Informative, accurate, to the point and with good illustrations. Instantly subscribed and I hope your channel will grow and that I will see more of you on a regular basis.
By far one of the most accurate videos on Spinosaurus, I like how the image of the knuckle walking quadruped is slowly falling out of favor and is being replaced with something that looks more correct
This is the best video discussion of the ecology of Spinosaurus I've ever seen so far. Discussing all of the previous hypothesis, looking at all the bones and anatomy of the animal and coming to the best plausible lifestyle that Spinosaurus could've had in it's environment. Great work!
Thanks Francois! Spinosaurus is a very intriguing topic, there are so many aspects of it worth discussing. I think it's important to cover as many aspects as possible that are relevant to the aquatic controversy of Spinosaurus and not just its morphology. Thanks again, I appreciate it so much!
This is one of the best videos ever made on this subject. Data accuracy, detailed and concise explanations and high quality animations. I can't wait to see more videos like this! Excellent job.
This is so GOOD! Like this is only your first video and its quality is absolutely busted! It is also very accurate by far one of the most accurate videos about dinosaurs
Wow! This is a very good video about the debate on aquatic lifestyle of Spinosaurus so far at this moment! Love the narration, the animation, the drawings and the scientific data presented! I'm impressed and liked this video a lot! Bravo, Factor Trace! I hope that you make more videos about other dinosaurs or other kinds of prehistoric animals! :D
Glad you enjoyed it, and thanks a lot Marcos! I appreciate it so much. I have a lot more videos about dinosaurs and other extinct animals planned out for the future, I love paleontology and I'll also cover other science related topics as well!
Its nice to see you included the paper by Ibrahim. Maybe you could cover the 2019 study on the skull morphology. Very interesting. I am glad this came on my recommendations. Congratulations, you earned a subscriber!
Thanks for the recommendation! I'll surely check that paper out, I did look into the skull morphology of Spinosaurus, the 2021 paper by Hone and Holtz does cover a fair amount of data regarding the cranial adaptations of the animal and how it interacted with its ecosystems. Thanks for being one of my earliest subscribers, I really appreciate it!
The still unsolved mystery of spinosaurus is one of the most exciting things in paleo. I love the spinosaurus. Who knows what we will discover next about this heron on sterroids
Keep the great work up my man this was REALLY good. As someone with great interest in dinosaurs and Spinosaurus itself I didn't find anything inaccurate or out-of-date in this video and that's always a very welcomed surprised to see. Overall a very nice simplification without dumping the finds down and needing to go too speculative. Hope you get more subscribers as am one of them now!
I´m amazed with the quality of this video, not only the well explained papers, but also with the animations, your work as a graphic designer is very visible. Congratulations! I´ve never subscribed as quicky as now
your videos are so good and informative, I really enjoy this documentary format with very comprehensive information settled out in somewhat of a knowledge evolution, building upon and "fixing"/changing previous theories. after watching your pachycephalosaur video I had to go watch your older videos.
I know, that's why I'm saying it🙂. I'm so sick of all these ass-cancer-channels with millions of subs... It gives me hope to see new guys like you keeping the level higher. So, when you get positivity from any of us, you know what it means and you know that we mean it. And we all know what it means to you😁. And you deserve it😉
Just wanted to add that Ouranosaurus and Sarcosuchus never lived with Spinosaurus. Spinosaurids may have been such an ecological pressure to crocodilians that they became filter feeders of specialized into other ecological niches because of the fish diversity that the Kem Kem had.
Thanks for the response Nicolas. I believe Ouranosaurus, Sarcosuchus, and Spinosaurus did live alongside one another, they existed in roughly the same era and at the same place. With a quick Google search I found that their time periods did overlap for around 18 million years. In a couple of papers that I've read (by Amiot et. al, 2010 and Hone and Holtz, 2021) there are several mentions regarding the interactions of Spinosaurus and giant crocodilians, might be referring to Sarcosuchus, and if not, it's been implied that there were other large crocodilians that had filled the same ecological niche as Sarcosuchus. But I agree with you, I think it's completely possible that the emergence of Spinosaurids might have driven some species to adapt to other niches, but in the video, I stated that Spinosaurus employed a shoreline generalist lifestyle and that it did not compete directly against giant crocodilians for food.
@@FactorTrace Sarcosuchus wasn't a crocodilian. It wasn't even particularly closely related to modern crocodilians. It was a crocodylomorph, but a different lineage.
Very good! I hope you keep this channel going, I really enjoyed this video and found it extremely informative. Little bias and just giving the current up to date facts. Keep it up!
@@FactorTrace I agree with this. A 7 or so ton animal is not walking on its knuckles with ease, those arms would have to be VERY strong, and if it did, it would be stabbing its self in the hands and arms with those claws most likely. I much prefer the croco-duck look
Your video is astonishing! The high quality research is superb, and the info graphics are amazing! I was wondering, what software did you use to create and animate your illustrations? Thanks!
Thank you so much Michael! I used Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop to create the graphic elements, then I designed the motion and animations using After Effects. Thanks again, I really appreciate it!
Woah -- that tail was from the same partial fossil found four years earlier?! Incredible! I'm glad this very important piece could be reconciled with the other fragments left by this subadult individual!
Beautiful video. I always thought the quadruped Spino' was stupid. It simply couldn't support itself that way so logically it would be a biped. Ever since JP3 Spinosaurus has always been my favourite. I just like how unique it is. Learning that the Spinosaurus was more of a croco-duck-dino fascinated me and made me like it even more. Lovely video, thank you for this.
You know for a first video, this certainly doesn't disappoint. Great Job and I'm glad that you remained skeptical and conservative, especially around Spinosaurus' actual size. Many people always say Spinosaurus is "definitively" smaller than T.rex, but then they always forget that Spinosaurus was very fragmentary and estimates aren't always gonna be as accurate as they are with T.rex, that's how few specimens we have. I definitely wish you the best and I hope your channel grows alot more.
Thank you SpinoGuy! Yeah, I agree, the topic about size in paleontology is always debatable, I try to treat size estimates as estimates, I'm concluding the video with a sentence stating that Spinosaurus was the largest because based on the research papers that I've read, I found that it is highly possible that Spinosaurus was larger than many well-known theropods, but with so little found specimens to study from, it's hard to be conclusive. And as a graphic designer, comparing the 2d illustrations of Spinosaurus to other theropods scaled in accordance to their size estimates, Spinosaurus definitely appears as the largest (again, visually and based on size estimates). Thanks again, I really appreciate your support!
I like a lot how spinosaurus is... evolving in modern days as a predator with semiacuatic lifestyle, and also, for me at least its looking more cooler now than his previous iteresions xD
Informative!,great ilustration!,Enjoyable! also great fact about spino was the weirdest creature ever but was cooler than rex my favorite dinosaur than other as far
Not to be nitpicky but I think the birds at 6:48 are far too small. Spinosaurus was huge, but saddle-billed storks are pretty hefty birds, regularly getting to 5 feet and even up. That is basically human height, or a tad below. They would still look very noticeable next to a Spinosaurus, whereas these birds are almost invisible, more along the size of a duck or maybe even smaller, like a big shorebird, if I had to guess. Amazing video as all of yours are; kind of unbelievable this is your first video. I think I have read that the "new" sail shape and even the length of the hind legs are also based on shoddy reasoning or highly speculative. The sail in particular might have just been the boring old shape. I would love to see the sail discussed more if you ever remake this video, though there is no need, it was entrancing
Oh yeah, thank you for stating that out! It was an error on my side, I was basing the scale in the animation on a typical heron, which is much smaller. I didn't notice the size of saddle-billed storks. And thank you! I haven't looked much into the sail shape of Spinosaurus nor its actual proportion, but covering the sail shape and function might be an interesting topic for a future video. Thanks again!
7:26 “in the water there was this stupidly large crocodile named sarcosuchus…” recent research suggests that sarcosuchus is not a crocodile, let alone even a crocodilian, its commonly classified as part of the clade Pholidosauridae, a group of crocodile-like reptiles (Crocodyliformes) related but outside Crocodylia (the clade containing living crocodiles, alligators and gharials), in addition, it’s also not as large as many people would have you believe, it’s 30 feet or 9 meters long, those estimates of 39+ feet or 12+ meters long are *Long* outdated.
There will be a full biomechanic study of Spinosaurus by Ibrahim et al. It will go over a lot of its anatomy using sophisticated 3d models. Hopefully it will be published soon.
