How the Greeks Colonized the Mediterranean - Ancient Civilizations
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Kings and Generals' historical animated documentary series on the history of Ancient Civilizations and Ancient Greece continues with a video on how the Greeks colonized the Mediterranean, as we discuss how the settling process took place step by step, including consultation with the Oracles, selection of oikos and the reasons why the mother city was so eager to send colonists elsewhere.
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#Documentary #AncientGreece #Colonization
Working on a series on the Ancient Greek Mythology...
That sounds so dope, bruv!
😍
🤩
God of war?
Age of Mythology ^^ Awesome guys
Many cities in southern France were actually founded by the Greeks, the most famous being Marseille (Phocea) the second largest city of France, that we still call "la cité Phocéenne". :)
A glorious city back then. It had a powerful army of it's own and later helped Romans a lot in the region as they were allied with them.
Phocea was a different city, located on the western coast of Asia Minor. Marseille was founded by the citizens of Phocea fleeing from the Persians though, so it still makes sense to call it "la cité Phocéenne" (this translates to 'the Phocean city/city of the Phoceans' right?)
Anyway, cheers from Poland!
Was Paris founded by Troyans?
@@illyrusemperor9278 Paris' name comes from the latin name for the gallic tribe living there, the parisii.
Marseille. Founded by immigrants, hates immigrants.
My ancestors were Greeks that found their way to Sicily, had a town named after them in central Sicily. When Mussolini arose the changed the towns name. My great grandfather came from there around a decade before that.
What was its name?
My cousin visited it. It was something like "La Piazzo de LoGreco.
Damn... Does your family have that surname for generations? I saw a guy visited Southern Italy, don't remember where exactly. It was a village with Greeks, still speaking Greek. It was amazing and both Italy's and Greece's flags were arisen at a building. Dope stuff.
@@hermespsychopompos8267 Just means "the Greek ". Town was named town of the Greeks until they heard Mussolini had it in for Greeks. It was a common name there.
@@georgelogreco8810 And these surnames survived all these centuries? God, legendary stuff
Great video and greetings from Taranto (Τάρας) an ancient spartan colony🇬🇷🇮🇹❤️
From all the thousands of cities the Greeks has built, some did really made an extraordinary journey to our days:
Istanbul 🇹🇷 (Byzantium)
الإسكندرية 🇪🇬 (Alexandria)
Marseille 🇫🇷 (Massalia)
Naples/Napoli 🇮🇹 (Neapoli)
Nice 🇫🇷 (Níkaia)
Trabzon 🇹🇷 (Trabezous)
Izmir 🇹🇷 (Smyrna)
Antakya 🇹🇷 (Antióchia)
Kerch 🇺🇦 (Pantikápaion)
Kerch 🇷🇺
Τόμις/Τόμοι Constanța
Τόμις/Τόμοι Constanța
Κάλλατις Mangalia
@@seigi6048 Don't worry. It will be Ukrainian soon.
Fascinating topic! Would love to hear more about ancient Greek colonies.
Same, those old Greeks knew how to get things done Calum
Me2 😈
And Phoenician ones too!
Would you like to know more?
@@TacitusKilgore165 I am doing my part!
Next rivalry between Greek and Phoenecian Colonizers please. And their sphere of influence in the Mediterranian and Atlantic coast.
It would be very interesting subject. An example is the island of Cyprus. Phoenicians colonized the island first (the islands name at Phoenician time was Alashia). The the mycenian Greeks colonized the island later and the Greek language and culture became dominant on the island since then. The Greek-Cypriot dialect uses thousands of ancient Greek words that are not in use in Greece.
The Greeks gave the name Kypros (Cyprus) to the island because of the Kyparissos tree (cypress tree) on the island. The island gave its name to the copper metal because the romans called the metal aes cyprium (metal from Cyprus).
@Leo the British-Filipino Followed by Carthaginian(Offspring of Phoenicia) vs Rome(Influenced by Greece)
@footballcoreano I think they're talking earlier. The entire Mediterranean became Greek after Alexander the Great.
@@hermespsychopompos8267 not really since you still had carthage and in the west iberian tribes so yes the east was greek thanks to its colonies and Alexander but not the west
@@degamegang8262 Yeah, I meant the part you got after us up to Egypt. I didn't mean the European Mediterranean. I phrase it wrongly.
The story of the Greek colonization is very ancient and goes back to the Mycenaean period. For example many of the Heroes of the Argonautica and the Trojan War, they founded many cities through the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. For example, the Argonaut Phalerus founded the city of Parthenope (today's Napoli) in Italy, while the Trojan War Heroes like Diomedes, Idomeneas, Myrion, Teucer, Agapenor, built cities in Italy, Cyprus, and the coasts of the Black Sea. In their greatest expansion, during the Hellenistic times, Greek cities and colonies existed from Spain and France (Hemeroskopeion, Marseille), to India, and from the Crimean Peninsula (Nymphaion), to Libya (Cyrene).
India ?
@@BhairavVani The reference was to the Indo-Greek Kingdom of Menander.
@@comradekenobi6908 Of course they would have been conficts, but also they had been alliances, trading, cultural exchanges among the Greek colonies and the local inhabitants. A classic example of peaceful coexistence with the indigenous people, are the Greek colonists from Phokaia who built Marseilles. The leader of the Greek colonists had a very good relationship with the local Celts, he traded with them, and he even married the daughter of the Celt chieftain. In other cases at the contrary, like in the also Phokaian colony of Alalia in Corsica, the settlement of the Greek colonists lead to a war with the Etruscans and the Carthagenes, and to the Battle of Alalia in 535 BC, and to the final abbandon of the colony by the Greeks.
@@comradekenobi6908 It's a diverse array of situations. Not all of those colonies were militaristic. Some were tiny merchant outposts which cooperated and felt cool with the natives.
@@comradekenobi6908 some would have started out as trading outposts and then turned into full fledged colony. A clear example of this is Emporion located in modern Spain whose name literally means ‘marketplace’
Other interesting Greek colonies were Massalia (later known as Marseille) located in the south of France or Emporion in Spain.
