When I was in high school I saw that Zietgeist movie and I became convinced Christianity was nonsense. It wouldn't be until later that I would discover that the movie used information put together by people about a hundred years ago trying to dismantle Christianity, and was quickly dismissed by the scholars when they realized it was all lies. I looked into it and realized the lies, just think of how many people didn't bother to fact check it and still believe the lies it says?
Depends what one means when they say “Christianity”. Early messianic Palestinian followers of Jesus...not so much. But, really it’s not a question without a doubt that afterwards gentile Christianity most certainly borrowed from the mystery religions. Best to hear this from a non biased speaker.
2 Pe 3:9 "The Lord is not slow in keeping his promise, as some understand slowness. Instead he's patient with you, not wanting anyone to perish, but everyone to come to repentance." One caveat about Peter or whoever penned this very confused and messy verse: Peter, unlike, Paul does not say that all he is saying, is what Jesus was telling him to say. So, how did he know that Jesus said that he did not want anyone to perish? But suppose there is an almighty NT god who wanted to save all people, who or what prevented IT from wanting very badly to love and save all people? To Peter, even his god, saving all people is only possible if first of all repent. So, to Peter, his god wants to save all, only if all first off repent. To me, that's devil's work. For his got or IT doesn't say to whom all of us should repent. I assume that the scribes mean to say-when they talk about necessity for all of us to repent even before 'knowing' and believing in a NT god- to repent to rabbis and priests. And after you bare your 'soul' to a man, this man can then utterly control and forever keep you in a fear! It used to be a very successful scam, but not any longer against most of us. [Caveat about Paul?: He actually did not say that all he wrote in his seven books came from Jesus. On occasion he gave his own advice to believers]. 1
Corde Edmonds @28:13 anyone see this ghost when he started speaking the sermon on the mount I've been in film production, that's a hard sell on back lighting of a distant figure 😬 Walking the aisle
Does Mike Licona recognize that all earliest Christians writings were written in Greek? Why does he talk about practices of Hebrew speaking Jews as if they were equally applicable to the Greek speaking Jews?
Because whether they speak Hebrew or Greek, the disciples were Jewish at the core of their beliefs. The language is just a way of communicating their beliefs to a gentile nation.
@@BigVK19 You forgot the part that says they(the disciples) were spread out to gentiles nations where they had to then get greek converts like Timothy, Apollo e.t.c who also became christians.
The supposed savior of souls of Christians, was just the most recent savior-myth story. Example as follows, from the book, and please note how Chrishna was spelled, before the Christians came up with the word Christ, and how the Hindus then changed the spelling of their supposed savior to "Krishna." The World’s Sixteen Crucified Saviors … Christianity before Christ, by Kersey Graves … first published in 1875. and finally these twenty Jesus Christs (accepting their character for the name) laid the foundation for the salvation of the world, and ascended back to heaven. 1. Chrishna of Hindostan. 2. Budha Sakia of India. 3. Salivahana of Bermuda 4. Zulis, or Zhule, also Osiris and Orus, of Egypt. 5. Odin of the Scandinavians. 6. Crite of Chaldea. 7. Zoroaster and Mithra of Persia. 8. Baal and Taut, “the only Begotten of God,” of Phenicia. 9. Indra of Thibet. 10. Bali of Afghanistan. 11. Jao of Nepaul. 12. Wittoa of the Bilingonese. 13. Thammuz of Syria. 14. Atys of Phrygia. 15. Xamolxis of Thrace. 16. Zoar of the Bonzes. 17. Adad of Assyria. 18. Deva Tat,aud Sammonocadam of Siam. 19. Alcides of Thebes. 20. Mikado of the Sintoos. 21. Beddru of Japan. 22. Hesus or Eros, and Bremrillah, of the Druids. 23. Thor, son of Odin, of the Gauls. 24. Cadmus of Greece. 25. Hil and Feta of the Mandaites. 26. Gentaut and Quexalcote of Mexico. 27. Universal Monarch of the Sibyls. 28. Ischy of the Island of Formosa. 29. Divine teacher of Plato. 30. Holy One of xaca. 31. Fohi and Tien of China. 32. Adonis, son of the virgin Io of Greece. 33. Ision and Quirinus of Rome. 34. Prometheus of Caucasus. 35. Mohammud, or Mahomet, of Arabia. These have all received divine honors, have nearly all been worshiped as Gods, or sons of Gods; were mostly incarnated as Christs, Saviors, Messiahs, or Mediators; not a few of them were reputedly born of virgins; some of them filling a character almost identical with that ascribed by the Christian’s bible to Jesus Christ; many of them like him, are reported crucified; and all of them, taken together, furnish a prototype and parallel for nearly every important incident and wonder-inciting miracle, doctrine and precept recorded in the New Testament, of the Christian’s Savior. Surely, with so many Saviors the world cannot, or should not, be lost.
