Two words: Permeability, and flux saturation. Iron has the highest saturation density of any of the elements. Cobalt has a higher permeability. Wrap 20 turns of wire around the samples, to make solenoid electromagnets. Apply 1 amp to each magnet. The Cobalt will be the strongest, followed by nickel, then a close third place, will be iron. Now, increase the current, until core saturation occurs. every element will reach a maximum, after which, it will not become any stronger, no matter how much more current is applied. Iron will be the clear winner. All these samples were saturated in your direct contact pull test, with the spring scale. That chart will apply. The distance tests, are permeability. (the one where they were floated on water. The one with the magnet placed above the samples on the scale, may have saturated some cores, but not others, based on their permeability times their saturation level. Those giant Neodymium magnets you used in this test are no joke. They cast a large field, and can saturate those small samples, without direct contact. I hope this answers more questions, than it begs. Excellent video!
@Vincent Robinette Fantastic reply! From my relatively minor physics education I'd assumed it'd be something about the ratio of these two but didn't have the exact vocab to put it so eloquently. Basically the same reason motor rotors are made of thin laminates so they take longer to reach flux saturation?
@@mrmjdza C'mon Mikey.. I'm sure you drank a few beers while trying to understand that magic how your dad made a car work. Hell, maybe you even were punished and had to wind the alternator coil yourself. Between you and me, who needs polynomials anyway, right?
@@mrmjdza I think you are confusing Vincent Robinette, who I think you wanted to thank for his informative comment, with Ian Macqueen, who you actually thanked but all he did was pedantically point out Vincent's poor text formatting
Hehe, I have played with a lot of things in my living room already, that I never thought possible. So why rule out liquid helium in the (far) future :D Thanks for watching all the way to the end!
@@The.Drunk-Koala Hell, move to Minnesota, you won't need liquid helium.. Right now it's -27.5c last week it was -41c not exactly liquid helium temps but.....
@@wolvenar Ive seen you guys have copped it over there. I cant fathom an almost 80c difference. Considering it rarely gets to -1c here on the east coast of Australia.
The reason for the results is magnetic saturation. When the magnetic field trough a ferromagnetic material becomes strong enough it begins to lose its ferromagnetic properties and begin acting more like air. If you search for magnetic saturation on Wikipedia you will get a graph that shows the magnetization curves for iron, cobalt and nickel. This is also the reason why iron is used for the cores of transformers.
i don't see how this explains the problem, cobalt seem to have lower value of B field for any given H field... I probably don't understand this correctly, but i would think that if cobalt B-H curve was above iron's curve for some low values of H than it would explain the problem, but this is not the case according to magnetization curves from wikipedia.
@@karelkouba9237 The point is that the curve flattens out at a lower magnetic flux. When this happens this means its magnetic properties are gradually starting to disappear. So cobalt should be even more strongly attracted to a magnet then iron, but the problem is that cobalt reaches saturation sooner and so loses these advantageous properties while iron holds on to them for longer. If you made the magnetic field 10 times stronger even iron wouldn't produce a 10 times larger pull force. The more you increase it the less extra force it will bring as it saturates more and more. Yet if you have a very weak magnet and then increase its field by 10x you would get 10x more force because the material doesn't reach saturation yet.
@@berni8k All that is clear to me, I think, but how this explains that force acting on cobalt is larger than the force acting on iron when samples are very far away from the magnet (in other words when H field is very weak)? I would think that this could be only if B field inside cobalt was larger than B field inside iron for small values of H.
@@karelkouba9237 Its possible his particular cobalt sample is more strongly attracted by the magnet than the iron sample. But cobalt fails up close due to saturation. You can get very different properties out of iron depending on how it is produced and heat treated. For example there is a special hydrogen reduction process that gives iron over 10 times higher permeability. Its still pure Fe after the treatment but due to the internal structure changes it passes magnetic fields better.
There is no mystery about iron and cobalt. Cobalt has a high permeability at low field intensities, as nickel does also, but to a lesser extent. Iron has lower permeability, but higher saturation flux density. If you tried any of the iron-nickel "mu-metals", you could get more attraction in the water-bath or "at-a-distance" tests, but poor performance in the contact pull force tests. You ought to try a sample of "vanadium Permendur", an alloy 49% Fe, 49% Co, 2% V. It has the highest saturation flux density of any material. You probably will need to buy a rod, and machine it to size. Then the hard part: a heat-treatment anneal in wet hydrogen at 960C. This should give you the strongest pull.
Dr. Park, rarely have I read such a well-written paragraph of grammatically correct English, which precisely and clearly conveyed a series of concepts, and been so puzzled as to what it actually meant.
Is there any significant difference in the mass of the samples? Enough to make a difference in the inertia that needs to be overcome to get the sample moving in the water bath?
@@SuqMadiq Since the volume of the samples is for all roughly the same, then mass is only dependend on density not on molar weight. Brian even displays the volume, density and other parameters in this video: Co 13,895 g, Ni 13,767 g, Fe 12,446 g, Gd 12,322 g so the difference between the lightest and heaviest sample is around 12 %. I don't know if this is enough to make such a difference in the results.
A more massive sample will experience stronger attraction than a less massive sample of the same material. I think the extra attraction from a more massive sample would cancel if not overcome the extra inertia.
@@Petrolhead99999 "A more massive sample will experience stronger attraction" that does not follow. also, again the sample difference in mass is not nearly significant enough to account for the changes you see in distance attraction from an inertia standpoint, OR a magnetic standpoint. I suspect it has something to do with how field lines are generated by the big magnet, and how the different materials react differently to the pattern of those lines.