You made us feel proud once again. Greetings to everyone from a Greek Living in Cyprus
AMEN!
Its really cool how they went so far and actually managed to settle there , like thise colonies in iberia/southern france.
I wonder, what they felt out there? I mean, Iberia was like the end of the world, what it felt like to live in such a place?
When Alexander was securing his conquest of Persia and got to the eastern frontier in what is now Afghanistan, he found Greek cities already there. He added more, but was building on an already existing Greek population.
@@ziadalaa6054 Before the Roman Empire, the Celts came from the Anatolia region, moved in to Central Europe and then Western Europe.
@@richiedamien its the other way round, the moved into anatolia
@@ziadalaa6054 nope. It's the other way around.
An extremely large group of marauding Gauls from modern day France (the tribes of the Boii and the Volcae), moved towards Greece , but suddenly stopped north of Macedonian territory. These were the Gauls that met with Alexander the Great (when Alexander asked them what they feared the most, and they replied "The sky falling").
Anyway, this group became bigger and bigger and when Alexander died, they resumed their movement and tried to invade Greece with a massive force (reportedly 300 000).
However, after some initial success they untimately failed and many were trapped while attempting to retreat after an attempt at the treasures of the Oracle of Delphi, and were slaughtered by the Greeks. The survivors fled to Thrace near Byzantium unable to cross into Asia. Some escaped north towards modern day Romania (the place became known as Wallachia).
More of those who remained were massacred when one of Alexander's generals, Antigonas, happened to land nearby while attempting to invade Macedonia.
About 20 000 managed to find employment as Mercenaries under another Succussor general, Nicomedes, and was allowed to cross into Asia.
After some stuff happened, these Gallic mercenaries ended up marauding accross Anatolia. These were also slaughtered by Antiochus (another Successor general).
The now very few survivors that remained, settled in the middle of Anatolia around Ancyra. They were a warrior class minority ruling over the majority local Phrygians... who began to speak the language of their Gallic overlords and became known as the Galatians.
"The Average Joe was still a farmer".
Maybe in the greek case we should call him the "Average Ioannis".
Why do normal greek names always sound so cool
@@mk9650 Average wopadopolis
Ioannis is a name of jewish origin used much later. Average names around then would be Aristarchus (Athens) or Pausanias (Sparta) etc.
@@apmoy70 Correct.
I really like to study the Greek colonization throughout the Mediterranean.
Sicily (Σικελία), for example, was once the epicenter of Magna Graecia (Μεγάλη Ελλάς); as the Romans called the Greek colonization within the current Italian regions of Sicily, Calabria, Basilicata, Puglia and Campania.
Sicily, the "queen of the Mediterranean" ("La Regina del Mediterraneo"), as I like to call it, was the very heart of Magna Graecia. In Sicily, however, the Greek colonization was NOT concentrated on the entire island, but only within the current Sicilian provinces of Siracusa, Ragusa, Catania, Messina, Agrigento and Caltanissetta; including the southern part of the province of Trapani as well (where Selinunte is located).
The current province of Palermo, on the other hand, was initially colonized by the Phoenicians/Carthaginians (at least until the Sicilian wars). The only significant Greek colony within the current province of Palermo, however, was Himera (Ιμέρα).
Syracuse (Συράκουσαι), for example, was not only the most significant city of Magna Graecia; but it was also one of the most important cities of the western world as a whole; SPECIALLY during Hiero II's reign (270-215 BC), when Syracuse rivaled in importance with Rome itself! It was also the birthplace of Archimedes himself! Syracuse, in my own words, was the "queen of Sicily" ("Η Βασίλισσα της Σικελίας"). From a simple Corinthian colony, Syracuse became the most important city of Magna Graecia during the reign of tyrant Gelon I (485-478 BC).
Note: Hiero II's death in 215 BC, in my historical analysis, was catastrophic for the political independence of Syracuse. Hieron was able to maintain Syracuse as an independent polis (city) for over 50 years! However, after the rise of Hiero's son and successor, Hieronymus (Ιερώνυμος), Syracuse's political independence was compromised. Hieronymus simply abandoned his father's pro-Roman policy, allying himself with the Carthaginians at the peak of the Second Punic War! After this political "treason", the city was besieged and conquered by the Romans in 212 BC; which was carried out by the proconsul Claudius Marcellus, who was the so-called "sword of Rome" ("Gladius Romae"). Nevertheless, Syracuse maintained its importance even after the Roman conquest in 212 BC, when it became the capital of the Roman province of Sicily (PROVINCIA SICILIA); the first Roman province outside Italy.
In addition to Syracuse, Agrigento (Ακράγας) is also a "symbol" of the Greek presence in Southern Italy (ESPECIALLY the Valley of the Temples). Agrigento was the second most important city of Magna Graecia, specially during Theron's reign (488-472 BC). After the Greek victory over the Carthaginians at the Battle of Himera (480 BC), Akragas became the most important polis of central Sicily. Pindar himself call it the "most beautiful city of the mortals". However, after the Carthaginian destruction of Akragas in 406 BC, the city completely lost its former glory and importance. In 262 BC, when the consuls Quintus Mamilius Vitulus and Lucius Postumius Megellus conquered the city (which was called Agrigentum by the Romans), Akragas was no longer the former powerful city of Theron's reign.
In addition to Syracuse and Akragas, the cities (poleis) of Rhegium (Ρήγιον), which was the most important city of the Greek Calabria; Taranto (Τάρας/Tarentum), which was the most important city of Puglia (Άπουλία); and Paestum (Ποσειδώνια), which was the most important city of the Greek Campania; were also key cities for the Greek world (Ελλάς). Taranto (Τάρας), for example, was the single Spartan colony within the Greek world.
I would like to visit the ruins of those cities someday!
Good info but you need to be informed and others too, that such thing as " Magna Grecia" didn't exist as a concept back than and not even among the ancient hellens in Peloponnese or islands
It is a made up term in the 20th century.