Good that true accounts always preceded swaths of myths laden epilogs across God's great events like Jerusalem destruction as paid historians. Greeks or yavanas had Military settlers in Indian temple towns interspersed with Mythical gods as old Buddhist beliefs both around Millennial starting periods including Bluish baked figurines if not prevalent from Egypt to East?! Compelling to unravel St Thomas remains could be taken to Greek's province thanks to the rulers then..
@@uiPublic Myths were not meant to be mentally regarded as being true. It's natural that humans fight and kill each other, but it's a pity that they were and are so ignorant as to suggest that a mythical creator was behind the nasty plans.
Gondephorus too was despatched from then Greek's expanses from Egypt to East as a Saviour for the world's if Bacteria remnants for a historical exposure to Myths and Suzerainty evolved in times if not Taxila emerged Eastern centre of learning's with Modern numerals..
- even if yes still do not matter - less or more except Buddhism all religions is similar //also from pagans religions (there is the some God do this or not do this) - main point they have Jesus how it is _ the Croats //some long time not all// Croats are also atheists agnostic what ever //they deliberately chose president without religion //how can be that possible I do not known - but some of them doing a fine _ there are some Christmas in Bosnia but Croatian nobody are afraid most folk congratulate them couple days latter are Christmas but Serbian a hell in country ??????????????? - peoples think is this some wild party what is that for Christmas - is in reality happens have reach lot news _ Croats invite neighbors nothing happens all happy Serbs for them is time of war _ depend what it mean for some religion and some croats doing in reality fine - fest of love Christmas _ and the Serbs want something to say to me - is not needed you can not made miracles like Croats religion is religion of love not hate - that is why you can not made almost no miracle in whole religion - while croats day in day out made still miracles and lot
Romans 1:18-25 "For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness; 19 Because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them. 20 For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse: 21 Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened. 22 Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools, 23 And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things. 24 Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies between themselves: 25 Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen."
Notice how mythology is funny as long as it’s not part of your Holy Book! Story about Baal is funny , but a talking snake and a talking donkey is not so funny, am I right?
+Melvin Carter Sorry Sir, I hope I didn't offend you. I must have been overcome by a bad spirit. Yes I believe without question that nothing is impossible for God. If God wants a Donkey to deliver a message, that will be possible for God. God uses many many ways and means to deliver messages, and for different reasons. He even used JW's to reveal His Son Jesus's true nature to me. I use to believe that Jesus was the Son of the God of the old Testament. Now I know Jesus is the God of the old testament. As strange as that is. The JW.s don't believe this. But as I said, God revealed this by study with the above.
+Melvin Carter Numbers 22;28 The donkey was given the power to talk, and complained to the Angel about how he was being treated. So it seems that the angel gave the Donkey the power to talk. But we are not told how the donkey managed to see the angel.
+Melvin Carter, Are you from around carlow laoise originally? hope you don't mind me ask. I knew Gordian Carter over there in another life. Another story. But if its you I know, then you will know that this was not the first time animal spoke in the Bible.
There is no one holly bu Jesus.Perhaps there is to much idolatry & paganism in humanity.That is true. But the world of God isn’t paganism. The world of God is life,the light & the only way.Beginning & end.Omega & alpha.Period brothers!
