What is Modern Paganism? - Ronald Hutton

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 16 พ.ย. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 108

  • @JohnGPK
    @JohnGPK หลายเดือนก่อน +48

    I see Prof. Hutton, I click, like, and comment.

  • @TheDailyWitch
    @TheDailyWitch หลายเดือนก่อน +38

    Dr. Hutton is a world treasure!💚

  • @cherylkannemeyer6788
    @cherylkannemeyer6788 หลายเดือนก่อน +33

    This was a fascinating and succinct lecture. Quite beautiful in truth and respect. Thank you Professor Hutton for your intellectual and sensitive account.

  • @inrspc777
    @inrspc777 หลายเดือนก่อน +12

    I love that Dr. Hutton chose to close this lecture by reciting The Charge of the Goddess. ❤

  • @eugenio5774
    @eugenio5774 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    Professor Hutton is an absolute delight to listen to. I loved how respectful he was of paganism as a human expression, and the way he sprinkles witty remarks in his speech is just perfect.

  • @catharinethomas5797
    @catharinethomas5797 หลายเดือนก่อน +12

    His point about the connection between magic and religion, which he has lectured about before, is HIS concept and it's genius.

  • @AndYourLittleDog
    @AndYourLittleDog หลายเดือนก่อน +27

    Behold, the only person on earth capable of mentioning geometry in the opening of his lecture and then proceeding to deliver a brilliant talk that has me riveted to my seat.

  • @williammashtalier479
    @williammashtalier479 หลายเดือนก่อน +19

    Wow! That was beautiful. I am so happy that I get to hear these lectures.

  • @chancefoxhauck475
    @chancefoxhauck475 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

    It made my day that Dr. Hutton mentioned Terry Pratchett as a modern source of pagan inspiration 💖🕯
    Terry Pratchett taught me more about magic than any other author both of fantasy and history. Theories in his books (specifically "Head-ology') are valid psychological approaches to spirituality. That isn't to mention how insightful and funny the portrayals of government and magical order are.

  • @susanjane4784
    @susanjane4784 หลายเดือนก่อน +11

    Brilliant choice to end with a version of The Charge of The Goddess. I add some more poetry... "Once we have allowed ourselves to look into [The Goddess'] open eyes, we can never lose sight of her again. For she faces us in the mirror, and her steps echo each time we place foot to round. Try to leap away, and she will pull you back. You cannot fall away from her-there is nowhere she is not. -Starhawk, “Spiral Dance”

  • @sweetafton5655
    @sweetafton5655 หลายเดือนก่อน +13

    So glad to have found this!

    • @eldraque4556
      @eldraque4556 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      he's the man

  • @Talentedtadpole
    @Talentedtadpole 17 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    Professor Dutton read the Charge of the Goddess so beautifully. That he reversed it shows humility, respect and deep understanding which evades almost all men. Blessings upon him. 🌘

  • @barbararowley6077
    @barbararowley6077 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

    Thank you for another fascinating and enlightening lecture.

  • @rorybaird7920
    @rorybaird7920 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    The prospect of listening to this indices tangible, physical excitement in me.

  • @ladystardust2008
    @ladystardust2008 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

    This lecture is an excellent and comprehensive primer for anyone who is wondering....

  • @jeanettewaverly2590
    @jeanettewaverly2590 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    Hello again, professor! I love your work!

  • @Crinklechip-s
    @Crinklechip-s หลายเดือนก่อน +10

    There might not be any official holy writings but I reckon Doreen Valiente’s ‘Charge Of The Goddess’ is right up there for Witches/Wiccans. A great lecture.

  • @cmcg9035
    @cmcg9035 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    Thank you so much for this.