Man i visited these places in early 2000. I was a young boy and my grandma with an elder travel group travelled from Bari to the Island of Σικελία. All the old folkes where interested about the Cristian temples ( which where great don't get me wrong ) but my passion was about the archeological sites. Thankfully our tour guide was in love with them too and taught me many things. We ended up in a Greek speaking village , called Kalimera in Σικελία. The Greek government had given them a piece of marble from the acropolis and they had it on display in the main square. Such beautiful places along the way to the south. What a trip. You should definitely go.
me the same
Greetings from Taranto I totally agree with you my friend but the problem is (in my city) that here in Taranto except for the ruins of the temple of Poseidon in the old city (we call it Taranto vecchia) and some ruins of the first colonizers at Saturo, a beach named after the wife of Falanto (Satureya) there's almost nothing in surface left because no one except few people cares and they built a lot of things on ancient greco-roman ruins, like for example in the middle of the city there's a parking lot and under the parking lot there's a greek theater.
@@paytah__ That is very sad. It should be illegal to build in ancient ruins. If enough people notified the state, italian archeologists could turn it into an archeological site that could attract tourists.
And two examples of how the conflicts in Greece lead to the founding of new cities and colonies: First example, is the city of Taras (today's Taranto) in Southern Italy, which is the only colony in Italy created by the Spartans. During the First Messenian War (the Messenian Wars were among the longhest and more rutlhless, but also less known conficts in ancient Greece, between the Spartans and the Messenians), the single Spartan women, with the absence of the Homoioi in the war, they had children with the Perioikoi. With the end of the war, these children were seen, by the returning Spartans as not part of their society. In order to avoid social conflict, it was decided that these children (now grown men), should leave Sparta, and built a new city in Italy. This city was Taras. The second example is the city of Messene (today's Messina) in Sicily, which was built by the Messenians rebels. At the end of the 3rd Messenian War, the defeated Messenian rebels came to an agreement with the Spartans to abbandon their homeland and find a new home in Sicily, where they founded the city of Messene.
Homoioi means "same" ( other Spartans with same Status ) and perioikoi "those -who live- around" ( slaves ). Just for clarification. Both terms are being used today, but the first one, of course does not imply slaves ( Homeopathy/Homosexual etc ).
@@hermespsychopompos8267 Perioikoi were not slaves (don't be confused with the Eilotes). They were a social class of free people around the city of Sparta, but they couldn't be part of the Agogi (the Spartan military training), and they didn't have the right of voting in the Apella (the assemblance of the Homoioi). The Perioikoi didn't occuppy with the war like the Homoioi, but they had other activities like trade, manufacturing etc.
@@pseudomonas03 Right, my bad. I got confused because when Spartans couldn't find non-Greeks as they should to take for Slaves, they took Perioikous that became Helots.
Why you separate Macedonia from Greece ??? We do not separate them in any university cause is the same culture language religion etc. why don’t you separate also Spartans if you want to separate the Greek world
Only in ellenistic times, before Maceodnians was considerated barbarian
They were considered barbarian only by their political rivals, the others Greeks saw them as fellow Greeks
@@Iwaniddou isn't true, no one would to accept king Alexandros I (the philellene, V century b.C.) to play in Olimpiads, in a second time Alexandros I and the royal family were considerated "ellenic" the rest of the people and nobility not.
It wasn't a political view of Atenians or Beotians, it was a common view of the koinè of greeks.
@@micheleleo8331 I like to get my facts out of my toilet too.
Previous to the hellenistic period of Alexander the main Greeks did consider Macedonians as semi-barbarians, it was only after the conquests of Alexander than that status started to change with the influence Macedon achieved in main Greek society.
Aristotle teacher of Alexander the Great was born in Stageira of province Makedonia.Stageira was founded by the Greek Ionian Island of Andros (655 BC).Aristotles father was born in Andros Island and settled in the colony of his ancestors .Also the Greek Ionian Island Euboia (Chalkis), founded many others cities in province of Makedonia (8 CENTURY BC).Aristotles mother was from Euboia Island (Chalkis).
I'm from a country that has cities like Tomis and Callatis founded by the ancient Greeks, nowadays their name is changed in Constanta and Mangalia, but still they breed history through all their pores , wherever a construction site appears ,after the diggings, most of the times, artifacts appears of Greek origin or later Roman period, the cities were continually inhabited through the dark ages period and modern era !
@@eliaspapanikolaou3563 Exactly !
@footballcoreano True, but I'm talking about the Black Sea here !
hello my fellow dobrujan friend, n ai mentionat faptul ca noi suntem asa de prosti ca aruncam la gunoi artefactele noastre arheologice, la propriu, dar mai bine ca n-ai zis, ne facem drq de rahat :))
@@etherospike3936 heyy buddy i own a greco turkish friendship discord server if you want to join send me your account
@@mynameispro20 heyy buddy i own a greco turkish friendship discord server if you want to join send me your account
Greetings all from Greece 🇬🇷
What is the rational for separating Greece (Hellas) and Macedonia? Probably would be better to leave the city state names since then there was no nation called Greece
It is part of the propaganda that Macedonia is something different from Greece. Distorting history is now commonplace in our time.
why do you have Macedonia seperate and not included in Greece?
Because makedon was considered a semi barbarian land by the rest of the Greeks mainly Athens ( for political reasons ) who had democracy and it's people lived on a city state makedon ruled by kings and the kingdom didn't had the development of the city states futhermore they were always in war with the it's neighbors Illyrians Thracians and even with the rest of the Greeks. last l don't think they had colonies
@@Francesco3255 μπορώ να ακούσω την γνώμη σου επί του θέματος ?
@@user-ln8eh5nq3q Was considered semi barbarian? So were they barbarians or not? What means semi? Also please tell me if they were taking part in Olympic games and who were exactly allowed to take part to the Olympic games?
Just because some Greeks didn't like Phillip II it doesn't mean it can be used as an argument for really considering them barbarians by all Greeks, ignoring all other facts. The guy had a Greek name for God's sake!
