i must say...for me she is probably the best zoology teacher ..i mean i can do all the questions after attending her lecture and whats more than that for a neet aspirant ...believe me...she covers every single line of ncert ...nd when you finish the lecture ..all you have to do is just read the chapter from ncert once again and that too will be really easy to understand...thats all ...then you are ready to grind the whole daymm chapter ...🤟
Mujhe aaj ye realise hua ki mene apse na pdhkr pure saal kitni bdi galti ki 🥲or aaj ye bhi pta lg gya ki apko gurumaa q kha jata hai ❤️❤️ superb explanation hai mam apka 🥰
Right mujhe bhi laga tha ye accha nhi padhati hongi starting me but literally she is the best nomesh sir mere favourite teacher h but ab ye bhi h balki ye pura ncert based padhati h ekdam line to line kaash maine pehle inse padha hota but koi nhi is saal to mera selection possible nhi h to neet 25 ke liye inse hi padhungi❤
@@shahidalari6299 hnn mene bhi nomesh sir se pdhi pure year wo bhi accha pdhate hai notes bhi acche hai unke pr ye bhi best hai 2025 me agr diya to inhi se revision krungi mai bhi inshallah
@@Sam2_51 yes yes totally agreed but mera next day test tha to itna bada lecture was not possible to watch...so i opted for some shorter one shot lecture....but that's for sure ki ma'am bohot hi accha padhati hain
38:38 everyone being confused about why they cut the plasmid and desired gene if only had to join it again later w the same bacteria, it's because they wanted to experiment that what would happen if we take the desired gene and plasmid from the same bacteria, and the concept of native plasmid was introduced (explained 43:41)
Respected ma'am, thank you for believing in me even when i doubted myself n for making learning fun n exciting n lastly for being an inspiration in my life ❤️
38:55 ma'am, can't thank you enough for clearing this doubt... I've always been confused with the information about which plasmid was used as a vector and the source of desired gene in the first ever recombinant DNA procedure (1972).
Literally mam I reading all the comments but jitna ho sake utna kam hai apki tareef main ye sabd you one of the best teacher don't know that how can someone choose different teacher and their lecture... I think all should go for your lecture ... You really gurumaa ❤🎉
I was in grade 12 recently we didn't had a worth bio teacher in school hence I used to wander in youtube for the clearance of this chapter ....Fact : Literally the whole year I tried to understand this chapter but the whole year I couldn't do so....I was just exhausted with this chapter....at the last moment of the bio boards some what I got the basic ideas ..... Truely Ma'am you're something...now that I'm a neet aspirant I regret not watching this video the whole year now that I'm watching this video the chapter is so crystal in my mind......Thank you ma'am
Mam aapki jitni taarif karu kam hai.....😢😢.... U re the best mam..... A lot of love & respect i have for u....❤❤ Bipin sharma aapke aage kuchh v nhin hai.....
completed another ch from this playlist. i think this the best playlist for biology you can find on youtube. thank u guru maa for teaching us such an amazing ch 🙏
mam iss lecture me to bahut maja aa gya pura chapter tips pr ho gya ncert line by line rat gyi thankyou mam aap ne mera biotechnology ka fobiya dur kar diya ❤
39:55 but ma'am, kaatne ka aur jodne ka kya logic hai, agar desired gene aur plasmid ek hi bacterium se isolate kiya gaya hai... The plasmid of S.typhimurium ko as it is bhi to E.coli mein transfer kiya ja sakta tha... 43:32 got my answer, ma'am. 😅 Thanks.
I am studying from this series from a month now and i completed human physiology and now i am starting 12th from this chapter, thankyou so much mam it would be impossible without you to come here this far! Although i am watching all lectures recorded obviously but now i can feel a connection with you mam! ❤
@abhijitdeb6202 if you are at zero than I will suggest you ki sankalp sa MD sir ke oneshots dekh lo he will clear all your concepts as you are at zero level. When I was in 12th previous year I gave my boards and biotech maine MD sir sa padha tha so yes I can tell you he will clear your concepts.
@@snehakumari7711 mera actually na chem weak tha to jyada time usme chala gya or mne bio ka tuition bhi nahi le rakha tha Aisa nahi hai ki mne padha nahi padha tha evolution Tak uske baad or nahi padha par abhi biokeloye thoda dar lag raha hai samjh nahi araha hai konsa one shot dekhu kya ap suggest karke denge .
