The excitement I have watching your videos. I am practically jumping out of my seat yelling "THATS AMAZING" "MAGNIFICENT" thank you again for these wonderful videos by someone who has such an energy, remind me of my high school auto mechanics teacher and I absorbed so much information then as I do now. I am taking so many notes! Thank you and thank you!!!
Nick, this and the other lectures have convinced me to finish the MA (history) I started. The learning experience has bitten me again thanks to you. Thanks
I am here in Arkansas and taking Geology 101 at the local Community College. I was taking it last spring but when Covid hit, the school went all virtual learning and this old man...I'm 69..didn't want to mess with all that, so I withdrew. I am retaking it and the class rooms are now open, with separated seating and of course wearing masks, so I am back in class. But I am still going to watch these with Dr. Zentner and take notes. I have been watching his videos for a few years and I really like the way he teaches. I know this will help me in my class & lab work. Oh, Arkansas has an interesting geological past too. Thank you, Dr. Zentner..!!
@@adriennegormley9358 Yes, and the only site that is open to the public. I have lived in Arkansas most of my life and have never been there to hunt for diamonds. I would rather hunt for Quartz Crystals in the Hot Springs area where there are dozens of privately owned hunting sites where you pay a small fee and ( just like the diamond site ),and keep anything you find, which can be considerable and with lots of great individual crystals and clumps of crystals. There are places all around the shores and on the land around Lake Ouachita where you can look for free and find beautiful little crystals and quite often even large specimens like the one Dr. Zentner showed, just laying on the beaches and the land. I have been meaning to go back there and collect some more Quartz Crystals for a long time.
@@susanliebermann5721 Soaking in a hot spring sounds great but I do not know of any hot springs that are open to the public. The main ones have been owned by the city of Hot springs for a very long time. If you look up Hot Springs, Arkansas, you can read the history of it; it is a very popular tourist attraction...it's called Bath House Row. I do not know of any hot springs that are on private land; there might be...might not be. But there are plenty of Quartz Crystals to be found all over the area..!!
THANK YOU to the individual who purchased the Yellowbooks on the behalf of the CWU students enrolled in the class. The kindness of strangers is always welcome, and you have set an example for the rest of us. As a retired college teacher (anatomy and physiology), I witnessed the gross inflation of not only tuition, room, and board over the years (thanks to government-guaranteed student loans), but also increases in the price of textbooks which most instructors demand that you purchase (always the latest edition and generally those books authored by the instructor). Thank you too, to Professor Zentner, for allowing all of us "townies" to download the book, and follow along with your highly enjoyable lectures.
In the '90s I was teaching 5th grade, we finished a very short geology unit, and I assigned a creative project. Four girls came up with a doo-wop (sp?) type song called 'The Heat and Pressure Blues." I was stunned, elated, and entertained beyond words. Wish I could have recorded it. The content of the song was right on.
I only follow two people on you tube, Nick and John Campbell. I can’t quite believe they both intersected for me while watching today’s lecture. I have such high esteem for you both! Love and respect from Canada.
Today I noticed that several of the CWU students are staying for the after class conversation and questions. Some of them are also asking questions, however don't know about having their questions in CAPS so you don't see them since they are in lower case. Is there something you can request they do so that you see their questions first? Maybe have them put CWU in front of their questions so you know it's from a student? They're your priority now, not us townies. I'm thrilled that we're included in your classes and have learned so much from your You Tube videos. Thank you for all that you've done these past years!
It is like that our (my) accumulated knowledge on geology since early last year thanks to Prof. Zentner is like a bunch of Persian carpet (for free) without proper strength of the wooden floor. That means the importance of taking the Geology 101 classes squarely. Thanks & keep moving forward Nick
I'm taking good Townie MommaD notes and ready for these questions on the quiz. Seriously I am getting so so so many questions answered in the classes, and it's really gluing stuff from the at home, on the fly, and exotic terranes together for me!!! I kind of miss Bijou, but I will deal with it until the next episode of "Cat-Geo".
I have to say, your students are incredibly lucky that you're livestreaming these lectures. If they cant make a lecture, zone out and miss some of it, or just cant that day, they can fire up the livestream and watch it as many times as they want to until they get the point. It also helps in note taking as any writing you put on the chalk board they can screen shot or just pause the video to copy it down. This also is a boon to anyone interested in geology, we can psuedo attend the class.
I love your style Nick, you act like you’re running out of time 🤣 this is the internet man! I could listen to you blab on for hours about geology, I’ve never really had much interest in it until I found your lectures, I’ve lived in Florida most of my life but mountains and geography have always fascinated me
I had to catch up. No apology. My cat didn’t eat my computer or anything. I’ve been working a lot of overtime at night and I support my disabled wife. Life goes on. I am a townie but I’m determined to watch the entire series. Thank goodness it’s online. I’m sticking with it. Thanks for the opportunity. YES.
Just copied the Yellow Book file. The opening letter to students is great. One of the hardest aspects of being a student is determining the instructor's expectation. Nick has made his expectations as clear as (insert favorite transparent mineral or amorphous silicate).