@@perseusarkouda you must misunderstood my writings with the term semi l meant not all Greeks Athens and especially Δημοσθένης for political reasons considered them barbarians because Demosthenes was seeing a rise of makedon as the head of the Greek world a place that Athens had for a long time that's why l wrote POLITICAL REASONS futhermore l know that Alexander the first ( he lived in the time of Persian wars ) took part at the Olympics
@@user-ln8eh5nq3q τι λες ρε; Και οι Ακαρνάνες είχαν παρόμοιο τρόπο διοίκησης με τους Μακεδόνες και μια χαρά τους έχει στην Ελλάδα, στον χάρτη του. Ό, τι σου κατέβει λες
Ancient Greek history is always nice to see!
@@kafon6368 rude of them 😞
The glorious Hellenic... Would love to see more on ancient Greece!
Our new fantasy/sci-fi channel: th-cam.com/video/EGNvYbmRgrM/w-d-xo.html!
Why is Macedonia shown as a different entity from Greece?
He has low iq
because it was
@@randomguy6152 No it wasn't
@@nerdybacon6244 it was politically separate from the rest of greece and didn't operate on the same way of ruling.
Its culture and people were definitely greek, but they were more of a great kingdom than a citystate like most other greeks. They also had elements of uniqueness since they were on the border of the greek world so they had some elements of other cultures mixed in.
the greeks themselves used to distinguish the macedonians from themselves, while the macedonians didn't distinguish them and the other greeks.
Also they were more important in world history due to how they changed the culture of so many places.
@@randomguy6152 no it wasnt,coz sparta,athens,corinth,thebes etc all was like macedonia.all cities were spoken greek language but all were enemies when they didnt fought the persians
I was honestly disappointed that you have singled out Greece on the map from ancient Greek Macedonia.
Yeah really brainlet move from them tbh
They weren’t part of the Greek city states and didn’t significantly contribute to the colonization efforts like their southern neighbors
🇮🇹Magna Graecia is the area of the southern Italian peninsula that was once colonized by the Greeks starting from the eighth century BC The colonization of Magna Graecia was very different from that of Greek Sicily.
Polybius reports that Magna Graecia began to be called this way (Megálē Hellàs) in the sixth century. BC, even if the name is found only in the second century BC.
The Greeks emigrated to Italy in the eighth century BC from: Euboea, Argolide, Locride, Crete and the Aegean islands.
And they settled on the southern coasts:
- from Campania to Apulia, and in the south and east of Sicily where they founded rich colonies based on agriculture and trade.
Sometimes they allied with each other against common enemies but generally they were rivals among themselves.
PEOPLES WHO MIGRATED THERE
- the Achaeans , of Doric origin, who founded:
Taranto, Metaponto, Posidonia (Paestum), Crotone, Sibari, Laos, Terina.
- the Ionians who founded:
Reggio on the bank of the strait and on the other side Zancle, today's Messina.
- i Locri and the Calcedoni from Euboea, who founded:
Naxos (Taormina), Zancle (Messina), Pitecusa (Ischia), and Cuma in Campania.
- the Corinthians founded:
Syracuse,
- the Megari founded:
Megara Iblea in the Gulf of Augusta,
- the Foci founded:
Elea (Velia) in Campania.
- the Locresi founded:
Locri. The set of colonies founded by these Greek peoples in southern Italy and Sicily was called Magna Grecia. Their inhabitants were called Italioti and Sicelioti.
The most important colonies were:
Ischia, Cuma, Reggio, Naples, Syracuse, Agrigento, Sibari, Crotone, Metaponto and Taranto.
1) ISCHIA - These people established the colony of Pithecussai (populated by monkeys) on the current island of Ischia, in the first half of the eighth century BC (775 BC), thanks to the Greeks of Eretria and Chalcis (on the 'Euboea).
2) CUMA - On the Italic coasts they founded several cities: Kyme (= dove), in Latin Cumae, that is Cuma, founded around 740 BC, by the Eubei of Chalcis, who under the guidance of Hippocles of Cuma and Megasthenes of Chalcis, chose to to land at that point of the coast because attracted by the flight of a dove or according to others by the roar of cymbals.
3) METAPONTION- founded by Greek colonists of Achaia in the second half of the 7th century BC, at the request of the mother country, by Sibari (Calabria), to protect itself from the expansion of Taranto. Or, according to other sources, it was founded by the Greek hero Nestor returning from the Trojan war.
4) TARAS , (Taranto) - which, according to Eusebius of Caesarea (265 - 340), was founded in 706 BC, by the Spartan Falanto, son of the noble Aratus and descendant of Heracles of the eighth generation, and of other compatriots called Partheni ( sons of the virgins of Sparta), for expansion or commercial reasons.
5) RHEGION(Reggio Calabria) - founded in the 8th century BC, the Chalcidians founded a Greek colony keeping the pre-existing name of Rhegion (Head of the King), formerly known as Erythrà (Ερυθρά, La Rossa).
These colonies were independent from the motherland which, however, called them Magna Graecia, and grew up in various sectors, such as art, science, philosophy. The Greek invasion in southern Italy was not peaceful, because it drove out the Italic divinities with their priests by erecting temples to the divinities of the Greek Pantheon. Subsequently, however, there was an integration between the various peoples with an overlapping of indigenous and Hellenic cults and traditions, and also with animistic religions.
The expeditions were led by an ecista, chief of the colonizing Greeks, who before leaving was sent to interrogate the oracle of Delfo, to get instructions on where to found the new colony.
The founding of a city was not left to the individual initiative of the ecista or a small group, but was organized by the motherland, which provided all the necessary means, from ships to food, weapons, engineers and architects. But ships from Asia and Greece also reached Magna Graecia, so it flourished in trade in art and science.
The colonists found in Magna Graecia a dry and mild climate, similar to those of the motherland, and a land rich in woods and streams. They thus preferred the flat areas, rich in water and suitable for the construction of ports.
The architecture of Magna Graecia is characterized by monumentality and a predilection for the Doric style, as seen in Paestum, which retains archaic characteristics compared to that of Greece.
The Ionic and Corinthian orders also developed in Roman times. Characteristics of Magna Graecia religion were the archaic imprint, in which the most ancient temples were dedicated to female divinities, perhaps because the first settlers, antecedent to the Greeks, were Mycenaeans, or even the Minoans (XIII-VIII century BC).
