Hybrid Bass Reflex Transmission Line T-box... Great guy designed this for me nearly a decade & a half ago! Hats off to you Pete!! Most underrated audio enthusiast on the internet.
Holy balls I've never been so hosed down by engineering info about sub boxes. Usually, its some dude tripping over his words, dropping tools while trying to hold the shaky camera, putting together whatever will make the windows explode quickest. Badass vid!
The most unique speaker box design I’ve ever seen was actually a dual 18” pro audio subwoofer enclosure. It was essentially a 6th order bandpass with 3 separate chambers, one for the back of each driver, and the third for the front of both drivers, which were facing each other in the back. The middle chamber was tuned much higher, and used a strange port/horn hybrid design that opened to the front center of the enclosure. The two side chambers had large ports on either side. I heard 12 of these boxes playing at once at an outdoor festival last summer, and the SPL was absolutely nuts, even from approximately 200 feet (around 60 meters) back! My entire body was vibrating enough to blur my vision, and they seemed to go pretty low (for pro subs, that is.) If anyone’s curious, the manufacturer was D&B Audiotechnik, which is a common name in major music festivals and tours. Their B2 and newer B22 subwoofers use this design, and they might just be my favorite pro subs in production. There are a few diagrams of the box design online.
The Thigpen rotary woofer is the craziest driver I've ever seen personally. I sat through two demos and to this day, have yet to experience anything as noteworthy. Your videos are always great!
OK. I did IASCA back in the 90's, and currently do live sound and production. I understood about 30% of what you were talking about...you are on some next level shit sir. I'm going to go retake physics and see if I can hit 50% :D
I follow a few different car audio guys here on TH-cam - Soundman, EXO, Five Star, SMD and the like (and they are all great in their own right), but to round all of them out with the engineering point-of-view of HexiBase....nothing else is needed. I didn't understand 90% of what this video talked about, but yet the way it was all explained, the video ended and I felt like I understood all of it. It's weird. I subscribed. My level of understanding is "throw subs in a box and crank that shit to 11." Hexi goes into extreme detail on how you can do much more with much less. How could you not respect that?!
I'm inspired everytime I watch your videos. My brain gets going in all different directions. I come up with wild stuff like the 4th/8th slot port transmission line folded horn x) I really want to do something for my boat. And need to stop kicking around ideas, pick one and just do it.
It's good to have an episode on enclosures that are less well known but I still do not see episodes on some common or not so very common enclosure types that cover a significant part of designs out there. I'm referring of course to transmission lines, (quarter-wave) resonance and, most of all, open baffle.
One of the most interesting enclosures for car audio I’ve had the pleasure to sit in front of quite a few times was 4- JL audio 10’s In isobaric configuration, in a full plexiglass box with plexiglass ports. It was in 1992, it was beautiful, and it was LOUD.
I have built 2 transmission lines. a single 8" and single 10". And thanks to Hexibase for inspiring me to find out how to do a "noob" build and see what they were about. I built the 10" second and nailed it. Best single sub I have ever heard. It is currently is housed in a friends 28x50 polebarn (damn thing is to big for my trunk). Its sitting in the corner facing away from it in the front. And this thing just gets down. Even when 200 feet past the garage at his firepit. you think someone in a suv with serious power is on the other side of his garage. I hope to try a 6.5 tapped horn in the future.
I miss watching your old build vlogs in the wood shed outback and everyday life vlogs from like 4 years ago. Will they ever be made public again ? Perty plz - lots of love from Denmark 🇩🇰
HexiBase , Very glad to hear. I’ll be watching every single video with great interest. Also, a guy in the comments, mentioned an idea about you reacting to some extreme builds. Such as Brazilian treme treme and Russian builds and so on, would loooove to see reaction vids and brief explanations of such an subject. Just my 2 cents (:
Wow this popped up in my TH-cam feed , and this is my new favorite channel, I love learning about exotic enclosures designs , keep up the great work, I also have been building subs since 1994 was my fist serious build in which I did a 4th order bandpass with 6 15 inch Orion xtr2 , hit a 151.6 dB with a 1000 watts, and I was hooked ever since 👍🏻
Holy crap! Similar story and time period here too! Below is a cut and paste of what I added to FREDDIE ROSS' question above. I still remember pedalling a bicycle at least 15 miles in 1993 to Star Car Audio in Brick NJ to see the Orion demo Astro van. Six XTR 15's powered by three of their longest amplifiers. First time in my life a system rattled my teeth and made my tshirt flap around. The side door and windows were wide open too. I was only on the step of the sliding door. I tried to put 4th order bp in anything big enough after that. The design with the most improved, loud and deep sound turned out to be the first 4th order I built for two gray coned, red lettered, inverted dustcap Rockford Fosgate Series 1 ten inch speakers. We put a 0.5 inch red panel in the center to see the subs inside. Snow, Run DMC, Aerosmith and MC Hammer (it was like 1992) destroyed my best friend's room with only a Yamaha 60Watt receiver! We sold it to a guy in HS and installed a stereo around it (red 1987 Nissan 240SX). The other best was a coffin sized 4th order for two Earthquake 15 inch CPDS for his room. Top Gun chimes made the cabinet grade 13ply floors mive through the carpet (his father loved everything quality, smooth, solid, square, and permanent hence sanded void free floor decking. $$$). The third was a somewhat narrow band 4th order for a JBL 1200GTi. Sooo punchy and solid. Flat in car response, buuttt only to like 25Hertz, and only due to loading of smallish liftback car. Darn it. High free air resonant frequencies on those old GTi subs. Hmm. Wonder why? Hahaha! Light stiff cone, and semi compliant suspension. Duh
In 1994 my best friend and I almost put 6 into a Dodge Ram extended cab, but he bought a 1969 Chevelle with Pontiac 400 block and Muncie 4 speed first. Then a used 1992 Ford Thunderbird Supercoupe SC in black metallic. Then a new 1999 Acura 2.2CL. Then a new Honda S2000 in 2000 and it had the recalled rear lower suspension arm which broke while accelerating from a stop light across a Route 9 south intersection causing him to sideswipe a plastic slatted chainlink fence for a Ford dealer. Honda engineers and two guys from Japan actually came to inspect the untouched car at the dealership. They repaired the car to factory new specs and opened the recall. He bought the 19th S2000 in NJ at the time. We installed systems from 1991 until around 1996. So many Pimp my Ride or Gas Monkey fast installs. 3 days or less. Marathons. We took one week to plan, buy material, buy components, maybe build the enclosure, and plot/plan. Then they dropped off the car after school on Friday. Some dudes were friends and we let them hang out. Others wanted to stay and we wanted them dead! IASCA, Car Stereo Review, Car Audio and Electronics. Phoenix Gold, Orion, Rockford, Clarion, Sony, HiFonics, Polk, MB Quart, Alpine, Boston, Image Dynamics, neon, 1 inch acrylic, JL Audio, Zapco, JBL, Infinity, stealth systems, Earthquake, PPI. Those were the times.
