Why making chips is so hard
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 24 มี.ค. 2021
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From sand to silicon, the semiconductor industry is one of the most complex in the world. In this video I break down the most important players, trends and technologies from ISAs all the way to fabrication and packaging.
The Story Behind - episode 74
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Music by Edemski: / edemski
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Kai Fu Lee's photo by SheilaShang, TSMC photo by Briáxis F. Mendes (孟必思),
CC BY-SA 4.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/..., via Wikimedia Commons - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
A few more details and updates:
- At 10:49 I said the EUV light bounces through lenses and mirrors. This is not fully accurate, they only use mirrors for this light since lenses actually absorb it. Lenses are used for the lasers that create the plasma at the earlier stage.
- Just a day or two ago Intel announced a big revamp to their fab business where they will basically adopt the Samsung model and let others use their fabs to make chips too. I didn't have time to update this video for the news, but will talk more about it in my next video on my second channel. Subscribe if you haven't already: th-cam.com/users/thefridaycheckout
where is the link for the video you mentioned?
9:54 Litography -> Lithography
Thanks for your adjustments about it
Can u make a video on which machinery required for making fav foundry n their working process .
TA, this gives more motivation for China to invade Taiwan and my prediction is that they could mount an invasion by 2025. TSMC would be one of the spoils of war that they would be happy to pick up.
his reaserch work is really good
he isn't just narrating the points from an article like others do
Insanely good.
I definitely couldn't make the same quality of research he does even when having double his time
I don't know about you, but I have found some youtubers to also put in atleast equal if not better effort into research.
Lemmino, Vsauce, polymatter are all excellent youtubers too whose videos are also extremely informative and fun to watch.
@@gurubhaktmohit yeah... youtube doesn't miss an opportunity to recommend similar channels......lol
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The research is not hard, but where did he get the cool animation of laser striking liquid tin droplet to turn it into plasma?
I work for a US based semiconductor equipment manufacturer. Business is booming! The increase in demand for chips has us building tools at a record pace! Great time to be in the chip industry!
Which semiconductor company do you reckon I should invest in?
@@mwanafalsafa3613 LRCX, AMAT, KLAC and ASML just off the top of my head.
I work in a US semiconductor fab and YES business is booming! its hard to keep up tho
If US-based semiconductor equipment manufacturing is booming then why do I keep hearing constant complaining that moving chip manufacturing to the US would be almost impossible?
@@arnox4554 I can't really speak to that point with much knowledge, but I do know the most advanced chip makers are asian based (TSMC and Samsung), thus resulting in the most advanced chips being made over there. I think there are plans from intel and TSMC to expand their american manufacturing, so hopefully more american made equipment ends up staying in america.
You are one of the most underrated creators on this platform. Keep it up!
Indeed!
Thanks, happy you like the content!
I mean, he does have over 500K Subs. His content still amazing tho.
Absolutely! Some of the best educational/information content on youtube... When I see so many stupid videos getting over a million views very quickly and this has only 18.000 so far, it shows how little the masses care about educating themselves despite having such top level contents for free
I fully agree with you, this guy is among the best
Love how you're moving away from phone companies. I really want to watch anything about tech, watching the same type of tech gets boring after a while.
He's not moving, just diversifying
@@azerool8288
Correct
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that's why other tech channels cant really go deep like this. It requires a lot of understanding and knowledge. And as he himself (techalatar) was once work in Oppo factory, he really understood well how the tech industry worked.
I love hearing about Apple’s M1 Chip and M2 Chip as well. Pretty awesome.
Wait a minute I didn't even realize when u started the sponsor message so smooth. Awsm video.
Then watch friday chekout it is even smoother there.
@@vikastripathi1 I do but maybe it's the screen that makes it obvious idk
I don't think anyone could've done this better in a video under 30 minutes, and this was a deeper dive than most of your other videos. GREAT work!
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Thanks for watching...
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Extremely quality content, no stupid ads all over. I don't understand why doesn't this blow up, it's been long at this point!
Are u from Surat?
@@parshaddesai9607 no
Because he doesnt get money from the ads you don't want to see.