0:45 that's unbelievable how a very simple chart and that explanation have made me understand each type of magnet after 5 years since I've first learnt about it without understanding. Thank you so much!
Fascinating! A perfect example of the value of amateur science. Have you strayed into unexplored territory? Or, merely little-known? It hardly matters. You've awakened broader awareness of a phenomenon of genuine interest and perhaps of significant practical value.
Hey. Could you make an experiment with melting bismuth and forming bismuth crystals ? I'm really curios what will happen if you place a strong magnet under the bismuth while it's crystallizing. Bismuth behaves really weird with magnets and so far, no one make this kind of experiment. Also quick tip, when melting bismuth, the key to get the crystals is to let it cool down slow. The slower it cools down, the better are the results, that's why people melt bismuth inside a secondary sand container.
This would be a truly interesting experiment, to form metal crystals in a magnetic field, I wonder what the crystals would look like????? That is truly intriguing.
I would very much love to see this :D. One day I was bored so I took one of my kg+ bismuth chunks and a box and used them to levitate a tiny sphere neodymium magnet I have using a larger n45 magnet
Another commenter offered a really cool idea for an experiment, the person is Navi Retlav, and the experiment is to melt and then let Bismuth form crystals while over top of a strong magnet! That is a really cool idea for an experiment, but you would need to have something that could maintain a very slow temperature cool down so that the molten Bismuth would have the best circumstances to form their beautiful crystals! I totally vote for this one! Brainiac, you have to perform this experiment!!!!!
I like very very much your idea of Hazard roulette. It is always good to remind people that any serious (or semi-serious) experiment can cause harm, if safety measures are not taken. I learned new thing today. I never heard of change in magnetic behavior of some elements. Thank you very much - keep up the good work (also can't wait for a video featuring liquid helium coolant :D)
Cool set of experiments! The 3rd experiment was particularly surprising. One thing to keep in mind is that the last experiment is greatly affected by the mass of the sample and not just the magnetic properties of it. A more dense (massive) sample will have more inertia and therefore a longer measured time of travel. A more massive sample will also need to displace more water leading to increased drag as it moves through the water. Something to think about...
Here's what I believe happens. Cobalt responds to weak magnetic fields more easily than iron. Meaning hysteresis graph of iron would be taller and thicker (and at an angle closer to 45 degrees), while cobalt would be shorter and thinner (but more upright). This means that iron can produce stronger maximum magnetic field, but it takes more work to create it. On the other hand cobalt will far more quickly respond to magnetic field, but will not be able to create field as strong as iron. Basically, at the distance from a magnet, there will be weak magnetic field. Cobalt will magnetize quickly and start moving towards magnet, while iron will magnetize weakly until it gets closer. Kind of like how it's so very hard to change magnetization of neodymium magnets, while if you put Alnico close to a strong magnet it immediately changes it's magnetization. This is also possible to explain by permeability, but I don't understand how permeability works too well.
Great video as usual. Thanks a lot! And kudos to Lake Shore Cryotronics for the donated unit. The F71 looks very advanced. Subbed to their channel as well.
@@LakeShoreCryo, I wish all the big instrument makers started using the tilted front panel approach like these units as well as your precision IV sources.
Keep performing these experiments, I love seeing this stuff! Great job with this experiment too, you've really tried to adhere to the Scientific method and your results are indeed baffling. I would venture the opinion that it has something to do with the molecular configuration of these materials that makes them more or less attracted to magnets. When you cool down the gadolinium and it became more magnetic, the only thing that is affected by temperature, is the molecular orientation of the crystals making up the metal. When you change that temperature, you either excite them or take that energy away with colder temperatures. All materials react the same way, well almost all, the colder something gets, the more compact the molecules become, so that there is where the answer lies with your results. Thanks again!
Not liquid helium no, but how about liquid nitrogen? Is there any element that when put in liquid nitrogen gets even more attracted to magnets than iron and cobalt? If you don't have access to liquid nitrogen, well, see if the winter in Denmark is strong enough to create better results than room temperature metals. Great video by the way, thought all your videos are great so this isn't any news :D. Greetings from Brazil.
Yes - any ferromagnetic metal would work because they retain their magnetism permanently. So Iron, Nickel and Cobalt can all be used. Cobalt might be more durable than Iron, since it doesn't rust.
@@jamesartmeier3192 the question would be, since Cobalt seems to do much better than iron at a distance, and global poles are pretty distant, would cobalt give stronger and more accurate readings than iron?
@@shadowproductions969 Good question. :) If an iron and a cobalt permanent magnet were magnetized to the same strength and placed in a magnetic field, they would experience exzctly the same force. Iron can be more strongly magnetized than cobalt, but a permanent magnet does not have to be magnetized to its maximum (saturated) strength. If iron and cobalt were maximally magnetized, the iron would experience a stronger force because its permanent field would be stronger.The distance of the attracting magnetic poles isn't important in this - the flux strength of the local field and the strength of the permanently magnetized ferromagnetic bar magnet are the relevant quantities. Note that this is a different question than the video addresses, which is the degree of attraction of an *unmagnetized* slug of various ferromagnetic metals to a fixed magnet.
Neodymium is a metal which is ferromagnetic (more specifically it shows antiferromagnetic properties), meaning that like iron it can be magnetized to become a magnet, but its Curie temperature (the temperature above which its ferromagnetism disappears) is 19 K (−254.2 °C; −425.5 °F), so in pure form its magnetism only appears at extremely low temperatures.[5] However, compounds of neodymium with transition metals such as iron can have Curie temperatures well above room temperature, and these are used to make neodymium magnets. From wikipedia
Yes, it actually would for control data. Lower temperature affects a lot of things - the water's density, the magnet's strength etc. But this video is long enough as is x) Based on data about the elements etc., Fe, Ni and Co would react undetectable differently in my colder sunroom. This small temperature change is negligible except for one factor: Gadolinium has this massive change from just going from ~22°C to ~10°C because its Curie point happens to be right there between the two temperatures. Thanks for watching!