Thanks for letting me know Deform! I'm looking forward to see that paper, it will surely be an interesting read, hopefully it can give us new insights about Spinosaurus' semi-aquatic lifestyle.
@@FactorTrace It's supposed to do just that, determining how effective it was as a swimmer. Ibrahim also said it might go over body mass (he claims is "much heavier" than 6 to 7 tonnes), and possibly bite force.
Some of the illustrations shown in this video wouldn't look out of place in a professionally made, high budget documentary. The blank silhouette style really gave me Planet Dinosaur vibes, but in a good way.
Thanks Karen Boy! Planet Dinosaur does influence the visual style of the video, I wanted to create something sleek and modern looking and I think Planet Dinosaur nailed that in their motion graphics designs.
One interesting thing I don’t think enough people Think about when reconstructing spinosaurus, is realizing that if the bones were as dense as they were that would mean that it would run on the bottom of water like hippos. So it could be possible the spinosaurus waited in water while hunting fish, but one hunting larger fish it would hunt in the water and run along the bottom.
In my opinion, Spinosaurus certainly could swim. But they only did it to move around their habitat. And when hunting they did so in a similar way to herons.
3:37 “had it not been done correctly, the rest could turn out to be a Chimera.” 💀 imagine going to journey through the desert of the Sahara, only to be confronted by an army of oversized lions with a goat head on their backs and a snake replacing the tail 💀🤣
I still don't understand how they determined the tail belong to spinosaurus. What exactly gave them that idea? Couldn't it be part of some unknown animal of similar size? Also weren't there already fossils of its tail that were different to that sail-like one?
Here are some things im not buying about the non-aquatic reconstruction. 1. The legs; most waiting birds that i know of have long legs 2. The tail; i believe that yhe tail must have been used for swimming, and that it cannot be just an extension of the back sail. Plus there are a few species of fish with large sails, which leads me to think that the sail on spinosaurus couldn't be as mutch of a detriment to swimming as suggested. I personally believe that spinosaurus could have used both methods of hunting, and i do believe that they spent a lot of time in the water, but definitely not all of it.
I think morphologically, Spinosaurus is more suited for a semi-aquatic lifestyle. It lives and hunts in aquatic environments, but not limited to it. And in response to your arguments: 1. Wading birds have long legs to keep their feathers high from water and relatively dry, the long and spread-out thin toes help them walk on wet and squishy mud. These adaptations serve no purpose when you're a multi-tonne non flying giant. 2. The function of both the tail and sail is still highly debated. Yes, the tail will help in swimming, but it won't be sufficient to propel it faster than its fully aquatic prey, with fully aquatic body build. Fresh water turtles with a noticeably more hydrodynamic body can't even outswim their fish prey, they resort to ambush hunting. About the sail, I assume you are referring to sailfish. If you look more at it, the sail in sailfish is fully retractable, making it very streamlined. On the contrary, the sail is only raised when the fish is braking/stopping, showing that the drag function of the sail is high.
@@FactorTrace thanks a lot! I definitely do agree with the semi-aquatic reconstruction. I just can't see an aninal that looks like an overgrown crocodile/alligator living a fully terrestrial life. Im not a professional in this field, im just passionate about paleontology (i study psychology) and so thanks a lot for arguing against my points, i would much rather be wrong and for someone to point it out, than to just be wrong. I just have one more question: in the video it is stated that animals that move towards an aquatic lifestyle, have reduced forelimbs, but I cant think of any animal with that, although i can see how the front limbs are less dynamic in the water.
@@s.barashin3700 you're very much welcome! You brought up interesting arguments and it was a pleasure for me to reply with mine. I mentioned reduced limbs as in transitional cetaceans (ex. Ambulocetus), early whale ancestors that move from land to sea. They used to be deer-like terrestrial animals and then evolved shorter and bulkier limbs to accommodate a more and more aquatic lifestyle. Shorter bulkier limbs with denser/heavier bones also help with buoyancy in water, making the animal less likely to roll around while in water.
It apparently is also from the Continental Intercalaire formation, alongside Spinosaurus. This is just one location I know of; there could be more. And perhaps it was just a misattributed specimen ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
If you take the fossil locations of Spinosaurus and map it out, it has a very wide range across North Africa, that's why the fossils have been described as a different species i.e. S. maroccanus and even as a different genus Sigilmassasaurus, the scarcity of the fossil makes it hard to define Spinosaurus' exact range of distribution, Sarcosuchus' fossil was also found in the Sahara and in 2010 there was a fossil from the Ifezouane Formation in Morocco, I'm theorizing here that their habitats must have overlapped, though I'm not sure whether or not their fossils have been unearthed from the same site. However, in a couple of papers that I've read (by Amiot et. al, 2010 and Hone and Holtz, 2021) there are several mentions regarding the interactions of Spinosaurus and giant crocodilians, I think it is safe to assume that even if they weren't referring to Sarcosuchus, there were other large crocodilians that would've filled the same ecological niche as Sarcosuchus, which is why in the video I stated that Spinosaurus lived alongside Sarcosuchus.
Thanks Fatih! With the sail and long tail, Spinosaurus visually appear to be the largest compared to the other theropods, it's exact size is still up for debate too, but it is for sure, amongst the largest theropods.
@@FactorTrace oh it is a massive megatheropod for sure but scientifically size is estimated using weight , not length or height. This example will be a bit extreme but using length to estimate size would mean that pythons and elephants are nearly the same size
I agree! That's why I didn't say "the most massive", if I had said that, then it would be misleading. In paleontology I don't think there's a clear winner as to what is the biggest or most massive or largest animal, all sizes are estimates, some can be more accurate than others. The same argument can be directed to any other theropods claimed to be the biggest: Giganotosaurus, Mapusaurus, even T-rex, as there's no real living animal to be observed and measured. And it's worth mentioning that some fragments from Spinosaurus remains (MSNM V4047) if extrapolated can reach an estimate of 18 meters in length.
Factor Trace currently: tyrannosaurus rex is the most massive and robust animal like a TANK weight range 9-10 tons this animal si much more robust wider thicker bulky THAN ANY OTHER CARNIVOROUS DINOSAUR, mapusaurus and giga they are slim and slender animals, the spinosaurus is just longer slender narrow and flattened with very short legs estimated lenght for an adult specimen 14,5 meters long and weight 7,6 tons, "18 meters long" is unrealistic it is an animal not godzilla.
I find it very likely that they did live alongside one another, Paul. Ouranosaurus, Sarcosuchus, and Spinosaurus all lived in the early to mid Cretaceous and all specimens were unearthed from the Kem Kem geological group in North Africa, but I'm not sure if all three have been discovered at the same site. With a quick Google search you can find that their time periods did overlap (for around 18 million years), not an exactly long time in a geological time scale but is certainly enough to affect the natural selection of the population of the animal to adapt in an evolutionary perspective.
I'd be more than happy to read the source you're referring to which states that Sarcosuchus went extinct 112 MYA and states that Spinosaurus appeared after the extinction of Sarcosuchus (if you can provide me with a link). Additionally, it has also been mentioned in the 2010 paper by Amiot et al. and the 2021 paper by Hone and Holtz that Spinosaurus ecologically interacted with giant crocodilians, even if not exactly from the most famous species of the genus Sarcosuchus, which is Sarcosuchus imperator, it must have been its close relatives that filled the same ecological niche as S. imperator.