Polychrome clay coatings flourished (gutters, acroteria, archways, groups of large proportions), of votive tablets, statuettes in terra cotta or in limestone and bronze sculptures. Under Etruscan influence, in the Osco-Campanian and Apulian tombs (Paestum, Cuma, Capua, Nola) there were hypogea painted with scenes of gladiators, warriors and dances (V-III centuries).
The ceramic production, born in the 5th century, had different stylistic and figurative characteristics in the Apulian, Campania and Lucanian regions and also from the neighboring ones. Also noteworthy is the production of polychrome fictile (clay) coatings, votive tablets, terracotta or limestone statuettes and bronze sculptures.
Once the colony was founded, a wall was built, followed by the assignment of land plots to the colonists and the construction of large temples.
The area of the acropolis, "the upper city" with the abodes of the gods and the large spaces reserved for religious ceremonies and sacrifices, contrasted with the irregular and chaotic layout of the "lower city" districts which presented: narrow streets, houses crowded, and rare water wells.
The new settlers, once landed with their ships, found themselves faced with the problem of relations with the local populations which were:
Ausoni, Enotri, Itali, Siculi, Coi Messapi, Iapigi, who lived on sheep farming and agriculture and were organized into tribes.
They had nothing to do with the most advanced political, social and economic organization of the Greek poleis. A violent clash was thus created between the inhabitants of southern Italy and the new colonizers who wanted to appropriate their lands.
The Magna Graecia cities reached a greater splendor than Greece itself, where the great Greek intellectuals flourished between the fifth and fourth centuries. BC, and where Plato went to visit and Pythagoras, Herodotus and Xenophanes settled there.
Just as the Greek poleis enjoyed their independence and autonomy, and were often in conflict with each other for political and conquest reasons, the same happened to the colonies of Magna Graecia causing the destruction of flourishing cities (such as Sybaris, Siris). The infighting and the eternal rivalry of the poleis will eventually lead to a weakening of the Magna Graecia cities which will become easy prey for the Roman conquerors.
Greeks built several ancient cities in Iraq (Mesopotamia), such as Alexandria, and Seleucia.
the distinction of macedonia and Greece in your channel is rather suspicius...the funny thing is that athens was city state sparta..etc..and there were not yet a unified country,and yet you call it Greece...as you wanted so bad to make that distinction...and you know very well that in this case you are wrong in the best case scenario...maybe...your funding sources,wanted that also...anyways....the video was as always of a very good quality.
Can't be a mistake. That separated Macedonia country includes the Paeonian lands that wasn't a part of Macedonian Kingdom. Obvious propaganda.
@@perseusarkouda I believe paeonia was regarded as upper Macedonia
@@jayjay3013 not in that time period. It's the 6th century BC in the map of the thumbnail and Macedon didnt even have partial control over any areas outside of Pieria and Emathia.
@@jayjay3013 With that logic it should have included the Persian empire's lands as in Macedonian borders. It's simple: The size and the shape of that map's borders are pretty much the borders of today's Greek Macedonia's and North Macedonia's (FYROM) unified border. If that doesn't stink, I don't know what does. With regards by a Greek Macedonian.
indeed!
1. back then city states not countries, not sure why the map distinguishes Greece and Macedonia... as Macedonians are greeks as well
The city state of Macedonia was a minor state until after the Persian wars, this map is completely innacurate excluding core lands and adding unrelated ones. Also there’s no reason to have them in separate from the rest of Greece
@@comradekenobi6908 He is talking about other people.
Excellent video ! The Greeks are the most fascinating ethnic group in history. We can’t wait for more 🙏🏼
Byzantium which the city of Constantinople would one day built on was founded by the ekristes Byzas. He was believed to have been the son of King Nisos of Megara, who after consulting the Oracle of Delphi sent Byzas to find and settle; "the land opposite the city of the blind". It was also around this time Megara was looking for sites to set up new colonies. So in essence Megara was the metropolis of Byzantium and later Constantinople.
byzantium is founded by Byzas this is the known story but latest excavations showed that there in another ancient city goes back to earlier time even before greek colonization more over kurgan type burial grounds are dicovered which means this people are probably from northern steppes. So this is also leads that Byzantium is not founded by Byzas but conquered by Byzas
I'd be really excited to learn more about the rise and fall of the mythical Greek city of Sybaris in Calabria, which later became Thuri and then Copia (Roman city). Unfortunately, almost there isnt much to be found in the original site due to the cities "sinking into the ground", and also because there are 3 cities "stacked" on top of each other... The city's existence barely survives recognition in present day, despite being known as one of the most decedent cities of her time, thereby creating the phrase "living like a Sybarite" which means living excessively in luxury and pleasure. There is also hardly any publications about this, but considering its importance as the start of the Isthmic way (the land migratory path across Calabria) which likely to have contributed to the eventual founding of Naples, I think Sybaris deserves more studying and historical recognition
This is hands down the greatest channel on you tube. I have been a huge history fan my whole life, I studied it at Uni and I could read about it and watch it all day. This channel is the most amazing resource.
My hat goes off to all who are involved with the channel. Thank you all so much for all the research and the wonderful videos.
If Macedonia is separate from Greece then all the kingdom on this map should be separate like Sparta Athens etc…
There was no political borders.
There was no Greece.
There was regions
Thessalia
Attica etc this is HELLAS
i wanted to say the same think
Sparta was a kingdom
Athens was not a kingdom
@@HellenicRambo they were a independent territory which counts
@@HellenicRambo They were City-States and not kingdoms I think.
why would you split Greece and kingdom of macedon in two? either its one under the name of greece or you split it in kingdoms and city-states.
He has low iq
Maybe because macedon had different language, culture and tradition
@@estelew9496 I think you should leave the alternative history books on the shelf, and open op a more sophisticated history book.
Nice try, but it´s wrong translation. Find better sources
@@Syllaeus Please tell me why, I should waste my time to educate you? google it.
Why the hell Macedonia is portrayed on the first map as different area from rest of Greece ????