Hey Paul M it’s funny I live in Tuckerton nj , I went to my first show at English town nj in 1995 , with my 6 15 inch Orion’s , that’s when I found out it was doing over 150 dB
@@charliefrancis6438 Hell yeah! Shame there is no more actual drag racing there...dB Drags...yes, but no twin turbo LSx motors burning up the track. That setup TOTALLY would do 150dB with stout amplification. That was why my best friend and I wanted to jam them into a Ram truck! I've been to almost every inch of NJ, Highpoint, Cape May, Barnegat, Atlantic City, Atlantic Highlands, Trenton, Freehold, Belmar, Seabright, Jackson, New Egypt...I even used to run in the River2Sea relay race across NJ from Milford to Manasquan Inlet. I can keep typing towns in NJ off the top of my head. My best friend's father used to live in Bayville. My first trip ever on the NJ Parkway (1994) with my new license was down to there in my mom's turbo wagon (Chrysler 2.2l Turbo I only). His uncle was in Silverton and I remember walking past the Silverton Yachts building many times. LBI is only across some water from you. (ok, 2 miles of water!)
I wish dB drag was all over the country again, but I need to travel at least 10 hours to get to a decent show now a days, I am in the middle of a new build using 4 orion 154 hcca and two 8000.1 d in a srt8 dodge magnum , hope I will be done by June
I’m going back to the 90’s and doing a camshell Isobaric small box. I’m over having a huge box in the back of my SUV . Today’s subs have much bigger Surround’s so I’m making the right ring Divider.
Any chance you could go into greater detail about the Home Theater speakers you were talking about with the Dayton classics? I have 1 Dayton classic 8 with 2 8" Dayton passive radiators and I have happy with the output but. 10 Hz though? Thats phenominal. Deserves it's own video. Also excellent videos, keep up the amazing content
And yet someone will think they can get just a little better sound and have to f@ck it all up 😆. Then come back and say "dude i dont know what happened but it sounds like shit" 😆
Hey Sophie! Eons ago when I was just getting into Audio a friend of mine from High School became an engineer for the Palo Verde Nuke plant west of Phoenix. He built a labyrinth partition with an 18" driver from what became Parts Express. I still remember the adds for those massive woofers, at least they were massive for their time. He had a pair of magneplanars on either side of this sub and they were powered by a single Carver Cube, with the sub being powered by a separate Cube. 250 watts per side and 500 watts for the sub. He worked on the sub for a very long time, testing it here and there until he got it tuned just the way he wanted it which coincided with his parents trip to Las Vegas. So he did what any audiophile would do and brought everything out into the living room for a sound test. The result was a picture window exiting the front of the house, and while he was at work I was appointed to watch the house until the glass company came and replaced the front window. After that we brought everything back into his bedroom and fire it up in there, and the bass was incredible. Without any equipment to measure its response we had to guess at what it was by doing the math, but it was supposed to reach down to 20 Hz or so. My guess is he made it very close to the designed parameters.
the speakers that impressed me most so far, were two ~50W exiters stuck to large, ugly ceiting panels, suspended on rubber bands, (along with a few washers for weights, and arcame glyphs) paired with a 20mm softdome tweeter. looked like ass, sounded like love. :D
I'll remember this day when I discovered a channel that was miles ahead of any other when discussing enclosure design. I don't even know what he's talking about half the time!
You still haven't seen anything. Those are just virtual renditions of a few semi-fancy ones he's done. Find the vid where he goes into the effects of the car's shape on the response curve at target listening position.
good info ! this video brings me back to my old days of building Exotic and impressive smaller woofer enclosures. I loved the looks and compliments I got from people hearing 2 6x9 's in a Dual Chambered Tri-Tuned Bass Reflex Enclosure . I had to build it with a plexi face to prove there were no other subs hidden inside.
I made an isobaric clamshell in a bandpass several years ago, using some 10$ DUAL brand subs. Total enclosure size was very small. I built it for kicks and used a cheap plate amp from Dayton, I could barely hear it, however the next door neighbor came running over because she thought there was an earthquake from all the pictures rattling on her walls. I love enclosure design and seeing how speakers respond to different boxes. Specially full range cones like Fostex
As a radio frequency engineer, it blows my mind to see the similarities between my own work with electromagnetic waves and the audio engineering world with sound waves. I might just have to get into speaker design in my free time! Cheers!
I am same as you, and I am playing around with speaker design too. It is amazing that I built a $5k (ballpark value) set of towers on my first go applying my radio frequency physics to a speaker despite criticism from my audio snob friend. Seeing his smile after I nagged him for 3 months to audition them was justice. You will do good work, crossovers are what really make it stand out though
DJ FireStorm it’s crazy that the audio world uses all the same terminology too. I was like “whoa, I know that” when I heard waveguides, transmission lines, etc. I already know the theory, and now there’s even more application!
former energetics, now sound man here... what do you think is compressing the medium?... you'd love to read Kenneth Wheeler's book secrets of magnetism...
I have an idea for a while now about a non electronic speaker amplifier . What if you can make a speaker enclosure with hundreds of Calipari chambers which is able to magnify via cavity resonance every hrtz from bass frequencies ranging from 40hz-100hz low-mid-and high bass. In theory and it practice, you would be able to make a 30 wt speaker and amplify the bass sound to 100 wt,. tho I suspect the treble and high frequency tones would become less audible. Most subwoofer enclosures are made to have a cavity resonance within a 5-15 hz margin, so that means theirs a lot of bass frequency waves not being amplify unless the song you listen to has a very specific constant bass frequency that matches the cavity of the enclosures resonance frequency.
The best I have heard personally was... No (traditional) enclosure at all. Infinite baffle has sounded the best to me, so much so that I will be doing so in my Honda with a CSS SDX15 in the spring. Love the videos man. Cheers.