@@snehakumari7711 or upar se jyada time bhi nahi hai ki bijeta series dekhu ya koi playlist dekhu Mera 12 Feb se exam shuru hojayenge kya plz ap bata doge ki baki ka konsa one shot dekhi ekdm zero level se
@@abhijitdeb6202 bio ke baki chapters k lia ncert line by line series sa kar lo biotech bohot conceptual h that's why MD sir sa karne ko bola otherwise baki k chapters mam sa karlo 1 day 1 chapters kar k complete kar lo and boards k lia pyq kar lena bas it will be more then enough and don't worry boards bas sunne m scary h lekin bohot number milte h if you know how to write your answers!
One of the best content on TH-cam so far🎉 Mam your confidence is your strength and it makes your way of teaching far better and gives us clarity about each n every topic.Tq❤
Habibi Mam ne itna acha padhyi itna acha padhyi ki mere atria 🫀cell tut gayi,atrial dna 🧬 C2OH + Chamachh se chamak challo kar d.. Mere dil ke taro ko haseen Nigaho ne chur chur kard Apne mere wo gene nikal li jisme ap hame gyan dali Lakho lakho mein mere jaisa gene kahi nahi milega Hamra dil apki gyan ligase ki madad se tute 💔 dil ko jora lagaya Fir mere brain 🧠 mein microinjection dala Mere nayano ne jab apki awaj suni mein nasne laga,ishe bara aur kya selectable marker hoga dil joro se dhadka ❤ Mere atma 💀 ne us product ko accept kiya Aur ab mein ye gyan bazar mein nahi besunga,dusro ki madd karunga For ther Log phaseeeee🎉
Mam.... It's too much perfect and enough for a aspirant who have not studied a little bit yet ... But you made out as new hope to them... Love you mam ..and very very much thankyou..😊❤......... Qnd also mera ek bhi question galat nhi hua pyqs ka ❤💖🙏
Maa'm, you are simply superb, and so is your teaching style, you make concepts really easy to understand, I just have a small doubt, the origin of replication site is located in the desired gene only , zm I right?
why do we need to cut the desired gene of salmonella typi. if we had to incorporate the gene in the plasmid of salmonella itself kyuki vo to same hi ho gya difference kya hai rdna ya normal plasmid of salmonella dono ke pass gene of interest hai . if i am wrong pls explain this to me
she said fir hamne dusra wala hi salmonella hi liya or uska bacha hua part le liya fir in dono ko jod diya native plasmid hai salmonella se hi gene liya salmonella se hi plasmid liya dono ko jod diya rdna ban gya fir rdna ko host mai dal diya@@notyourbabe314
Phle salmonella se desired gene cut Kiya phir use salmonella ke hi rest plasmid ke saath jod diya agar salmonella ke plasmid me hi jodna tha to cut hi kyu kiya vo desired gene to salmonella me tha direct plasmid nikal k e.coli m insert kr do ye cutting aur ligase ka kaam kyu krna h???
Check NCERT Line by Line (Yakeen NEET Dropper) : physicswallah.onelink.me/ZAZB/sh7kxvyz
1:01:32 - Tools of recombinant DNA technology
1:18:00- Restrictions Endonuclease
2:03:54- Gel Electrophoresis
2:24:49 - cloning vector
2:56:38 - Antibiotic Resistance Gene
Thanks
2:22:31
❤❤
i must say...for me she is probably the best zoology teacher ..i mean i can do all the questions after attending her lecture and whats more than that for a neet aspirant ...believe me...she covers every single line of ncert ...nd when you finish the lecture ..all you have to do is just read the chapter from ncert once again and that too will be really easy to understand...thats all ...then you are ready to grind the whole daymm chapter ...🤟
Sahi kha mujhe b ab mam se pdna psnd h ab kyuki or teacher se smjh nhi aa rha h
@@utkarshachaudhary8337 will my concepts get clear with dis vdo even if I am studying biotech for the first time?
@@yenjeeeyes definitely each n every concept will be cleared 👍
@@singhnirvail3695 thank you✨
Aesa kuchh bhi nahi hai
Everything is temporary but "NADAN PARINDO" is permanent ❤
Yess😊
Kha bola mam ne ??