One thing that might be worth trying/testing, just for accuracy's sake, in your long distance test's is to see if the results change at all with respect to the earths magnetic field... does anything interesting happen when the test is done oriented in a different direction? I've put small neodymium bar magnets on floats in water to see how the magnet would respond to something that was weakly attracted to it in its vicinity, and I was surprised to find how much the experiment was actually influenced by the bar magnets initial orientation to magnetic north and south.
Enjoyed Christmas very much, thank you. Only real good part about winter for me, though the lower temperatures are convenient for videos like this... Next video will feature something ´hot´ ;)
Yes, magnets do not like heat. But then again, the water gets denser at the lower temperature creating more friction. I believe both effects are negligible with the tiny temperature difference of 10°C, but for scientific completeness I should have control tested with the other elements in my sunroom. Ah well, the video is long enough as is. Thanks for watching!
Depends on the conductive materials. Think super conductors. They only work at extreme low temps, water gets ruled out of the equation then for drag, molecules align...etc. Different extremes require different variables and materials. Conduction of materials change at temp.
I haven't gone down through all the comments, so this may have already been said, but ... an important magnetic characteristic of iron is its coercive force. The magnetic domains of iron flip discretely, at different H-force excitation levels. At very low excitation, e.g. from a distant attracting magnet, very few domains reach their minimum thresholds and flip, so the macroscopic sample appears to have a low permeability. As the excitation increases, more domains are brought into play and the apparent permeability increases. When nearly all the domains have flipped into alignment with the excitation field, the apparent permeability declines again in magnetic saturation. A more complete picture of iron response would use a low-frequency AC excitation, low enough so eddy currents wouldn't affect the result, and with the excitation amplitude increasing with time. Plotting coil amperes, which can be calibrated to the excitatory H-field, versus B-field in the iron, either by time integration of voltage induced in a coil around the iron, or by detection of surface field strength at a Hall sensor (with some geometric considerations), one can obtain a trace plotting dynamic B versus H. The coercive force is manifested as hysteresis in the plot. That gives a fairly complete story. Iron that is annealed acquires large crystals and similarly large domains, which exhibit low coercive force, while work-hardened iron has smaller crystals (from breaking up the original big ones), and that iron is also magnetically hardened, with higher coercive force and characteristics more like a permanent magnet. Nickel, Cobalt, and Gadolinium will show similar coercive force, in varying proportions and again dependent on crystalline structure, which will depend on the history of temperature and mechanical stress. It's not just a matter of the place in the periodic table.
I don't know what's more amazing: 1. The fact that Cobalt beat Iron (Fe) at distanced FE-rromagnetism, or, 2. The fact that you have a Windows phone 😅 Seriously though, I love these videos. I love seeing someone do (and upload 😉) all the awesome experiments I cannot myself perform.... Thank you!
Great idea. I need to do tests in a room with temperature control (turn off the radiators or buy an airconditioner for faster result) and timelapse Gd going from above 20°C to well below. Should be very noticeable on the teslameter and milligram scale test. Thanks for watching!
Brainiac75 It would be very interesting to attach a thermometer to the sample in order to do a rough estimate of the Curie point. What you can definitely do is put the sample into a freezer and let it heat up with a thermometer attached (it would be also a bit more eco friendly ;))
This is like my favorite high school science class with my favorite science teacher who teaches cool amazing stuff and makes it fun and NEVER gives homework!!
here at first i thought the cobalt was lighter...leading to the magnetic field having greater impact...but clearly i was wrong about that! i wonder if the structure or arrangement of the cobalt molecules vs iron molecules is more aligned with the field lines at a given distance? the field lines closer to the magnet will be "denser" or more close together...maybe? or maybe i'm inferring a property of the magnetic field lines that doesn't truly exist simply because many textbooks illustrate it that way.
@@davebennett5069 yeah fuck off. You meesed up the test, just admit it and make a comment displaying what you did wrong so someone in school does not use this for reference.
Perhaps the strange results on the water bath run test could be due to the Earth's magnetic field itself exerting more attraction on the Iron. So in that case the Iron perhaps has to overcome more of that magnetic momentum exerted on it by the Earth and is therefore reluctant to move initially when place under the pull of an alternate magnetic field. Just a possibility.
Gravity is by far, the weakest of the 4 fundamental interactions. The weak nuclear force is 10 to the 29th power stronger, electromagnetism is 10 to the 36th power stronger, and the strong nuclear force is 10 to the 38th power stronger.
Relaxed fields have greater effect at distance. Worked with large electromagnets for years, some as heavy as 3 tons. Add electrical potential to tighten fields to lift dense iron and reduce electrical potential to better lift non-dense iron. It's all in understanding Magnetic Funny Actions. To understand magnetic funny actions, one can look to Magnetic Universe Theory.
i can confirm the results of your experiment by theory too considering the electronic configurations of these elements and deducing weather they are dia,para, or ferro and to what extent :)
To get a more conclusive results you would need to tests all the elements at the lower temperature as well, if nothing else it would be interesting. Love the videos
Maybe also the break down temp for the 2 materials, assuming it's not so high as to need anything more then a blow torch. Could use aerogel insulator on a scale, while heating the metals under the magnet?
Thank you for the video. I didn't realize one could so dramatically change the magnetic properties of a metal with such minor temperature changes. I'm working on moving heat around and knowing this about gadmium may be useful in place of a thermostat or temperature sensitive switches/valves.