Awesome info! Guess I have to be the one to ask, but what do you think about the BFM enclosures specifically the titan and tuba series? You seem to have one of the most educated understanding on this topic.
You're very knowledgeable but your use of esoteric language of the trade will alienate a majority of your audience which in turn will prove difficult for your channel to grow. On the other hand, your knowledge will surely attract professional builders and skilled speaker hobbyists and make for an excellent educational source for advanced audio enthusiasts.
He explains each type with a fluid, easy to comprehend chain of reason. It can't get any better. The masses will have to make due with multiple drivers and high power amplifiers. All but two of these designs require large volume and area. Car loading effects must be considered for auto installations. While not a fan of heavy equalization (phase shifts), I am a fan of peaks that can be taken advantage of (cut) to reduce amplifier output and keep the overall system cooler at high output levels.
Very happy to find this channel. Good eye opening info. Been in love with my horns for too long this video inspired me to get back to research. Thanks so much.
I've been pleased with vented clamshell designs the last couple years. Easy to build overall and cover a good range while muting some low emd mechanical artifacts. Good to see your videos Pete!
Well I came here because I was looking to make a ported horn (horn on the front and port off the back as you can simulate on Hornresp). After learning of the 5th order horn, I have to say this seems like an attractive opinion/alternative. Could anyone point me in the direction of more information which compares and contrasts these two designs?? I am really curious about the benefits of porting into the throat and I can't find much information myself.
I took apart a small bose subwoofer and really liked the design and i seen similar on here but i looked the nose design better. I liked the way that Bose combines both sides pressureto get rid of the heavy air pressure that would normally come out on the port.
can you do a small test with the passive radiators - are they actually good or not.. jbl is using them a lot in all of their bluetooth speakers - small and now even quite large ones.
Answering to your question on the 'crazy' enclosure design - my favorite is the 'unity horn' - a horn with multiple time-aligned drivers. I'd love to see a 3d-printable design with some decent common drivers to test it out...
You are seriously awesome man. I love this kind of stuff. Really like the dual 10 4th and 6th design you had going.. Now if you did 2 of those and sent the waves to a central chamber what would that even be?
No, they make subsonic filters to protect equipment. If there is high enough amplitude, intentional information there, then the only waste is not having the equipment to reproduce it to accomplish the intent of the material.
Old school here with my Rockford Fosgate 650 Mosfet using a 7th order box with two 12" Fosgate Punch Pro series SPP-128 subwoofers. Is there a better design I should be using with these two twelves?
i remember in the 90s hearing about a 7th order box . it was a sealed box on the back end with the woofer firing into a much much larger enclosure which had 1 port. they were STUPID LOUD!!! and on surprisingly small amounts of power . the only ones i ever saw or herd were a 1 12 box and another with 1 15 in it. the car with the 1 15 was literately vibrating it to pieces .
The most unusual 🤔 B&W Nautilus 4 way active speakers with tapered closed transmission lines on the back of each individual drive unit. The bass line being so long they curl it up into a snail 🐌 shape at the bottom of the speaker.
I’ve had 2 unique enclosures that were designed by you! My chambered transmission line aka the TBox if I recall correctly and the series tuned aperiodic bass reflex! They both sounded spot on to what I asked for (transparency, articulation and crushing the low frequencies when needed) you’re gonna be getting another request for me soon for my 05 f350 blow through so I’m gonna need some hybrid enclosure topology goodness that no one but you can provide me with!
My God! SUBSCRIBED! I am so happy to have stumbled upon your channel! You are obviously a top Engineer, Audio Engineer, and gifted artist. You explained each type perfectly with articulate reasons for impedance, bandwidth, and loading manipulation for each type. When I get my finances straight I will try my hardest to choose and make one or two of these designs. I will most likely have to build something already designed and thought out using a specific transducer, but it will still be VERY satisfying. Thank you Sir!
The GREATEST mid - priced speakers / monitors were produced in the 70's. Take for example: KEF - Concerto - 1969 - 77 - (it was even available as a DIY kit) - with B 139 bass driver, (arguably one of the best drivers EVER produced) - B110 - mid and T 27 high. External (on the front baffle) upgradable x- over. Will beat LITERALLY ANY current ("new") speaker in that price range. (Today's around $1000 price mark). CELEF - (Now Pro-Ac) - the genius of Stuart Tyler (the designer). CELESTION (no explanation needed)... JBL 4310, 4320, 4325, 4345 = ULTIMATE LEGENDARY SPEAKERS - (Asians are crazy about them)! Acoustic Research, Rogers, B&W, Linn, Quad ESL-57, Spendor BC1, KEF R 105, Yamaha NS 1000, Mission 770, Herbert and MANY MORE, ARE ALL MADE IN 70's. High End: TANOY - Westminster Royal SE - single coaxial 15" driver (cons - comes in the enclosure the size of a wardrobe, but the sound)... Have to be heard to be believed. In the SAME class with Wilson Audio (Alexandra), B & W Nautilus, French Utopia Grande and similar high end speakers: sound - and price wise... IN FACT, at "WHAT HI FI"'s, - Hall of Fame, 7 or 8 out of 10 speakers were made in the '70s. I am NOT saying that today's speakers are bad, but the QUALITY CONTROL, (most current mid priced speakers are made in China) - MATERIALS - (e.g. WHICH company is still using short hair wool for mid chamber damping and long hair natural wool for bass cavity damping like in above mentioned KEF's Concerto)? And many other factors. Today's speakers are paying more attention to aesthetics (which l love) - but there are the laws of physics - so the speaker build by following the "golden ratio" 2-3-4 will ALWAYS sound superior to a slimline - eye pleasing - wife approving factor modern speaker. Now WI FI micro boom boxes run by phones are all the rage... Shame... Most of the young people don't know what they are missing. Good quality sound.
0 the days of vector research , I loved my 0 to 16 ohms house amp pushing two kenwood 13 1/2 inch sub's with 2 tweeters and 2 midrange speakers 3 phases crossover 2 ohm stable stereo speakers.
There is a massive problem in consumer audio... its either mass market crap made to the lowest price point in China or its absurdly expensive made with care. Why? Cause you make more money selling 20 pair a year at 20k or even 50k than a 20k at a thousand a pair. If you want great sound at a price a normal person can afford you have to DIY. This used to be common place and given the internet age, there is no reason not to - other than the difficulty of obtaining drivers.