@@bagoquarks Just the opposite: every few days I have to pick-up my rock hammer and crack a few rocks for a fix. Have had this problem about 50 years. Cheers, Mark **************************************
I listen through a hi fidelity sound system. The only thing about your sweet new mic I would suggest is drop the level a bit and drop the position a bit, you are overloading the system when you are excited and looking down. The worst offenders are those nasty reflective surfaces such as the BB and lap top etc. Otherwise a nice step forward, have lots of warm batteries if you use it outside, also the wind sok... Cheers, sr
It's early September 21 now and I'm very much enjoying this. Thank you. I live in Saskatchewan and the highest point in the province is in the Cyprus Hills, down near the SE of the province. This episode was enlightening because in the hills, there is a feature called the "Conglomerate Cliffs". It's a tad shocking to realize from this episode that the highest point wasn't all that historically high if they were the result of water erosion. I guess the next obvious question is, "how high was it before the ice sheets?" I suppose I'll have to look into that. Cheers.
Sorry I missed the live stream. Had a Zoom medical appointment at the time so couldn't join in. Long story coming up btw Along with the rest of the Zentnerds (aka townies for these lectures) we all said glaciers/ice. Got a story for that. Back in 1994 I was driving from where I live in CA to Winnipeg in Canada to attend that year's world science fiction convention. Stopped in MT where i grew up to have my mom's ashes interred next to my dad (Ruby Valley, Madison County), then visited other kin in Ennis, Bozeman, and Billings on my way east. Turned left at Fargo to go north, but the things is ... before that trip, I had NEVER been on the plains before. Never east of the Rockies. Now, all of Eastern Montana and Western North Dakota is high plains: rolling hills etc. But somewhere out there in the middle of North Dakota I came across a Continental Divide sign and was like WTF? Realized it marked the boundary between the Missouri River Drainage and the Red River of the north, which flows into Hudson Bay. And out there it's so flat it makes a pancake look lumpy. I was in awe. Told ppl I knew, including my auto mechanic here in San Jose after I got home, it's so flat you can see the curvature of the earth (no lie if you know what to look for). Mechanic chuckled and asked, "Like someone took a steam shovel to it?" I told him, "Yeah, God did, and He used a continental glacier to do it." I had him ROFL over that.
1:13:18 I wouldn't worry too much about the concept of buoyancy of continental crust on the mantle not being compatible with the mantle being solid. On a geologic timescale you can consider it liquid. On a geologic timescale close to ANYTHING is liquid.
Hi Prof Nick, i couldn’t get your lecture live but caught it on TH-cam later on. Your wireless Mike is great. Just need to sort out the lighting setup. Great lecture as usual. Hopefully I’ll get to live stream on Thursday. 🐻
Hi Prof Nick. Wow, for the first time in #101, I slept in and woke up in my comfy chair just in time for the end of the Thank Yous. Probably a good thing ... unlike your Nick-At-Home, etc., for some reason I've not been able to pin down, your vids start off fine, but then suffer from increasing amounts of buffering until its impossible to watch, except as a replay. Which is what I'll be doing from now on. Probably better for my sleep, anyway. Keep up the great work, and concentrate on your corporeal students, and ignore us whiney townies. Regards from James, in Armidale, Australia.
That question about changes in metamorphism in the precambrian got me thinking that uniformitarianism must break down to a certain extent as we go back 4 billion years and then approach the formation of the earth.
Andrew...The Uniformitarianism theory has been debated for a long time now. Some say it is a bad theory and doesn't adequately explain the 4.6 Billion year old geological processes of the Earth. Others say that the term doesn't necessarily mean a uniform & steady process. So, yea, it's kinda confusing. The Earth has gone through many sudden upheavals of all kinds and many catastrophic Earth changing events, so yes...absolutely, the geological history of Earth has never been a steady and consistent process. What the term implies...according to some of the Uniformitarianism people, and I will agree with this... is that the same fundamental laws of physics that govern the entire Universe also govern the geological processes of Earth but with plenty of upheavals and catastrophic events scattered throughout the 4.6 billion years. It is the fundamental laws of physics that is considered the 'uniform' aspect of that theory.
Geology is the study of the interactions of time, gravity, heat, and mass (the 92 elements from the periodic table that are not man-made). Heat and gravity have certainly varied in 4.6 billion years; mass has been captured along the way; the proportions of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks has fluctuated. Perhaps it's just that the record of those older fluctuations is harder to find.
Hi Nick, Excellent lecture as always. Just want to say I did find the sound a bit muffled today. I could hear you o.k. but not as clear as Monday. Hope this helps. Cheers.
45:50 This always confuses me. The g in gneiss is not silent in the original language from which English borrowed the term. So why does English drop the “g” in the name of the rock? 🤔😏
My guess would be that it gets dropped because we do not use that combination of consonant sounds at the beginning of a word in English. Linguistics has all sorts of hypotheses and rules as to how words & language change - you may want to check out some free linguistics resources next!