Christianity has been definitely influenced by Pagan religions and also Buddhism. During the time when Christianity was in its infancy, Indian thought and philosophies were popular with Greeks and the Roman Empire. India was the center of all the knowledge in those days and the Greeks learnt a lot from Indian contact, including mathematics, philosophy, astronomy. Paul who was the founder of Christianity, knew about Buddhism, so did Constantinople, because of whom it became a state religion. Christianity is a classical case of cultural cannibalism, which cannibalized the local belief systems wherever it was imposed. It is like a tiger eating a goat, digesting it, taking full nourishment from it and than excreting the bones and what it could not digest! European gods were simply digested by this new Asian faith. The spread of Christianity was not peaceful - it was imposed brutally with heavy handed state machinery. The conquered people were often times massacred or given no choice other than accept it, while publicly denouncing the faith of their ancestors! This cruel game was later perfected by Islam. Also this idea about virgin birth & resurrection makes me sick. Get rid of these superstition and accept Jesus as just an ordinary man like most of us. Nothing special about him.
Dear@@FlyDog79 , I assume you mean you are "still waiting" for Tushar Koli to give some objective evidential support for his assertions. Obviously this is not something that one should hold their breath over. These assertions are very common talking points parroted by many people on the internet and many scholars have throughly addressed them. Be Well, DZ
@@Silverheart1956 I'm not christian but I'm curious. I don't care about the people on the internet talking about it, just give the scholars who claim that to review by myself the information, thank you.
this guy is a joke as to how he puts his argument together...you lose....certainly there is much pagan ideas in some sects of christianity anyone that does not see this is blind...
jack flash perhaps those groups aren't as Christian as they claim ? Anything that is in conflict with 1st century New Testament Christianity is obviously not true Christianity biblically speaking
INTERPRETING .......1st century christianity was pretty conflicted within itself for the most part, a 27 book cannon not till 250 c.e and even then there were many other books being circulated comprised by the fact that it wasn't mass produced and most people couldn't read or write (very different than today)....and the trinity doctrine had to forcibly be implemented at the nicene creed in 325 c.e...as many people called Yeshua a creation of the CREATOR....even today the pagan christmas and easter, wedding ceremonies, just to name a few, o yea and the SUNday day of worship.... so after all of this time there is not a certain doctrine for christianity......even though judaism is more that twice as old they have ONE book and worship on the same day as they always have....
interpreting...i can give evidence about all that i said but do you need all of it? this is not new news, but what specifically do you want me to provide evidence for
jack flash evidence that 1st century Christians created Jesus from pagan myths. Evidence that 1st century Christians were MOSTLY conflicted in their beliefs. Most of what you said had nothing to do with 1st century New Testament Christianity :)
Proverbs 23:9 King James Version (KJV)
9 Speak not in the ears of a fool: for he will despise the wisdom of thy words.
When I was in high school I saw that Zietgeist movie and I became convinced Christianity was nonsense. It wouldn't be until later that I would discover that the movie used information put together by people about a hundred years ago trying to dismantle Christianity, and was quickly dismissed by the scholars when they realized it was all lies. I looked into it and realized the lies, just think of how many people didn't bother to fact check it and still believe the lies it says?
Sorry it wasn’t lies the only scholars claiming it was a lie are the Christian scholars so of course their gonna claim it’s a lie.
Dig and delve sounds fantastic!! L'Abri is also another great place for asking questions,highly recommend
Wow. Licona delivers a remarkable speech highlighting the probability that the Jesus story parallels other Greco/Roman myths. How odd is that?
Love the Barak Obama example. That really drives it home.
Depends what one means when they say “Christianity”. Early messianic Palestinian followers of Jesus...not so much. But, really it’s not a question without a doubt that afterwards gentile Christianity most certainly borrowed from the mystery religions. Best to hear this from a non biased speaker.
Kevin Borge well good luck finding one
@Trevor Seath triggered much?
@Trevor Seath exactly.