Hi Peter, I built a spiral speaker box/enclosure a few years ago. The speaker is in the middle of the spiral, which is formed by two baffles bent into the shape of a "Logarithmic spiral" (sort of). As you can probably tell I have no idea what I'm talking about, but I saw the design on the internet I decided to give it a go at building one (see website: www.6moons.com/audioreviews/cornu/cornu.html) NB: not mine by the way, just the source of inspiration for my own project. According to the website these work best in pairs. I only built one because I only had one speaker at the time which I got for free from a friend (not much money to spend LOL). I learnt a lot during the build, and it might just be my personal bias, but I think it sounds pretty good. The speaker was an old 5inch Logitech computer speaker, and the enclosure had 4 ports. The front and back plates were made out of a 12mm thick plywood (left over from house renovations), the baffles were made out of 3mm wall board. I used lamination process (two pieces of 3mm board glued together) to bend the over a jig and left to set/dry, therefor the baffle thickness is 6mm. It was wall mounted with with 10mm thick foam pads in all four corners so that it dose not vibrate against the wall. I can't hear any vibration at all from the speaker. I learned a lot about the importance of the variables such as thickness of the build material, type of material, designing in a way that offers rigidity and eliminates vibration, and the use of gaskets/seals etc. All this stuff is most likely common sense to you, but I really enjoyed this project and the satisfaction of problem solving and building something that I use almost every day. I'm really enjoying your videos, you've sent me down a rabbit hole which I will happily frolic in for some time & hopefully undertake another project in the near future :-D Cheers
Make videos comparing the same woofer in different enclosures in the same car, maybe find a speaker that likes sealed and ported boxes equally so it's not too 1 sided
Hmm.. My thoughts exactly. Even though the typical output of a T-line isn't as loud as a normal ported or bandpass enclosure, it's got a much wider frequency response, more similar to that of a sealed enclosure, but require less power to match the output. I have a pair of home-built bookshelf speakers with a single 6.5" driver, and those can go down to 27 Hz quite easily. Even though the output is low, you can still *hear* the low frequencies being played. I've used a modified T-line style, more like an S+L-shaped port, combined with a larger pressure chamber. It works very well in compact builds, as a standard T-line has to be very long!
Do you have a video of your home speakers with the Dayton audio's? ( The ones that play to 10 htz!) I've been wanting to build a set of home towers for a while now. I'd be interested in seeing that build.
I like horns. I've built a couple - some BFM Tubas and the Tang Band 6.5 tapped horn designed by a fellow whose name escapes me. They benefit from good EQ, but the lack of distortion is really nice!
Lamborghinis are known for having horrible audio. Audio shops are known for just trying to sell me anything. Which has led me down this 1 month long rabbit hole of hertz, ohms ports, etc. At this rate it might take me a year to figure out what exactly to put in the Aventador. Your knowledge is obviously extensive, you should have a website/program where you design someone’s sound system, for a fee obviously.
Series tuned vented. Volume total divided Vb1 twice Vb2. Equal length vents l joining both Vb &Vb2. Enclosure with two tuning frequency set one octave apart. Worked great for low exstension and output on low x-max woofers.
Great episode. I had never considered any of these. Although I have a naturel abhorrence to all things port related (even extending to transmission lines) the design aspects of these topologies I find fascinating. In fact, I never until now thought of the possibility of using the term topology in connection with audio but here this is clearly the case. It opens up the way to the prospective designer of modelling audio designs using discrete (mechanical/electrical) circuit elements. For one thing, I'm sure this will lead to more practical implementations for car or computer audio etc.
I came here hoping to learn something on designing a box and this all went over my head lol
Yeah im in the same boat as you lol
+1 same
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🤯
No,listen him carefully n watch some designs you can tell the difference 😉
Hybrid Bass Reflex Transmission Line T-box... Great guy designed this for me nearly a decade & a half ago! Hats off to you Pete!! Most underrated audio enthusiast on the internet.
Holy balls I've never been so hosed down by engineering info about sub boxes. Usually, its some dude tripping over his words, dropping tools while trying to hold the shaky camera, putting together whatever will make the windows explode quickest. Badass vid!
I wish I could understand everything you say
Me too
I have no idea what I need for calculation.
An accent for sure, but I do understand every single syllable without issue.. hmmmm..
Mee toooooo
It's called "listening " sure you had a problem with that for a long time before the video 😂
The most unique speaker box design I’ve ever seen was actually a dual 18” pro audio subwoofer enclosure. It was essentially a 6th order bandpass with 3 separate chambers, one for the back of each driver, and the third for the front of both drivers, which were facing each other in the back. The middle chamber was tuned much higher, and used a strange port/horn hybrid design that opened to the front center of the enclosure. The two side chambers had large ports on either side. I heard 12 of these boxes playing at once at an outdoor festival last summer, and the SPL was absolutely nuts, even from approximately 200 feet (around 60 meters) back! My entire body was vibrating enough to blur my vision, and they seemed to go pretty low (for pro subs, that is.) If anyone’s curious, the manufacturer was D&B Audiotechnik, which is a common name in major music festivals and tours. Their B2 and newer B22 subwoofers use this design, and they might just be my favorite pro subs in production. There are a few diagrams of the box design online.
The Thigpen rotary woofer is the craziest driver I've ever seen personally. I sat through two demos and to this day, have yet to experience anything as noteworthy. Your videos are always great!
OK. I did IASCA back in the 90's, and currently do live sound and production. I understood about 30% of what you were talking about...you are on some next level shit sir. I'm going to go retake physics and see if I can hit 50% :D
I follow a few different car audio guys here on TH-cam - Soundman, EXO, Five Star, SMD and the like (and they are all great in their own right), but to round all of them out with the engineering point-of-view of HexiBase....nothing else is needed. I didn't understand 90% of what this video talked about, but yet the way it was all explained, the video ended and I felt like I understood all of it. It's weird. I subscribed.
My level of understanding is "throw subs in a box and crank that shit to 11." Hexi goes into extreme detail on how you can do much more with much less. How could you not respect that?!
Mr Meade is smart , those enclosure are way bigger so he goes with ported or vented same thing, he knows his stuff
they say, never turn hobby into a occupation, but damn, i wish i knew even half of what you know. kick all the compo taxi's to the curb. Subbed.
I'm inspired everytime I watch your videos. My brain gets going in all different directions. I come up with wild stuff like the 4th/8th slot port transmission line folded horn x)
I really want to do something for my boat. And need to stop kicking around ideas, pick one and just do it.
