MY DIY 20-40 meter Air Wound Coil

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 15 มิ.ย. 2021
  • My version of a clone Wolf River Coil with parts laying around the shop.
    Parts
    1- 7 inch piece of 1.25 sch40 PVC
    2- 1.25 inch PVC caps
    2- 1.5 inch 3/8x24x1.5 bolts
    4- 3/8x24 nuts
    8- 3/8 washers
    1- 3/8x24 coupler
    grommet strips from McMaster Carr. Part Number 85085K4
    Gator clip form McMaster Carr
    10 inch piece of wire.
    wire ring terminal
    18 gauge steel wire. Home Depot, Ace Hardware, Lowes etc etc
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ความคิดเห็น • 128

  • @PatAutrey
    @PatAutrey 2 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    Pleased to report that I made your design and used Field Day yesterday - I attached a 16.5' wire and pulled it up in a tree and from Texas had a blast on 20m. Contacts in Arizona, Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, and even Washington DC. This antenna is a keeper!

  • @user-yh7mv7jd1l
    @user-yh7mv7jd1l 27 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I made the coil using galvanized wire with your instructions. I figured out the length using the calculator. Thank you.
    KO6DEV
    73

    • @mcso911
      @mcso911  26 วันที่ผ่านมา

      enjoy it.

  • @paulct
    @paulct 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I've got a WRC, but I watched this too. A friend wants to build one. Well done video!

  • @dennisjoiner3717
    @dennisjoiner3717 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Great DIY build! Thanks for sharing it with us.

  • @DK5ONV
    @DK5ONV 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    The Coil looks really well built! You are a Tech... 👍🙋‍♂

  • @ve2zdx
    @ve2zdx ปีที่แล้ว

    Pretty good build. Thanks for sharing the knowledge

  • @georgekern1914
    @georgekern1914 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks very much starting my version right now great video !

  • @Rspiritjgl
    @Rspiritjgl 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for the video. Im going to give it a try. Just ordered my part from Mcmaster.

  • @pastorlarry7470
    @pastorlarry7470 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    great video. I will have to try this.

  • @marktorigian5647
    @marktorigian5647 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I just built the coil foundation in full length (used the one foot of grommet strip) to build the 80M version of this. I am going to wind all 95 loops and follow the plans otherwise. Great Video !! ordered the stip from McMaster and it came in three days. I am really stoked about the full build and see how the coil works

    • @enginedave
      @enginedave 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      How long was your whip or stinger on top? I'm going to use a 3 foot telescoping whip

    • @brandokitsune9969
      @brandokitsune9969 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Hey Mark: I just watched this video, and I too would like to build one that covers 80m-10m. On yours, did it end up being 95 loops of wire on the form like originally posted? And what length whip are you using with that? Thanks
      W3TKB

  • @lisaneuscheler772
    @lisaneuscheler772 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks! Great video.

  • @jeffcarpenter7721
    @jeffcarpenter7721 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    love the vid love the dog great for me im trying to get better connection to my local repeater this will do both for my radio

  • @bayoubees9447
    @bayoubees9447 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I have a Hygain AV-18 vertical antenna. The original coil was oxidized and very hard to tune. I built one of these and purchased some coil clips from DX Engineering. For a few bucks I was able to get my antenna back online! Thanks for the information. 73

  • @dwayneschank5456
    @dwayneschank5456 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Ok I subscribed and thumbs up in hopes of part 2 of that video.

  • @MatthiasLenardt
    @MatthiasLenardt 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for sharing!
    Looks good and stable 👌🏽
    The end-caps look really solid!
    Have lot's of fun with this coil!
    Many greetings
    Matthias 👋
    DL1NDG

  • @brianf3996
    @brianf3996 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for sharing this.

  • @M7GBU
    @M7GBU หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great tutorial , thank you. There are some small test clips for pcb, about 1inch long, at the end one side is insulated, at the opposite end is a spring press button, the cable connects a little below that, when you press the button a metal rod with a "U" (squared corners not rounded) comes out you hook this on to a component lead (or in this case the coil wire) then let go of the button, and it grips it, it cannot come off unless the metal rod is broken, it cannot short on any nearby wires, they come in all different colours and lengths and are very light in weight and cheap.

    • @mcso911
      @mcso911  หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Can you share a link?

    • @M7GBU
      @M7GBU หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@mcso911 I added a link 2 times, TH-cam keeps deleting it. If you look for SMD test probe clips, or SMS/SMR test clips.