(unless I missed it) he never asks people to like share and subscribe. This small task is what helps other channels to grow. Even on this current video, as of now over 92k views but only 9k likes? That's less then 10%., I imagine that most of the ppl that watch this channel aren't subscribed either.
people saying making chips is hard:
me knowing i just need potatoes, olive oil and salt:
genius
@@awesomestuff9715 i know, i know, no need to praise me guys
@@magicl3o brooo, you just made the discovery of the century, GENIUSSSSS
Yes. This. Yes.
Vegetable oil is the secret
Being an electronics engineer, I'm so happy watching these kinda content. Way more informative than ppt slides reading teachers🙏
your scripting/narration is just fascinating
I swear I feel smarter when I watch your videos😂
You do?! It has the opposite effect on me, I feel like I'm a complete idiot, since there's soooo much more to learn! :P
@@Seskoi it's not something that you pickup immediately
i've watched too much of this stuff to the point where I'd be an idiot if I don't understand anything 🤣
(I mean, when I see these engineers building the lithography machines, I'm asking myself what am I doing with my simple life? :P )
Let's take a moment to appreciate the amount of research this has put into explaining such a vast subject within 16 minutes.
Incredible! You covered the whole topic effortlessly, while managing to give just the right amount of details needed. It's very technical, yet simplified enough for an ordinary audience. The best part is how you also explained it's impact on geopolitics and world economies.
Thank you for the video.
T.h.a.n.k.s. f.o.r. w.a.t.c.h.i.n.g.
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I work as a contractor in Fab 42 (Chandler, Arizona USA), this should be interesting
Hope it doesn't disappoint! :D
@@TechAltar it was great! I think Lithography is spelled with a 'th' (we have the Litho team here) but wow.... the pricing on some of those ASML Tools.... suddenly getting a new perspective on how expensive just a single bay is. I'm just a super low level contractor carrying FOUPs around when automation fails, so lots to learn, but I've also learned a lot. Always fun to see people using stock footage of Intel fab stuff. (but I think most of it wasn't intel in this video, I didn't recognize the bay structure and OHVs) Amazing overview, thank you!
@@JJRicks Do you happen to know around the beginning of the video why they were smashing what looked like completed wafers in one of the fabs he was talking about? They were shattering into thousands of pieces and I am assuming maybe it has to do with them not coming out correctly or maybe this is a step I don't know?
@@TheOnlyDamien From what I remember, those are stress tests with test wafers to make sure the actual valuable wafers don't shatter in shipping
@@JJRicks That's super cool, thank you!
TechAltar is one of those channels that makes you wanna brag you've been watching years ago. Well guess what, i've been watching TechAltar for years. Love it dude, keep making this awsome and super informative videos!
so have I 😎
This is such high quality for something free. This is amazing.
Great video! I recently did a deep dive into the semiconductors industry and still learned a few things here. The presentation, the level of detail and the comprehensiveness of this video are top notch. And I had this audiobook for a while in my library, but will now finally listen to it thanks to you. Keep up the great work!
The thumbnail has the energy off “To make an apple pie from scratch, you first need to create the universe”
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Thanks for watching...
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@@herberlteddie6004 uhh what?
@@herberlteddie6004 what are you saying, fake tech altar?
I've been trying to find a lot of this information for a while now it is really difficult to find so having you consolidated all of it in a video is much appreciated
Few months back I tried to understand how this chip manufacturing works and found that there was not a lot of videos about it in youtube. This video fills that gap. Great job
I love this channel. It's so out of my field but the exposition is close to perfect so I end up learning a lot
T.h.a.n.k.s. f.o.r. w.a.t.c.h.i.n.g.
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Fantastically researched video with a really interesting overview of the industry that doesn't get talked about much. :)
Your videos are always fun and educational. I can feel your deep curiosity and passion about tech companies. What I like is you aren't only discussing the science behind these tech, but also link them to the business aspect. Looking forward to watch future videos!
Glad to hear!
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man, you really take your time to publish videos but they are spot on, very enjoyable, and the production quality is excellent. keep up the good work!
You are one of the most underrated creators on this platform. Keep it up
Thanks for watching...
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That thing of the artificial UV Light is MINDBLOWING!!
packing a high quality content about the nerdy topic into a short video like this is incredible work Man👏👏👏
This is probably the best and most concise video on topic covering much of the semiconductor industry.