@@FactorTrace I checked again I don't know if scaro did go extinct that time I got it from a review of monsters resurrected and a quick Google search so my facts are probably wrong
The nostrils being high up on the snout doesn't disprove an aquatic lifestyle at all. It is entirely possible that the Spino simply floated along the water's surface like a duck, or swan, with its nose under the water, waiting for unsuspecting fish to swim near it as fish often do to floating logs. That would not only be the best position for the spino to be able to "lunge" it's head to snatch the fish, but it would also leave the arms completely free for grasping the fish as well. If the spino was on the bank with just its nose in the water, it would be forced to support its bulk on its arms, leaving them unable to be used to capture the fish. It would also mean the spino would be forced to hunt in shallow water just off the bank, meaning the fish would have to be relatively small. Either that, or the spino would be relegated to hunting in the very few areas where the water drops to a greater depth just off shore. I think this hunting strategy far and away better explains the adaptations the spino had. Animals that don't spend the bulk of their time in the water do not develop large paddle tails. If the spino only swam just to get to new shore lines, it wouldn't need a big paddle tail to do so. It would be just fine paddling around with webbed feet, which is a MUCH easier and less costly adaptation. That is why polar bears only have webbed feet and not paddle tails, while crocodilians and beavers do have paddle tails. The paddle tail also may not have been great for pursuit hunting in the water, but I am sure it would be excellent for ambush hunting. It could definitely generate a burst of forward acceleration, which combined with the recoiled S-curved neck lunging the head forward, would result in a very quick "strike" that might have a range of up to 15 or 20 feet. Going back to crocodiles, they also swim too slowly to pursue their prey in water, but they still catch fish on a regular basis by employing a burst of speed ambush attack powered by their broad paddle tails. So yeah, to sum it all up: 1. Probably quadrupedal on land if it bothered to go on land at all. 2. Couldn't hunt large terrestrial game without risking breaking its own jaw. 3. Hunted by floating along the surface of the water with its snout submerged, waiting for fish to swim by. 4. Captured prey by lunging forward with its tail combined with extending its neck and reaching with its arms. 5. It may have been the longest theropod, but it certainly was not the largest. In terms of sheer bulk, t-rex still holds that crown, weighing 2x (or even more) the weight of a spino.
Excellent arguments! What you stated are all valid hypotheses, it's just we can't be completely certain without further analyses. I myself used to believe that Spinosaurus hunted in water, in fact the initial draft of the script was to explain about the aquatic lifestyle, but the more I look into the studies the more unconvinced I became of that theory. I said what I said in the video, I've weighed out my biases and initial belief, I don't know how exactly Spinosaurus lived, but from what I've gathered from the papers I referenced, this is how I conclude it. This is just one end of the argument, everyone's free to believe which argument makes more sense to them. It's just the beauty of paleontology!
@@FactorTrace Just keep in mind that paleontologists are people too. They are subject to biases and desires just the same as anybody else. Case in point, Jack Horner. He was well known for constantly "shitting" on t-rex because he hated t-rex. He outright made up "facts" about t-rex and then looked for evidence to support his pre-conceived ideas, all in an effort to make people think t-rex wasn't as cool as it was. The Jurassic Park 3 spinosaurus was the direct result of Jack Horner trying to make the t-rex look bad. I am not saying that the studies you read were all written by people with a bias, or that they were making stuff up, but at the same time, I have read a LOT of papers about dinosaurs where they make some pretty ridiculous claims that wouldn't make a lot of sense in a natural world. A perfect example is the horns of the triceratops. It is just taken as a given that they are used to defend against predators. As far as I am aware, and I have looked, there is no evidence at all of a triceratops horn causing any damage to the bones of any predator. There is plenty of evidence showing that triceratops used their horns against each other, but ZERO evidence that triceratops ever used them against a t-rex. Yet most paleontologists will gladly say that triceratops is a super dangerous animal that could kill a t-rex. And in the modern world there are many examples of animals with horns or antlers that simply do not use them against predators. They prefer to run away, or kick the predators instead. So take everything you read with a massive grain of salt. Look at the objective facts and ignore the assumptions and "what-ifs". Draw your own conclusions. That is what I do. And in the long run I've been right more often than I've been wrong. I predicted the short legs and paddle tail of the spino long before they were ever found and released to the public. Just looking at the skull and shallow body shape of the animal I could tell right away it was going to be a very crocodilian body type, but without the enormous jaw strength.
@@KurNorock You're pulling some BS outta your ass now my dude. Jack Horner is not a "T.rex hater that was shitting on it" because his theories have proven him right and holds weight to this day with newer studies. It's funny how you Tyrannosaur fanatics say he was a biased person yet *HE" was the one that popularized Tyrannosaurus in the first place. You honestly just sound butthurt from JP3 dude. Grow up. Now regarding Spinosaurus, It's hunting method is currently proposed to be similar to what Planet Dinosaur had depicted. Waiting by the shorelines or shallow waters to ambush large aquatic prey. Similar to a crocodile or a bear catching fish. Nizar Ibrahim has stated that a paper response is in the work towards Holtz and Hones 2021 study. By the way, crocodiles are fast in short bursts which makes it possible for Spinosaurus with it's tail. Triceratops used it's horns for defending AND mating display. Horner is right once again as we see this in todays animal kingdom.
Fair enough, the exact size of Spinosaurus is still up for debate, I assume you are referring to T-rex as the largest theropod. For T-rex, about 50 specimens have been identified, some are even almost complete skeletons and we can be pretty sure about how big this animal could get. From Stromer's Spinosaurus specimen (1912), it's been speculated that the complete animal would be 15 meters long, that's already longer than T-rex, the other specimens vary in size, the more complete ones are much smaller (FSAC-KK 11888), but some fragments, if extrapolated, could result in an individual estimated to be 18 meters in length. Based on the fact that Spinosaurus could possibly be much larger than the found specimens, in the video I said "largest" as they would appear visually larger when compared to other theropod dinosaurs, had I said "the most massive" it might have been misleading because we know Tyrannosaurids were much bulkier and heavier than any other known theropods.
@@FactorTrace currently spinosaurus maximum lenght adult specimens 14,5-15 meters long and weight 7,5 tons "18 meters long is unrealistic, t.rex lenght 13 meters long and weight 9-10 tons is an incredible massive and robust animal like a TANK.
@@rodrigogongorapinto588 Hell, spinosaurus was 14.5m long, had a volume of 7133L and density of 1.05 which corresponds spinosaurus to 7.49 tonnes and not '9 tonnes'
Spino was not the largest predatory theropod by a wide margin. It may well have been the longest, but it was not the largest. Spinosaurus had a relatively slender built. The cross section of its body was cylindrical, meaning it was about as deep as it was wide. Meanwhile, most other theropods had a cross section like an upside-down egg. Their bodies could be twice as deep as they were wide, greatly increasing their bulk. Spinosaurus was also not particularly heavily muscled for its size. Combined with the small hind legs, the slender head, snout, and neck, the overall weight of the animal was lower than you would think. 4-7 tons, with 7 tons being a very ambitious stretch. US tons, not metric tons. T-rex still holds the crown for the largest terrestrial predator. It was not only large, but had long powerful legs, a huge bulky head, a very thick neck, and a body that was seemingly bulging with muscle. It was built like a brick house. The heaviest known examples being Sue and Scotty, each weighing in at 8-12 tons. And according to paleontologist Scott Holtz, Sue and Scotty represent an "average" adult individual animal. In any given population of t-rexs, due to natural individual variation, you could expect individual animals to be as much as 20% larger than Sue or Scotty. There are rex skulls that are not only larger than that of Sue or Scotty, but also younger, and would have had 8-10 more years of growth on them if they had not died young. So a rex that is 50+ ft long and 25,000 pounds would not be unreasonable. Of course, the same could be said for Spinosaurus. Just because we found a specimen that is 50ft long doesn't mean that is as large as they got. But their slender, streamlined build makes them lightweights in the world of theropods.
Yeah no, at this point I'm convinced you're a Tyrannosaurus fanboy that is *HEAVILY biased. This is the 3rd comment you made that is outdated and has usage of Spino hatred with over estimated Tyrannosaurus masses. Spinosaurus *IS* currently and will always be the heaviest/largest predatory theropod by a wide margin. Outweighing the largest Tyrannosaurus by almost 5 tonnes. It did have have a slender cylingerical body if you've seen Nizar Ibrahim's 2020 newer model. The torso is deeper and the ribcage is wider. There is now news that it's neural spines were covered in more muscle than we though adding more mass to the creature. Currently, the proposed weight by Simone Maganuco and Nizar Ibrahim has Spinosaurus at 10-12 tonnes. With Larramendi's 2020 GDI study, we're getting 12.8 tonnes + added spine mass would push it over 13 tonnes. Your estimates of 4-7 tonnes are outdated and far too low even lower than the inaccurate 2014 reconstruction model. Now for Tyrannosaurus, you're over hyping it as do most Tyrannosaurus fanatics do. They had powerful legs but as a result they made it ridiculously slow according to a 2021 study. Making it an inefficient hunter as it relied on juveniles to pack hunt prey. Tyrannosaurus did not weight 8-12 tonnes. Both paleontologists Scott Hartman and Asier Larramendi have Sue (the current largest Tyrannosaurus because Scotty is still unreliable without any measurements) at 8.2 tonnes and 8.4 tonnes. The average adult Tyrannosaurus was CM 9380, AMNH 5027, Stan, Big Mike, or Montana’s T. rex are probably somewhere between 6 and 7 tonnes. Both Hartman and Larramendi put Stan at 6.5 tonnes. I can't find anything on Holtz stating something so absurd because those two specimens were at the end of their life.