    • @mcso911
      @mcso911  หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@M7GBU Thanks, I will take a look.

  • @johnwest7993
    @johnwest7993 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Thanks for the video. Just a FYI, those coils are 'PVC wound', not 'air-wound'. The proximity of the PVC will noticeably increase the coil's capacitance and affect its self-resonant point.

  • @robertotorreskp4ptt598
    @robertotorreskp4ptt598 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    excellent video, it would be too much to ask for another video in full operation, 73 de KP4PTT

  • @woodskid4ever
    @woodskid4ever ปีที่แล้ว +1

    The bottom 3/8 x 24 stud is hot. The separation from ground happens bellow that point, which is not shown. A standard mobile mount has a small, but effective for 100 watts, nylon bushing that isolates the grounded mount from the driven / hot lower stud. There is no connection of coil other than the red tap and the coil itself to the bottom the whip. I hope this helps. There have been many questions about this and I just happened to see it.

  • @joecraft4409
    @joecraft4409 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Good job. I guess that instead of putting shrink tubing on the alligator clip, one could clean it and use enamal nail polish on the tips of the clip?

  • @PatAutrey
    @PatAutrey 2 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    What type of Aerial or whip did you screw into the Coupler

  • @PatAutrey
    @PatAutrey 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Is the pigtail with the alligator clip connected on the hot center terminal or on the grounded portion of the connector?

  • @PatAutrey
    @PatAutrey 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Used a jubilee hose clamp to slide up and down for tuning - wrap electrical tape around the clamp to prevent additional contact

    • @agentcovert
      @agentcovert ปีที่แล้ว

      That's a great idea..although I needed to look up that term you used for a hose clamp..and although much more convenient it's possibly less sensitive in tuning vs the clip..the hose clamp makes broad contact points vs the pin piont connection from the clip..will it make that big of a difference maybe not..

  • @TwstedTV
    @TwstedTV 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    But what happens to the bottom part of the wire that is attached to the ring inside the tube ?
    Does it get connected to something? or does it just sits there inside without a connection to anything ? Thats the only part I am confused by.
    thanks

  • @elconquistador932
    @elconquistador932 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice build Sir! Although I’m really confused about a specific part number.
    At 4:45 you go blue screen and say “Sorry, wrong plastic trim part....”. Is this the Master Carr Grommet Strips? You show them in a bag in the video with part number then show the other part number. I want to make sure Im getting correct part here.
    Also, did you offset the grommet strips to give it more of a helical coil, like threads, to give your windings the threaded look? Or did you just even them up and glue them down so they were even and it just works out?
    Sorry for my stupid questions. Thanks for the video and please give puppy a treat for me.

  • @enginedave
    @enginedave 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I'm building one now but I'm including a matching coil on the bottom

  • @brentjohnson6654
    @brentjohnson6654 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    New subscriber here. Interesting build, easier than other DIY projects where you have to lathe in the traces for the winding. Do you have any idea how long this wire will last vs. stainless? I might just build one to see if I can, that is my favorite part of this hobby. One day I would like to make a DIY screwdriver antenna but that is more complex with the sleeve and fingers that make contact with the winding. Very good explanation and video. All the best! 73 de KI5HXM

  • @bhenry5091
    @bhenry5091 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    You jumped from an open bottom of the coil to a coil with an end cap. The bottom bolt that holds the pigtail, is it connected electrically to the wire inside the bottom of the coil? Thx, Brent

    • @billclark148
      @billclark148 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      No!! That is what makes it adjustable. Red wire with alligator clip is contact from bottom bolt to the coil winding which is only connected to the top bolt. Otherwise there is no adjustment...

  • @frequencywatchers
    @frequencywatchers 8 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Put A Bigger Diameter Pipe ON TO IT And Cut The Strip Where The Clip Connects And You Can Wrote Down What meters And What Band You Can Get By Putting The Aligator CClip There.
    Tip For You All

  • @barrykery1175
    @barrykery1175 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice job, nice video. Thanks for posting.
    Barry, KU3X

  • @jaywardjulian6163
    @jaywardjulian6163 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very nice video.few things I've missed is the side of the wire where there is banana clip, is it connected to the small washer from the inside of the PVC and how many turns did it take? Thank you

    • @agentcovert
      @agentcovert ปีที่แล้ว +1

      No the wire inside the pvc with the washer is just a knot to anchor the beginning of the wrap..the thicker red wire with alligator clip is simply connected to the bottom cap..by clipping it on different spots you lengthen or shorten the coil..Cheers..