  • @erpthompsonqueen9130
    @erpthompsonqueen9130 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Thank you. Watching from Alaska.
    🤔

  • @niiwin6595
    @niiwin6595 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Fine Speaking Prof Hutton always a joy to listen 🐰

  • @ruiseartalcorn
    @ruiseartalcorn หลายเดือนก่อน

    Marvellous! As a Pagan Druid/Wiccan, I found this to be a truly wonderful lecture! :)

  • @helmsinepu
    @helmsinepu 4 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Great wide-ranging summary!
    The people who follow ancient Egyptian polytheism retain a lot of the features mentioned in the Western Magical Tradition lecture, such as magic and religion being indistinguishable.
    Many of the pagan/polytheists regard offerings not as sacrifices or supplication, but hospitality. If someone you admired dropped by, you'd offer them something nice. Burn that incense, break out the biscuits and tea.
    Some of the pagan/polytheists are working to build actual theology, using the work of modern Platonist scholars as a starting point. Sometimes they'll work in the idea that the universe is a bit chaotic, so it's not static perfectionism. Maybe part of that's influenced by Pratchett!

  • @throughthewoods416
    @throughthewoods416 หลายเดือนก่อน +28

    First view....don't mind if I do 🥰

    • @808bigisland
      @808bigisland หลายเดือนก่อน

      Good job, thx!

  • @Becky-k4p
    @Becky-k4p 18 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I'm grateful to have these recordings available for free, there are some great lectures and I enjoyed this one, but the constant flitting between camera views and slide full screen is unbearable, it's often impossible to read a slide that has a lot of text on it because of this back and forth. I have to listen as if it's a podcast and ignore the slides. I wish you wouldn't!

  • @rogerlafrance6355
    @rogerlafrance6355 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    A key point I was waiting for was Community. Any common interest bonds people of like mind?

  • @AnnaSibirskaja
    @AnnaSibirskaja หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    I'm into spirits 🥂

  • @MoseyOnout
    @MoseyOnout หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    It's nice that the College is able to provide him with a can to speak into. I wonder if it's a human or pet food can.

  • @Bu-bo-Bu-bo
    @Bu-bo-Bu-bo 25 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    I'm surprised he didn't develop more Norse Paganism (for instance) and, especially its link with its "blood-land" believes, and the way it's used and fueled by far right. I see a lot of people online interested by Pagan "polytheism".

    • @Talentedtadpole
      @Talentedtadpole 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Important point. Perhaps being a corruption of paganism and more in the satanic and vein of will, force and yt supremacy it is more of a side note. I agree with Professor Dutton that those qualities are incompatible with paganism.

  • @bealtainecottage
    @bealtainecottage วันที่ผ่านมา

    A beautiful ending spoken by a beautiful man.

  • @willmosse3684
    @willmosse3684 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    I am surprised that you say that Wicca, Druidism and Shamanism are the three main branches of modern paganism today. They were quite prevalent in the public consciousness when I was growing up in England in the 80s and 90s (Wicca and Druidism anyway, I was less aware of Shamanism). But I don’t see much of them today. I see a lot more about Norse/Germanic and Celtic Neo-Paganism now, as well as Graeco-Roman Neo-Paganism from Southern Europeans. But maybe that is just because I am interested in the academic study of pre-Christian European religion, so those Neo-Paganisms show up in my web ecosystem?

    • @JariDawnchild
      @JariDawnchild หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Sounds about right. I have to deliberately look for information on things outside my primary interests, since google tends to know me well enough lol.

  • @kaloarepo288
    @kaloarepo288 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    I have horseshoes every where and recite "White Rabbits" three times the first day of each month!

  • @pudu333
    @pudu333 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Lovely

  • @bayleasark3725
    @bayleasark3725 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Well thought out and delivered as usual. Thank you 🦋

  • @delphinidin
    @delphinidin 8 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I'm sharing a link for this on my FB page, so my parents, who have just learned that I'm pagan, have an opportunity to educate themselves... lol

  • @peterzoeftig2513
    @peterzoeftig2513 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Wondering about the position of Asatru and modern heathenry in this summary of modern paganism.

    • @mistythemischievous2013
      @mistythemischievous2013 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Heathenry fits pretty comfortably into this description of modern paganism.