Nick, the audio is fine. It's different than your other videos, so it takes a little time to get used to the changes in tone and volume. I'm used to the higher volume, so that sounds more natural. Keep doing what you're doing. One of the things that all scientists can do is remind the public on just how much we don't really *know*.
At 22:22 , I thought that slice of gneiss was a black & white Ansel Adams photo at first. It looks like the long glaciers you see coming down/out of the Himalayas. Or maybe I need glasses!
Hi Nick ,it made my evening when you said Good morning to me . Thank you your an amazing teacher and teach with a passion that every child or student deserves .Im from not very exotic East Anglia lol but very exiting living on the coast where it meets the now sunken Doggerland . I love the way you make things clear and visible with your analogies . But the Q and A bit with the phsycotic people answering questions that are directed to you is a bit crazy also childish . Why if they can answer for you do they need to confuse others on a 101 lecture !. Thanks for all you do . Ps i visited pacific north west Mt st Helons etc it blew me away and changed me like it did you . Your lectures have made the experience even better years later . Thank you. Ralphy
I’ve really been thinking lately about moving out west, perhaps to Washington, and if I do, maybe attend some of your lectures if we ever get back to normal! And no, I haven’t been tested 😅
I live along the Front Range, where the Rockies and the Great Plains meet. The slope of the plains Nick drew (expertly) is a thousand miles long. It runs from here, near Boulder, Colorado, to the Mississippi River. It is said that downtown Denver, about 30 miles southeast from here, sits on 22,000 feet of sediment. The third tallest mountain in Colorado is Longs Peak, which is visible when I walk around the corner for a view toward the west. It's the tallest peak in Rocky Mountain National Park and is a Colorado "fourteener" which is what we call one of the 53 mountains in our state that are over 14,000 feet tall (4270 meters). I understand that about 50 million years ago, the Rockies were taller, before erosion ground them down to their present height. How tall, you might ask? Well, if you add the 22,000 feet of sediment under Denver to the 14,000 feet of Longs Peak, you get a rough estimate of 36,000 feet, or 6.75 miles high. By the way, Longs Peak is 14,253 feet tall, according to everyone's favorite online encyclopedia, but that may be a few cm off, as it grows a couple of inches each year. Those who have climbed her say the top of Longs Peak is as flat and as large as a football field.
Yup. Every river has a drainage basic. Every spring rivulet, tributary river, or creek, adds to it. That's why rivers get BIGGER the closer they are to their mouths.
Unless you are the Amu Darya or the Colorado. In that case you lose so much water to irrigation that you get thinner towards the mouth again. There's also rivers draining into desert basins that evaporate naturally so much that they shrink.
Just thought of a really good metaphor that you could add to your Persian rugs as sedimentary layers. There is something else that gets added to your carpets. Everyday. Every week. Every month. And the longer you wait the thicker that layer gets. Dust. Dirt. Lint. Dog hair. All these layers build up on the carpet. Erosion would be the vacuum. It goes over the layers and removes the stuff that can be removed. I guess it could be like a glacier scraping the top of the carpet and removing the debris. To take this a little further, if you were to leave the vacuum on for 24 hours a day 7 days a week for months at a time, I’m guessing the carpet would start “eroding away”. And to add uplift. What if you built your house on permafrost. Or an earthquake happened that changes the level of you floor. And part of the floor sticks up more than another part. If you were to leave that vacuum in place 24/7 like before, the vacuum would probably get down to the hardwood. I’m sure there other ways the carpet could be eroded. Over time. Anyways. I love analogies and metaphors to explain things. Use this if you like. I’m going to do a video and mention your carpet model. If you want to do something with it go for it! Loving your class!
I'm somewhat confused. I always thought Cratons were floating chunks of Granite like rock in a heavier semi-molten early Earth, that when it finally cooled and all the water vapor in the atmosphere started to condensate and we had the million year(S) of rain that started filling the now ocean valleys, became the first pieces of land, the basis of continents, of a new world.
When I visited Black Canyon in Colorado. There was very little sediment rock mostly metamorphic and igneous. Do you think the metamorphics there is the Craton? since there's igneous rock is that due to the uplifting effect?
I'm not Nick but I live in Colorado and have been to the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River many times. Yes, you see Precambrian gneiss and schist with igneous intrusions of pegmatite at the turnouts and vista points. Some of the banding of the metamorphic rock is quite beautiful. Go at noonish as the canyon is tight and deep (the Black Canyon) and you can see better with the Sun 🌞 high in the Summer sky.