One of your best videos so far, brilliant stuff.
"Insanely complex" is quite fitting, jesus.
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I've been calling chip manufactures "Foundries" I guess "Fabs" is the new nomenclature.
It's telling that TSMC's booth at DAC (Design Automation Conference) is probably 10x larger then Intel's booth.
At the end of the day Intel,Tsmc and Samsung are either their own or companies of their colony states. Hence, at the end of the day true power belongs to the USA
@@makisekurisu4674 Ya... but we got to get our U.S. asses moving again and bite the "higher price bullet" for domestic fabrication. Even with the most robust automation, we're looking at about 35%+
@@stijill But that's the price you pay for controlling the world.
From the looks of it the USA might led to its own demise in the future.
@@makisekurisu4674 Do I move to Canada then?
@@stijill Yeah that's a heaven!
Sir, you have done a fabulous job. And I couldn't even find your name to thank you. Previously I was so confused about the chip industry that I couldnt wrap my mind around it. You definitively have decluttered much of this industry that I could understand most, if not all of it. Please keep up the fantastic work.
One of the best videos ever made on the inner workings of semiconductor industry. Amazing !
Great video!
It would be nice to see more about these machines ASML makes.
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ASML has a channel here, with lots of videos
@@sgbench The ASML website has nice overview of past and present principles & processes as well
Just to avoid confusion for anyone concerned, lithography is a crucial part of the fabrication process itself. The fabrication process includes many processes like lithography, etching, doping, etc.
Wow, this is by far the best I’ve seen om the subject. Kudos!
Watching on M1, where I just got Windows on ARM to work! It's so nerdy and awesome!
Yes , it's a very very small universe on a chip .Like that sf universe from 'man in black ' with will smith 😀
There is so much to learn from the comments section of this, thanks everyone for contributing
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I love those quick dives into knowledge pits... I'm informed on tech news but this video got me learning new informations ! First time commenting on your channel and I'm glad :) thx
Excellent as always. I always wait with so much eagerness to watch your Story Behind series. Thank you
As someone working in the Si industry, I am really impressed by the amount of research you have done to create this video.
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Fun fact: ASML once hit a tech bottle neck on their next gen EUV, and the problem was solved by a National Taiwan University professor.
Dutch & Taiwanese helping each other out to dominated the global market. Pretty cool.
I love the academical and business purpose of your video about tech. You indeed improve my understanding about tech industry each and every week 👍. Shout out from Malaysia! 🇲🇾
One of the best and most comprehensive video on this topic. Thanks for making it!
My dude, this is one of the smoothest transition to sponsors i've ever seen, so good that i realize it was a propaganda by half of it xD.
Might be an interesting bit of info: a good portion of post-fabrication inspection equipment is produced in Budapest, Hungary by Semilab, pretty much in the same building that once was a popular nighclub of the city, Barba Negra Music Club. In fact the wall decorations of Barba Negra are still visible on the building walls.
Wow. Excellent video. It did put things into perspective and did actually explain a lot of things I was struggling to understand, even thought I've tried to research them a few times.
Terrific video. As always, a pleasure to watch!
So, we now have an open standard for ISAs in RISC-V, but we also need an open standard in chip fabrication so that more groups can start manufacturing chips.
True, but even with an open standard for fabrication, the complexity is so great that a fabricator must build the human capital skills to use these complex machines to produce chips at a very high rate of quality. The minimum qualification for these human beings is a PhD in Physics or Chemistry just to get started.
u always hav da most interesting tech + business topic discussions dat no other utuber covers
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Wow!! Such a high quality and detailed researched video!! Very much appreciated!!
This video needs way more recognition. Great job
I freaking love this video, amazing job you've done here
Thanks for your comment.
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This is such a detailed video about the technology and economics behind chips. Chips that used by us multiple times a day and we don't even think about it.
Really love your content man. Kurvára nagyon jó.
Great coverage! Thank you for putting the efforts for us to enjoy!
@6:24 you say Tensorflow, which is their ML software library. I guess you meant TPU (Tensor Processing Unit)? Great video!
Yeah, I meant to say that they made a custom design for their Tensorflow software to run on. Happy you liked it!
@@TechAltar It's not just for TensorFlow, other machine learning frameworks like Jax or Pytorch are also able to run on TPUs.