  • @PRAR1966
    @PRAR1966 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    🙂

  • @chrstopherblighton-sande2981
    @chrstopherblighton-sande2981 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    So I've heard but never really been interested in a division within the pagan community between those that self-refer as pagan and those that self-refer as polytheist. However after listening to this lecture - which was absolutely wonderful by the way - I find it hard to relate to paganism as depicted. I 'practice' revived Roman religion (practice isn't really a good word) and worship the gods (and my departed family members and ancestors) in ways that have been recorded by the romans themselves, with obvious adaptations for the fact I live in modern society that has learned a thing or two over the past 2000 years.
    My religion doesn't define my identity at all, indeed it emerges from my identity as a latin southern European. I don't view it as a faith, nor as a method of self actualisation nor is it initiatory in any way. I don't practice ceremonial magic of any kind, though I have the odd amulet here and there. I simply worship the gods (whom in an animistic way, I view as being present in, or who simply are, the living phenomena of life and the world around me, that sustain my life) with sacrifices, prayers and oaths, I observe festivals and other important times such as the Kalends, Nones and Ides of the month which like those of any religion give a contour to the weeks and months of the year.
    As I don't see my religion as separate to the rest of my life or constituting a distinct identity, I don't feel the need for religious community - my community is the wider community in which I live my life. It would however be great to have shrines/temples to visit as there now are a few in Italy for example.
    One element shared with what Ronald Hutton described in paganism however, is that I don't see the gods as the source of morality, or as being hugely interested in the affairs or interests of human beings. But of course there is plenty of classical literature written by ancient pagans, that do indeed touch on issues of ethics which I enjoy exploring and which do shape my ethical and philosophical views, but these are not religious doctrine or dogma.
    I should also stress that I'm not trying to recreate ancient roman society and life - nor do I dress up in togas etc, I'm just a modern 21st century man whose animistic/polytheistic beliefs, are expressed through ancient roman religion which is culturally very relevant and indeed all around us.

    • @Talentedtadpole
      @Talentedtadpole 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Bit of a patriarchy problem with that, though, which is the problem of the hour and thus we must shift out of it or perish.

  • @ubergeraldine
    @ubergeraldine หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great talk as ever by Professor Hutton. The roots of paganism in antiquity stem from a traceable and visible cosmological event thanks to new methods used in Los Alamos plasma labs pioneered by Anthony Pratt, plasma scientist. The story is taken up by mythologists, scientist and linguists working within the Thunderbolts group and extends from studying the actual forms of high density plasma created by sky events and their effects on Earth including cataclysm, great geological changes at rapid pace and 1000 years or so of spectacular visuals recorded globally as petroglyphs, giving rise to verbal records and the veneration of gods, mysterious landscapes, giant trees, mountains etc full of fascinating and bizarre inhabitants.'Paganism" or the memory of what created it is inherent in us. The immature and adolescent practices "railing" agains the Christian norms are misguided in that they are both from the same root. While Saturn was the old Sun (much attested in ancient Mesopotamia etc) the Son or new Sun, Jesus and other young solar deities replace him. The actual planet Saturn was displaced and "exiled" to his position now. That is another event to be explained which Isak Velikovsky and others have done admirably. The fall out of these ancient events is everywhere with common threads if you look. Indian, Norse, Middle Eastern, Chinese, meso American, Central European, Aboriginal, African myth all contain the same elements and the Aboriginals of Kimberly will tell you that "Wandijna" - the petroglyph which vaguely resembles an owl's face was not a creature but a source of power. The power was gamma radiation and highly impactful electromagnetic.

  • @samanthaperrin6567
    @samanthaperrin6567 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    i will join the cult of Sir David Attenborough.
    we would also do one for Dr Ronald Hutton.

    • @egyptomaniac6453
      @egyptomaniac6453 หลายเดือนก่อน

      When Dr. Hutton will be 70 days dead I will add his name to my ancestor shrine for sure - I remember my teachers and role models there as well as family members. ... though I sure hope that this occasion is still far off in the future!