I understood virtually none of this, but it all sounds pretty cool.
It's good to have an episode on enclosures that are less well known but I still do not see episodes on some common or not so very common enclosure types that cover a significant part of designs out there. I'm referring of course to transmission lines, (quarter-wave) resonance and, most of all, open baffle.
Brilliant and informative video as ever! I particularly like the little enclosure animations for each example
One of the most interesting enclosures for car audio I’ve had the pleasure to sit in front of quite a few times was 4- JL audio 10’s In isobaric configuration, in a full plexiglass box with plexiglass ports. It was in 1992, it was beautiful, and it was LOUD.
I have watched 3 of your videos... I now have confirmed of how very little i know about this...
same but now I'm enticed to learn more
I have built 2 transmission lines. a single 8" and single 10". And thanks to Hexibase for inspiring me to find out how to do a "noob" build and see what they were about. I built the 10" second and nailed it. Best single sub I have ever heard. It is currently is housed in a friends 28x50 polebarn (damn thing is to big for my trunk). Its sitting in the corner facing away from it in the front. And this thing just gets down. Even when 200 feet past the garage at his firepit. you think someone in a suv with serious power is on the other side of his garage. I hope to try a 6.5 tapped horn in the future.
@@HexiBase I will be looking forward to them!
I miss watching your old build vlogs in the wood shed outback and everyday life vlogs from like 4 years ago. Will they ever be made public again ? Perty plz - lots of love from Denmark 🇩🇰
HexiBase , Very glad to hear. I’ll be watching every single video with great interest. Also, a guy in the comments, mentioned an idea about you reacting to some extreme builds. Such as Brazilian treme treme and Russian builds and so on, would loooove to see reaction vids and brief explanations of such an subject. Just my 2 cents (:
Wow this popped up in my TH-cam feed , and this is my new favorite channel, I love learning about exotic enclosures designs , keep up the great work, I also have been building subs since 1994 was my fist serious build in which I did a 4th order bandpass with 6 15 inch Orion xtr2 , hit a 151.6 dB with a 1000 watts, and I was hooked ever since 👍🏻
Holy crap! Similar story and time period here too! Below is a cut and paste of what I added to FREDDIE ROSS' question above.
I still remember pedalling a bicycle at least 15 miles in 1993 to Star Car Audio in Brick NJ to see the Orion demo Astro van. Six XTR 15's powered by three of their longest amplifiers. First time in my life a system rattled my teeth and made my tshirt flap around. The side door and windows were wide open too. I was only on the step of the sliding door. I tried to put 4th order bp in anything big enough after that. The design with the most improved, loud and deep sound turned out to be the first 4th order I built for two gray coned, red lettered, inverted dustcap Rockford Fosgate Series 1 ten inch speakers. We put a 0.5 inch red panel in the center to see the subs inside. Snow, Run DMC, Aerosmith and MC Hammer (it was like 1992) destroyed my best friend's room with only a Yamaha 60Watt receiver! We sold it to a guy in HS and installed a stereo around it (red 1987 Nissan 240SX). The other best was a coffin sized 4th order for two Earthquake 15 inch CPDS for his room. Top Gun chimes made the cabinet grade 13ply floors mive through the carpet (his father loved everything quality, smooth, solid, square, and permanent hence sanded void free floor decking. $$$). The third was a somewhat narrow band 4th order for a JBL 1200GTi. Sooo punchy and solid. Flat in car response, buuttt only to like 25Hertz, and only due to loading of smallish liftback car. Darn it. High free air resonant frequencies on those old GTi subs. Hmm. Wonder why? Hahaha! Light stiff cone, and semi compliant suspension. Duh
In 1994 my best friend and I almost put 6 into a Dodge Ram extended cab, but he bought a 1969 Chevelle with Pontiac 400 block and Muncie 4 speed first. Then a used 1992 Ford Thunderbird Supercoupe SC in black metallic. Then a new 1999 Acura 2.2CL. Then a new Honda S2000 in 2000 and it had the recalled rear lower suspension arm which broke while accelerating from a stop light across a Route 9 south intersection causing him to sideswipe a plastic slatted chainlink fence for a Ford dealer. Honda engineers and two guys from Japan actually came to inspect the untouched car at the dealership. They repaired the car to factory new specs and opened the recall. He bought the 19th S2000 in NJ at the time. We installed systems from 1991 until around 1996. So many Pimp my Ride or Gas Monkey fast installs. 3 days or less. Marathons. We took one week to plan, buy material, buy components, maybe build the enclosure, and plot/plan. Then they dropped off the car after school on Friday. Some dudes were friends and we let them hang out. Others wanted to stay and we wanted them dead! IASCA, Car Stereo Review, Car Audio and Electronics. Phoenix Gold, Orion, Rockford, Clarion, Sony, HiFonics, Polk, MB Quart, Alpine, Boston, Image Dynamics, neon, 1 inch acrylic, JL Audio, Zapco, JBL, Infinity, stealth systems, Earthquake, PPI. Those were the times.
Hey Paul M it’s funny I live in Tuckerton nj , I went to my first show at English town nj in 1995 , with my 6 15 inch Orion’s , that’s when I found out it was doing over 150 dB
@@charliefrancis6438 Hell yeah! Shame there is no more actual drag racing there...dB Drags...yes, but no twin turbo LSx motors burning up the track. That setup TOTALLY would do 150dB with stout amplification. That was why my best friend and I wanted to jam them into a Ram truck! I've been to almost every inch of NJ, Highpoint, Cape May, Barnegat, Atlantic City, Atlantic Highlands, Trenton, Freehold, Belmar, Seabright, Jackson, New Egypt...I even used to run in the River2Sea relay race across NJ from Milford to Manasquan Inlet. I can keep typing towns in NJ off the top of my head. My best friend's father used to live in Bayville. My first trip ever on the NJ Parkway (1994) with my new license was down to there in my mom's turbo wagon (Chrysler 2.2l Turbo I only). His uncle was in Silverton and I remember walking past the Silverton Yachts building many times. LBI is only across some water from you. (ok, 2 miles of water!)
I wish dB drag was all over the country again, but I need to travel at least 10 hours to get to a decent show now a days, I am in the middle of a new build using 4 orion 154 hcca and two 8000.1 d in a srt8 dodge magnum , hope I will be done by June
Mind Blown
I think it's cool when this happens because it adds to the vlogs. Thanks.