It’s absolutely incredibly how far the Greeks were able to go and document - Pytheas of Massalia travelled to or was able to describe Britain, Ireland, Iceland and even the Arctic! He was quite unflattering about just how miserable Britannia and Ireland were though 😂
If you had told the Romans and Greeks that that island would grow into the worlds most eminent military and scientific nation...they would have laughed.
@@philipampofo6435 then tell them its neighbor, germany which was considered barbarian by ancient greece, would be its greatest rival at its height.
@@resentfuldragon would be the world leader in science and technology before the war. The Germanics were probably considered even more backward.
@@philipampofo6435 yeah, the germans were hated by the ancient greeks.
They wouldn't be able to believe they would have been able to surpass them and invade them in the second world war.
I believe Scotland was named by the Greeks meaning darkland from Σκότος scotos Dark, though not entirely sure.
Nice video! A small but important detail: the Orange coloured on the map depicts greek city srates and the green the Macedonian kingdom. Those Macedonians were greeks for sure
Macedon formed a sort of seperate kingdom/empire so i think that's why. it was obv a greek kingdom though.
its obvious because the slavs was there already xD
@@ub3rfr3nzy94 so the name of Greece had to be omitted too because there was not unified country but many democratic oligarchic,or tyrannic regimes or even kingdoms in this area.
Previous to the hellenistic period of Alexander the main Greeks did consider Macedonians as semi-barbarians, it was only after the conquests of Alexander than that status started to change with the influence Macedon achieved in main Greek society.
@@vonbalt4891 they were accepted to participate in the Olympic Games,they had greek names,gods and language and their kings claimed their roots to Heracles,so what a politician of Athens said for achieving his political goals is irrelevant.
It's really interesting to compare ancient greek colonisation to modern (19th) colonialism. It actually was a very diffrent process.
Visual aids are such an incredibly helpful guide for things like this. I remember learning this in school and not understanding how the Greeks made it all the way to modern day France, Italy, Egypt, Libya and Tunis, Turkey and the Levant. But when you see how they sailed around the Mediterranean, it just seems so obvious.
geography and maps, thats all it took
@@flashbeaster Let me just go back in time and be my own teacher
Could you do a video on the Austronesian expansion, emerging from mainland Southeast Asia to eventually settling the Pacific?
That would be really cool considering most of them came from Taiwan
@@nicholaspalmer892 I heard it's likely that the initial wave moved from mainland to Taiwan and then down, based on linguistics with other waves going through continental SEA.
@@nunyabiznes33 I agree, just saying they came from mainland Southeast Asia leaves the opportunity for people to forget the stepping stone of Taiwan entirely
Awesome video! And with a great tie in to the Alexander series! We can clearly see that there was no randomness in Alexander's founding and naming of cities. He clearly was not just focused on feats of Homeric Glory, but wanted to be the most famed and prolific Ekistes in all of history, and follow in the footsteps of his hero and ancestor, Heracles. It's impossible to forget a person who is worshipped as founding hero across the world.
Greek history always amazes me! Good video K&G keep it up!
"Macedonia, is of course a part of Greece"
-Stravo Geography Book 7, Fragment 9 (circa 7bc -23 ad)
The art direction for this channel has always been great but it really is just getting better and better as well as more frequent. Amazing job
I always wanted to know more about this. Great video K & G!
Plato: [The Greeks were never politically unified before the rise of Rome, yet they succeeded in spreading and maintaining a common culture around the Mediterranean sea 'like frogs around a pond"]
Very interesting video! I’ve always wondered about how Greek colonization worked and why it was so prevalent compared to other civilizations of the time.
Great documentary, thank you Kings and Generals Team!
Great job on another video, K & G!
Love your videos. I think you’re one of the best history TH-cam channels and your graphics are some of the best
As a Greek I want to thank you for your objective work over our ancient history, something that we weren’t really taught in schools in that extend. From the time I’ve discovered your channel, I’ve learnt so many things about history! Keep up the good work!!!
Man, in school it's impossible to cover our entire history, especially when combined with world history.
@@hermespsychopompos8267 indeed! Although I believe as in many parts of the world, history is being taught differently from the real facts most of the times.
This was fascinating! I'm surprised I knew so little about this! I would love more videos on some of these colonies and really just ancient Greece in general. Thank you!
Stay well out there everybody, and God bless you friends! :)
The art in this video is gorgeous. Favorite part of the video honestly.
i am interested in chess a bit, and i know there was in history of chess great player called Gioachino Greco from Calabria (aka Greco), i always thought he was italian, but after this movie i am pretty sure of his greek origin lol, he left first written records of chess games (XVII c) , i've studied some of them , amazing stuff.
As Greek I freaking love this channel !!!!
Thats a cool name 😎.
@@davidnavarro391 "Thanos" is a diminutive of the first name "Athanasios - Αθανάσιος" which comes from the Greek word "αθάνατος" which translates to "immortal".
@@davidnavarro391 I was impressed too when I realized a Marvel hero had a common Greek nickname 😆
Amen to that!
Το οποιο καναλι παρουσιαζει την Ελλάδα και την Μακεδονία ξεχωριστά.
I'd like to visit 💼and film🎥 all above mentioned places as they feature so many ancient gems!💖💗💚 Thank you for a great video!🙀👍
Can't wait!
Greeks where honestly the best group of people in history for me they knew how to travel, build cities and most importantly kick ass.
HARD disagree. the Arab/muslims, Persians, Egyptian?!?. How did they kick ass when they lost territory to those group of peoples and especially when turkey is bossing them around now
@@Aminkhan786 Persians got flattened by the greeks at every turn so did the egyptions who where conquered by Alexander. Arab/Muslims where eventually conquered and defeated by colonial european powers as where the Turks who's empire was destroyed by Britain.
@@Aminkhan786 Turkey was bossed around for 10 consecutive wars by the russians and people in the balkans as was persia who was defeated by Russia and occupied during the world wars.
@@ninjaa6952 Persians have conquered Greece many times as did the Islamic armies hecne way constinaople was called Istanbul which is in europe. Greece is now a poor and powerless state and the country is now subject to Turkish bullying.