2 Pe 3:9 "The Lord is not slow in keeping his promise, as some understand slowness. Instead he's patient with you, not wanting anyone to perish, but everyone to come to repentance." One caveat about Peter or whoever penned this very confused and messy verse: Peter, unlike, Paul does not say that all he is saying, is what Jesus was telling him to say. So, how did he know that Jesus said that he did not want anyone to perish? But suppose there is an almighty NT god who wanted to save all people, who or what prevented IT from wanting very badly to love and save all people? To Peter, even his god, saving all people is only possible if first of all repent. So, to Peter, his god wants to save all, only if all first off repent. To me, that's devil's work. For his got or IT doesn't say to whom all of us should repent. I assume that the scribes mean to say-when they talk about necessity for all of us to repent even before 'knowing' and believing in a NT god- to repent to rabbis and priests. And after you bare your 'soul' to a man, this man can then utterly control and forever keep you in a fear! It used to be a very successful scam, but not any longer against most of us. [Caveat about Paul?: He actually did not say that all he wrote in his seven books came from Jesus. On occasion he gave his own advice to believers].
1
Corde Edmonds
@28:13 anyone see this ghost when he started speaking the sermon on the mount I've been in film production, that's a hard sell on back lighting of a distant figure 😬
Walking the aisle
The whole minute leading up to it is eerie @27:30 is good to get a feel... The dead rise! Who you gunna call!? Jesus!!
This video been up 10 months and nobody caught this?! Yall on top of it
Oooooooo yes! Just seen that! 😳😳😳😳😳
People never did "borrow" myths from other religions. They stole them, and morphed them into their own supposed versions of more and more myths.
Does Mike Licona recognize that all earliest Christians writings were written in Greek? Why does he talk about practices of Hebrew speaking Jews as if they were equally applicable to the Greek speaking Jews?
Because whether they speak Hebrew or Greek, the disciples were Jewish at the core of their beliefs. The language is just a way of communicating their beliefs to a gentile nation.
tivmego, but a language also shows a familiarity with Greek customs and Greek beliefs too. Hence, orthodox Jews of the time refused Hellenization.
@@BigVK19
You forgot the part that says they(the disciples) were spread out to gentiles nations where they had to then get greek converts like Timothy, Apollo e.t.c who also became christians.
There is no doubt that at least some of the disciples (like Jesus, himself) spoke koine Greek
@@tivmego no it’s because like all apologetics licona is lying and dishonest as heck.
They most certainly copied from everyone who came prior
Well, did you watch the video? Kind of an embarrassing comment given how that claim gets completely dismantled in the video.
The supposed savior of souls of Christians, was just the most recent savior-myth story. Example as follows, from the book, and please note how Chrishna was spelled, before the Christians came up with the word Christ, and how the Hindus then changed the spelling of their supposed savior to "Krishna."
The World’s Sixteen Crucified Saviors … Christianity before Christ, by Kersey Graves … first published in 1875.
and finally these twenty Jesus Christs (accepting their character for the name) laid the foundation for the salvation of the world, and ascended back to heaven.