@@AceofSinnoh For fuck sake. Why is it nobody can say anything about the t-rex without some asshole accusing them of being a fanboy? What part of anything I said makes me a fanboy? Was it all the objective facts? Or maybe the sound and logical reasoning? 1. I don't hate the spino. And I am not any more a fan of the t-rex than I am of dinosaurs in general. I have no need for t-rex to always be the biggest or best or whatever. It doesn't affect me one way or the other. I am interested in the truth, not in dino-dick measuring contests. 2. If anybody sounds like a fanboy, it's you. "Spinosaurus IS currently and will always be the heaviest/largest predatory theropod by a wide margin." What? ALWAYS will be the largest? And how would you know that? 3. I said "tons" not "tonnes". There is a difference. Learn it. 4. Just because some data is newer than some old data doesn't automatically mean the newer data is more accurate. Different scientists use different methods to come to different conclusions. 5. There is no damn way that the spino weighed 12 tonnes. Even if the sail did weigh a full tonne by itself, that would not put its weight anywhere near a t-rex. Even if the rib cage is a little wider, that doesn't add nearly enough mass to catch up to the MUCH deeper bodied T-rex. And no, my estimations are not too low. I've already gone over the reasons why. 6. I'm not over-hyping anything. I am just stating facts. 7. What does the speed of the t-rex have to do with anything? Why are you even bringing it up? Again, YOU are the one sounding like a fanboy right now, brining up shit that has nothing to do with the conversation, JUST to try to make the rex look "bad". 8. And not only that, you got your facts wrong. The t-rex relied on juveniles to hunt prey? So the adult rexes that haven't reproduced just didn't eat? Is that what you are telling me? Here's something you should know. Adult rexes were most likely capable of running around 15 to 18 mph. Which is not fast, but they didn't need to be fast. They were built for endurance. They were persistence hunters. They slowly chased their prey until the prey animal was too exhausted to run anymore, making for an easy kill. It is the same exact way Early humans (and some current African tribes) hunted large game. 9. 8.2 tonnes = 9 tons, which falls within the 8-12 tons range I described for T-rex. And again, that is just one estimation from one paper. There are many other estimations, all with their own merits. 10. It is pointless to describe one t-rex specimen as "the average" t-rex. There were an estimated 2.5 billion individual t-rexes to have ever lived, and we are looking at barely 40 specimens in our entire fossil catalogue. To suggest that the largest individuals just happened to fossilize and be found by modern man is foolish at best. As is the notion that the 40 specimens we have represent ANY average of the species as a whole. 11. Stan is regularly estimated to be heavier than Sue. Just because you can find and cherry pick some estimations that are lower means nothing. 12. Here. Holtz saying that T-rexes could likely get up to 20% larger than Sue in any given population. It was during an interview with National Geographic in 2013. www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/131016-tyrannosaurus-rex-smithsonian-wankel-fossil-day 13. Again, you calling his statement "absurd" is just more evidence of your own fanboyism. And just because Sue and Scotty were fully grown adults doesn't mean they were as large as t-rexes could get. Just look at humans. The average adult male human is 5'6. I'm 6'3. Animals, including t-rexes, have just as much variation in size between individuals. In fact, it would be absurd to think that there weren't larger individuals than Sue.
@@KurNorock Because you're over at a *Spinosaurus* video posting outdated misinformation on Spinosaurus all while posting exaggerated information on Tyrannosaurus trying to downplay Spinosaurus. There's nothing sound or logical about any of the BS you said bruh. Just outdated propaganda by Tyrannosaurus fanatics because they have a hard time accepting the reality fact that Tyrannosaurus isn't in the Top 5 largest theropods anymore. 1) If that's the case then you would have done your research ahead of time instead of posting such outdated comments. They are literally stuff Tyrannosaurus fanatics says to downplay Spinosaurus whenever there is a video about it. How am I a fanboy when I stated the truth? Is Spinosaurus the heaviest theropod and always will be? YES. Why? Because it is over 4 meters larger than more other theropods and has the densest bones of any theropod adding more mass. How do I know this? Look at the new model by Nizar Ibrahim. 2) That was a typo my bad. I meant tons not tonnes. There is a slight different yeah. 3) It's the latest and universally agreed upon. Spinosaurus mass has always been above the 11 ton mark prior to the 2014 paper. Those lighter weight Spinosaurus estimates back in 2014 was always debated upon by paleontologists due to how inaccurate the model was reconstructed. Hell, the entire neotype is still questionable and Scott Hartman (just last year) made a blog post analysis on it. Besides, Spinosaurus masses of 10 ton plus have successfully been replicated as of this year so it's now a matter of time until next year where the 12 ton estimates are published. Again, I think you outta look at the NEW Spinosaurus model from last year. 4) I brought up the speed estimates of Tyrannosaurus because you went on about how Tyrannosaurus was this "apex hunter" when in reality it was more docile. Recent studies from 2021 has put it at 3-5mph, it hardly could keep up with any of it's prey. www.sciencetimes.com/articles/30805/20210422/could-you-outrun-a-t-rex-dinosaur-heres-what-experts-say.htm Adult sized Tyrannosaurus could not run/chase down prey. The only hunting or ambush tactics done are by juvenile Tyrannosaurus. That's hypothetical thinking and doesn't really add much. But for arguments sake, the adult ones that didn't reproduced relied on their MAIN primary tool, their sense of smell. Scavenging was whether you like it or not a large portion of it's method. Ambushing with other younger ones was another one. All the experts in the past were on the mark. 5) 8.2 metric tons. To be exact in Larramendi's GDI: 8,265kg. Scott Hartman's GDI is 8,400kg which is 8.4 metric tons. Same with Pearson's 2019 GDI which aligns with the other two. 6) Again, you're speaking "hypothetically" because we are going by the current fossil evidence. I can easily say the same thing with Spinosaurus since we hardly have much fossils of it. Horner mentioned he saw a 8ft long Spinosaurus skull specimen in the hands of a private collector. Given current estimates, that puts this particular Spinosaurus at 20-23 meters long. But I'm not using that as a reference because it's just that. We don't have proof as of now. You have shown no evidence to support that Stan was heavier than Sue. All while I gave you two paleontologists having Stan at 6.5 metric tons. Williams Sellers had Stan at 7.2 tons but they overestimate Stan's mass by a bit. Due to the misarticulation of the scapula coracoid (and seemingly the anterior thoracic ribs?) making the anterior torso deeper than it would have been in life), which would affect their results since body mass would obviously affect the stresses the limbs would have to endure. 7) You cited an 8 year old article where Holtz has a newer perspective on the paleontological data/world. Just for the record, he said any theropod can be larger since we have some remains. As did Scott Hartman where he said Giganotosaurus has the potential to be larger due to it's scares findings. Back then people still thought Celeste was bigger than Sue, which it turned out wasn't. Again more assumptions and hypothetical comments... we can say the exact same thing for other theropods that are already bigger than Tyrannosaurus. As of right now, Sue is the largest and reach her maximum life age.
My guy, you are the king of spreading misinformation. If you bothered to delete the replies under your comments, why not just delete all of the misinformation you brought up in this video? In the other comment you said that you predicted the supposed quadruped slender Spinosaurus before the palaeontologists did, not gonna lie, that was a funny joke. Also your quadruped theory is fully based on the outdated 2014 version of the Spinosaurus while you are completely ignoring the 2020 research, great job, you really are a good troll.
@@KJ-kn8pg lol what? Delete the replies under my comments? And just how exactly would I do that? I've been using TH-cam for damn near 15 years and have never seen such a function. In simple terms, I couldn't delete other people's comments even if I wanted to, which I don't. And no, my prediction of a quadrupedal spinosaurus was not based on the 2014 data. It was based on the original 1912 specimen. A long, slender jaw with a pronounced dentary rosette with a thin dip behind it. It was VERY clearly a piscivorous animal and as a theropod it would have had a relatively short neck for an animal of that lifestyle, meaning it would have had to keep its torso close to the ground in order to be ale to reach into the water to catch fish. I'm not ignoring any research. I take any research I see into account. The real problem here is that yourself and others don't actually know how science works. You hear about a study and take everything that study says as absolute fact. Then a new study comes out and you take THAT study as absolute fact, even if it conflicts with the previous study which you thought was absolute fact. You never once stopped to wonder if the new study could be wrong, or mistaken, or even an outright lie, which happens far more often than you would think. And because of that you treat all newer data as if it is always superior to older data, when that is just simply NOT the case much of the time. And that is NOT how science works anyway. Lastly, I'm not a troll. I just don't believe the same thing you believe. That is actually possible you know. As it turns out, your opinions aren't the default setting that everybody else believes. Stop projecting yourself onto the rest of the world. I don't have to be a troll to disagree with you. And sometimes, you might actually just be wrong.