  • @bhenry5091
    @bhenry5091 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I must have missed something, but what are those strips you used, as I can't read the label on the package? Brent

  • @mhpreach
    @mhpreach 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Question how do you mount the so239 connector?

  • @doc145
    @doc145 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    After reading some of these comments I would suggest that some of you start reading an antenna handbook so you have some idea as to how a coil works and how they are constructed. They’re are online calculators to determine the whip length and the coil inductance based on frequency. The only way you learn is by doing the research. Just use Google.

  • @mikeramsey9747
    @mikeramsey9747 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    With the two holes at the top, could you had drilled a hole across the pipe from the entry hole and just pulled it through then attached to the top cap vs. struggling to feed it back through the hole beside the entry hole? As for securing the caps I'd just use the PVC adhesive vs. super glue. I wish you had shown the completed project and demo it, but that did look easy to build.

    • @billclark148
      @billclark148 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      By doubling it back and pulling through, as he did here, will not allow the wire to loosen up very easily in the future!

  • @smstiao-tecnologia
    @smstiao-tecnologia 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Vi que a parte debaixo da bobina foi puxado muito para dentro do tubo, por favor diga como foi que conseguiste prender o fio da bobina ?

  • @mhpreach
    @mhpreach 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I put the part number in for the grommet strips in on McMaster site came up not found any ideas?

  • @enginedave
    @enginedave 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    What are you planning for a matching unit?

  • @mhpreach
    @mhpreach 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Any suggestion for the whip? Length for whip?

  • @mcso911
    @mcso911  2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for all the comments guys! It's greatly appreciated!

  • @GrayPlayer
    @GrayPlayer 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Built one on 2" PVC, copper wire with just 4 strips, used hot glue gun to hold wires. Will build one with additional strips.

  • @MakeDoAndMend1
    @MakeDoAndMend1 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank for video etc. Going to make one of these in the UK is the pipe diameter bore size or outer diameter. It looks larger in video than dimensions given. Cheers from old George Ps what is the coil diamer on pipe. Looks more 2inches. ?

    • @agentcovert
      @agentcovert ปีที่แล้ว

      Good day my friend..in the US pipe is measured on the inside dimensions regardless of wall thickness or outside diameter..but tube is measured on the outside dimensions regardless of inside diameter or wall thickness..a Stainless steel hose clamp which is commonly called Jubilee clamp over there could slide up and down making it more convenient then a clip on selection..overall construction size has little effect as its adjustable..Cheers..

    • @MakeDoAndMend1
      @MakeDoAndMend1 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ​@@agentcovertHi matey. I have improved dramatically on my earlier versions based on your idea. Still used plastic Pipe but using grommet strip spiral on former. Also made several loading coils for each band. So I just swop coils and shorten or lengthen telescopic to swr etc. Cheers from old George in the UK.

  • @odenwaelder1958
    @odenwaelder1958 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Would 80 m still have a connection point on that coil or would it need more turns for that?

    • @enginedave
      @enginedave 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      80 would need to be st least twice the length

  • @hawkeyeCH53E
    @hawkeyeCH53E ปีที่แล้ว

    Does the wire inside connected to the washer get connected to the bolt on the pigtail cap? Looked like it doesn't. Thanks

    • @agentcovert
      @agentcovert ปีที่แล้ว

      It doesn't get connected..other comments here explain more..as the video poster hasn't answered anyones questions unfortunately..

  • @322doug
    @322doug ปีที่แล้ว

    So the 18ga. wire , one end goes up to the bolt and nuts for antenna, but the other end just stops at the washer... connects to nothing? Just want to make sure, ty for the video 73s NS9T.

    • @mcso911
      @mcso911  ปีที่แล้ว

      correct

  • @JamesWareAmendment2
    @JamesWareAmendment2 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great execution, but remember that silicone is merely a sealant/caulk and not an adhesive. There are many epoxy products that can be used for this purpose that would yield better results. JB Weld and many other similar epoxies contain metal, so choosing one that's transparent would be free of metal. You could also do away with the washer at the beginning of the coil by tying a knot in the stainless steel wire, while leaving enough wire to solder to. If you like the washer, be sure to use a stainless washer.