  • @Ithirahad
    @Ithirahad หลายเดือนก่อน

    'Good' religions bring people together, reinforcing a sense of community and shared identity/experience. Too much of modern paganism, at least as I've observed it from a distance, is extremely self-centred and often errs toward superficiality. But I might guess that before communal spirituality can blossom, society itself would have to reintegrate into proper communities on its own. One can dream... :P Also, it's possible that the lack of rules and taboos, and the general alignment with inclusivity culture, means there is currently no mechanism to *reject* the really superficial TikTok characters, or to be able to call anything "wrong" and create boundaries.

  • @vjc2270
    @vjc2270 7 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I would 100% join The Cult of Sir David Attenborough.

  • @hdysicjegk
    @hdysicjegk หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Is this conflating new age spirituality and modern paganism a bit too much? Or do you see them as the same thing? Golden Dawn vs someone who believes in healing crystals, for example, seem so far apart that it is reductive to see them as a single phenomenon.

    • @JariDawnchild
      @JariDawnchild หลายเดือนก่อน

      Warning, this is longer than I had initially intended lol.
      Not really. New age spirituality did kind-of spring up in a way from a blending of modern paganism and science. As a pagan who's interested in the sciences, I can see the connections new age teachers and practitioners in general are trying to make. Imo, I think most of them sort-of suck at it (sorry), and it leaves too much room for unscrupulous folks to sneak in thought-stopping techniques in place of genuine self-reflection, reliance on a central cult-figure within a particular community in place of teaching self-trust and -reliance.
      I haven't seen too many new age communities changing their doctrines, ideologies, teachings, etc to keep up with the latest scientific knowledge, either, tbh. Many of them seem to be stuck at least a decade back that way as far as science goes.
      Tbf, there may well be new age groups/communities that keep pace with half of their source material, and there are more likely than not individual practitioners that do. I'm just a 40yo "generic" pagan who hasn't put her nose into any new age communities in ~19-ish years lol.

    • @crushinnihilism
      @crushinnihilism หลายเดือนก่อน

      New age spirituality is modern paganism

    • @Dovahkiin0117
      @Dovahkiin0117 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Look man all I’m sayin is we use crystals in tech to send and receive signals 🤔😅
      🤷‍♂️idk maybe there’s sumthin to that crystal stuff

  • @unit18nate
    @unit18nate 24 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    Dr. Hutton is Merlin. Change my mind....

  • @heathenhammer2344
    @heathenhammer2344 4 วันที่ผ่านมา

    He left out Northern Heathenry

  • @jarrodthorpe253
    @jarrodthorpe253 หลายเดือนก่อน

    very well spoken- but does anyone believe in these higher gods anymore?

    • @mistythemischievous2013
      @mistythemischievous2013 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Yes. Going off the census data, the percent of modern pagans in the West is usually between 1%-5% of the population. They're also a rapidly growing faith. For example, in Iceland, the pagan population (mostly Norse Pagan) was 0.20% in 2000 and 1.31% in 2020.

  • @flintliddon
    @flintliddon หลายเดือนก่อน

    It’s a return to gods which have already been defeated once before.

    • @dayofthejackyl
      @dayofthejackyl หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Obviously they were never “defeated”. The followers of Yahoo are just very murderous people.

    • @mistythemischievous2013
      @mistythemischievous2013 หลายเดือนก่อน

      The fact they are still being followed means they were never truly or fully defeated.

    • @flintliddon
      @flintliddon หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@mistythemischievous2013 are you sure? Even so, they have been reduced to the status of the Lucky Charms,s Leprechaun.

    • @kenofken9458
      @kenofken9458 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@flintliddon Then why are Christian apologists so worried about them.
      See that's the thing. They swear up and down that modern Paganism isn't real. Just a bunch of silly people LARPing in the woods in cheap cloaks.
      But yet they dedicate hundreds of thousands of hours and endless energy trying to defeat it. Nobody puts that kind of work into fighting harmless LARPing.