@@Unknownperson-q7h lecture m
👽NADAN is also palindromic 👽
Yes
Ma'am ki aura hi itni pure and strong hai ki koi ma'am k lectures ko na samjhe bina rahe hi nhi payega 🥰 thank you ma'am, one of your nadan parindos
👍
Mujhe aaj ye realise hua ki mene apse na pdhkr pure saal kitni bdi galti ki 🥲or aaj ye bhi pta lg gya ki apko gurumaa q kha jata hai ❤️❤️ superb explanation hai mam apka 🥰
Same to you yaar 🥲🥲🥲
Me too
Right mujhe bhi laga tha ye accha nhi padhati hongi starting me but literally she is the best nomesh sir mere favourite teacher h but ab ye bhi h balki ye pura ncert based padhati h ekdam line to line kaash maine pehle inse padha hota but koi nhi is saal to mera selection possible nhi h to neet 25 ke liye inse hi padhungi❤
My fav mam ❤
@@shahidalari6299 hnn mene bhi nomesh sir se pdhi pure year wo bhi accha pdhate hai notes bhi acche hai unke pr ye bhi best hai 2025 me agr diya to inhi se revision krungi mai bhi inshallah
5:10 She was ahead of her time she knew NTA(Non Trust Agency) and their work
I have always found Biology teachers hard to follow but Maam changed my perception. Every teacher is good but Maam is the best. Thank you so much ❤😊
10X better than main batch lecture 😅
so true. nomesh sir is so slow. neet dena hai phd nahi krni hame
@@samriddhii14 yaar nomesh sir biotech me kuch jayada hi extra kra rhe h😂
@@gurukikarpa4898 😊😊
Nomesh sir is so boring 😂😂😂 so lazy just looking like a time taking teacher 😅
Yar friends aisa mat bolo ❤
Who save this playlist for neet 2025 😁
Me save this playlist 😁
For complete 3 Times revision
Me also🎉
Me too❤❤
Hmm to
Meeee
Muzhe 5 and half hours lage pure lecture ko Karne mein with writing notes 📝....brilliant lecture 👌 Thanks
Puri ncert brain mai set ho jaayega..just go for it guyss..best lecture💓💓
Aap sabhi log ka 2024 me neet me selection ho jaye 🙏🙏
All the very best for Neet exam to all of you 😊
5:51 lecture start
16:05 Principles of biotechnology
@@Sam2_51 maine pura lecture nhi dekha isilye sorry😭
@@Sam2_51 yes yes totally agreed but mera next day test tha to itna bada lecture was not possible to watch...so i opted for some shorter one shot lecture....but that's for sure ki ma'am bohot hi accha padhati hain
@@Sam2_51 nhi mai abhi 12th me hun...aap?
38:38 everyone being confused about why they cut the plasmid and desired gene if only had to join it again later w the same bacteria, it's because they wanted to experiment that what would happen if we take the desired gene and plasmid from the same bacteria, and the concept of native plasmid was introduced (explained 43:41)
Respected ma'am, thank you for believing in me even when i doubted myself n for making learning fun n exciting n lastly for being an inspiration in my life ❤️
2:38:00 selectable marker
3:21:00
4:40:08
4:45:25 🙂↕️
4:46:47
4:47:39
4:53:31 🫠
4:54:57 total dna vs piece of dna
4:56:51
5:03:06
Believe me she is really Legend of Bio ❤.
38:55 ma'am, can't thank you enough for clearing this doubt...
I've always been confused with the information about which plasmid was used as a vector and the source of desired gene in the first ever recombinant DNA procedure (1972).
Best lecture of this chapter 😊
Enjoyed very much
Thank you ma'am
Thank you PW
Botany + zoology = Akansha mam ❤❤❤
Bacche she is best but yaha abhi vipin sir bhi padha rehe toh Aisa ni bolte hai !!
Botany ke king vipin sir or zoology ke liye akansha ma'am queen 👑 @@Anamyousssss-ws7eh
Dekhte h
One the most best teacher on youtube with kind heart ❤❤
Hnnn that's right 👍
Mjhe ap hi se padhna botany and zoology to kya zoology lectures TH-cam se enough rhenge kya..ap bahut acha pdhati ho ...mene esi biology kbhi nhi pdhi
Yes
Botany maam ne kaha pr pdhaya hai?