Another great video. Conductivity and stability and molecular electro dispersion changing the properties of alignment at distance due to the photon angle
Brainiac75 There are several things you want to look at How does temperature change the magnetism in the first place in a material? Does it do it the same way that it changes its electrical conductivity? Does it change the alignment of the materials molecular structure It exact opposite example would be how sulfur at high temperatures can form a polymer chains Electrical and photon dispersion of a material being hit perpendicular to absorb the energy may be different than at an angle in a way that we cannot measure
12:46 Cobalt has a relative atomic mass greater than that of nickel and iron, which means more macrogravity quanta are involved in interaction with the magnetic field. The magnetic field itself does not attract, it only rotates other fields, including the gravitational field, while the vector deviates gravity. This is new physics.
I think that in the water bath and magnetic lifting experiment, the measured force depends linearly on the mass and magnetic strength (sorry for bad terminology, not my field of expertise) of the sample. However, in the first experiment, the force depends linearly on the mass, but not linearly on the magnetic strengt, as you have to lift the full weight of the magnet first, before the magnetism comes into play. So it is more like force ~ mass * (1+magnetic streng) or so, while for the others it is force ~ mass * magnetic streng.
Digital balance test - reduce the background field effects of the balance components by setting the test sample on a tall foam pedestal. Test all the materials at lower temperature. The others may show stronger reactions too.
I do not know what you do for a living. however, its experiments like this, that could someday help to create non combustion motors for space travel. Keep up the good work!
The reason why Magneto is such a powerful mutant and has the best powers is because you can basically do anything you want if you can control magnetism.
I really, really wish people like you could just talk about reality and not about the mindless garbage found in a comic book/movie. The universe is far more fascinating than the kids movie you watched.
Two words: Permeability, and flux saturation. Iron has the highest saturation density of any of the elements. Cobalt has a higher permeability. Wrap 20 turns of wire around the samples, to make solenoid electromagnets. Apply 1 amp to each magnet. The Cobalt will be the strongest, followed by nickel, then a close third place, will be iron. Now, increase the current, until core saturation occurs. every element will reach a maximum, after which, it will not become any stronger, no matter how much more current is applied. Iron will be the clear winner. All these samples were saturated in your direct contact pull test, with the spring scale. That chart will apply. The distance tests, are permeability. (the one where they were floated on water. The one with the magnet placed above the samples on the scale, may have saturated some cores, but not others, based on their permeability times their saturation level. Those giant Neodymium magnets you used in this test are no joke. They cast a large field, and can saturate those small samples, without direct contact. I hope this answers more questions, than it begs. Excellent video!
Next lesson, paragraphs.
@Vincent Robinette
Fantastic reply! From my relatively minor physics education I'd assumed it'd be something about the ratio of these two but didn't have the exact vocab to put it so eloquently. Basically the same reason motor rotors are made of thin laminates so they take longer to reach flux saturation?
Maybe if we can figure out how to use a flux capacitor to induce 1.21 Jigawatts of power, we could make a time machine? 😝
@@mrmjdza C'mon Mikey.. I'm sure you drank a few beers while trying to understand that magic how your dad made a car work. Hell, maybe you even were punished and had to wind the alternator coil yourself.
Between you and me, who needs polynomials anyway, right?
@@mrmjdza I think you are confusing Vincent Robinette, who I think you wanted to thank for his informative comment, with Ian Macqueen, who you actually thanked but all he did was pedantically point out Vincent's poor text formatting
'My house is not prepared for handling the liquid helium needed to cool it.....yet'. And that is why I love Braniac's videos.
Hehe, I have played with a lot of things in my living room already, that I never thought possible. So why rule out liquid helium in the (far) future :D Thanks for watching all the way to the end!
@@brainiac75 If you ever want some advice for playing with liquid helium send me a pm. I work with it for superconductors for my PhD.
Id love some liquid helium right about now im sick of these stupidly hot 38 degree days.
@@The.Drunk-Koala Hell, move to Minnesota, you won't need liquid helium.. Right now it's -27.5c last week it was -41c not exactly liquid helium temps but.....
@@wolvenar Ive seen you guys have copped it over there. I cant fathom an almost 80c difference. Considering it rarely gets to -1c here on the east coast of Australia.
Man, its good to see an upload from you. The brain needs a good workout.
more like a good relaxation
@@mamupelu565 True that.
Right? Really enjoyed this!
Weird science )) #ROBOFINGERSIX
Your ability to setup these experiments (and get results) by combining common household items with simple mesuring equipment, is really brilliant.
And the commentary and explanations are great!
I was unable to understand that metric scale.
@@robertgardner7470 the rod on the scale is pulled by the magnet, the rods are made of the different metals
The reason for the results is magnetic saturation.
When the magnetic field trough a ferromagnetic material becomes strong enough it begins to lose its ferromagnetic properties and begin acting more like air. If you search for magnetic saturation on Wikipedia you will get a graph that shows the magnetization curves for iron, cobalt and nickel. This is also the reason why iron is used for the cores of transformers.
i don't see how this explains the problem, cobalt seem to have lower value of B field for any given H field... I probably don't understand this correctly, but i would think that if cobalt B-H curve was above iron's curve for some low values of H than it would explain the problem, but this is not the case according to magnetization curves from wikipedia.
@@karelkouba9237 The point is that the curve flattens out at a lower magnetic flux. When this happens this means its magnetic properties are gradually starting to disappear.
So cobalt should be even more strongly attracted to a magnet then iron, but the problem is that cobalt reaches saturation sooner and so loses these advantageous properties while iron holds on to them for longer.
If you made the magnetic field 10 times stronger even iron wouldn't produce a 10 times larger pull force. The more you increase it the less extra force it will bring as it saturates more and more.