    • @rodriguezmystic
      @rodriguezmystic 2 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Is that inherently a bad or wrong thing though? I think defeated is an interesting choice of word too, I understand it on one level obviously, we can refer to the old religions as dying, but I think about some deities and how long they were worshipped for, some people could say they have been sleeping for a while but waking up again now. The goddess Isis is very popular with some modern Pagans. She was worshipped continuously for around 2.500 to 3000 years (longer than Christianity has existed) and has been worshipped again now in the modern day and for the last 100 years or so. We could put a spin on this and say some of these old Gods are so potent that they endured despite the official ending of their cults (not to mention the fact that so many continued to be spoken of in literature). Just some thoughts, I'm not criticising or attacking, just to be clear.

  • @TimothyRice-p1r
    @TimothyRice-p1r หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    I am a bit confounded, bemused and disappointed by the ignorance and dismissal of Satanism and Luciferianism at the end of this lecture. While I understand and accept that ignorance about Satanism and Luciferianism is widespread in non-academic society, I would expect an academic like Ronald Hutton to do some homework before making sweeping dismissals like this.
    1. There are a variety of Satanic organizations, most prominently the Church of Satan, along with the Temple of Set and the Satanic Temple. Two of these are atheistic, using Satan as a symbol of rebellion and self-empowerment, rather than regarding Satan as a real supernatural entity. On the other hand, while Satanism does cover a variety of theistic takes amongst individuals and smaller covens, these tend to not be interested in the Christian devil, but again just use Satan as a label for an almost animistic force of primordial darkness and chaos, similar to Schopenhauer's "will to live".
    2. Meanwhile, Luciferianism is in fact a type of Paganism, drawing on the symbolism of the Roman figure of Lucifer the Morning Star, along with the Greek analogues Hesperus and Phospherus. Although many Luciferians may have some appreciation for Satanic aesthetics, they are inclined to not identify themselves as Satanists. In the Luciferian mind, Lucifer is an ambiguous but friendly guide, and Luciferians tend to have a more scholarly and less edgy approach to magic and mysticism.
    No one who has put ten minutes of study into Satanism in the last thirty years could seriously spout these outdated dismissals with a straight face. It seems that Hutton is more interested in protecting his pet religion from a boogieman than true scholarship on non-Christian worldviews.

    • @annodomini7250
      @annodomini7250 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Poor you, your personal belief system side lined.

    • @TimothyRice-p1r
      @TimothyRice-p1r หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@annodomini7250 It's not really my personal belief system. More just something I'm interested in and sympathetic to.
      It is annoying when a purported academic gets basic facts wrong in their own field. Do you think it's okay for scholars of religion to tell lies about other religions because they want to shore up approval for their favorites?
      Do you have anything substantial to say, or are you just here to get off on being mean for no reason?

    • @lwhitaker4054
      @lwhitaker4054 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      One would conclude..as the lecture is on modern pagan relegion....Satan/ Lucifer...find their roots in Christianity...and Judaism...each a separate religion on their own...and are not relevant to the topic. Just my opinion.

    • @TimothyRice-p1r
      @TimothyRice-p1r หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@lwhitaker4054 Satan != Lucifer. Lucifer is pagan. Like I said, it's okay for you to be ignorant if you're not an academic. My issue is with Ronald Hutton strongly asserting things that are not true.
      If Satan and/or Lucifer are not relevant, why did he even feel the need to mention them? Yet, he did, and so here we are :/

    • @lwhitaker4054
      @lwhitaker4054 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      @@TimothyRice-p1r Your assumption I am ignorant on the topic and am not an academic is erroneous. Moving on.

  • @evelynstarshine8561
    @evelynstarshine8561 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This was an interesting lecture, however, tot discussing how much modern pagan traditions, especially Wicca, take from Hindu and other Indian practices and traditions, as well as Indigenous Ameridian closed practices and traditions, while claim and rewriting them with false ancient/medieval origins, only discussing that aspect with the Shamanists, misrepresents them and discredits much of the good in this lecture.

  • @Śiśna3633
    @Śiśna3633 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Is Hinduism Paganist?