@@pkpk9513
etoos pw search kro mil jaega
@@pkpk9513etoos india channel
@@pkpk9513etoos education TH-cam channel , akanksha agrawal mam ka naam daal do mil jayega ...
Mam learning with you just like I am visualising all the topics of ncert it just crystal clear mam I am fall in love with your teaching ❣️😍
Pb322 is at 3:22:00 😂what a coincidence
😂
4:40:24 bookmark
4:44:53
4:50:42
4:56:59
padhle bahen book mark se ghar nahi chalta .
39:00
But mam wouldn't it be easier to take out the whole plasmid instead of taking out the gene and rest of the part separately
3:49:47 start of processes of recombinant dna tech
Bhut video dekhta hu pw ka bhi bhut sir log hai pr Guruma se padna hai bhut maja aata hai
2:34:40
Literally mam I reading all the comments but jitna ho sake utna kam hai apki tareef main ye sabd you one of the best teacher don't know that how can someone choose different teacher and their lecture... I think all should go for your lecture ...
You really gurumaa ❤🎉
I was in grade 12 recently we didn't had a worth bio teacher in school hence I used to wander in youtube for the clearance of this chapter ....Fact : Literally the whole year I tried to understand this chapter but the whole year I couldn't do so....I was just exhausted with this chapter....at the last moment of the bio boards some what I got the basic ideas ..... Truely Ma'am you're something...now that I'm a neet aspirant I regret not watching this video the whole year now that I'm watching this video the chapter is so crystal in my mind......Thank you ma'am
How much did you score in 12th boards?
Mam aapki jitni taarif karu kam hai.....😢😢....
U re the best mam.....
A lot of love & respect i have for u....❤❤
Bipin sharma aapke aage kuchh v nhin hai.....
Vipin sir is for botany she is for zoology, dono apni jagah legend hai
thank uh guru maa done radhe radhe ☺🙏🙏💓💓💓💓❤❤🙏🙏🙏
कोहिनूर ho ma'am aap! 😊🌷✨🫁🫀 Sach koi itnaa aachaa kaise padha sakta hai.. ❤️
Love you, to the infinity Ma'am 🤍
completed another ch from this playlist. i think this the best playlist for biology you can find on youtube. thank u guru maa for teaching us such an amazing ch 🙏
2:37:21 Very Important
Really mam se acha zoology itni clarity se koi nhi padha sakta great explanation by great teacher
Recombinant DNA correct sequence? 2nd last question is wrong, Correct Ans, is D✅
4:28:22 ek difference ye bhi hoga. Ki sparged wala flat hi not curved.
Mam you are awesome i am studying this chapter from the first time and everything went directly inside my head❤
So lucky to get teacher like you mam ❤️💯🫶🏻
Thanks a lot for this amazing lecture 😌☺️
4:37:22
Vivee
Mumbi me bhandara 😂
Best lecture for revision isse achha video TH-cam par nhi available h🔥🔥
Me class 12 board de raha hoon kya me ye 0 level sochke dekh sakta hoon mne kuch nahi padha biotechnology?
@@abhijitdeb6202 ha kar sakte ho boards ki bhi preperation is se
Jo ye chapter phli baar pdh rhe hai
Best lecture hai ye
Sare concepts clear hai❤
Thank you ma'am 💓
Time stamps wale kahan ho!!!!🥲
😂😂
Bs 'mitochondria is the power house of the cell' the defenation learn kr rhe the
Yad hoye ke bad time stamp kr denge 🙄😭😅🤣🤣
Best lecture available...tq mam😍😍😍😍🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼
Thank you so much ma'am ❣️❣️
This is amazing lecture 😍
Love you so much ma'am 💕🥰
❣️❣️😆😆 visit my channel for getting PDF of all subjects notes 📕😆✨✏️✨✏️
Thank you so much ma'am. You and vipin sir have helped me a lot in improving my biology score❤
Q. practice-4:35:29🏆
Thankyou
Completed for Sunday test & ready for neet , thank you mam 💯🙌
Me class 12 board de raha hoon kya me ye 0 level sochke dekh sakta hoon mne kuch nahi padha biotechnology?