Yet if you have a very weak magnet and then increase its field by 10x you would get 10x more force because the material doesn't reach saturation yet.
@@berni8k All that is clear to me, I think, but how this explains that force acting on cobalt is larger than the force acting on iron when samples are very far away from the magnet (in other words when H field is very weak)? I would think that this could be only if B field inside cobalt was larger than B field inside iron for small values of H.
@@karelkouba9237 Its possible his particular cobalt sample is more strongly attracted by the magnet than the iron sample. But cobalt fails up close due to saturation.
You can get very different properties out of iron depending on how it is produced and heat treated. For example there is a special hydrogen reduction process that gives iron over 10 times higher permeability. Its still pure Fe after the treatment but due to the internal structure changes it passes magnetic fields better.
TLDR: Cobalt and Nickel become weaker when they are near the magnet because they are in too strong a magnetic field (magnetically saturated).
There is no mystery about iron and cobalt. Cobalt has a high permeability at low field intensities, as nickel does also, but to a lesser extent. Iron has lower permeability, but higher saturation flux density. If you tried any of the iron-nickel "mu-metals", you could get more attraction in the water-bath or "at-a-distance" tests, but poor performance in the contact pull force tests. You ought to try a sample of "vanadium Permendur", an alloy 49% Fe, 49% Co, 2% V. It has the highest saturation flux density of any material. You probably will need to buy a rod, and machine it to size. Then the hard part: a heat-treatment anneal in wet hydrogen at 960C. This should give you the strongest pull.
Dr. Park, rarely have I read such a well-written paragraph of grammatically correct English, which precisely and clearly conveyed a series of concepts, and been so puzzled as to what it actually meant.
Is there any significant difference in the mass of the samples? Enough to make a difference in the inertia that needs to be overcome to get the sample moving in the water bath?
Considering three of the elements are right next to each other on the periodic table, the difference probably isn't much. Gadolinium may be heavier.
@@SuqMadiq the *samples*.
@@SuqMadiq Since the volume of the samples is for all roughly the same, then mass is only dependend on density not on molar weight. Brian even displays the volume, density and other parameters in this video: Co 13,895 g, Ni 13,767 g, Fe 12,446 g, Gd 12,322 g so the difference between the lightest and heaviest sample is around 12 %. I don't know if this is enough to make such a difference in the results.
A more massive sample will experience stronger attraction than a less massive sample of the same material. I think the extra attraction from a more massive sample would cancel if not overcome the extra inertia.
@@Petrolhead99999
"A more massive sample will experience stronger attraction"
that does not follow.
also, again the sample difference in mass is not nearly significant enough to account for the changes you see in distance attraction from an inertia standpoint, OR a magnetic standpoint.
I suspect it has something to do with how field lines are generated by the big magnet, and how the different materials react differently to the pattern of those lines.
0:45 that's unbelievable how a very simple chart and that explanation have made me understand each type of magnet after 5 years since I've first learnt about it without understanding. Thank you so much!
Fascinating! A perfect example of the value of amateur science. Have you strayed into unexplored territory? Or, merely little-known? It hardly matters. You've awakened broader awareness of a phenomenon of genuine interest and perhaps of significant practical value.
Hey. Could you make an experiment with melting bismuth and forming bismuth crystals ? I'm really curios what will happen if you place a strong magnet under the bismuth while it's crystallizing. Bismuth behaves really weird with magnets and so far, no one make this kind of experiment. Also quick tip, when melting bismuth, the key to get the crystals is to let it cool down slow. The slower it cools down, the better are the results, that's why people melt bismuth inside a secondary sand container.
This would be a truly interesting experiment, to form metal crystals in a magnetic field, I wonder what the crystals would look like????? That is truly intriguing.
I would very much love to see this :D. One day I was bored so I took one of my kg+ bismuth chunks and a box and used them to levitate a tiny sphere neodymium magnet I have using a larger n45 magnet
Bismuth is pretty cheap.you Should make a video on it yourself
That's a really good idea
@@vivimannequin I don't have the super strong magnets here.
Loved the Dane Weather joke, that earned my Like. Great videos, I'll always watch the new ones.
I love the "... yet" at the end. The little scientist in me couldn't suppress a "Yessssss!" hearing this. :)
Great video, as always! Thank you 👍
Huh, @name2?
Elemental Brainiacium is probably the most attracted to magnets, but you'd need to run a different set of tests for that.
Yeah, I'd say that's pretty accurate....
IT'S TOO STRONG!!!
Can I test Brainiacium by placing it in a jar ?
I'm attracted to Braniac . . . what does that indicate?
@@RingJando தபவூபூதவைஙபதத
I love his reasoning for including Gadolinium in the room temperature test.
Another commenter offered a really cool idea for an experiment, the person is Navi Retlav, and the experiment is to melt and then let Bismuth form crystals while over top of a strong magnet! That is a really cool idea for an experiment, but you would need to have something that could maintain a very slow temperature cool down so that the molten Bismuth would have the best circumstances to form their beautiful crystals! I totally vote for this one! Brainiac, you have to perform this experiment!!!!!
I like very very much your idea of Hazard roulette. It is always good to remind people that any serious (or semi-serious) experiment can cause harm, if safety measures are not taken.
I learned new thing today. I never heard of change in magnetic behavior of some elements. Thank you very much - keep up the good work (also can't wait for a video featuring liquid helium coolant :D)
Cool set of experiments! The 3rd experiment was particularly surprising. One thing to keep in mind is that the last experiment is greatly affected by the mass of the sample and not just the magnetic properties of it. A more dense (massive) sample will have more inertia and therefore a longer measured time of travel. A more massive sample will also need to displace more water leading to increased drag as it moves through the water. Something to think about...