Theropods originally evolved from the same species that also evolved into the sauropods. And some sauropods were capable of two legged locomotion, specifically running, and also specifically, the young of many obligate quadrupedal species. So the fact that other theropods were bipedal doesn't mean anything.
It can be ridiculous, impossible or downright improbable: I see Spinosaurus similarities to the legendary dragon. Most dragons are represented as sea creatures, scaled, feathered and well elongated, all over the world, time and different peoples, from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. By the way, paleontologists say that most of the dinos had feathers, and are the ancestors of birds.
This is the biggest issue I have. If the spino was more better suited for shoreline hunting like a heron then why do some modern ideas purpose it having tiny hind limbs? Isn't this counter productive for a creature like this given most predators like this have much larger hind legs to stand out of the water like a heron, crane, or egret?
I think the main difference between a spinosaurus and wading birds is their stance above water. Herons and cranes like to stand above the surface with only their long legs dipped in the water, I think spinosaurus being a 15-meter long giant would just dip its entire lower body into the water. Its size would've allowed it to keep its head above the surface even in a rather deep water without the support of long hindlimbs. It's shorter and heavier hindlimbs would've helped in maintaining balance while standing in water. To put it simply, I think wading birds would rather to have their feathers dry, while spinosaurus really don't mind getting wet while hunting.
Some people argue that oxalaia is a spinosaurus too But we Will never know because the fossil is Lost forever because of the negligency of brasilian governament.
Thanks for the addition Gherman, I don't know about that for sure, I think Oxalaia might be a separate genus. It's very unfortunate that the Oxalaia specimen is gone, but as I know it, the remains were lost because the museum caught fire. I didn't get the full story tho.
@@FactorTrace the fire was consequence of some cut of cost that we had in education programs. It's a shame... But maybe one day we Will find another fóssil.
I wanted to point that Sarcosuchus didn't live with Spinosaurus, same with Ouranosaurus, they are not from Bahariya formation, There are footprints of ornithopods in kem kem, but footprint doesn't say if its actually Ouranosaurus, overall cool video
Informative, accurate, to the point and with good illustrations.
Instantly subscribed and I hope your channel will grow and that I will see more of you on a regular basis.
Thank you so much LysisCor! That means a lot, this really motivates me to keep creating more and better videos!
@@FactorTrace I am so happy I found you, this was amazing, liked, subscribed and hope you do more of this dope content
Thanks Iagonax, this means a lot! I'm working on another video, I hope you will find it as interesting as this one.
@@FactorTrace I'm sure I will!
@@FactorTrace so sad to see your content to not take off
7:27, "stupidly large crocodile"
Made me laugh lol😂😂😂
Okay, I wasnt the only one who got a giggle out of that haha!
By far one of the most accurate videos on Spinosaurus, I like how the image of the knuckle walking quadruped is slowly falling out of favor and is being replaced with something that looks more correct
Thanks Spinozilla, I appreciate it so much!
Yeah, the knuckle walking reconstruction of Spinosaurus just looks wrong.
Ibrahim has always been a loudmouth fraud. Most of his MENA colleagues see him as making up shit to stir up his own career.
@@FactorTrace is the longest not the "largest" 14-15 meters long.
@@FactorTrace t.rex is much more massive and robust animal with devastating bite force 6-7 tons pressure.
Yeah the knuckle walking was the dumbest thing I've ever seen in all of paleontology.
Especially for a channel that's just starting off, great work! You deserve more viewers!
Thanks a lot Megasupreme! This motivates me to create more and better contents in the future!
@@FactorTrace so the real size of spinosaurus is 15m (49 ft) ?
This is the best video discussion of the ecology of Spinosaurus I've ever seen so far. Discussing all of the previous hypothesis, looking at all the bones and anatomy of the animal and coming to the best plausible lifestyle that Spinosaurus could've had in it's environment. Great work!
Thanks Francois! Spinosaurus is a very intriguing topic, there are so many aspects of it worth discussing. I think it's important to cover as many aspects as possible that are relevant to the aquatic controversy of Spinosaurus and not just its morphology.
Thanks again, I appreciate it so much!
I love how the spinosaurus is basically the closest thing this planet has had to an actual dragon
River Dragon
Probably one of the best things that's ever existed 😂😍👌
Pterosaurs
@@smugreptile6695 True, pterosaurs look like dragons
Yi qi cries in the corner....
This is one of the best videos ever made on this subject. Data accuracy, detailed and concise explanations and high quality animations. I can't wait to see more videos like this! Excellent job.
This is so GOOD! Like this is only your first video and its quality is absolutely busted! It is also very accurate by far one of the most accurate videos about dinosaurs
Reading this really makes me feel my hard work creating this video paid off, I really appreciate it.
Thanks Joy!
@@FactorTrace i swear, the second i saw the animation style i subscribed, i hope your channel explodes in popularity
Thanks for your support Speen! I'm glad you liked the animation style, and thanks for subscribing!
@@FactorTrace I also love your narration
I think there's still room for improvement, but thank you, appreciate it so much!
Holy shit, how is this Channel so underrated?? This was amazing!
Thank you so much Iagonax!
I know right!
this editing is TOO good for a 700 sub channel
I'm mind blown by how good the quality of the video is!!!
Wow! This is a very good video about the debate on aquatic lifestyle of Spinosaurus so far at this moment! Love the narration, the animation, the drawings and the scientific data presented! I'm impressed and liked this video a lot! Bravo, Factor Trace! I hope that you make more videos about other dinosaurs or other kinds of prehistoric animals! :D
Glad you enjoyed it, and thanks a lot Marcos! I appreciate it so much. I have a lot more videos about dinosaurs and other extinct animals planned out for the future, I love paleontology and I'll also cover other science related topics as well!
so i expected you to have at least 500k subscribers. how are you so under appreciated
Its nice to see you included the paper by Ibrahim. Maybe you could cover the 2019 study on the skull morphology. Very interesting. I am glad this came on my recommendations.
Congratulations, you earned a subscriber!
Thanks for the recommendation! I'll surely check that paper out, I did look into the skull morphology of Spinosaurus, the 2021 paper by Hone and Holtz does cover a fair amount of data regarding the cranial adaptations of the animal and how it interacted with its ecosystems.
Thanks for being one of my earliest subscribers, I really appreciate it!
@@FactorTrace your welcome! You deserve it!
Agreed
The still unsolved mystery of spinosaurus is one of the most exciting things in paleo. I love the spinosaurus. Who knows what we will discover next about this heron on sterroids
Im doing a project on Spinosaurus and this video really helped. Thanks!
I'm glad it helped you! I hope your project turn out well.
This is an amzing video, i mean this is like a pro tv documentary, you deserve tons of subcriptions man
Thank you Luis! I'm glad you enjoyed the video, that motivates me to create more videos!
Holy, your production quality is insane
Thanks In another nation!
Haven’t even finished the video, and I’m already subscribed well done.
Thanks, Raptor Jesus!
Keep the great work up my man this was REALLY good. As someone with great interest in dinosaurs and Spinosaurus itself I didn't find anything inaccurate or out-of-date in this video and that's always a very welcomed surprised to see. Overall a very nice simplification without dumping the finds down and needing to go too speculative. Hope you get more subscribers as am one of them now!
Glad you enjoyed it Safyracz! I did put a lot of work on my research, I'm glad that you appreciate it! And thanks for subscribing.
I´m amazed with the quality of this video, not only the well explained papers, but also with the animations, your work as a graphic designer is very visible. Congratulations! I´ve never subscribed as quicky as now
Thank you very much Fed! Yeah, I try to make my videos as accurate and as sleek as I can. And thanks for subscribing!
@@FactorTrace No problem! You deserve more subs! I hope to see more content from you
your videos are so good and informative, I really enjoy this documentary format with very comprehensive information settled out in somewhat of a knowledge evolution, building upon and "fixing"/changing previous theories. after watching your pachycephalosaur video I had to go watch your older videos.