    • @NigelJackson
      @NigelJackson หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      No.

    • @willmosse3684
      @willmosse3684 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      I would say yes. It is directly related to pre-Christian European religions, which is what the word “pagan” really refers to. They both originate in Proto-Indo-European religion from the Western Eurasian Steppe in Ukraine and Southern Russia 5 - 6,000 years ago, though mixed with other traditions it came into contact with along the way, and evolved over thousands of years. Some might say it is not pagan because Hindus believe in one god, with the many gods being different emanations of the one. But this was likely the case in many European paganisms too.

    • @monolith94
      @monolith94 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Yes

    • @NigelJackson
      @NigelJackson หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      @@monolith94 No because Sanatan Dharma is not polytheistic in the way neo-pagans think. It is founded upon the universal monism of Vedanta...all the devatas are forms of Brahman, of the non-dual One. Having said that, I think this same metaphysical understanding underlay the ancient religions of the palaeo-pagans.

    • @JariDawnchild
      @JariDawnchild หลายเดือนก่อน

      No. Generally, Paganism refers to attempts at reviving pre-Christian religions. Religions like Hinduism, Shinto, Buddhism, and several others I can't remember off the top of my head (insert general nod to the indigenous cultures around the world that are in danger of becoming the next full-throated addition to Paganism here, I hope that doesn't happen) have living cultural roots stretching back for longer than Christianity has been a thing and thus by their nature are not any kind of Paganism.

  • @indigenousnorwegianeuropa4145
    @indigenousnorwegianeuropa4145 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Prayer to Thor for Strength
    Thunder rolls, lightning strikes,
    And the hammer flies across the sky.
    God of the weather, chariot of the storm,
    Master of rain and torrents,
    Son of the strength of Mother Earth,
    I ask you to grant me that strength for myself.
    You who are so great that you cannot walk
    Across the Rainbow Bridge without breaking it,
    You whose tree is the mighty oak,
    O Thunor, grant me that unending sturdiness.
    Let me not break beneath the blows of misfortune.
    Keep me from being crushed when the powerful
    Stomp their large feet on the smaller ones below.
    You who are the guardian of the common man,
    You who care for the farmers and workers,
    Look upon me here in this place where I am
    Only one of many, and protect my steps.
    Make me resilient and mighty as your own arm,
    Make me unbreakable, you who are Friend of Man.
    I ask for one small percentage of the vigor
    Of the right arm of the Thunderer,
    That I might brave the tempest
    And stand firm in the gales.
    Thunder rolls, lightning strikes,
    And the hammer flies across the sky.

    • @gagaH78226
      @gagaH78226 หลายเดือนก่อน

      So Mote It Be 🎃 Thank you 🍂

  • @808bigisland
    @808bigisland หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    It’s all a bit different. I don’t think he found the right descriptive angle.

  • @paulukjames7799
    @paulukjames7799 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great talk but too many ads and too long

    • @Kneenibble
      @Kneenibble วันที่ผ่านมา

      So pay for Premium, deadbeat

  • @TheOwlman
    @TheOwlman หลายเดือนก่อน

    40:22 Returning to their roots in no way negates their artifice, unless you imagine that there is a religion that isn't made by people, and I would be fascinated to know which of the thousands it is.

  • @stevenbrown6277
    @stevenbrown6277 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    All of these beliefs are just people wanting to believe in something (anything!) supernatural. Quite dull compared to actual science.

    • @dayofthejackyl
      @dayofthejackyl หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Science and paganism are not mutually exclusive

    • @ladystardust2008
      @ladystardust2008 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      @@stevenbrown6277 science is magic

    • @rodriguezmystic
      @rodriguezmystic 2 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Try telling that to the many modern Pagans who ARE scientists lol Ritual, magic, spiritual ecstasy and direct personal first hand experiences of psychic abilities, spirits, Gods and the existence of other realms tend to make life more enriching and exciting.

  • @serenityphawx
    @serenityphawx หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thanks for another insightful and captivating lecture!