    • @mcso911
      @mcso911  5 หลายเดือนก่อน

      the silicone is merely used to hold the plastic standoffs in place until the wire is wrapped. The washer is merely used to hold the wire in place so it does not pull through the hole. Use any method you choose. AND, their is nothing soldered to the wire where the washer is located. it is just a starting point to wrap the wire.

  • @mcso911
    @mcso911  ปีที่แล้ว

    the plastic stand offs for the wire can be purchased at McMaster Carr
    Part number 85085K4 25 in a pack, one foot long.

  • @stivostenberg
    @stivostenberg 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Question: All the videos show a coil antenna using grooves of grommet strips to space the wire. Would it work with speaker wire allowing the insulation to provide spacing?

    • @mcso911
      @mcso911  2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Not it would not, The gator clip needs to make contact with the bare wire.

    • @stivostenberg
      @stivostenberg 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@mcso911 If we know what points along the wire were the right contact points we could just strip there. (I dont know enough to know why this would not work)

    • @mcso911
      @mcso911  2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@stivostenberg I guess it could work. Try it.

  • @glenmartin2437
    @glenmartin2437 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you.
    I'll add that to my projects list. N0QFT

    • @mcso911
      @mcso911  ปีที่แล้ว

      glad to liked it.

  • @johnlesuer8471
    @johnlesuer8471 ปีที่แล้ว

    Can someone show me this coil with the radio connected? Looks fun but confused.

  • @phillipzx3754
    @phillipzx3754 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Just so people know, that part number is a "Thomas & Betts" number. They'll be easier to find using the T&B number.

  • @williamhamilton31
    @williamhamilton31 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Does the wire in bottom, connect to the bolt on the inside?

    • @agentcovert
      @agentcovert ปีที่แล้ว

      No the wire tied on the washer is just an anchor point..it's not electrically connected..the red wire on the side makes the connection from the bottom cap to top cap..

  • @kd7clq
    @kd7clq 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Stupid question where/how do you attach the pl-259 connector?

    • @518Regulators
      @518Regulators 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      The stud on the bottom screws into a 3/8 mount that has the PL connector (or whatever flavor connector you so choose) on it. Following is an example of a basic one. You can also get them on hitch mounts and stake pocket mounts for pickups. Or the tripod base that Wolf River Coils (and others) sell. mgs4u.com/product/3-8-x-24-threaded-antenna-stud-mount-uhf-female-connector/

  • @PatAutrey
    @PatAutrey 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Unable to locate grommet they said they do not carry this item - any other suggestions where this could be found

    • @vizuleyez
      @vizuleyez 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      they have them now! Received yesterday

    • @PatAutrey
      @PatAutrey 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Please confirm the part number and the company that has for sale I am very interested

  • @thesavo
    @thesavo ปีที่แล้ว

    I have 1 1/2 on hand, instead of 1 1/4. Does it change much or should it be 1 1/4?

    • @stargazer7644
      @stargazer7644 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      It'll have about 30% more inductance. You'll have to adjust the length of the whip.

  • @geneky4jn773
    @geneky4jn773 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks for the video, im assuming that you connected the bottom bolt to the washer that's on the inside to make connection would that be correct

    • @joewillj
      @joewillj 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I was wondering the same.

    • @billclark148
      @billclark148 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      NO!!!! That is what makes it an adjustable loading coil. The RED wire connects to the bottom washer. Then shorts the antenna at various lengths from the top all the way to the bottom coil. There is NO CONNECTION from bottom bolt to the coil of wire EXCEPT the adjustable red wire.

    • @geneky4jn773
      @geneky4jn773 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@billclark148 ty

    • @billclark148
      @billclark148 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@geneky4jn773 I am trying to make a 17' adjustable whip resonate for 40M. This coil should accomplish that but I decided to go big or go home. I used software to calculate turns & diameter and length of the coil. I'm doing 1-1/4 PVC x 16" long same spreaders as here (but printed on 3D printer) and 94 turns of 12AGW aluminum wire. I bought a roll of copper in case alum is too soft. Should tune 80M-6M . I also have 24 ea 33' long radials.

    • @geneky4jn773
      @geneky4jn773 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@billclark148 wow that sounds great bill! Please keep me abreast of how that goes as I would be very interested of your outcome.

  • @kensmith5538
    @kensmith5538 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    any advice on how much longer to make it to include 80/75 meter?

    • @billclark148
      @billclark148 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I found a program/calculator...
      Tell it length of vertical section and diameter.
      Tell it lowest freq you want to adjust to.
      It calculates the coils inductance.
      Then next calculator allows you to play with design of that coil... length, diameter and # of turns of wire for said inductance. Cool....