@@leavingmarks Yes, the canyon can be like a giant 📣 (megaphone) in spots. It is 2,000 feet deep and very narrow in places, and you can hear the roaring waters during the spring run-off after snowy years. Interestingly, the extreme el nino/la nina cycles have made a noticable difference in sound levels, which are higher and lower depending on the season you visit. I used to travel through Gunnison and Montrose, (which gives one an opportunity to visit the Black Canyon), regularly in September when the spring run-off was practically over and the river was down to a trickle. I haven't been that way since 2010, and the late 2000's were dry years, so the waters were quiet up top. Our reservoirs were low but we had plenty of beautiful days that season, and it was a hot, dry September... what we used to call Indian Summer in less sensitive times, although my Navajo friends used to laugh at the thought of "Native American Summer." The mountains' personalities change with the season. In the cold, dark nights of winters past, before we all became aware that our species leaves sooty tracks across the planet's ecological record called our "carbon footprint", the national cable TV weather station reported the warmest and coldest spots on the planet each day. Often, The Black Canyon of the Gunnison won the title for the coldest spot.
Hi Nick, thanks for the replays, note 6000 odd views...cool. By the way does your camera setup have adaptive light settings enabled. Could be why the light goes light to dark and back, unexpectedly. Just a thought
Thersday is the same day I will be getting my first order of Nitric I whont have to make it for a while . Finance's are tite but being a dislexic I prefer to have a book in hand look forward to seeing it .
YESTERDAY I WAS OUT SNOWSHOEING DEVIL'S SPUR JUST ABOVE WENATCHEE. I FOUND AN AREA OF SANDSTONE THAT WAS UPLIFTED AND THE BOTTOM LAYER WAS SLATE OR MAYBE SHALE. I THOUGHT IT WAS QUITE INTERESTING. WHAT IS YOUR THOUGHTS?
I think that the heating of the igneous or metamorphic rock releases the gaseous daughter element (such as Argon), so the proportions of parent to daughter only measure the time since crystalization.
OK prob gonna be posting the heck outa things here and making multiple posts bc of diff subjects. But one of the explanations I've seen for the Rockies is the East Pacific Rise. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pacific_Rise (tectonic plate boundary) Why is this? If you look at the map of the Pacific floor here and follow the line of the East Pacific Rise beyond what's seen in the Pacific and under North America, it looks like it lines up with the Rockies. The wiki article on the Rockies here en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains alludes to this but doesn't say it outright. But if you read what the extent of the Rockies is and where it ends, it seems to line up. It does tie it with the subduction of a plate boundary.
The Lewisian Gneiss is some of the most beautiful rock I've ever seen. If you can get to the standing stones at Callanish (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callanish_Stones), get the light right they shine like steel. I guess that's due to the mica.
The excitement I have watching your videos. I am practically jumping out of my seat yelling "THATS AMAZING" "MAGNIFICENT" thank you again for these wonderful videos by someone who has such an energy, remind me of my high school auto mechanics teacher and I absorbed so much information then as I do now. I am taking so many notes! Thank you and thank you!!!
Nick, this and the other lectures have convinced me to finish the MA (history) I started. The learning experience has bitten me again thanks to you. Thanks
You posted this 3 years ago. How is the MA going?
Have to miss many of these live--but am committed to watching later in the day. Loving this class! Thank you.
Same. Love these, I'm even taking notes 🙈
@@andremorning7427 me too!
Same here...I’m on work calls at 10 thinking about class lol!
I am here in Arkansas and taking Geology 101 at the local Community College. I was taking it last spring but when Covid hit, the school went all virtual learning and this old man...I'm 69..didn't want to mess with all that, so I withdrew. I am retaking it and the class rooms are now open, with separated seating and of course wearing masks, so I am back in class. But I am still going to watch these with Dr. Zentner and take notes. I have been watching his videos for a few years and I really like the way he teaches. I know this will help me in my class & lab work. Oh, Arkansas has an interesting geological past too. Thank you, Dr. Zentner..!!
Yup. One of the few spots in North America with actual diamond mines.
@@adriennegormley9358 Yes, and the only site that is open to the public. I have lived in Arkansas most of my life and have never been there to hunt for diamonds. I would rather hunt for Quartz Crystals in the Hot Springs area where there are dozens of privately owned hunting sites where you pay a small fee and ( just like the diamond site ),and keep anything you find, which can be considerable and with lots of great individual crystals and clumps of crystals. There are places all around the shores and on the land around Lake Ouachita where you can look for free and find beautiful little crystals and quite often even large specimens like the one Dr. Zentner showed, just laying on the beaches and the land. I have been meaning to go back there and collect some more Quartz Crystals for a long time.
@@marbleman52 That sounds like so much fun...hunt a while, then go soak in the hot springs!
@@susanliebermann5721 Soaking in a hot spring sounds great but I do not know of any hot springs that are open to the public. The main ones have been owned by the city of Hot springs for a very long time. If you look up Hot Springs, Arkansas, you can read the history of it; it is a very popular tourist attraction...it's called Bath House Row. I do not know of any hot springs that are on private land; there might be...might not be. But there are plenty of Quartz Crystals to be found all over the area..!!
"The Craton is rising. Every year the craton is getting closer to Heaven" as you are Mr Zentner. You deserve it for such wonderful teaching.