1. Chrishna of Hindostan.
2. Budha Sakia of India.
3. Salivahana of Bermuda
4. Zulis, or Zhule, also Osiris and Orus, of Egypt.
5. Odin of the Scandinavians.
6. Crite of Chaldea.
7. Zoroaster and Mithra of Persia.
8. Baal and Taut, “the only Begotten of God,” of Phenicia.
9. Indra of Thibet.
10. Bali of Afghanistan.
11. Jao of Nepaul.
12. Wittoa of the Bilingonese.
13. Thammuz of Syria.
14. Atys of Phrygia.
15. Xamolxis of Thrace.
16. Zoar of the Bonzes.
17. Adad of Assyria.
18. Deva Tat,aud Sammonocadam of Siam.
19. Alcides of Thebes.
20. Mikado of the Sintoos.
21. Beddru of Japan.
22. Hesus or Eros, and Bremrillah, of the Druids.
23. Thor, son of Odin, of the Gauls.
24. Cadmus of Greece.
25. Hil and Feta of the Mandaites.
26. Gentaut and Quexalcote of Mexico.
27. Universal Monarch of the Sibyls.
28. Ischy of the Island of Formosa.
29. Divine teacher of Plato.
30. Holy One of xaca.
31. Fohi and Tien of China.
32. Adonis, son of the virgin Io of Greece.
33. Ision and Quirinus of Rome.
34. Prometheus of Caucasus.
35. Mohammud, or Mahomet, of Arabia.
These have all received divine honors, have nearly all been worshiped as Gods, or sons of Gods; were mostly incarnated as Christs, Saviors, Messiahs, or Mediators; not a few of them were reputedly born of virgins; some of them filling a character almost identical with that ascribed by the Christian’s bible to Jesus Christ; many of them like him, are reported crucified; and all of them, taken together, furnish a prototype and parallel for nearly every important incident and wonder-inciting miracle, doctrine and precept recorded in the New Testament, of the Christian’s Savior. Surely, with so many Saviors the world cannot, or should not, be lost.
Good that true accounts always preceded swaths of myths laden epilogs across God's great events like Jerusalem destruction as paid historians. Greeks or yavanas had Military settlers in Indian temple towns interspersed with Mythical gods as old Buddhist beliefs both around Millennial starting periods including Bluish baked figurines if not prevalent from Egypt to East?! Compelling to unravel St Thomas remains could be taken to Greek's province thanks to the rulers then..
@@uiPublic Myths were not meant to be mentally regarded as being true.
It's natural that humans fight and kill each other, but it's a pity that they were and are so ignorant as to suggest that a mythical creator was behind the nasty plans.
Gondephorus too was despatched from then Greek's expanses from Egypt to East as a Saviour for the world's if Bacteria remnants for a historical exposure to Myths and Suzerainty evolved in times if not Taxila emerged Eastern centre of learning's with Modern numerals..
@@uiPublic What you posted, is all Greek to me.
- even if yes still do not matter
- less or more except Buddhism all religions is similar //also from pagans religions
(there is the some God do this or not do this)
- main point they have Jesus how it is
_
the Croats //some long time not all// Croats are also atheists agnostic what ever //they deliberately chose president without religion //how can be that possible I do not known
- but some of them doing a fine
_
there are some Christmas in Bosnia but Croatian nobody are afraid most folk congratulate them
couple days latter are Christmas but Serbian a hell in country ???????????????
- peoples think is this some wild party what is that for Christmas
- is in reality happens have reach lot news
_
Croats invite neighbors nothing happens all happy
Serbs for them is time of war
_
depend what it mean for some religion and some croats doing in reality fine
- fest of love Christmas
_
and the Serbs want something to say to me
- is not needed you can not made miracles like Croats religion is religion of love not hate
- that is why you can not made almost no miracle in whole religion
- while croats day in day out made still miracles and lot
Is that the janitor from Scrubs?
Romans 1:18-25 "For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness;
19 Because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them.
20 For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse:
21 Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened.
22 Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,
23 And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things.
24 Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies between themselves:
25 Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen."
Paul the guy who never meet "Iesous" tells us stories based on Paul.
Notice how mythology is funny as long as it’s not part of your Holy Book! Story about Baal is funny , but a talking snake and a talking donkey is not so funny, am I right?
Faith is the least reliable way to 'know' something. By faith, you can accept anything as true.
+Melvin Carter Did the Donkey really talk. Or did God or one of His angels do a voice over?
And how come Donkeys never spoke again?
+Melvin Carter Sorry Sir, I hope I didn't offend you.
I must have been overcome by a bad spirit.
Yes I believe without question that nothing is impossible for God.
If God wants a Donkey to deliver a message, that will be possible for God.
God uses many many ways and means to deliver messages, and for different reasons.
He even used JW's to reveal His Son Jesus's true nature to me.
I use to believe that Jesus was the Son of the God of the old Testament. Now I know Jesus is the God of the old testament. As strange as that is. The JW.s don't believe this. But as I said, God revealed this by study with the above.
+Melvin Carter Numbers 22;28
The donkey was given the power to talk, and complained to the Angel about how he was being treated.
So it seems that the angel gave the Donkey the power to talk.