Your videos are incredible. You're very well spoken.
I’m going back to the 90’s and doing a camshell Isobaric small box. I’m over having a huge box in the back of my SUV . Today’s subs have much bigger Surround’s so I’m making the right ring Divider.
Any chance you could go into greater detail about the Home Theater speakers you were talking about with the Dayton classics? I have 1 Dayton classic 8 with 2 8" Dayton passive radiators and I have happy with the output but. 10 Hz though? Thats phenominal. Deserves it's own video. Also excellent videos, keep up the amazing content
"The dayton classics towers in my living room playing down to around 10 hz".... Hold up.. WHAT???
now this is the guy you have set your system up and then never touch it. he does know best.
And yet someone will think they can get just a little better sound and have to f@ck it all up 😆. Then come back and say "dude i dont know what happened but it sounds like shit" 😆
Where can I find the build plans and parts list for the Dayton Classic Towers you mentioned for home theater?
Also interested in learning more about these.
il tack on this as well sounds interesting
Sneak in his house and measure them with a hand-held xray machine
Where do I find the details of your Dayton Audio Classic towers?
Yea +1 here
Hey Sophie! Eons ago when I was just getting into Audio a friend of mine from High School became an engineer for the Palo Verde Nuke plant west of Phoenix. He built a labyrinth partition with an 18" driver from what became Parts Express. I still remember the adds for those massive woofers, at least they were massive for their time. He had a pair of magneplanars on either side of this sub and they were powered by a single Carver Cube, with the sub being powered by a separate Cube. 250 watts per side and 500 watts for the sub. He worked on the sub for a very long time, testing it here and there until he got it tuned just the way he wanted it which coincided with his parents trip to Las Vegas. So he did what any audiophile would do and brought everything out into the living room for a sound test. The result was a picture window exiting the front of the house, and while he was at work I was appointed to watch the house until the glass company came and replaced the front window. After that we brought everything back into his bedroom and fire it up in there, and the bass was incredible. Without any equipment to measure its response we had to guess at what it was by doing the math, but it was supposed to reach down to 20 Hz or so. My guess is he made it very close to the designed parameters.
Could you do a video on the Dayton Classic towers you made?
the speakers that impressed me most so far, were two ~50W exiters stuck to large, ugly ceiting panels, suspended on rubber bands, (along with a few washers for weights, and arcame glyphs) paired with a 20mm softdome tweeter. looked like ass, sounded like love. :D
This guy is the godfather of audio. I'm not easily impressed, but this guy is on point, definitely KNOWS the industry..
Great graphic style with the enclosures being "pulled out" from the blue print! Keep up the good work!
I'll remember this day when I discovered a channel that was miles ahead of any other when discussing enclosure design. I don't even know what he's talking about half the time!
fantastic video! Im assuming you designed those Dayton towers specifically for your living room?
I thought I was good at building enclosures.. What I just witnessed was alien technology! All bow to the HexiBase! Also Subbed!!!!!
Same here I instantly subbed lol
You still haven't seen anything. Those are just virtual renditions of a few semi-fancy ones he's done. Find the vid where he goes into the effects of the car's shape on the response curve at target listening position.
Can you do a video on the dayton classic towers you mention in this video?
So how can I get you or someone similar to design me an enclosure for my home theatre, under floor enclosure?
good info ! this video brings me back to my old days of building Exotic and impressive smaller woofer enclosures. I loved the looks and compliments I got from people hearing 2 6x9 's in a Dual Chambered Tri-Tuned Bass Reflex Enclosure . I had to build it with a plexi face to prove there were no other subs hidden inside.
I made an isobaric clamshell in a bandpass several years ago, using some 10$ DUAL brand subs. Total enclosure size was very small. I built it for kicks and used a cheap plate amp from Dayton, I could barely hear it, however the next door neighbor came running over because she thought there was an earthquake from all the pictures rattling on her walls.
I love enclosure design and seeing how speakers respond to different boxes. Specially full range cones like Fostex
I tried the 6th order rear loaded horn with a 3inch speaker,thank you hexibase
As a radio frequency engineer, it blows my mind to see the similarities between my own work with electromagnetic waves and the audio engineering world with sound waves. I might just have to get into speaker design in my free time! Cheers!
I am same as you, and I am playing around with speaker design too. It is amazing that I built a $5k (ballpark value) set of towers on my first go applying my radio frequency physics to a speaker despite criticism from my audio snob friend. Seeing his smile after I nagged him for 3 months to audition them was justice. You will do good work, crossovers are what really make it stand out though
DJ FireStorm it’s crazy that the audio world uses all the same terminology too. I was like “whoa, I know that” when I heard waveguides, transmission lines, etc. I already know the theory, and now there’s even more application!
former energetics, now sound man here... what do you think is compressing the medium?... you'd love to read Kenneth Wheeler's book secrets of magnetism...
Holly damn. I found your channel again. Yes I am subscribed but I have not seen anything in so long. Good to see ya again!!!
I have an idea for a while now about a non electronic speaker amplifier .
What if you can make a speaker enclosure with hundreds of Calipari chambers which is able to magnify via cavity resonance every
hrtz from bass frequencies ranging from 40hz-100hz low-mid-and high bass.
In theory and it practice, you would be able to make a 30 wt speaker and amplify the bass sound to 100 wt,. tho I suspect the treble and high frequency tones would become less audible. Most subwoofer enclosures are made to have a cavity resonance within a 5-15 hz margin, so that means theirs a lot of bass frequency waves not being amplify unless the song you listen to has a very specific constant bass frequency that matches the cavity of the enclosures resonance frequency.
Basically a pipe organ?
The best I have heard personally was... No (traditional) enclosure at all. Infinite baffle has sounded the best to me, so much so that I will be doing so in my Honda with a CSS SDX15 in the spring.
Love the videos man. Cheers.
where did you find your SDX 15 at? I've been looking... no luck
@@calebcook77 I found it used locally.
I’d call this channel...
Future sound engineer porn.
Awesome info! Guess I have to be the one to ask, but what do you think about the BFM enclosures specifically the titan and tuba series? You seem to have one of the most educated understanding on this topic.
You're very knowledgeable but your use of esoteric language of the trade will alienate a majority of your audience which in turn will prove difficult for your channel to grow. On the other hand, your knowledge will surely attract professional builders and skilled speaker hobbyists and make for an excellent educational source for advanced audio enthusiasts.