THANK YOU to the individual who purchased the Yellowbooks on the behalf of the CWU students enrolled in the class. The kindness of strangers is always welcome, and you have set an example for the rest of us. As a retired college teacher (anatomy and physiology), I witnessed the gross inflation of not only tuition, room, and board over the years (thanks to government-guaranteed student loans), but also increases in the price of textbooks which most instructors demand that you purchase (always the latest edition and generally those books authored by the instructor). Thank you too, to Professor Zentner, for allowing all of us "townies" to download the book, and follow along with your highly enjoyable lectures.
I’m going back through the videos, taking notes this time and learning it like a student. It’s fun and it’s work. Thanks Nick!
In the '90s I was teaching 5th grade, we finished a very short geology unit, and I assigned a creative project. Four girls came up with a doo-wop (sp?) type song called 'The Heat and Pressure Blues." I was stunned, elated, and entertained beyond words. Wish I could have recorded it. The content of the song was right on.
Sounds priceless!
I only follow two people on you tube, Nick and John Campbell. I can’t quite believe they both intersected for me while watching today’s lecture. I have such high esteem for you both! Love and respect from Canada.
Today I noticed that several of the CWU students are staying for the after class conversation and questions. Some of them are also asking questions, however don't know about having their questions in CAPS so you don't see them since they are in lower case. Is there something you can request they do so that you see their questions first? Maybe have them put CWU in front of their questions so you know it's from a student? They're your priority now, not us townies. I'm thrilled that we're included in your classes and have learned so much from your You Tube videos. Thank you for all that you've done these past years!
It is like that our (my) accumulated knowledge on geology since early last year thanks to Prof. Zentner is like a bunch of Persian carpet (for free) without proper strength of the wooden floor. That means the importance of taking the Geology 101 classes squarely. Thanks & keep moving forward Nick
Couldn't manage to catch this live today but so I want to thank you again after the fact! This is truly great and unique, long it may continue!
Thanks so much for streaming your class for us Townies. I really enjoy your class.🌎
I'm taking good Townie MommaD notes and ready for these questions on the quiz. Seriously I am getting so so so many questions answered in the classes, and it's really gluing stuff from the at home, on the fly, and exotic terranes together for me!!! I kind of miss Bijou, but I will deal with it until the next episode of "Cat-Geo".
I have to say, your students are incredibly lucky that you're livestreaming these lectures. If they cant make a lecture, zone out and miss some of it, or just cant that day, they can fire up the livestream and watch it as many times as they want to until they get the point. It also helps in note taking as any writing you put on the chalk board they can screen shot or just pause the video to copy it down. This also is a boon to anyone interested in geology, we can psuedo attend the class.
The hardwood floor and the Persian rug - I’ll never forget!
When you get excited, you are not over modulating the audio.... Sounds great. Yell all you want. Your new system seems to control the gain.
First time I've ever heard East Anglia called exotic lol Thanks for another great slice of information
Lol made me laugh too !.
Thankyou Nick for another great lesson!
Ty!! Loving all of these.
I love your style Nick, you act like you’re running out of time 🤣 this is the internet man! I could listen to you blab on for hours about geology, I’ve never really had much interest in it until I found your lectures, I’ve lived in Florida most of my life but mountains and geography have always fascinated me
Me, too. I could listen to Nick blab on about geology for hours!
@@susanliebermann5721 right? I originally listened to them to fall asleep to😆, but I found them too interesting to crash out to
I had to catch up. No apology. My cat didn’t eat my computer or anything. I’ve been working a lot of overtime at night and I support my disabled wife. Life goes on. I am a townie but I’m determined to watch the entire series. Thank goodness it’s online. I’m sticking with it. Thanks for the opportunity. YES.
Just copied the Yellow Book file. The opening letter to students is great. One of the hardest aspects of being a student is determining the instructor's expectation. Nick has made his expectations as clear as (insert favorite transparent mineral or amorphous silicate).
Thank you Sir. I am learning a lot. You are awesome, peace and blessings to you always.
Best of luck to Blake. Greetings from Sydney Australia 🇦🇺
"A former Geologist": Once a Geologist always a Geologist.
Is there no cure?
@@bagoquarks Just the opposite: every few days I have to pick-up my rock hammer and crack a few rocks for a fix. Have had this problem about 50 years.
Cheers, Mark
**************************************
I listen through a hi fidelity sound system. The only thing about your sweet new mic I would suggest is drop the level a bit and drop the position a bit,
you are overloading the system when you are excited and looking down. The worst offenders are those nasty reflective surfaces such as the BB and lap top etc.
Otherwise a nice step forward, have lots of warm batteries if you use it outside, also the wind sok...
Cheers, sr
13:45 Schools in.
18:00 Start lecture
It's early September 21 now and I'm very much enjoying this. Thank you.
I live in Saskatchewan and the highest point in the province is in the Cyprus Hills, down near the SE of the province. This episode was enlightening because in the hills, there is a feature called the "Conglomerate Cliffs". It's a tad shocking to realize from this episode that the highest point wasn't all that historically high if they were the result of water erosion. I guess the next obvious question is, "how high was it before the ice sheets?" I suppose I'll have to look into that.