Nice job ! A great new channel is born. Can't wait to see your future work 😉
Thanks Tommy, that's means a lot!
I know, that's why I'm saying it🙂. I'm so sick of all these ass-cancer-channels with millions of subs... It gives me hope to see new guys like you keeping the level higher. So, when you get positivity from any of us, you know what it means and you know that we mean it. And we all know what it means to you😁. And you deserve it😉
great editing man, suprised you don’t have more subs
I appreciate that!
You have earned a sub, holy Jesus, this was so well done for this strange dinosaur!!!
Just wanted to add that Ouranosaurus and Sarcosuchus never lived with Spinosaurus.
Spinosaurids may have been such an ecological pressure to crocodilians that they became filter feeders of specialized into other ecological niches because of the fish diversity that the Kem Kem had.
Thanks for the response Nicolas. I believe Ouranosaurus, Sarcosuchus, and Spinosaurus did live alongside one another, they existed in roughly the same era and at the same place.
With a quick Google search I found that their time periods did overlap for around 18 million years.
In a couple of papers that I've read (by Amiot et. al, 2010 and Hone and Holtz, 2021) there are several mentions regarding the interactions of Spinosaurus and giant crocodilians, might be referring to Sarcosuchus, and if not, it's been implied that there were other large crocodilians that had filled the same ecological niche as Sarcosuchus.
But I agree with you, I think it's completely possible that the emergence of Spinosaurids might have driven some species to adapt to other niches, but in the video, I stated that Spinosaurus employed a shoreline generalist lifestyle and that it did not compete directly against giant crocodilians for food.
@@FactorTrace the giant crocodilian is most likely Stomatosuchus, which was a 10 meters long filter feeder, as it indeed lived with Spinosaurus.
@@FactorTrace Ouranosaurus and Sarcosuchus lived with Suchomimus in Niger, not in Morocco or Egypt.
@@FactorTrace Sarcosuchus wasn't a crocodilian. It wasn't even particularly closely related to modern crocodilians. It was a crocodylomorph, but a different lineage.
@@patrick_j_lee Sarcosuchus remains are known from Morocco.
Very good! I hope you keep this channel going, I really enjoyed this video and found it extremely informative. Little bias and just giving the current up to date facts. Keep it up!
How you haven't been discovered by more people is beyond me! Your content is just excellent!
good design and good information, wow that's amazing
Thank you Gustavo! Cheers!
Wow such a great video, I hope your channel grows more! Thanks for interesting vid! Very glad that I found this vid
Glad you enjoyed it! Thanks Sadi.
Welcome!
I actually vastly prefer the giant crocoduck reconstruction to the knuckle-walking one. It looks stupid, but it works.
Yeah bendykirby, I also personally think that Spinosaurus did not knuckle-walk.
@@FactorTrace I agree with this. A 7 or so ton animal is not walking on its knuckles with ease, those arms would have to be VERY strong, and if it did, it would be stabbing its self in the hands and arms with those claws most likely. I much prefer the croco-duck look
Your video is astonishing! The high quality research is superb, and the info graphics are amazing! I was wondering, what software did you use to create and animate your illustrations?
Thanks!
Thank you so much Michael! I used Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop to create the graphic elements, then I designed the motion and animations using After Effects.
Thanks again, I really appreciate it!
Is it just me who liked and subbed in the first minute
Ps.your videos are amazing!!!
Thanks, I appreciate that so much Preetha!
@@FactorTrace no problem u are welcome
Impressive consistent art. The best I have seen.
What an interesting and well made video essay! Great job!
Thank you so much Nick!
Very high quality video editing and very informative. What and easy choice to subscribe.
Much appreciated lifdohop! Thanks for subscribing!
This is great content! Learned a lot!
Wonderful illustrations and factual information. Subscribed
Thanks Andy, and welcome!
Amazing!! Thank you very much for this wonderful clarification😀
You're so welcome!
Woah -- that tail was from the same partial fossil found four years earlier?! Incredible! I'm glad this very important piece could be reconciled with the other fragments left by this subadult individual!
Yes it was Tessa! It's such an amazing discovery.
Beautiful video. I always thought the quadruped Spino' was stupid. It simply couldn't support itself that way so logically it would be a biped. Ever since JP3 Spinosaurus has always been my favourite. I just like how unique it is. Learning that the Spinosaurus was more of a croco-duck-dino fascinated me and made me like it even more. Lovely video, thank you for this.
You know for a first video, this certainly doesn't disappoint. Great Job and I'm glad that you remained skeptical and conservative, especially around Spinosaurus' actual size. Many people always say Spinosaurus is "definitively" smaller than T.rex, but then they always forget that Spinosaurus was very fragmentary and estimates aren't always gonna be as accurate as they are with T.rex, that's how few specimens we have. I definitely wish you the best and I hope your channel grows alot more.
Thank you SpinoGuy! Yeah, I agree, the topic about size in paleontology is always debatable, I try to treat size estimates as estimates, I'm concluding the video with a sentence stating that Spinosaurus was the largest because based on the research papers that I've read, I found that it is highly possible that Spinosaurus was larger than many well-known theropods, but with so little found specimens to study from, it's hard to be conclusive. And as a graphic designer, comparing the 2d illustrations of Spinosaurus to other theropods scaled in accordance to their size estimates, Spinosaurus definitely appears as the largest (again, visually and based on size estimates).
Thanks again, I really appreciate your support!
@@FactorTrace Sure np man, keep it up.
Good analysis, I wish you had addressed the specific shape of the sail though as there has been a lot of debate about that.
Awesome video! Really high quality, keep it up in the future!
Thanks Kaylee, will do!
Fantastic analysis
Thank you!
Wow this is some amazing work !
Thank you so much Past Eons! I've also seen some of your videos, they're awesome as well!
@@FactorTrace Thanks ! 😁 Keep on the good work 💪
I just love your videos! They are smooth as butter. ♥️
I like a lot how spinosaurus is... evolving in modern days as a predator with semiacuatic lifestyle, and also, for me at least its looking more cooler now than his previous iteresions xD
Great vid bro, just found your channel. New subscriber 😊 👍
Thanks for subbing Mojo! really appreciate that.
@@FactorTrace you're welcome 😀 👍
6:23 every time i see this part i feel like this is a masterpiece
Amazing video! I wanna know what you used to make those animations!
Informative!,great ilustration!,Enjoyable! also great fact about spino was the weirdest creature ever but was cooler than rex my favorite dinosaur than other as far
Not to be nitpicky but I think the birds at 6:48 are far too small. Spinosaurus was huge, but saddle-billed storks are pretty hefty birds, regularly getting to 5 feet and even up. That is basically human height, or a tad below. They would still look very noticeable next to a Spinosaurus, whereas these birds are almost invisible, more along the size of a duck or maybe even smaller, like a big shorebird, if I had to guess.
Amazing video as all of yours are; kind of unbelievable this is your first video. I think I have read that the "new" sail shape and even the length of the hind legs are also based on shoddy reasoning or highly speculative. The sail in particular might have just been the boring old shape. I would love to see the sail discussed more if you ever remake this video, though there is no need, it was entrancing
Oh yeah, thank you for stating that out! It was an error on my side, I was basing the scale in the animation on a typical heron, which is much smaller. I didn't notice the size of saddle-billed storks.
And thank you! I haven't looked much into the sail shape of Spinosaurus nor its actual proportion, but covering the sail shape and function might be an interesting topic for a future video. Thanks again!
GREAT editing! Really amazing
Amazing video, please keep making these videos, you have my full support!
You need WAY MORE subscribers
Thank you Gmh!
7:26 “in the water there was this stupidly large crocodile named sarcosuchus…” recent research suggests that sarcosuchus is not a crocodile, let alone even a crocodilian, its commonly classified as part of the clade Pholidosauridae, a group of crocodile-like reptiles (Crocodyliformes) related but outside Crocodylia (the clade containing living crocodiles, alligators and gharials), in addition, it’s also not as large as many people would have you believe, it’s 30 feet or 9 meters long, those estimates of 39+ feet or 12+ meters long are *Long* outdated.
What are the animations made of here? It turned out amazingly
Ngl i subscribed immediately after seeing your point
There will be a full biomechanic study of Spinosaurus by Ibrahim et al. It will go over a lot of its anatomy using sophisticated 3d models. Hopefully it will be published soon.