@@abhijitdeb6202Yes broo do it is sufficient for both competitive exam and boards
Mam aap super women ho apse main inspire hoti hun apke determination towards your all the works dekhe🙏🙏🙏🙏lots of credit and love mam❤🙏
Best lecture hand's down on this topic on whole youtube no one explained this chapter flawlessly like mam , really guruma❤❤
Exercise question-7 ( shake flask)
Answer:- Shake flask- is used for small scale production
Thank you ma'am 🙏🙏🙏🙏 nice lecture 😊👍🏻
📗📚🤓all subjects notes with pdf chahiye visit my yt channel ✌️⭐✨❣️
mam iss lecture me to bahut maja aa gya
pura chapter tips pr ho gya ncert line by line rat gyi
thankyou mam
aap ne mera biotechnology ka fobiya dur kar diya ❤
love from gujarati medium
Thanku mam so much mam ...I have successfully done full lecture with notes and pyqs ....❤🎉
39:55 but ma'am, kaatne ka aur jodne ka kya logic hai, agar desired gene aur plasmid ek hi bacterium se isolate kiya gaya hai... The plasmid of S.typhimurium ko as it is bhi to E.coli mein transfer kiya ja sakta tha...
43:32 got my answer, ma'am. 😅 Thanks.
I have same doubt but mam ne kaha samjhaya mujhe samjh nhi aaya
Ma'am ap PW pr zoology nhi pdhaoge kya
Mam aapse padh kr hum sb 360/360 laake rahenge..... thank you guru maa❤🎉
Mam plz pw mein kisi batch mein zoology padhaiye full course...
❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤
✌️all subjects pdf notes ke liye visit my yt channel 😎📚
Check my TH-cam channel for ncert line by line
2x pe hi dekhne me mja aata hai 😅
Ok bye
Same 🙌🙌
Thank you Ma'am, finally completed ❤
Best teacher for zoology ❤
5:07:40 amazing lecture ❤❤
You are a great teacher 💕💕💞💞💝💝
😊 visit my channel for all subjects pdf notes 💫⭐✨
for me she is the best biology teacher ....😊
Guru ma maza hi agya asa lgta h first attempt me nikl lunga love u guru ma ❤
I am studying from this series from a month now and i completed human physiology and now i am starting 12th from this chapter, thankyou so much mam it would be impossible without you to come here this far! Although i am watching all lectures recorded obviously but now i can feel a connection with you mam! ❤
Me class 12 board de raha hoon kya me ye 0 level sochke dekh sakta hoon mne kuch nahi padha biotechnology?
@abhijitdeb6202 if you are at zero than I will suggest you ki sankalp sa MD sir ke oneshots dekh lo he will clear all your concepts as you are at zero level. When I was in 12th previous year I gave my boards and biotech maine MD sir sa padha tha so yes I can tell you he will clear your concepts.
@@snehakumari7711 mera actually na chem weak tha to jyada time usme chala gya or mne bio ka tuition bhi nahi le rakha tha Aisa nahi hai ki mne padha nahi padha tha evolution Tak uske baad or nahi padha par abhi biokeloye thoda dar lag raha hai samjh nahi araha hai konsa one shot dekhu kya ap suggest karke denge .
@@snehakumari7711 or upar se jyada time bhi nahi hai ki bijeta series dekhu ya koi playlist dekhu Mera 12 Feb se exam shuru hojayenge kya plz ap bata doge ki baki ka konsa one shot dekhi ekdm zero level se
@@abhijitdeb6202 bio ke baki chapters k lia ncert line by line series sa kar lo biotech bohot conceptual h that's why MD sir sa karne ko bola otherwise baki k chapters mam sa karlo 1 day 1 chapters kar k complete kar lo and boards k lia pyq kar lena bas it will be more then enough and don't worry boards bas sunne m scary h lekin bohot number milte h if you know how to write your answers!
Jst like Mero to Girdhar Gopal dusro na koi,
Mine: Meri to bio m Akansha Ma'am, dusro na koi😛
Akanksha Mam just ❤❤❤❤ NCERT explain 💥💯🔥
THANK YOU SO MUCH MAM💙💙💙💙💙💙💙💙💙💙💙
Thank u do much mam..
Aapne mera salmonella Typhimurium wala doubt clear kar diya .. Aap bahut achcha padhate ho
Unbelievable koi itne kam time me itna achha or itna clear kaise pdha skta hai thnku so much mam.....