Cheers.
This lesson was fantastic.
Awesome! I live in Clayland-- Indiana! But my hearthstone is siltstone from MO!
Thank You Mr Zentner
Sorry I missed the live stream. Had a Zoom medical appointment at the time so couldn't join in. Long story coming up btw
Along with the rest of the Zentnerds (aka townies for these lectures) we all said glaciers/ice. Got a story for that. Back in 1994 I was driving from where I live in CA to Winnipeg in Canada to attend that year's world science fiction convention. Stopped in MT where i grew up to have my mom's ashes interred next to my dad (Ruby Valley, Madison County), then visited other kin in Ennis, Bozeman, and Billings on my way east. Turned left at Fargo to go north, but the things is ... before that trip, I had NEVER been on the plains before. Never east of the Rockies.
Now, all of Eastern Montana and Western North Dakota is high plains: rolling hills etc. But somewhere out there in the middle of North Dakota I came across a Continental Divide sign and was like WTF? Realized it marked the boundary between the Missouri River Drainage and the Red River of the north, which flows into Hudson Bay. And out there it's so flat it makes a pancake look lumpy. I was in awe. Told ppl I knew, including my auto mechanic here in San Jose after I got home, it's so flat you can see the curvature of the earth (no lie if you know what to look for). Mechanic chuckled and asked, "Like someone took a steam shovel to it?"
I told him, "Yeah, God did, and He used a continental glacier to do it."
I had him ROFL over that.
1:13:18 I wouldn't worry too much about the concept of buoyancy of continental crust on the mantle not being compatible with the mantle being solid.
On a geologic timescale you can consider it liquid. On a geologic timescale close to ANYTHING is liquid.
Thank you and keep doing this. I can't do them liive, but so far I'm 5 x 5!! THANK YOU!
Oops I missed my class!!!
Watching now 😉💕
Wish this had been invented when I was in college.
@@christomacelli8631 truly for me computers too!😂😂
Thank you once again
Ah! Metamorphic rocks.....Rocks subjected to a good hot squeeze!
Sometimes hot, sometimes a squeeze but not always both together !
How different are the rocks based on hot or squeezed?
To whoever bought those books for the students 👏
It's official: I'm a GEEK. I'm BINGE watching Nick's course! Ha!
ME TOO...AND TAKING NOTES;)
Hi Prof Nick, i couldn’t get your lecture live but caught it on TH-cam later on.
Your wireless Mike is great. Just need to sort out the lighting setup.
Great lecture as usual.
Hopefully I’ll get to live stream on Thursday. 🐻
Hi Prof Nick. Wow, for the first time in #101, I slept in and woke up in my comfy chair just in time for the end of the Thank Yous.
Probably a good thing ... unlike your Nick-At-Home, etc., for some reason I've not been able to pin down, your vids start off fine, but then suffer from increasing amounts of buffering until its impossible to watch, except as a replay. Which is what I'll be doing from now on. Probably better for my sleep, anyway.
Keep up the great work, and concentrate on your corporeal students, and ignore us whiney townies.
Regards from James, in Armidale, Australia.
He starts teaching at about 18:05
That question about changes in metamorphism in the precambrian got me thinking that uniformitarianism must break down to a certain extent as we go back 4 billion years and then approach the formation of the earth.
Andrew...The Uniformitarianism theory has been debated for a long time now. Some say it is a bad theory and doesn't adequately explain the 4.6 Billion year old geological processes of the Earth. Others say that the term doesn't necessarily mean a uniform & steady process. So, yea, it's kinda confusing. The Earth has gone through many sudden upheavals of all kinds and many catastrophic Earth changing events, so yes...absolutely, the geological history of Earth has never been a steady and consistent process. What the term implies...according to some of the Uniformitarianism people, and I will agree with this... is that the same fundamental laws of physics that govern the entire Universe also govern the geological processes of Earth but with plenty of upheavals and catastrophic events scattered throughout the 4.6 billion years. It is the fundamental laws of physics that is considered the 'uniform' aspect of that theory.
Geology is the study of the interactions of time, gravity, heat, and mass (the 92 elements from the periodic table that are not man-made). Heat and gravity have certainly varied in 4.6 billion years; mass has been captured along the way; the proportions of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks has fluctuated. Perhaps it's just that the record of those older fluctuations is harder to find.
Wow Mr Nick...Im impressed with your wireless m I c. Good goin.
Worse day of the week - Wednesdays!!! No class!!
Hi Nick, Excellent lecture as always. Just want to say I did find the sound a bit muffled today. I could hear you o.k. but not as clear as Monday. Hope this helps. Cheers.
45:50 This always confuses me. The g in gneiss is not silent in the original language from which English borrowed the term. So why does English drop the “g” in the name of the rock? 🤔😏
My guess would be that it gets dropped because we do not use that combination of consonant sounds at the beginning of a word in English. Linguistics has all sorts of hypotheses and rules as to how words & language change - you may want to check out some free linguistics resources next!