He explains each type with a fluid, easy to comprehend chain of reason. It can't get any better. The masses will have to make due with multiple drivers and high power amplifiers. All but two of these designs require large volume and area. Car loading effects must be considered for auto installations. While not a fan of heavy equalization (phase shifts), I am a fan of peaks that can be taken advantage of (cut) to reduce amplifier output and keep the overall system cooler at high output levels.
@@pgmurray76 cool
Where can I find software and/or equations to model these things?
Can you share the plans for the Dayton speakers you made?
Very happy to find this channel. Good eye opening info. Been in love with my horns for too long this video inspired me to get back to research. Thanks so much.
Teacher walks away, I still don't get it. Is how i feel after watching this 😅
I've been pleased with vented clamshell designs the last couple years. Easy to build overall and cover a good range while muting some low emd mechanical artifacts.
Good to see your videos Pete!
Can you give an example to look at?
Well I came here because I was looking to make a ported horn (horn on the front and port off the back as you can simulate on Hornresp). After learning of the 5th order horn, I have to say this seems like an attractive opinion/alternative. Could anyone point me in the direction of more information which compares and contrasts these two designs?? I am really curious about the benefits of porting into the throat and I can't find much information myself.
I took apart a small bose subwoofer and really liked the design and i seen similar on here but i looked the nose design better. I liked the way that Bose combines both sides pressureto get rid of the heavy air pressure that would normally come out on the port.
Operating Down to 10 hz ??? What do you mean ? -28db ?
Pete Bravo excellent good video topic choice of discussion I think that more of the basshead community needs to hear this information. 👍👌
can you do a small test with the passive radiators - are they actually good or not.. jbl is using them a lot in all of their bluetooth speakers - small and now even quite large ones.
Passive radiators are great. If it’s diy, the tuning will make or break the performance and quality.
Answering to your question on the 'crazy' enclosure design - my favorite is the 'unity horn' - a horn with multiple time-aligned drivers. I'd love to see a 3d-printable design with some decent common drivers to test it out...
You are seriously awesome man. I love this kind of stuff. Really like the dual 10 4th and 6th design you had going.. Now if you did 2 of those and sent the waves to a central chamber what would that even be?
A quasi-6th and 8th order. Which is what the 4th/6th enclosure is in the trunk of a car with the seat down or a ported rear deck
Aperiodic chambering looks very interesting. Could you please do a detailed video on this enclosure.
Can you do a video on the Dayton towers you talked about going down to 10hz please?!??
At 10 hz , you can't hear it. Granted, you can feel it but anything under 20 hz is a waste of power .That is why they make subsonic filters..
No, they make subsonic filters to protect equipment. If there is high enough amplitude, intentional information there, then the only waste is not having the equipment to reproduce it to accomplish the intent of the material.
can you make some of these with 3d prints, would love a demo to hear the difference
BareVids is doing a series of testing small 3d printed enclosures currently.
The most impressive enclosures I've ever seen are the ones in this video. No shit bro.
Getting speaker geometry juss right is like when full suspension bike manufacturers all tried to justify their rear suspension spring set up!😂
I’ve always wondered how passive radiators change response and could be it’s own category
I want to know more about 5th oder horn enclosed
I watch your videos at 0.75x speed.
What is the guidelines when calculating a 6th order hybrid speaker
Old school here with my Rockford Fosgate 650 Mosfet using a 7th order box with two 12" Fosgate Punch Pro series SPP-128 subwoofers. Is there a better design I should be using with these two twelves?
i remember in the 90s hearing about a 7th order box . it was a sealed box on the back end with the woofer firing
into a much much larger enclosure which had 1 port. they were STUPID LOUD!!! and on surprisingly small amounts of power . the only ones i ever saw or herd were a 1 12 box and another with 1 15 in it. the car with the 1 15 was literately vibrating it to pieces .
I think that is just a ordinary 4th order
we want hours of this pleeease🤣
The most unusual 🤔 B&W Nautilus
4 way active speakers with tapered closed transmission lines on the back of each individual drive unit. The bass line being so long they curl it up into a snail 🐌 shape at the bottom of the speaker.
My fiancee told me she wants a hard hitting 6 incher so should I stuff her port?
One I haven't read abut in decades is the acoustic labyrinth speaker. I have a friend who as a couple, but I can't remember the name or brand.
A 6X9 attached to cardboard using duct tape in my locker at high school. It was true hifi, picture a horse fart but with more high end.
I don't laugh out loud at TH-cam comments often, but when I do, it's at stuff like this. Thank you. Haha.
I’ve had 2 unique enclosures that were designed by you! My chambered transmission line aka the TBox if I recall correctly and the series tuned aperiodic bass reflex! They both sounded spot on to what I asked for (transparency, articulation and crushing the low frequencies when needed) you’re gonna be getting another request for me soon for my 05 f350 blow through so I’m gonna need some hybrid enclosure topology goodness that no one but you can provide me with!
I want to see more detail from your home cinema loudspeakers
Mine was the A7 by Altec Lansing, the Barcelona also Altec Lansing, and others.
i wanna learn how to build these really insane enclosures it's fun when one smaller sub is able to blow minds
same, wheres the math behind it! WE DEMAND MATH!!!
I heavily agree. I'd absolutely love to get into designing and modelling these insane enclosures.
My God! SUBSCRIBED! I am so happy to have stumbled upon your channel! You are obviously a top Engineer, Audio Engineer, and gifted artist. You explained each type perfectly with articulate reasons for impedance, bandwidth, and loading manipulation for each type. When I get my finances straight I will try my hardest to choose and make one or two of these designs. I will most likely have to build something already designed and thought out using a specific transducer, but it will still be VERY satisfying. Thank you Sir!
The GREATEST mid - priced speakers / monitors were produced in the 70's.
Take for example:
KEF - Concerto - 1969 - 77 - (it was even available as a DIY kit) -
with B 139 bass driver, (arguably one of the best drivers EVER produced) - B110 - mid and T 27 high. External (on the front baffle) upgradable x- over.
Will beat LITERALLY ANY current ("new") speaker in that price range.
(Today's around $1000 price mark).
CELEF - (Now Pro-Ac) - the genius of Stuart Tyler (the designer).
CELESTION (no explanation needed)...
JBL 4310, 4320, 4325, 4345 = ULTIMATE LEGENDARY SPEAKERS - (Asians are crazy about them)!