  • @richardkitchen4430
    @richardkitchen4430 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    What type of glue did you use?

    • @stargazer7644
      @stargazer7644 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      He didn't use glue, he used silicone. Anything that will hold it temporarily in place will work. Once wound the wire will hold it.

  • @AndrewMurphy8383
    @AndrewMurphy8383 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    hmmm

  • @PatAutrey
    @PatAutrey 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    When your measurement is 1.25 inches is that the inside or outside diameter

    • @stater3
      @stater3 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      PVC pipe will be printed or stamped as 1-1/4" on the pipe itself.

    • @PatAutrey
      @PatAutrey 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@stater3 Thank you

    • @stater3
      @stater3 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@PatAutrey Anytime.

  • @josevelazquez8206
    @josevelazquez8206 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    The other wire goes

  • @user-yh7mv7jd1l
    @user-yh7mv7jd1l 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I have an 18.4 telescopic antenna (for 20 meters). I need to build a coil so that I tune the antenna for 40 meters.
    I have the following wire from Amazon: 21 Gauge, 99.9% Pure Copper Wire (Half Round) Dead Soft CDA #110 Made in USA
    How many windings would I need? Is there a calculator?
    Thanks
    KO6DEV

    • @mcso911
      @mcso911  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      if you follow the video the 40m tap will fall about halfway on the pipe.

  • @AlGritzmacher
    @AlGritzmacher 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Have been unable to find the "grommet strip" at McMaster or anywhere else.

    • @kensmith5538
      @kensmith5538 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      same here... sure wish this was more accurate...

    • @kensmith5538
      @kensmith5538 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      actually, I found the item by googling the part number... be sure to include the dashes etc... www.google.com/search?q=gsny-085-9-q&oq=gsny-085-9-q&aqs=chrome..69i57.15924j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 now to figure out which of the vendors to purchase from... interestingly enough... mcmaster carr is not in the results...

    • @AlGritzmacher
      @AlGritzmacher 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @WD Bailey Thanks for the link. I never would have picked that out of the hundreds of "plastic trim" shown on McMaster's site. I couldn't even get any results at Thomas & Betts.
      I built a similar antenna using the string trimmer cord as a spacer, but never fully got it working.

    • @vizuleyez
      @vizuleyez 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@kensmith5538 McMaster Carr has these again. Part number 85085K4. Got mine yesterday

  • @stargazer7644
    @stargazer7644 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Steel wire has 10 times the resistance of copper, so it has 10 times the loss. Maybe not the best choice.

    • @mcso911
      @mcso911  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      That may be true but my QSO's speak for themselves.

    • @stargazer7644
      @stargazer7644 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ​@@mcso911Every little bit helps, especially if you're QRP.

    • @mcso911
      @mcso911  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@stargazer7644 I dont use QRP. 100w for me .

    • @stargazer7644
      @stargazer7644 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@mcso911This is what I love about hams. They're always willing to learn.

  • @kevinadam5758
    @kevinadam5758 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    LOOK MCMASTER CARR PART NUMBER DON'T AN RESULT

    • @vizuleyez
      @vizuleyez 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Their part number is 85085K4

  • @QRPp_Radio
    @QRPp_Radio 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice "how-to" Video but that idiot running the loud machine in the background kinda ruined it!

  • @mark002228
    @mark002228 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent video. Thanks so much! I’m gonna do this just to see if I can do it! K0PIG

  • @stargazer7644
    @stargazer7644 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    GSNY-085-9-Q is not the mcmaster carr part number, but the thomas & betts part number.

    • @mcso911
      @mcso911  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      grommet strips from McMaster Carr. Part Number 85085K4

  • @petervee007
    @petervee007 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    McMaster doesn’t have these strips. They can be found here: www.anixter.com/en_us/products/GSNY-085-9-Q/THOMAS-%26-BETTS/Miscellaneous/p/837393?text=gsny-085-9-q

    • @vizuleyez
      @vizuleyez 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      McMaster Carr does have these strips now. Received yesterday

  • @TheArtofEngineering
    @TheArtofEngineering ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for this! Awesome build and real money saver! 73 de VK2AOE

  • @w2msa
    @w2msa 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice video, thanks for sharing.
    de W2MSA

  • @user-gl3sb6eh4t
    @user-gl3sb6eh4t 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    OK. RA3TUS. 73.