Nick, the audio is fine. It's different than your other videos, so it takes a little time to get used to the changes in tone and volume. I'm used to the higher volume, so that sounds more natural. Keep doing what you're doing.
One of the things that all scientists can do is remind the public on just how much we don't really *know*.
At 22:22 , I thought that slice of gneiss was a black & white Ansel Adams photo at first. It looks like the long glaciers you see coming down/out of the Himalayas. Or maybe I need glasses!
East Anglia "exotic"! First time I've heard it called that!
Hi Nick ,it made my evening when you said Good morning to me . Thank you your an amazing teacher and teach with a passion that every child or student deserves .Im from not very exotic East Anglia lol but very exiting living on the coast where it meets the now sunken Doggerland . I love the way you make things clear and visible with your analogies . But the Q and A bit with the phsycotic people answering questions that are directed to you is a bit crazy also childish . Why if they can answer for you do they need to confuse others on a 101 lecture !. Thanks for all you do . Ps i visited pacific north west Mt st Helons etc it blew me away and changed me like it did you . Your lectures have made the experience even better years later . Thank you. Ralphy
I’ve really been thinking lately about moving out west, perhaps to Washington, and if I do, maybe attend some of your lectures if we ever get back to normal! And no, I haven’t been tested 😅
*FREE YELLOW BOOKS!* Thank you to the townie that "paid it forward." \\//_
Do you have the PDF? The link is for the next class not the Geo101 class. I'd like to get the book.
Hello from Ridgefield, Washington
Thanks from the townies!
I live along the Front Range, where the Rockies and the Great Plains meet. The slope of the plains Nick drew (expertly) is a thousand miles long. It runs from here, near Boulder, Colorado, to the Mississippi River. It is said that downtown Denver, about 30 miles southeast from here, sits on 22,000 feet of sediment. The third tallest mountain in Colorado is Longs Peak, which is visible when I walk around the corner for a view toward the west. It's the tallest peak in Rocky Mountain National Park and is a Colorado "fourteener" which is what we call one of the 53 mountains in our state that are over 14,000 feet tall (4270 meters). I understand that about 50 million years ago, the Rockies were taller, before erosion ground them down to their present height. How tall, you might ask? Well, if you add the 22,000 feet of sediment under Denver to the 14,000 feet of Longs Peak, you get a rough estimate of 36,000 feet, or 6.75 miles high. By the way, Longs Peak is 14,253 feet tall, according to everyone's favorite online encyclopedia, but that may be a few cm off, as it grows a couple of inches each year. Those who have climbed her say the top of Longs Peak is as flat and as large as a football field.
Still Pressure cooking in Southern Wisconsin. I am a year late watching.
Dr John is awesome and he would be very pleased with your feedback!
Yup. Every river has a drainage basic. Every spring rivulet, tributary river, or creek, adds to it. That's why rivers get BIGGER the closer they are to their mouths.
Unless you are the Amu Darya or the Colorado. In that case you lose so much water to irrigation that you get thinner towards the mouth again. There's also rivers draining into desert basins that evaporate naturally so much that they shrink.
Cobble Knoll, Vermont and Pennsylvania - towns with Cobble in name.
I want that gneiss @22:27 for a counter top wow.
How can river sediment accumulate to a thickness that would lead to metamorphosis? Wouldn't the river change course as the deposits thickened?
That's a great question!
Would the term fault block mountains when referring to the Tetons be the same as uplift?
Just thought of a really good metaphor that you could add to your Persian rugs as sedimentary layers. There is something else that gets added to your carpets. Everyday. Every week. Every month. And the longer you wait the thicker that layer gets. Dust. Dirt. Lint. Dog hair. All these layers build up on the carpet. Erosion would be the vacuum. It goes over the layers and removes the stuff that can be removed. I guess it could be like a glacier scraping the top of the carpet and removing the debris. To take this a little further, if you were to leave the vacuum on for 24 hours a day 7 days a week for months at a time, I’m guessing the carpet would start “eroding away”. And to add uplift. What if you built your house on permafrost. Or an earthquake happened that changes the level of you floor. And part of the floor sticks up more than another part. If you were to leave that vacuum in place 24/7 like before, the vacuum would probably get down to the hardwood. I’m sure there other ways the carpet could be eroded. Over time. Anyways. I love analogies and metaphors to explain things. Use this if you like. I’m going to do a video and mention your carpet model. If you want to do something with it go for it! Loving your class!
Thanks for the lesson
I love metamorphic strawberry jam.
I'm somewhat confused. I always thought Cratons were floating chunks of Granite like rock in a heavier semi-molten early Earth, that when it finally cooled and all the water vapor in the atmosphere started to condensate and we had the million year(S) of rain that started filling the now ocean valleys, became the first pieces of land, the basis of continents, of a new world.