Here's what I believe happens.
Cobalt responds to weak magnetic fields more easily than iron. Meaning hysteresis graph of iron would be taller and thicker (and at an angle closer to 45 degrees), while cobalt would be shorter and thinner (but more upright).
This means that iron can produce stronger maximum magnetic field, but it takes more work to create it. On the other hand cobalt will far more quickly respond to magnetic field, but will not be able to create field as strong as iron.
Basically, at the distance from a magnet, there will be weak magnetic field. Cobalt will magnetize quickly and start moving towards magnet, while iron will magnetize weakly until it gets closer.
Kind of like how it's so very hard to change magnetization of neodymium magnets, while if you put Alnico close to a strong magnet it immediately changes it's magnetization.
This is also possible to explain by permeability, but I don't understand how permeability works too well.
I love your channel for showing clear experimental data!
Like.. I love your experiments and all. But I'm always impressed by your lego contraptions lol Keep up the good work :D
Great video as usual. Thanks a lot! And kudos to Lake Shore Cryotronics for the donated unit. The F71 looks very advanced. Subbed to their channel as well.
Thanks for the sub! Though the entertainment factor will be a few orders of magnitude higher here on this channel ;)
@@LakeShoreCryo, I wish all the big instrument makers started using the tilted front panel approach like these units as well as your precision IV sources.
Keep performing these experiments, I love seeing this stuff! Great job with this experiment too, you've really tried to adhere to the Scientific method and your results are indeed baffling. I would venture the opinion that it has something to do with the molecular configuration of these materials that makes them more or less attracted to magnets. When you cool down the gadolinium and it became more magnetic, the only thing that is affected by temperature, is the molecular orientation of the crystals making up the metal. When you change that temperature, you either excite them or take that energy away with colder temperatures. All materials react the same way, well almost all, the colder something gets, the more compact the molecules become, so that there is where the answer lies with your results. Thanks again!
You're certainly thinking in the same directions I am.
That was amazing to see each Sample affected by the Magnetic Field while it was still almost a foot away. Awesome video as always...
Not liquid helium no, but how about liquid nitrogen? Is there any element that when put in liquid nitrogen gets even more attracted to magnets than iron and cobalt? If you don't have access to liquid nitrogen, well, see if the winter in Denmark is strong enough to create better results than room temperature metals.
Great video by the way, thought all your videos are great so this isn't any news :D. Greetings from Brazil.
he lists them all right there at the end of the video. dysprosium actually matches holmium for magnetic strength too. could be done.
@@XcaptainXobliviousX thanks
A good experiment can bring questions as well as answers. Great share.
Could cobalt be used in a compass?
Probably, and if it is stronger at a distance like the video showed then it would give you the direction more quickly than iron too in theory
Yes - any ferromagnetic metal would work because they retain their magnetism permanently. So Iron, Nickel and Cobalt can all be used. Cobalt might be more durable than Iron, since it doesn't rust.
@@jamesartmeier3192 the question would be, since Cobalt seems to do much better than iron at a distance, and global poles are pretty distant, would cobalt give stronger and more accurate readings than iron?
@@shadowproductions969 Good question. :) If an iron and a cobalt permanent magnet were magnetized to the same strength and placed in a magnetic field, they would experience exzctly the same force. Iron can be more strongly magnetized than cobalt, but a permanent magnet does not have to be magnetized to its maximum (saturated) strength. If iron and cobalt were maximally magnetized, the iron would experience a stronger force because its permanent field would be stronger.The distance of the attracting magnetic poles isn't important in this - the flux strength of the local field and the strength of the permanently magnetized ferromagnetic bar magnet are the relevant quantities. Note that this is a different question than the video addresses, which is the degree of attraction of an *unmagnetized* slug of various ferromagnetic metals to a fixed magnet.
@@toewoe i glue my magnet to the north side, now I never get lost.
That was very interesting. The best experiments are the ones that have surprising results.
"there are only three magnetic elements at room temperature - iron, nickle, and cobalt"
"Let's measure them on this neodymium magnet."
lol
Except that pure neodymium has a Curie temperature of 19K. Neodymium magnets are made of Nd2Fe14B... so basically "Iron with a bit of other stuff".
Neodymium is a metal which is ferromagnetic (more specifically it shows antiferromagnetic properties), meaning that like iron it can be magnetized to become a magnet, but its Curie temperature (the temperature above which its ferromagnetism disappears) is 19 K (−254.2 °C; −425.5 °F), so in pure form its magnetism only appears at extremely low temperatures.[5] However, compounds of neodymium with transition metals such as iron can have Curie temperatures well above room temperature, and these are used to make neodymium magnets.
From wikipedia
13:14 "My house is not prepared for handling the liquid helium ...yet" I laughed out loud because I love magnets as much as you.
Would it make sense to test them all at the same (low) temperature?
Yes, it actually would for control data. Lower temperature affects a lot of things - the water's density, the magnet's strength etc. But this video is long enough as is x) Based on data about the elements etc., Fe, Ni and Co would react undetectable differently in my colder sunroom. This small temperature change is negligible except for one factor: Gadolinium has this massive change from just going from ~22°C to ~10°C because its Curie point happens to be right there between the two temperatures. Thanks for watching!
One thing that might be worth trying/testing, just for accuracy's sake, in your long distance test's is to see if the results change at all with respect to the earths magnetic field... does anything interesting happen when the test is done oriented in a different direction? I've put small neodymium bar magnets on floats in water to see how the magnet would respond to something that was weakly attracted to it in its vicinity, and I was surprised to find how much the experiment was actually influenced by the bar magnets initial orientation to magnetic north and south.