I read the caption before the thumbnail loaded, I really thought of potato 🥔 chips😂😂😂
Fascinating overview of microelectronics industry, thanks!
Incredible wrap-up
No questions left unanswered
Thank you
I hoped you would have touched the fact that Moore's "Law" is about to end. Due to a proper physical barrier.
Do you think that once we hit that barrier (what could it be? 2nm?) competitors could have the time to catch up with TSMC? Is that feasible/reasonable?
Do you have any hope that the bleeding edge monopoly could end along with Moore's Law?
EDIT: grammar
It was said many times and never turned out right. Even if we hit physical barriers there are probably still plenty of ways to innovate further.
The bottleneck of the instruction set, while being the least significant now, is probably the most significant for the future.
At the end of the day, you don't care about instruction sets, chip design, silicone fabs etc., you care about owning a device, that you can open a game, and when you press f you pay respect.
The instruction set is the mediator between the code a developer writes and the product a user has. Every dev environment that is "platform agnostic" has an f ton of libraries underneath it that have many different, very platform specific, implementations. It's enough for one of those libraries to not work for the whole software to break(see: how removing leftpad from NPM broke half the internet for a day).
So you can make a super fast, super efficient, super cheap processor technology, powered entirely by potato juice and RGB lights, and even being able of making it compatible with ARMv8 and X86-64 - and still, if Intel+AMD and ARM decide not to sell you a license, we are SOL. Every single piece of software would need to be rewritten into your new assembly language, including every single dependency it has, before it would be able to run on RGB-potato chips.
This is why moving to ARM instead of an open platform might be a really bad idea the longer run - we will go through the struggle once, just to go through it again once ARM decides to stop playing nicely.
I was under the impression that ARM was an open standard. 😕
@@chrisray9653 No they're open as long as you play nice with them. You can only freely tweak the instruction set with risc-v without requiring any license.
This isn't 100% true, because a good 95% of real code is fairly platform independent, being written in either C or some higher level language. As long as you can get a major compiler to support your architecture, such as gcc or clang/llvm (note that both of these are open source projects), it should be a fairly simple endeavor to port Linux to that processor. Will there be a significant amount of platform dependent code that needs to be rewritten, yes even in userspace applications; however, to say that if you cannot get an x86 or ARM license, the technology is DOA is a huge overstatement. MIPS and POWER architectures are still fairly widely used in embedded and server applications respectively.
My hot take on why ARM and x86 dominate is the wide variety of binary-only software available for those platforms through Windows, IOS, and Android. If you can recompile the source code, the ISA matters a whole lot less. That won't necessarily make it popular, but it can make it viable.
@@sellicott I was wondering if you can make RISC-V compatible with existing arm supported OS with its benefits like much lower power consumption intact.
Nvidia already uses RISC-v in their GPUS, others are probably using it without our knowledge. You don't even have to give them credit.
This is why I've been subscribed to you ever since you began. Your content is incredibly interesting and so well made. I happened to purchase some stock in TSMC and I love learning more about the industry. Please never stop.
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NXP contractor in Austin this was a very good break down of the semiconductor world. I knew our tools were expensive given the value of our wafers but man I was way out of the ball park on the price. Great video!
If anybody watched Code Lyoko when they were young, I know they imagine Xana taking control of these chip factories and creating a massive AI weapon haha
14:00 a 407% increase makes it actually more than the quintuple
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This is a fantastic report.
At just the right time. Bravo !
I fell in love with this series... Great content and a deep understanding.
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Looks like the Netherlands need to do more about the ASML monopoly.
Well, even if another company licenses the necessary patents from ASML and manages to become capable of producing EUV machines (which alone would take years), every EUV machine requires many high-tech components that are also limited in supply. For example, the mirrors that redirect the EUV light must be manufactured extremely precisely, there is only a single German firm capable of that at the moment and they're unable to supply what ASML demands, so this is a bottleneck in EUV machine production.
They're probably working on increasing production but that can take years.
Monopolies are a funny thing. If you want to get rid of the monopoly, you need other companies capable of filling the market. The other lithography companies (Canon, Nikon, Gigaphoton) can't produce equipment that match the capabilities of ASML systems.