@@ninjaa6952 10 consecutive war? sources
Interesting to see this channel shift from military history to history in general-and appropriate; wars have contexts.
Video suggestion: how about a comparison of Greek expansion to Phoenician?
The world own soo much to the Greek civilisation .Our western culture is their Greek heritage
They also owe islamic/Arab/Persian civilization even more!
@@Aminkhan786 NEVER put persian and arab culture together. Persians are indo-europeans and related to greeks and other europeans. Arabs are just some desert camel herders..
@@Aminkhan786 Muslim philosopher Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406) described the Arabs of his time (let alone those from Muhammad’s more primitive era eight centuries earlier) as “the most savage human beings that exist. Compared with sedentary people they are on a level with wild, untamable animals and dumb beasts of prey. Such people are the Arabs.”appreciated the parallels. After portraying Arabs as “wild, untamable (animals) and dumb beasts of prey,’ he wrote, “In the West, the nomadic Berbers... are their counterparts, and in the East, the Kurds, the Turkomans, and the Turks.” In short, “if taking lives and ravaging the lands of the infidel were the means by which the ends of expanding Islam were served, then the new [Turkic] converts’ traditional pleasures were now happily endowed with a pious rationale,” he writes.
Damn, i was just thinking Kings and Generals should do something on this subjects. I love you guys!
I don't understand this "persistence" of separating Greece and Macedonia in maps and generally. Macedonia was part of Greece, a Greek region. Is this so hard to understand?
Don't get confused with, for example, English history in which Scotland is something separate from England.
Previous to the hellenistic period of Alexander the main Greeks did consider Macedonians as semi-barbarians, it was only after the conquests of Alexander than that status started to change with the influence Macedon achieved in main Greek society.
@@vonbalt4891 True. So? The southern Greeks had the same view for the Epirote Kingdom. Does this mean that Epirotes were not Greeks? Of course no. This was ancient propaganda because they did not like Macedonian hegemony. Even today, in Greece, we call some people "Vlachoi" which means "boorish" or "barbarian".
@@Talos1986 Indeed, i've been corrected about this already in other comments :P, it's hard sometimes to separate factual truth from personal agendas of people who had the luck of their writtings surviving the centuries
Nicely done! Is that the "Epitaph of Seikilos" iplaying in the background?
Curious as to why “Macedonia” is shown as separate from the rest of Greece. It was a Greek city state. You guys need to correct that. Thanks.
Macedonia was not Greek state.
Greek kingdom
Macedonia at the time was a citt state of Greece...they spoke greek ,they worshipped greek gods,they had the same customs... Macedonia was not colonised
@Sicilianu buncha turkoslavs now
@@gregkosinski2303 Have you seen your Yugoslav's state demographics? HAHAHAHA
This guy's a machine! It takes me a full week just to make a 10 min video
It is a whole team that produces these videos.
yooo great content btw!
I think the misconseption about the greek world is to place it only on mainland Greece, but Greece at that time was also in Anatolia (and actually places like Izmir were still basically greek cities until the 20th century). I think it would be better to picture Greece as a bridge between the western european world and the easter world. So in the map shown, I would have added also the turkish coast as Greece (what was Troy after all if not a sort of "greek" city in Anatolia?)
Izmir was definitely not a Greek City till the 20th Century
@@Francesco3255 MIKE TYSON I AM YOUR BIGGEST FAN, BEST BOXER EVER
@@begdillikhaan4674 Olympic games were held in Smyrna in 196BC. Pikachu face?
@@perseusarkouda 🤣🤣🤣
@@perseusarkouda There is no smyrna its called Izmir.
Probably my favourite parts of the channel are the greek history ones
Great job Ks and Gs! Thank you.
Is very misleading and kinda weird for someone that claims to know well the history, that Macedonia is depicted with a different color and borders from the rest of ancient Greek states, as it was something different. This is completely false, as ancient Macedonia was nothing different than another greek kingdom, with the same language and civilization like all the rest city states and greek kingdoms of the ancient era. Lydia, on the other hand, was of a different civilization and language and is correctly depicted as such.
Πεστα γτχμ
Even if they had some slight differences, they were considered semi-barbaric.
Previous to the hellenistic period of Alexander the main Greeks did consider Macedonians as semi-barbarians, it was only after the conquests of Alexander than that status started to change with the influence Macedon achieved in main Greek society.
Your statement is full-stupid. There wasn't anything like "semi-barbaric". There was barbaric or not and definitely Kingdom of Macedon was nothing less than another Greek state, that was fighting between them. You can measure the stupidity of your comment by simply putting for example Sparta in place of Macedon. They were also arch enemies for many other greek city states. Does this make them "semi-barbaric"??
@@vonbalt4891 That was mostly Athenian propaganda of the time in order to undermine the rising Macedonian state's status within the Greek world.
I haven't studied the matter but being Greek I have studied some of our (huge) history. What is mentioned here is correct but I think it describes the official colony creation. I believe that in most cases the settlers didn't move at random or went where the oracle at Delphi sent them. I think that likely spots for colonisation had been found, checked and reported back to the city (and the oracle) by trading ships or fleets. In some cases even small trading outposts where established in advance. Those where either gradually expanded , or used by the city that found the spot as target for organnised colonisation. Ofcource there where also some random attempts, but those where from people desperate to flee (usually for political reasons) and thats why many of them ended in falure.
Indeed. I too was curious this wasn't mentioned. They wouldn't have just thrown a dart at a map, they made selections based on the reports received from Traders, explorations, military sojourns of mercenaries, and many other considerations. Perhaps K & G considered these points a "given" rationale?
Would love to see a video on Trebizond and The Crimean Principality of Theodoro!!!!!!!
Thanks for another great video!
Why Greece and Macedonia are separated and why it's in the map such a country as ''Greece''?
He has low iq
If someone gives a look to the list of the ancient Olympic Games victors (i believe it's available on Wikipedia), and the cities from which they came from, can realize that a really big part of these athlets were from the Greek colonies. Especially during the Hellenistic times, the athlets were coming from cities like Seleukeia on the Tigris river, far away from Peloponnese, which means that the partecipants to the Games, need to travel a couple of months in order to compete in Olympia.