Hope you had a great Christmas! Always nice to see a new great video from a famous yet very humble and beloved guy in Europe
Enjoyed Christmas very much, thank you. Only real good part about winter for me, though the lower temperatures are convenient for videos like this... Next video will feature something ´hot´ ;)
Isn't the magnetic force of the magnet itself influenced by temperature? Colder makes the magnet stronger right?
Yes, magnets do not like heat. But then again, the water gets denser at the lower temperature creating more friction. I believe both effects are negligible with the tiny temperature difference of 10°C, but for scientific completeness I should have control tested with the other elements in my sunroom. Ah well, the video is long enough as is. Thanks for watching!
@@brainiac75 thanks for the answer.
Depends on the conductive materials. Think super conductors. They only work at extreme low temps, water gets ruled out of the equation then for drag, molecules align...etc. Different extremes require different variables and materials. Conduction of materials change at temp.
Before the video, I'm saying ferrite.
After the video, I'm saying, nailed it.
"Yet".
What about it?
I haven't gone down through all the comments, so this may have already been said, but ... an important magnetic characteristic of iron is its coercive force. The magnetic domains of iron flip discretely, at different H-force excitation levels. At very low excitation, e.g. from a distant attracting magnet, very few domains reach their minimum thresholds and flip, so the macroscopic sample appears to have a low permeability. As the excitation increases, more domains are brought into play and the apparent permeability increases. When nearly all the domains have flipped into alignment with the excitation field, the apparent permeability declines again in magnetic saturation. A more complete picture of iron response would use a low-frequency AC excitation, low enough so eddy currents wouldn't affect the result, and with the excitation amplitude increasing with time. Plotting coil amperes, which can be calibrated to the excitatory H-field, versus B-field in the iron, either by time integration of voltage induced in a coil around the iron, or by detection of surface field strength at a Hall sensor (with some geometric considerations), one can obtain a trace plotting dynamic B versus H. The coercive force is manifested as hysteresis in the plot. That gives a fairly complete story. Iron that is annealed acquires large crystals and similarly large domains, which exhibit low coercive force, while work-hardened iron has smaller crystals (from breaking up the original big ones), and that iron is also magnetically hardened, with higher coercive force and characteristics more like a permanent magnet. Nickel, Cobalt, and Gadolinium will show similar coercive force, in varying proportions and again dependent on crystalline structure, which will depend on the history of temperature and mechanical stress. It's not just a matter of the place in the periodic table.
Is there a material that can block magnetic field ? Like a lead foil that can block radiation ....
MuMetal
Superconductors.
I was just thinking about this kind of experiment the other day. Glad you already made a video about it :)
Could you do a video showing which elements are more repelled by magnets
I don't know what's more amazing:
1. The fact that Cobalt beat Iron (Fe) at distanced FE-rromagnetism,
or,
2. The fact that you have a Windows phone 😅
Seriously though, I love these videos. I love seeing someone do (and upload 😉) all the awesome experiments I cannot myself perform.... Thank you!
It would be very interesting to make the magnetic induction test with cold gadolinium and see the curie transition as it occurs
Great idea. I need to do tests in a room with temperature control (turn off the radiators or buy an airconditioner for faster result) and timelapse Gd going from above 20°C to well below. Should be very noticeable on the teslameter and milligram scale test. Thanks for watching!
Brainiac75 It would be very interesting to attach a thermometer to the sample in order to do a rough estimate of the Curie point. What you can definitely do is put the sample into a freezer and let it heat up with a thermometer attached (it would be also a bit more eco friendly ;))
This is like my favorite high school science class with my favorite science teacher who teaches cool amazing stuff and makes it fun and NEVER gives homework!!
Density?
Cobalt: 8.90 g/cm3
Iron: 7.874 g/cm3
Hypothesis: Perhaps the higher density of Cobalt helps with the permeability?
here at first i thought the cobalt was lighter...leading to the magnetic field having greater impact...but clearly i was wrong about that! i wonder if the structure or arrangement of the cobalt molecules vs iron molecules is more aligned with the field lines at a given distance? the field lines closer to the magnet will be "denser" or more close together...maybe? or maybe i'm inferring a property of the magnetic field lines that doesn't truly exist simply because many textbooks illustrate it that way.
@@davebennett5069 yeah fuck off. You meesed up the test, just admit it and make a comment displaying what you did wrong so someone in school does not use this for reference.
@@maddawgzzzz what
Very interesting and learned some stuff from the comments too!
When your brain is on E, come to brainiac for all your refueling needs!
This channel is absolutely amazing and I'm grateful I found you! Fascinating stuff!!
Yer it's always cold in Denmark to be fair we had a grade Sommer and it comes in really handy when doing magnet tests ❤️😂
Impressive tesla meter you got there ! thats no childs play ! i like the slow pace in the videos ! very relaxing !
Where did you get these element samples?
I bought them on eBay (www.ebay.com/str/Chinaium/) #NotSponsored Thanks for watching!
Brainiac75 Dang, they must have taken the page down, thanks anyways though!
you are by far one of the most underrated channels on TH-cam.
Curie point for iron is 210 celsius, after that temperature iron no longer reacts to magnetic fields
That's amazing! I thought for sure iron would be the big winner, but it seems cobalt has alot of potential!
The clock says ***LEET*** at 5:03
Perhaps the strange results on the water bath run test could be due to the Earth's magnetic field itself exerting more attraction on the Iron. So in that case the Iron perhaps has to overcome more of that magnetic momentum exerted on it by the Earth and is therefore reluctant to move initially when place under the pull of an alternate magnetic field. Just a possibility.