Acoustic Research, Rogers, B&W, Linn, Quad ESL-57, Spendor BC1, KEF R 105, Yamaha NS 1000, Mission 770, Herbert and MANY MORE, ARE ALL MADE IN 70's.
High End:
TANOY - Westminster Royal SE - single coaxial 15" driver (cons - comes in the enclosure the size of a wardrobe, but the sound)... Have to be heard to be believed. In the SAME class with
Wilson Audio (Alexandra),
B & W Nautilus,
French Utopia Grande and similar high end speakers: sound - and price wise...
IN FACT, at "WHAT HI FI"'s, - Hall of Fame, 7 or 8 out of 10 speakers were made in the '70s.
I am NOT saying that today's speakers are bad, but the QUALITY CONTROL, (most current mid priced speakers are made in China) -
MATERIALS - (e.g. WHICH company is still using short hair wool for mid chamber damping and long hair natural wool for bass cavity damping like in above mentioned KEF's Concerto)?
And many other factors.
Today's speakers are paying more attention to aesthetics (which l love) - but there are the laws of physics - so the speaker build by following the "golden ratio" 2-3-4 will ALWAYS sound superior to a slimline - eye pleasing - wife approving factor modern speaker.
Now WI FI micro boom boxes run by phones are all the rage... Shame...
Most of the young people don't know what they are missing.
Good quality sound.
0 the days of vector research , I loved my 0 to 16 ohms house amp pushing two kenwood 13 1/2 inch sub's with 2 tweeters and 2 midrange speakers 3 phases crossover 2 ohm stable stereo speakers.
There is a massive problem in consumer audio... its either mass market crap made to the lowest price point in China or its absurdly expensive made with care. Why? Cause you make more money selling 20 pair a year at 20k or even 50k than a 20k at a thousand a pair. If you want great sound at a price a normal person can afford you have to DIY. This used to be common place and given the internet age, there is no reason not to - other than the difficulty of obtaining drivers.
What the hell am I watching?
I’ve never been more lost in my life
I use 12 inch SA12 Subwoofers for my Home Audio and Car Audio and they hit Low
How do you model these advanced enclosures?
Hi, Do you have a video of the Dayton Classics Towers which are using the Hybrid Model please ?
Hi Peter,
I built a spiral speaker box/enclosure a few years ago. The speaker is in the middle of the spiral, which is formed by two baffles bent into the shape of a "Logarithmic spiral" (sort of). As you can probably tell I have no idea what I'm talking about, but I saw the design on the internet I decided to give it a go at building one (see website: www.6moons.com/audioreviews/cornu/cornu.html) NB: not mine by the way, just the source of inspiration for my own project.
According to the website these work best in pairs. I only built one because I only had one speaker at the time which I got for free from a friend (not much money to spend LOL). I learnt a lot during the build, and it might just be my personal bias, but I think it sounds pretty good.
The speaker was an old 5inch Logitech computer speaker, and the enclosure had 4 ports. The front and back plates were made out of a 12mm thick plywood (left over from house renovations), the baffles were made out of 3mm wall board. I used lamination process (two pieces of 3mm board glued together) to bend the over a jig and left to set/dry, therefor the baffle thickness is 6mm. It was wall mounted with with 10mm thick foam pads in all four corners so that it dose not vibrate against the wall. I can't hear any vibration at all from the speaker.
I learned a lot about the importance of the variables such as thickness of the build material, type of material, designing in a way that offers rigidity and eliminates vibration, and the use of gaskets/seals etc. All this stuff is most likely common sense to you, but I really enjoyed this project and the satisfaction of problem solving and building something that I use almost every day.
I'm really enjoying your videos, you've sent me down a rabbit hole which I will happily frolic in for some time & hopefully undertake another project in the near future :-D
Cheers
I had to subscribe I thought I was the only one who used math anymore.
DO a build review of those Dayton classic towers
+1
Make videos comparing the same woofer in different enclosures in the same car, maybe find a speaker that likes sealed and ported boxes equally so it's not too 1 sided
@@HexiBase that would be amazing
How do you design/calculate a 5th order series tuned enclosure? I haven't found any resources anywhere
I think transmission line enclosures aka t line enclosures sound the best compared to those enclosure builds in the video
Hmm.. My thoughts exactly. Even though the typical output of a T-line isn't as loud as a normal ported or bandpass enclosure, it's got a much wider frequency response, more similar to that of a sealed enclosure, but require less power to match the output.
I have a pair of home-built bookshelf speakers with a single 6.5" driver, and those can go down to 27 Hz quite easily. Even though the output is low, you can still *hear* the low frequencies being played.
I've used a modified T-line style, more like an S+L-shaped port, combined with a larger pressure chamber. It works very well in compact builds, as a standard T-line has to be very long!
Do you have a video of your home speakers with the Dayton audio's? ( The ones that play to 10 htz!) I've been wanting to build a set of home towers for a while now. I'd be interested in seeing that build.
I like horns. I've built a couple - some BFM Tubas and the Tang Band 6.5 tapped horn designed by a fellow whose name escapes me. They benefit from good EQ, but the lack of distortion is really nice!
I wish I knew what the f@ck all this meant!
I had a fifth order with two 12s facing each other in my 1987 Chevy Cavalier back in that era. Ahh good ol days!
Lamborghinis are known for having horrible audio. Audio shops are known for just trying to sell me anything. Which has led me down this 1 month long rabbit hole of hertz, ohms ports, etc. At this rate it might take me a year to figure out what exactly to put in the Aventador. Your knowledge is obviously extensive, you should have a website/program where you design someone’s sound system, for a fee obviously.
I can't tell if you are joking with that last bit, as he has made it clear that he does commission work.
@@jakekiedaisch2279 No I wasn’t joking I had no idea. thank you 🙏 I will look at it.
Series tuned vented. Volume total divided Vb1 twice Vb2. Equal length vents l joining both Vb &Vb2. Enclosure with two tuning frequency set one octave apart.
Worked great for low exstension and output on low x-max woofers.
Have you considered getting into automotive exhaust engineering?
Great episode. I had never considered any of these. Although I have a naturel abhorrence to all things port related (even extending to transmission lines) the design aspects of these topologies I find fascinating. In fact, I never until now thought of the possibility of using the term topology in connection with audio but here this is clearly the case. It opens up the way to the prospective designer of modelling audio designs using discrete (mechanical/electrical) circuit elements. For one thing, I'm sure this will lead to more practical implementations for car or computer audio etc.
My head hurts🤯