Thanks for letting me know Deform! I'm looking forward to see that paper, it will surely be an interesting read, hopefully it can give us new insights about Spinosaurus' semi-aquatic lifestyle.
@@FactorTrace It's supposed to do just that, determining how effective it was as a swimmer. Ibrahim also said it might go over body mass (he claims is "much heavier" than 6 to 7 tonnes), and possibly bite force.
@@Deform-2024 it will also tackle how well it did stand on land, at least going by what he said
Deform 2021"much heavier" not true spino weight only 7,6 tons máximum 8 tons and the bite force 1-1,5 tons
@@themorningstar3299 How do you know that? You've seen the paper already?
This video is really the best spinosaurus video on TH-cam!
Very nice video, dude!
And Croc-Billed Platypus lives on.
Some of the illustrations shown in this video wouldn't look out of place in a professionally made, high budget documentary. The blank silhouette style really gave me Planet Dinosaur vibes, but in a good way.
Thanks Karen Boy! Planet Dinosaur does influence the visual style of the video, I wanted to create something sleek and modern looking and I think Planet Dinosaur nailed that in their motion graphics designs.
@@FactorTrace yeah I can't get enough of the style. It was one of the best things about the show.
7:26 caught me so offguard i couldnt stop luaghing
Fantastic video!
Thanks Jessica!
Idk anything to say this is amazing!
One interesting thing I don’t think enough people Think about when reconstructing spinosaurus, is realizing that if the bones were as dense as they were that would mean that it would run on the bottom of water like hippos. So it could be possible the spinosaurus waited in water while hunting fish, but one hunting larger fish it would hunt in the water and run along the bottom.
Some of its prey were believed to have been large slow moving ones, it doesn't have to be a super fast swimmer, just fast enough
You sir have earned yourself a sub
Thanks for subbing GreatGallopingGulags!
One word describes spinosaurus: Versatility
Very nice video!
In my opinion, Spinosaurus certainly could swim. But they only did it to move around their habitat. And when hunting they did so in a similar way to herons.
高度な情報がきれいに並べられていて感動しました！
Thank you, SO interesting!👌
super underrated
Appreciate that, groudon!
@@FactorTrace yw!
I know right!
3:37 “had it not been done correctly, the rest could turn out to be a Chimera.” 💀 imagine going to journey through the desert of the Sahara, only to be confronted by an army of oversized lions with a goat head on their backs and a snake replacing the tail 💀🤣
OK we’re learning about spinosaurus cool
I still don't understand how they determined the tail belong to spinosaurus. What exactly gave them that idea? Couldn't it be part of some unknown animal of similar size? Also weren't there already fossils of its tail that were different to that sail-like one?
Here are some things im not buying about the non-aquatic reconstruction.
1. The legs; most waiting birds that i know of have long legs
2. The tail; i believe that yhe tail must have been used for swimming, and that it cannot be just an extension of the back sail.
Plus there are a few species of fish with large sails, which leads me to think that the sail on spinosaurus couldn't be as mutch of a detriment to swimming as suggested. I personally believe that spinosaurus could have used both methods of hunting, and i do believe that they spent a lot of time in the water, but definitely not all of it.
I think morphologically, Spinosaurus is more suited for a semi-aquatic lifestyle. It lives and hunts in aquatic environments, but not limited to it. And in response to your arguments:
1. Wading birds have long legs to keep their feathers high from water and relatively dry, the long and spread-out thin toes help them walk on wet and squishy mud. These adaptations serve no purpose when you're a multi-tonne non flying giant.
2. The function of both the tail and sail is still highly debated. Yes, the tail will help in swimming, but it won't be sufficient to propel it faster than its fully aquatic prey, with fully aquatic body build. Fresh water turtles with a noticeably more hydrodynamic body can't even outswim their fish prey, they resort to ambush hunting.
About the sail, I assume you are referring to sailfish. If you look more at it, the sail in sailfish is fully retractable, making it very streamlined. On the contrary, the sail is only raised when the fish is braking/stopping, showing that the drag function of the sail is high.
@@FactorTrace thanks a lot! I definitely do agree with the semi-aquatic reconstruction. I just can't see an aninal that looks like an overgrown crocodile/alligator living a fully terrestrial life. Im not a professional in this field, im just passionate about paleontology (i study psychology) and so thanks a lot for arguing against my points, i would much rather be wrong and for someone to point it out, than to just be wrong. I just have one more question: in the video it is stated that animals that move towards an aquatic lifestyle, have reduced forelimbs, but I cant think of any animal with that, although i can see how the front limbs are less dynamic in the water.
@@s.barashin3700 you're very much welcome!
You brought up interesting arguments and it was a pleasure for me to reply with mine.
I mentioned reduced limbs as in transitional cetaceans (ex. Ambulocetus), early whale ancestors that move from land to sea. They used to be deer-like terrestrial animals and then evolved shorter and bulkier limbs to accommodate a more and more aquatic lifestyle. Shorter bulkier limbs with denser/heavier bones also help with buoyancy in water, making the animal less likely to roll around while in water.
Sarcosuchus is from the older Aptian Elhraz Formation and not the Cenomanian Kem Kem Beds and Bahariya Formation
It apparently is also from the Continental Intercalaire formation, alongside Spinosaurus. This is just one location I know of; there could be more. And perhaps it was just a misattributed specimen ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
If you take the fossil locations of Spinosaurus and map it out, it has a very wide range across North Africa, that's why the fossils have been described as a different species i.e. S. maroccanus and even as a different genus Sigilmassasaurus, the scarcity of the fossil makes it hard to define Spinosaurus' exact range of distribution, Sarcosuchus' fossil was also found in the Sahara and in 2010 there was a fossil from the Ifezouane Formation in Morocco, I'm theorizing here that their habitats must have overlapped, though I'm not sure whether or not their fossils have been unearthed from the same site.
However, in a couple of papers that I've read (by Amiot et. al, 2010 and Hone and Holtz, 2021) there are several mentions regarding the interactions of Spinosaurus and giant crocodilians, I think it is safe to assume that even if they weren't referring to Sarcosuchus, there were other large crocodilians that would've filled the same ecological niche as Sarcosuchus, which is why in the video I stated that Spinosaurus lived alongside Sarcosuchus.
I didn't know you had a TH-cam channel.
8:05 weirdest ? yea probably , tho there are 3 larger theropods. Good video btw
Thanks Fatih! With the sail and long tail, Spinosaurus visually appear to be the largest compared to the other theropods, it's exact size is still up for debate too, but it is for sure, amongst the largest theropods.
@@FactorTrace oh it is a massive megatheropod for sure but scientifically size is estimated using weight , not length or height. This example will be a bit extreme but using length to estimate size would mean that pythons and elephants are nearly the same size
I agree! That's why I didn't say "the most massive", if I had said that, then it would be misleading. In paleontology I don't think there's a clear winner as to what is the biggest or most massive or largest animal, all sizes are estimates, some can be more accurate than others.
The same argument can be directed to any other theropods claimed to be the biggest: Giganotosaurus, Mapusaurus, even T-rex, as there's no real living animal to be observed and measured. And it's worth mentioning that some fragments from Spinosaurus remains (MSNM V4047) if extrapolated can reach an estimate of 18 meters in length.
Factor Trace currently: tyrannosaurus rex is the most massive and robust animal like a TANK weight range 9-10 tons this animal si much more robust wider thicker bulky THAN ANY OTHER CARNIVOROUS DINOSAUR, mapusaurus and giga they are slim and slender animals, the spinosaurus is just longer slender narrow and flattened with very short legs estimated lenght for an adult specimen 14,5 meters long and weight 7,6 tons, "18 meters long" is unrealistic it is an animal not godzilla.
Easiest sub I ever made!
Thanks Huate! I really appreciate that!
in 2023: It turned out that spinosaurus had 8 legs and wasn't a dinosaur at all
One inaccuracies is orranosaurus and sarco were dead by the point spinosaurus showed up
I find it very likely that they did live alongside one another, Paul. Ouranosaurus, Sarcosuchus, and Spinosaurus all lived in the early to mid Cretaceous and all specimens were unearthed from the Kem Kem geological group in North Africa, but I'm not sure if all three have been discovered at the same site.
With a quick Google search you can find that their time periods did overlap (for around 18 million years), not an exactly long time in a geological time scale but is certainly enough to affect the natural selection of the population of the animal to adapt in an evolutionary perspective.
