love these videos and I'm learning a lot, but I just wanted to say one thing. You described the variations provided for by our DNA as nearly INFINITE. The problem is that we cannot comprehend infinity, so we think of it as a very large number, such as the number of human variants. Nothing, however, can ever be nearly infinite, because it is either finite or not; there is no degree of being infinite.
thanks
@Aleksi535 He does mention it in his later videos.
Thank u very helpful!
Whats the name of that pogram you use for the colors and whatnot...Someone answer when you can
As in the case of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) the phenotype bar-eyed is due to gene duplication of the genes that control eye morphology, which, by no doubt, is brought about via genetic mutation during recombination during meiosis. Thus, sexual reproduction not only combines different traits, but also produces mutations itself. So mutations, whether dependent or independent of sexual reproduction, deserve way more credit than you give them =) if not the same as sex. repro.
How does the existence of a species increases with variation?
Please answer my question..
Its super !!!
Muralee
@mrdavetail Well, I am a biologist! I have already written an email to Sal, expressing my admiration of what he has done... I feel people like him can truly be called "heroes." They are sharing free education, which people pay thousands of dollars to learn in schools, which probably don't even care about them =) People like Sal are trying to spread education across the globe, and even Gods have not been able to do that (if there are any).
Love the video, not crazy about all the "noise" in your presentation. THe noise being the profusion of extra words you use which sometimes muddle the meaning. I suggest that you prepare better for the presentation better ahead of time.
helpfull thank you !
19:26
male,female and transgender
what's the point of being able to have such a large number of variations in your offspring? Is there some sort of gain by the species overall, apart from the obvious?
Khan Academy.... 👌👌👌👌👌
nice video
@Aleksi535 Why was this comment removed????
Erythrocytes don't contain a nucleus so I'm assuming that a fully matured red blood cell doesn't have chromosomes?
APS129 Well, not an expert here, but I think prokaryiotic cells have one chromosome.
use orange and green, puplr and brown so many color
I have a question sal. Does sexual reproduction created new genes? If not, then mutation is the ultimate source of variation becasue sexual reproduction merely help recombine and spread out the genes within a population. Thanks
Maybe they will in some other dimension.Not discounting anything,are we???Great video btw.
nice
+Veronica Lopez Amiga?
tl;dr version?
10:24 🤣🤣🤣
I feel like Sperm Germ should be a catchy Sexual Reproduction song.
"allele straight *pauses* for straight hair... for straight hair."
so the allele tells the brain to comb the person's hair?
the lyrics are not appearing anymore ,Help
click on the CC button on the panel, you may have accidentally disabled it
Organisms reproducing via asexual reproduction (mitosis) would be unable to battle such deleterious mutations. Overall, this was a good vid, Sal. Very informative, just needs a little more info in there to complete the idea. I guess now I provided it here and we're all good =) take care. Aleksi
"Maybe they will in some other dimension"
There is always polyploidy (3N, 4N, etc.); not to mention errors in DNA replication and translocatons; all processes that produce new genetic forms independent of sexual reproduction. In other words, I produce the colored chips and you arrange (combine) them in different combination. However, it would also be incomplete to say that sexual selection just does a mere job of combination. It doesn't!
how many times have u commented here?
Homo in homo sapiens is Latin for man, not Greek for same
@mrdavetail Feel special??? What do you mean???
👍👍
@mrdavetail Anyhow, instead of wasting time and space there and here, respectively, why don't you add some information instead of attacking me =) The whole point of macadamia and education is to share knowledge and ideas, and add onto existing knowledge, and I fell I have done that here. So please do the same!
H ALREADY SAY THAT
Hi Khan, massive fan of your work and I am thoroughly enjoying your videos. I think you have something incorrect in this video.
Germ Cells are not the sperm and ova. Germ Cells are still Diploid Cells, which consists of the Ovaries and Testicles. The haploid cells/gametes are sperm and egg cells, which the germ cells produce. Can you confirm this for me?
well you certainly have been paying attention,give yourself a pat on the back
i am :)
ova or ovum?
Ovum is the singular noun, and ova is plural.
And now we know why people believe in a super natural deity, It is easier to say god did it, than trying to understand science. Great video.
That is simply untrue. To attribute such a notion to pure laziness is irrational and loose. Study philosophy before making general blanket statements about a subject that you have no real knowledge of.
hes just going through a phase dw
+Dennis Wicker biggest straw man EVER. if you didnt know, most of the greatest scientists were theists, not to mention the golden age when science advanced immensely, (when europe was in the dark ages) and guess what? They were theists. Lets be sincere now, not kids.
i guess 6 people are failing bio? these vids are fukin awsome
@derbigpr500 Cool... haven't seen that one yet =)
Sal would you say that with an increase in homosexual organisms the population of a species can decrease if that is the homosexual organisms under no circumstances desire to mate with members of the opposite sex?
Clarify cross over please. I thought the gene recombination was random throughout the top portion of the chromosomes, not a complete switcheroo.
Your "Homologous" looks like an "Itomdogous".
My background is chemical engineering, and I don't see a word of science in your rude commentary. Now, an information scientist will tell you that it is a mathematical impossibility for a natural, random process to create information. Evolution has matter and energy but no source of information. This is why what we observe in the lab today is DNA degeneration, not evolution. Your belief in evolution is not based on observation, but rather your commitment to naturalism - it is a religious belief.
My background is also chemical engineering. I kindly invite you to look into the field of molecular biology to see some examples of information addition. An easy example in prokaryotes is to look at the Ames test or the work of Frederick Griffith. For eukaryotes, look at duplication, or certain insertions, inversions and mismatches in chromosomal crossing-over. You can generate chromosomes that contain more information in the daughter chromosome, which could be passed to offspring if it occurs in the germ line. These are very basic examples, but by all means research to your heart's content.
Stupid chatter that tries to look intelligent by using pretty words ...
You sir are playing with common definitions and specific ones, and its a naughty little game aswell. Information theory is a massive subject, one which I only have a cursory understanding of. I am going to assume you are referencing Gitt's ideas about information theory, or someone referencing Gitt. But the fundemental error he makes is basically making one big false premise. He just decides that you cannot get information unless its from inteligence, but has nothing to back that up.
hehe Sal with a green mustache :|D
Watching today after 14 year😂
7 people have problems about mutation
+phreak gameplays who?
Doesn't Homo, as in Homo sapiens mean Man, not same?
Don't you know that the meaning of hell it's called varsity
um. what?
allele for straightness.
hah
1:15 oh snap! little race jokes in there.
Awww :'(
Great video to see key stage 1,2 and 3 biology videos visit Drredfrizzles channel
i just pooped alittle bit
Почему нету русских субтитровಥ‿ಥ
listen everyone god is the answer
Maybe,but which?
But no matter how much variation within the specie, it will not become a new specie.
(Slightly off topic) The amount of mutations to make a land animal into a marine animal is numbered in the millions. All have to occur in the same generation, in sync, to at least a male and a female in a close range. OTHER WISE the mutations would either kill the creature, or it won't have a mate.
this proves that the first people was not black and naturally adapted to Africa but their would of been a variation of skin colours and then over time the best features for africa become the majority, and thats why when the environment changes and the people are in Europe the variations now may be more beneficial than the old favourites (which they are because being black in Europe makes you more likely to catch disease like rickets)
Eh, not quite. You should study mendelian genetics some more, you're missing a few key concepts of heredity.
Who else is watching this right before finals?
1st comment!
1st reply to the 1st comment
thanks