Gravity is just Magnetism that works on everything
Hello, I'm a neutrino. What is this magnetism you speak of
Far out....man.
@Dominique Byers haha matter. Haha :p
Well, gravity doesn't repel stuff.
Gravity is by far, the weakest of the 4 fundamental interactions. The weak nuclear force is 10 to the 29th power stronger, electromagnetism is 10 to the 36th power stronger, and the strong nuclear force is 10 to the 38th power stronger.
Well presented; great video, good audio; great scripting and pacing. Well done, Sir.
Just like :)
Edit thanks for the likes :)
Yet another video so interesting I can't take my eyes off it!
"yet"
I was rooting for Cobalt the whole time and I was initially disappointed but Cobalt pulled through in the end. Thank you for another great video!
It's IRONic how you rated them using gold, silver, and bronze medals LOL
Haha, nice pun.
I really like how you say Hi at every start of a video
Early squad OwO
Yep :)
Why the OwO though? OwO
UwU
Your videos are always as interesting and educational as they are charming, which is to say very!
Thank you!!
Relaxed fields have greater effect at distance. Worked with large electromagnets for years, some as heavy as 3 tons. Add electrical potential to tighten fields to lift dense iron and reduce electrical potential to better lift non-dense iron. It's all in understanding Magnetic Funny Actions. To understand magnetic funny actions, one can look to Magnetic Universe Theory.
Excellent safety card on the intro. Thank you, as always.
No problem. Thanks for watching and commenting so fast :)
Always great videos from you man, really appreciate the effort!
That's a surprising result!
Your videos are always a treat!
Cool to see these element rods on video. I've been collecting them too.
Where can you obtain those rods, if I may inquire?
On E-bay via chineseelements
What a pleasure to learn & gain insight into the workings of science & life - thank you
i can confirm the results of your experiment by theory too considering the electronic configurations of these elements and deducing weather they are dia,para, or ferro and to what extent :)
brainiac75 ten years from now, so today we are testing the strongest ferromagnetic material on the waterbath
Brainiac, Friedrich Gauss would approve of your methodology :-)
Well done! Thanks for sharing this very educational content!
I love you man! No homo doe, but I am very grateful to know this channel. It always lightens up my mood and you always have top notch ideas
Thank you very much, General Prodigy. Glad you like my videos. Love you back - as a friend that is ;)
Very interesting results. Keep up the good work.
To get a more conclusive results you would need to tests all the elements at the lower temperature as well, if nothing else it would be interesting. Love the videos
Maybe also the break down temp for the 2 materials, assuming it's not so high as to need anything more then a blow torch. Could use aerogel insulator on a scale, while heating the metals under the magnet?
Those were quite interesting and unexpected results indeed!
To me it's shocking. I'm well educated and untill now still haven't heard about any other ferromagnetic elements other than iron. Nice.
Thank you for the video. I didn't realize one could so dramatically change the magnetic properties of a metal with such minor temperature changes. I'm working on moving heat around and knowing this about gadmium may be useful in place of a thermostat or temperature sensitive switches/valves.
This *ATTRACTED* me..so youtube..i finally watch it..
Been a subscriber for a long time, love the videos!
I don't know why but I was strangely attracted to this video.
Haha, I see what you did there! Nice pun.
Another great video. Conductivity and stability and molecular electro dispersion changing the properties of alignment at distance due to the photon angle
Thanks! Not sure I caught your point. Any online references for your explanation?
Brainiac75 There are several things you want to look at
How does temperature change the magnetism in the first place in a material?
Does it do it the same way that it changes its electrical conductivity?
Does it change the alignment of the materials molecular structure
It exact opposite example would be how sulfur at high temperatures can form a polymer chains
Electrical and photon dispersion of a material being hit perpendicular to absorb the energy may be different than at an angle in a way that we cannot measure
very interesting. especially how cooling the Gd by just 10° is enough to bring it below it's curie temperature
12:46 Cobalt has a relative atomic mass greater than that of nickel and iron, which means more macrogravity quanta are involved in interaction with the magnetic field. The magnetic field itself does not attract, it only rotates other fields, including the gravitational field, while the vector deviates gravity. This is new physics.
I found this very interesting due to my bass guitar playing where we use magnetic pickups and different types of metal strings to create sound.
I think that in the water bath and magnetic lifting experiment, the measured force depends linearly on the mass and magnetic strength (sorry for bad terminology, not my field of expertise) of the sample. However, in the first experiment, the force depends linearly on the mass, but not linearly on the magnetic strengt, as you have to lift the full weight of the magnet first, before the magnetism comes into play. So it is more like force ~ mass * (1+magnetic streng) or so, while for the others it is force ~ mass * magnetic streng.
the distance over water test doesn't really account for the weight of the element like the scale with magnet over it does.
Analytical forever, always happy to see another upload.
Digital balance test - reduce the background field effects of the balance components by setting the test sample on a tall foam pedestal.
Test all the materials at lower temperature. The others may show stronger reactions too.
I do not know what you do for a living. however, its experiments like this, that could someday help to create non combustion motors for space travel. Keep up the good work!
The reason why Magneto is such a powerful mutant and has the best powers is because you can basically do anything you want if you can control magnetism.
I really, really wish people like you could just talk about reality and not about the mindless garbage found in a comic book/movie. The universe is far more fascinating than the kids movie you watched.
Gadolinium is used as contrast medium for MRI's.
This was extremely interesting and informative. Thank you for making the video.
Something attracted me to this video
"Have a good day!" I hear the LA Beast music in the background :)
Du er sku en af de mest sub dansker i Denmark keep up the good word
Be interesting to see a 3d field map of each with that film. Must be different field shapes and force line interaction.