But we are not told how the donkey managed to see the angel.
+Melvin Carter, Are you from around carlow laoise originally?
hope you don't mind me ask.
I knew Gordian Carter over there in another life. Another story.
But if its you I know, then you will know that this was not the first time animal spoke in the Bible.
There is no one holly bu Jesus.Perhaps there is to much idolatry & paganism in humanity.That is true.
But the world of God isn’t paganism.
The world of God is life,the light & the only way.Beginning & end.Omega & alpha.Period brothers!
No you’re god was absolutely and so obviously made up by man.
boooooo ...con-man
Christianity has been definitely influenced by Pagan religions and also Buddhism. During the time when Christianity was in its infancy, Indian thought and philosophies were popular with Greeks and the Roman Empire. India was the center of all the knowledge in those days and the Greeks learnt a lot from Indian contact, including mathematics, philosophy, astronomy. Paul who was the founder of Christianity, knew about Buddhism, so did Constantinople, because of whom it became a state religion.
Christianity is a classical case of cultural cannibalism, which cannibalized the local belief systems wherever it was imposed. It is like a tiger eating a goat, digesting it, taking full nourishment from it and than excreting the bones and what it could not digest! European gods were simply digested by this new Asian faith. The spread of Christianity was not peaceful - it was imposed brutally with heavy handed state machinery. The conquered people were often times massacred or given no choice other than accept it, while publicly denouncing the faith of their ancestors! This cruel game was later perfected by Islam.
Also this idea about virgin birth & resurrection makes me sick. Get rid of these superstition and accept Jesus as just an ordinary man like most of us. Nothing special about him.
Interesting assertions, Can you give any objective evidential support for your assertions ?
DZ
@@Silverheart1956 we’re still waiting.
Dear@@FlyDog79 ,
I assume you mean you are "still waiting" for Tushar Koli to give some objective evidential support for his assertions. Obviously this is not something that one should hold their breath over.
These assertions are very common talking points parroted by many people on the internet and many scholars have throughly addressed them.
Be Well,
DZ
@@Silverheart1956 yep, it’s what I meant. I’m used to drive-bys like that tho.
@@Silverheart1956 I'm not christian but I'm curious. I don't care about the people on the internet talking about it, just give the scholars who claim that to review by myself the information, thank you.
i kind of like this guy.....but bart e. would eat him for breakfast
here ya go.
th-cam.com/video/qP7RrCfDkO4/w-d-xo.html
jack flash Bart was not sure about that
sheldon.....ha ha maybe....but i don't think so, bart is usually point on....
Good work . I thank you for doing this .
That's ok, just make sure he vomits him back up by tea time. God knows the weather is bad enough.
this guy is a joke as to how he puts his argument together...you lose....certainly there is much pagan ideas in some sects of christianity anyone that does not see this is blind...
jack flash perhaps those groups aren't as Christian as they claim ?
Anything that is in conflict with 1st century New Testament Christianity is obviously not true Christianity biblically speaking
INTERPRETING .......1st century christianity was pretty conflicted within itself for the most part, a 27 book cannon not till 250 c.e and even then there were many other books being circulated comprised by the fact that it wasn't mass produced and most people couldn't read or write (very different than today)....and the trinity doctrine had to forcibly be implemented at the nicene creed in 325 c.e...as many people called Yeshua a creation of the CREATOR....even today the pagan christmas and easter, wedding ceremonies, just to name a few, o yea and the SUNday day of worship.... so after all of this time there is not a certain doctrine for christianity......even though judaism is more that twice as old they have ONE book and worship on the same day as they always have....
jack flash evidence ?
interpreting...i can give evidence about all that i said but do you need all of it? this is not new news, but what specifically do you want me to provide evidence for
jack flash evidence that 1st century Christians created Jesus from pagan myths.
Evidence that 1st century Christians were MOSTLY conflicted in their beliefs.
Most of what you said had nothing to do with 1st century New Testament Christianity :)
children of israel did, jesus was not sent to the gentiles. any gentiles claiming jesus, are making false claims since he rejected all gentiles.