Amazing concept for a anime
I’d imagine a high percentage came from Libya. They have a fifth tendon that gives them advantages in sports.
Lovely video! Thank you!
You should do a video explaining further the colonies. Like Syracuse, black sea colonies etc. Telling their history
These maps, man...
Firstly, Macedon is part of Greece. Secondly, Macedonia in the 6th century BC (when Lydia conquered the Greek colonies in Asia Minor, as shown in the map) controlled little more of Pieria and Emathia, which in the map is being greatly exaggerated.
Just some insight that I believe to be helpful.
I think they did that because makedon had not established colonies and he wasn't a city state or league of cities
@@user-ln8eh5nq3q Epirus didn't either, nor did Thessaly. There is no excuse; it's an obvious mistake.
@@christermi Mistake? It's obvious propaganda. They look more like modern borders and fitting inside the non Greek Macedonia bs. Unacceptable from an hypothetically history channel.
@@christermi ελπίζω να έγινε καταλάθος και να μην ήταν επιτηδευμενο
@@user-ln8eh5nq3q προφανώς και είναι επιτηδευμένο, όπως είπε και ο συμπατριώτης μας από πάνω. Απλά στο comment μου δεν θέλησα να το θέσω έτσι.
Your map does not show that the Ancient Greeks established colonies in Sicily.
Also, the colonies located on the shores of the Black Sea were valuable in growing and shipping much needed wheat, wine and timber to the mainland Greek city states. The timber was especially needed for the construction of Greek war triremes that were instrumental in their naval victory against the Persians in the battle of Salamis
As always, great
YES MORE VIDEOS!!! I loved them!
A small clarification. It is at least provocative to present Macedonia as a separate part of the rest of ancient Greece, while the same is not done with the other city-states e.g. Sparta, Athens. We all know that ancient Macedonia was a Hellenistic state, such as Thebes, Argos and Corinth, Sparta and Athens. By separating it on the map, you are probably questioning something like that. After all, this is a key condition of the Prespa agreement: "There is an explicit clarification that the citizens of the country (North Macedonia) are not related to ancient Hellenic civilization that previously inhabited the northern regions of Greece. Specifically, Article mentions that both countries acknowledge that their respective understanding of the terms "Macedonia" and "Macedonian" refers to a different historical context and cultural heritage. When reference is made to Greece, these terms denote the area and people of its northern region, as well as the Hellenic civilization, history and culture of that region. When reference is made to the Republic of North Macedonia, these terms denote its territory, language and people, with their own, distinctly different, history and culture. (Article 7, Prespa Agreement)
Good video but wish it focused more on the actual colonies, at least presenting a few maps with timelines - a little disappointed in that regard.
Agreed
Much of Sicily and what is now Turkey, as well as Alexandria in Egypt, are among the many places settled by the Greeks.
where we can find the sourcers for this topic?
Why this video's map on Macedonia looks like a modern propaganda map theory? Macedonians were ancient Greeks also, Herodotus himself wrote about how the Macedonian Kings considered themselves Hellenes and as a part of the rest of the Hellenic world. When you are including all the ancient Greek tribes in a single map and you present it as 'Greece' then you shouldn't leave out the ancient Macedonians just because of their political conflicts with some of the other Greeks like the Athenians.
Previous to the hellenistic period of Alexander the main Greeks did consider Macedonians as semi-barbarians, it was only after the conquests of Alexander than that status started to change with the influence Macedon achieved in main Greek society.
@@vonbalt4891 That's so wrong on so many levels, I literally have seen u copy pasting this nonsense again and again
Great video as always.
You mention it correctly but in the map you should write "Greek city states" and "Macedonia". Greece or better the "Greek/hellenistic world" as a whole includes Macedonia and probably thats why you have Macedonia in the map.
Eh. I think the distinction is fine. Take my like anyway. Despite the Hellenization of the region, Historians separate them because:
-The royals were Greek but their subjects were more diverse. They were on the edge of the Greek world afterall.
-Macedonia became the big daddy of Greece. This alone justifies it.
-Their political strucutre was different than their southern neighbors.
Conclusion: The debate isn't as mutually exclusive as angry nationalists make it sound. If anything, K&G's biggest mistake was showing Greece as one entity instead of several city states.
@@billyaepicgamer8642 Its a theory about royals and their subjects, in reality all we know for sure is that they were including in the hellenistic world, they took part in olympic games (because they were Greeks), had the same religion, they wrote/speak in Greek as we can see from their monuments etc etc. The political strucutre of Sparta and Athens was different too, that doesn't make them less Greeks. And they hated each other and often dominated each other too.
You guys ever consider doing an episode on the perioikoi? Differentiating their roles in society from helots and Spartiates could be an interesting deep dive
this was such an interesting video!
sorry but why did you put Macedonia and Greece separate?because macedonia is greek and whe know this through history an d historical and ancient discoveries and from ancient sources
Right all you have to do is read books from Greek's themselves.
@@christineperez7562 Wdym? Should I explain that Maceodnia is a Greek word? It's capital was Pella, Greek word btw, currently in Greek hands? Alexander, AND his father (Filippos) had Greek names? They spoke Greek? Aristotle tutored Alexander? In the territories he conquered, did you know there's still some small Western Indian villages thar still speak ancient Gresk and love Alexander?
I wonder if some of these tombes have survived in these colonies and if so if bones are found inside. To find the founder of Marseille, Naples or whatever big city now, but former Greek colony, could have huge impact on the local identity.
I like the Seikilos Epitaph music in the background and of course the whole video 🙂
Great video!
The founders of Cyrene: "Alright guys, we're heading off yonder to build a new city in a faraway land! Ready to come along?"
Some average citizen: "No thanks, I'm content here with my family."
Oikistes drawing his sword: "That question was rhetorical..."
Remind me pls why on the map you divide Macedonia from the rest of Greece?I am gonna need a responsible answer about it.
Perfect video!
Man, all this talk of colonization plus the background music is really getting me in the mood to play some civ.
Next how the greeks colonized the black sea