@@Dabiasz yes Asml's machine contains American tools and Japanese and German machine parts
I accidentally read drip industry in the thumbnail
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It's wild to see just how the division of labor runs in the semiconductor industry. It's mind blowing
Best channel and series, keep it up I work in the cellular industry and learn alot from you
I'm pretty sure Frito Lay is also a big player in the chip industry
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Take a shot each time he says "bleeding edge" or "cutting edge"
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Thanks for doing such a great research work for us, keep it up please don't stop
Damn interesting! My first job was in chip design software, so I had an interest and knowledge of all the processes back in the '90s . A LOT has changed since then and I have not kept up as I moved to other industries as I switched jobs.
Thanks for the refresher and update.
We are living in an era where everything is relying on microprocessors.
There's one thing you forgot to discuss about chip design especially the miniature ones: failure's pretty more common as you decrease the size of the chips. Intel couldn't release its 10nm because they couldn't produce a lot of usable chips per wafer, hence, they were struggling for years. They used to be the leader, beating GloFo and TSMC. Because of Intel's complacency at the top, they didn't realize TSMC/AMD was catching up to them and caught them with their pants down. Now, Intel's in the same situation as AMD in its Bulldozer era just a decade ago. Their chips had become hot and inefficient and can't move past 14nm.
I hear Intel's doing major restructuring to get back to the top, unfortunately, at the expense of its other advancements, like its Optane memory. I hope that this would result in better prices and products for the consumer
Modern CPU output that actually passes all tests is around 40%. Not that this is a new thing, Intel's Celeron line was basically created for "broken but good enough" faulty chips by turning off certain parts of the chip like Hyperthreading (which was at the time new , cutting edge, and as might you anticipated by now, finicky to manufacture at first).
phenomenal vid, lots of great info. Nothing dumbed down
Thank you for this info. Id love to hear a more in-depth video on this
I know I'm not first, but hey, I hope you have a good day.
Thanks, you have a great day too :)
yes
Edit:
also first
First you are, congrats.
@@adityaruplaha lol thanks
I didn't know this was so complicated. Great video. Thanks !
Great video, very well explained and I got many doubts clarified. You gained a new subscriber!
is there really still a person who does not know about the existence of RJVX12 algorithm?
Well-crafted, well-written, educational and entertaining.
Deine Videos landen irgendwie nie in meinem Feed und ich bin froh, ab und zu mal auf deinen Kanal zu schauen. Deine Videos sind so gut recherchiert und hochwertig produziert und das alles noch auf englisch - wahnsinnig gut. Danke!
Your videos somehow don't show up in my feed and I'm glad I take a look at your channel from time to time. Your videos are so very well researched and have an overall high production quality - really awesome. Thanks!
Awesome video! I work at global foundries the 300mm fab in east fishkill. Amazing place to work for. I basically maintain the fleet of AMAT PVD ( physical vapor deposition) . We lay very thin layers of whatever conductor is being layered down using plasma to strike a target ( whatever material, copper, aluminum, tantalum.) the fans run 24/7 356 so I work 3 on 4 off 4 on 3 off. 12.5 hr shifts and basically if something happens to any of the tools, we try to fix them. And also performing pm work ( planned maintenance) I a big part of the job, it like doing oil changes( kits and targets) but on multi million dollar machines, and the risk of millions in damage of product of production time..And I love it , have never worked in such a multicultural setting, and loving place. We are all actually looking forward to the transition to ON semiconductors in the up coming years!
I've been in the electronics industry more than 20 years and still I learned a lot of new things in this video that I didn't know. Great job.
Glad to hear!
This is an unbelievably informative and entertaining video that's also relatively concise.
Amazing work!
Thanks for your comment.
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Welcome back!
Good quality as always
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What a great video all throughout!
Your two tech channels produce the most insightfull quality made tech videos l know. I really appreciate the work you put out there for free, very valuable information
Happy to supply you with more! :D
Excellent graphics. A treat to watch.
AWESOME work, keep it up!
Great work. Highly appreciated. Keep it up.
Great video and presentation. Helps us non-tech guys understand without getting too overloaded. Thanks.
wow. this is an amazing production. thank you !!!!!!
Excelent summary, congrats!
This video should get more views, it's awesome!
This is amazing. This is my favorite video of yours.