When I visited Black Canyon in Colorado. There was very little sediment rock mostly metamorphic and igneous. Do you think the metamorphics there is the Craton? since there's igneous rock is that due to the uplifting effect?
I'm not Nick but I live in Colorado and have been to the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River many times. Yes, you see Precambrian gneiss and schist with igneous intrusions of pegmatite at the turnouts and vista points. Some of the banding of the metamorphic rock is quite beautiful. Go at noonish as the canyon is tight and deep (the Black Canyon) and you can see better with the Sun 🌞 high in the Summer sky.
@@kwgm8578 it was amazing loud place. Thanks for the answer
@@leavingmarks Yes, the canyon can be like a giant 📣 (megaphone) in spots. It is 2,000 feet deep and very narrow in places, and you can hear the roaring waters during the spring run-off after snowy years. Interestingly, the extreme el nino/la nina cycles have made a noticable difference in sound levels, which are higher and lower depending on the season you visit. I used to travel through Gunnison and Montrose, (which gives one an opportunity to visit the Black Canyon), regularly in September when the spring run-off was practically over and the river was down to a trickle. I haven't been that way since 2010, and the late 2000's were dry years, so the waters were quiet up top. Our reservoirs were low but we had plenty of beautiful days that season, and it was a hot, dry September... what we used to call Indian Summer in less sensitive times, although my Navajo friends used to laugh at the thought of "Native American Summer." The mountains' personalities change with the season. In the cold, dark nights of winters past, before we all became aware that our species leaves sooty tracks across the planet's ecological record called our "carbon footprint", the national cable TV weather station reported the warmest and coldest spots on the planet each day. Often, The Black Canyon of the Gunnison won the title for the coldest spot.
Thank you. ❤️
Hi Nick, thanks for the replays, note 6000 odd views...cool. By the way does your camera setup have adaptive light settings enabled. Could be why the light goes light to dark and back, unexpectedly. Just a thought
Now we’re learning
The UK doctor is Dr. Campbell......
BlA.Ke 12:17 😂😂 Too funny man
Thersday is the same day I will be getting my first order of Nitric I whont have to make it for a while . Finance's are tite but being a dislexic I prefer to have a book in hand look forward to seeing it .
YESTERDAY I WAS OUT SNOWSHOEING DEVIL'S SPUR JUST ABOVE WENATCHEE. I FOUND AN AREA OF SANDSTONE THAT WAS UPLIFTED AND THE BOTTOM LAYER WAS SLATE OR MAYBE SHALE. I THOUGHT IT WAS QUITE INTERESTING. WHAT IS YOUR THOUGHTS?
the mic sounds good today
sound is great
In closing, listen to the lyrics of the Rush tune Limelight... you're famouser now... ;-)
Is they Craton also known as bed rock?
So I wonder if the Yellowstone hot spot is essentially cutting the NA continent in half?
I am not understanding uplift. I get why the cratom gets exposed, but why does uplift occur? What’s pushing it up? Its not explained
Hi Nick, we printed out your yellow book tonite before class. Missed the livestream so are watching at our 8 p.m. (TN) aka “townies” 🐈
So... What resets half lives? Why aren't all rocks, minerals, elements as old as mother earth?
Recycling of the crust
I think that the heating of the igneous or metamorphic rock releases the gaseous daughter element (such as Argon), so the proportions of parent to daughter only measure the time since crystalization.
Caroline in utah on nov. 13, 2021
Doesn't "uplift intensifying erosion" explain #1 River Cutting?
I would think that the two mechanisms can both be present, but that #1 River Cutting will still happen even when there is no uplift.
OK prob gonna be posting the heck outa things here and making multiple posts bc of diff subjects. But one of the explanations I've seen for the Rockies is the East Pacific Rise. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pacific_Rise (tectonic plate boundary)
Why is this? If you look at the map of the Pacific floor here and follow the line of the East Pacific Rise beyond what's seen in the Pacific and under North America, it looks like it lines up with the Rockies. The wiki article on the Rockies here en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains alludes to this but doesn't say it outright. But if you read what the extent of the Rockies is and where it ends, it seems to line up. It does tie it with the subduction of a plate boundary.
Phillip in Lowell, Mass
Get those rug mites off the craton hardwood floors!
Back in highschool I learned that the mountains were created by continental shift
The townies may have a head start..
Eagle Creek, Oregon
Ba-lock-ey!! 😂😂😂
i wonder if nick is now sleeping the persian rug
Holy shoot. My mother-in-law, in Gravenhurst Ontario, has North America’s basement in her basement. (Literally)
Hi NICK have a nice day dear i am from Pakistan
IN NORTH AMERICA, IS THE SANDSTONE FORMED BECAUSE OF WATER COVERING THE CONTINENT?
Maybe I will start saying, when the Slate hits the fan #protolith
Lewis gneiss en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisian_complex
The Lewisian Gneiss is some of the most beautiful rock I've ever seen. If you can get to the standing stones at Callanish (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callanish_Stones), get the light right they shine like steel. I guess that's due to the mica.
❤