Mam is really all rounder, she explain whole chapter very nicely😊
Thanku you mam😊
akaksha mam ka main zyda details main nhi jao ge ,, Aur vipin sir tararara 😊😊😊😍
2:16:50 but anode is always -ve in chemistry!! Then how it can be +ve heree???
Are pagaal❤😂😂
Anode ek positive electrode hai jaha negative chize attract hoti h isi vajah se dna jo ki negative hai vo anode ki taraf attract hota hai
Crystal clear mam thank you so much ❤❤❤❤
3:19:17 ...pBR322
Mam aapse acha itni clarity se koi nhi padhaya you are great😊😊😊
Sabse best guru maa 🙏🙏🙏🙏
Maam op lecture❤
Very much useful thank you mam lots of love and respect 🙏🙏🙏
Excellent lecture 👌
I have completed my whole biology from u only mamm... You are Genius mam 😊
Crystal clear 💎💎 thank you so much mam❤❤
This is the best lecture you can watch for biotechnology
Awesome🔥🔥🔥🔥
Amazing lecture mam...!!! Thank you mam...!!!👍👍👍👍👍👍
1:15:46 mam that is RNase
One of the best content on TH-cam so far🎉 Mam your confidence is your strength and it makes your way of teaching far better and gives us clarity about each n every topic.Tq❤
Habibi Mam ne itna acha padhyi itna acha padhyi ki mere atria 🫀cell tut gayi,atrial dna 🧬 C2OH + Chamachh se chamak challo kar d..
Mere dil ke taro ko haseen Nigaho ne chur chur kard
Apne mere wo gene nikal li jisme ap hame gyan dali
Lakho lakho mein mere jaisa gene kahi nahi milega
Hamra dil apki gyan ligase ki madad se tute 💔 dil ko jora lagaya
Fir mere brain 🧠 mein microinjection dala
Mere nayano ne jab apki awaj suni mein nasne laga,ishe bara aur kya selectable marker hoga dil joro se dhadka ❤
Mere atma 💀 ne us product ko accept kiya
Aur ab mein ye gyan bazar mein nahi besunga,dusro ki madd karunga For ther Log phaseeeee🎉
2:03:58 yaha se krna hai
19:18 hamari book mein genotype diya h
Zindagi se yahi Gila hai mujhe,madam ye lecture bahut der se mila hai mujhe🤧
Wah bhai moj kardi😂😂
Ty pw team, ty mam for this v. V. Vvvvvvvv nice series this helps me really lots❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤😊🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻
Mam.... It's too much perfect and enough for a aspirant who have not studied a little bit yet ... But you made out as new hope to them... Love you mam ..and very very much thankyou..😊❤......... Qnd also mera ek bhi question galat nhi hua pyqs ka ❤💖🙏
Is this for class 12 also
Maa'm, you are simply superb, and so is your teaching style, you make concepts really easy to understand, I just have a small doubt, the origin of replication site is located in the desired gene only , zm I right?
Pehle ku na mile tum....😢
Same situation 😢😢
Same here
Tum nhi aap show some respect
@@allrounder6671 exactly 🫶
Show some respect
why do we need to cut the desired gene of salmonella typi. if we had to incorporate the gene in the plasmid of salmonella itself kyuki vo to same hi ho gya difference kya hai rdna ya normal plasmid of salmonella dono ke pass gene of interest hai . if i am wrong pls explain this to me
No we’re cutting the desired gene from salmonella and inserting it in e.coli as it doesn’t have gene of interest.
but see what mam had said plasmid of salmonella@@notyourbabe314
she said fir hamne dusra wala hi salmonella hi liya or uska bacha hua part le liya fir in dono ko jod diya native plasmid hai salmonella se hi gene liya salmonella se hi plasmid liya dono ko jod diya rdna ban gya fir rdna ko host mai dal diya@@notyourbabe314
@@vikassrivastava2544 ok thank u
Phle salmonella se desired gene cut Kiya phir use salmonella ke hi rest plasmid ke saath jod diya agar salmonella ke plasmid me hi jodna tha to cut hi kyu kiya vo desired gene to salmonella me tha direct plasmid nikal k e.coli m insert kr do ye cutting aur ligase ka kaam kyu krna h???