@@FactorTrace if you look up the date sarco went extinct that was about the time spinosaurus showed up 112 million years ago
I'd be more than happy to read the source you're referring to which states that Sarcosuchus went extinct 112 MYA and states that Spinosaurus appeared after the extinction of Sarcosuchus (if you can provide me with a link).
Additionally, it has also been mentioned in the 2010 paper by Amiot et al. and the 2021 paper by Hone and Holtz that Spinosaurus ecologically interacted with giant crocodilians, even if not exactly from the most famous species of the genus Sarcosuchus, which is Sarcosuchus imperator, it must have been its close relatives that filled the same ecological niche as S. imperator.
@@FactorTrace I checked again I don't know if scaro did go extinct that time I got it from a review of monsters resurrected and a quick Google search so my facts are probably wrong
The nostrils being high up on the snout doesn't disprove an aquatic lifestyle at all. It is entirely possible that the Spino simply floated along the water's surface like a duck, or swan, with its nose under the water, waiting for unsuspecting fish to swim near it as fish often do to floating logs. That would not only be the best position for the spino to be able to "lunge" it's head to snatch the fish, but it would also leave the arms completely free for grasping the fish as well.
If the spino was on the bank with just its nose in the water, it would be forced to support its bulk on its arms, leaving them unable to be used to capture the fish. It would also mean the spino would be forced to hunt in shallow water just off the bank, meaning the fish would have to be relatively small. Either that, or the spino would be relegated to hunting in the very few areas where the water drops to a greater depth just off shore.
I think this hunting strategy far and away better explains the adaptations the spino had. Animals that don't spend the bulk of their time in the water do not develop large paddle tails. If the spino only swam just to get to new shore lines, it wouldn't need a big paddle tail to do so. It would be just fine paddling around with webbed feet, which is a MUCH easier and less costly adaptation. That is why polar bears only have webbed feet and not paddle tails, while crocodilians and beavers do have paddle tails.
The paddle tail also may not have been great for pursuit hunting in the water, but I am sure it would be excellent for ambush hunting. It could definitely generate a burst of forward acceleration, which combined with the recoiled S-curved neck lunging the head forward, would result in a very quick "strike" that might have a range of up to 15 or 20 feet.
Going back to crocodiles, they also swim too slowly to pursue their prey in water, but they still catch fish on a regular basis by employing a burst of speed ambush attack powered by their broad paddle tails.
So yeah, to sum it all up:
1. Probably quadrupedal on land if it bothered to go on land at all.
2. Couldn't hunt large terrestrial game without risking breaking its own jaw.
3. Hunted by floating along the surface of the water with its snout submerged, waiting for fish to swim by.
4. Captured prey by lunging forward with its tail combined with extending its neck and reaching with its arms.
5. It may have been the longest theropod, but it certainly was not the largest. In terms of sheer bulk, t-rex still holds that crown, weighing 2x (or even more) the weight of a spino.
Excellent arguments! What you stated are all valid hypotheses, it's just we can't be completely certain without further analyses. I myself used to believe that Spinosaurus hunted in water, in fact the initial draft of the script was to explain about the aquatic lifestyle, but the more I look into the studies the more unconvinced I became of that theory.
I said what I said in the video, I've weighed out my biases and initial belief, I don't know how exactly Spinosaurus lived, but from what I've gathered from the papers I referenced, this is how I conclude it. This is just one end of the argument, everyone's free to believe which argument makes more sense to them. It's just the beauty of paleontology!
@@FactorTrace Just keep in mind that paleontologists are people too. They are subject to biases and desires just the same as anybody else.
Case in point, Jack Horner. He was well known for constantly "shitting" on t-rex because he hated t-rex. He outright made up "facts" about t-rex and then looked for evidence to support his pre-conceived ideas, all in an effort to make people think t-rex wasn't as cool as it was.
The Jurassic Park 3 spinosaurus was the direct result of Jack Horner trying to make the t-rex look bad.
I am not saying that the studies you read were all written by people with a bias, or that they were making stuff up, but at the same time, I have read a LOT of papers about dinosaurs where they make some pretty ridiculous claims that wouldn't make a lot of sense in a natural world.
A perfect example is the horns of the triceratops. It is just taken as a given that they are used to defend against predators. As far as I am aware, and I have looked, there is no evidence at all of a triceratops horn causing any damage to the bones of any predator.
There is plenty of evidence showing that triceratops used their horns against each other, but ZERO evidence that triceratops ever used them against a t-rex. Yet most paleontologists will gladly say that triceratops is a super dangerous animal that could kill a t-rex.
And in the modern world there are many examples of animals with horns or antlers that simply do not use them against predators. They prefer to run away, or kick the predators instead.
So take everything you read with a massive grain of salt. Look at the objective facts and ignore the assumptions and "what-ifs". Draw your own conclusions.
That is what I do. And in the long run I've been right more often than I've been wrong. I predicted the short legs and paddle tail of the spino long before they were ever found and released to the public. Just looking at the skull and shallow body shape of the animal I could tell right away it was going to be a very crocodilian body type, but without the enormous jaw strength.
@@KurNorock You're pulling some BS outta your ass now my dude. Jack Horner is not a "T.rex hater that was shitting on it" because his theories have proven him right and holds weight to this day with newer studies. It's funny how you Tyrannosaur fanatics say he was a biased person yet *HE" was the one that popularized Tyrannosaurus in the first place. You honestly just sound butthurt from JP3 dude. Grow up.
Now regarding Spinosaurus,
It's hunting method is currently proposed to be similar to what Planet Dinosaur had depicted. Waiting by the shorelines or shallow waters to ambush large aquatic prey. Similar to a crocodile or a bear catching fish. Nizar Ibrahim has stated that a paper response is in the work towards Holtz and Hones 2021 study. By the way, crocodiles are fast in short bursts which makes it possible for Spinosaurus with it's tail.
Triceratops used it's horns for defending AND mating display. Horner is right once again as we see this in todays animal kingdom.
nice video
Thanks Tyrese!
Very cool!
thanks Salsa, I really appreciate it!
@@FactorTrace wrong spinosaurus IS THE LONGEST THEROPODS NOT the "largest", just slim and slender animal with very short legs
Fair enough, the exact size of Spinosaurus is still up for debate, I assume you are referring to T-rex as the largest theropod. For T-rex, about 50 specimens have been identified, some are even almost complete skeletons and we can be pretty sure about how big this animal could get. From Stromer's Spinosaurus specimen (1912), it's been speculated that the complete animal would be 15 meters long, that's already longer than T-rex, the other specimens vary in size, the more complete ones are much smaller (FSAC-KK 11888), but some fragments, if extrapolated, could result in an individual estimated to be 18 meters in length. Based on the fact that Spinosaurus could possibly be much larger than the found specimens, in the video I said "largest" as they would appear visually larger when compared to other theropod dinosaurs, had I said "the most massive" it might have been misleading because we know Tyrannosaurids were much bulkier and heavier than any other known theropods.
@@FactorTrace currently spinosaurus maximum lenght adult specimens 14,5-15 meters long and weight 7,5 tons "18 meters long is unrealistic, t.rex lenght 13 meters long and weight 9-10 tons is an incredible massive and robust animal like a TANK.
@@rodrigogongorapinto588 Hell, spinosaurus was 14.5m long, had a volume of 7133L and density of 1.05 which corresponds spinosaurus to 7.49 tonnes and not '9 tonnes'
Imagine if they grew it like acrocanthusaurus but with a Croc head
Spino was not the largest predatory theropod by a wide margin. It may well have been the longest, but it was not the largest.
Spinosaurus had a relatively slender built. The cross section of its body was cylindrical, meaning it was about as deep as it was wide. Meanwhile, most other theropods had a cross section like an upside-down egg. Their bodies could be twice as deep as they were wide, greatly increasing their bulk.
Spinosaurus was also not particularly heavily muscled for its size. Combined with the small hind legs, the slender head, snout, and neck, the overall weight of the animal was lower than you would think. 4-7 tons, with 7 tons being a very ambitious stretch. US tons, not metric tons.
T-rex still holds the crown for the largest terrestrial predator. It was not only large, but had long powerful legs, a huge bulky head, a very thick neck, and a body that was seemingly bulging with muscle. It was built like a brick house. The heaviest known examples being Sue and Scotty, each weighing in at 8-12 tons. And according to paleontologist Scott Holtz, Sue and Scotty represent an "average" adult individual animal. In any given population of t-rexs, due to natural individual variation, you could expect individual animals to be as much as 20% larger than Sue or Scotty. There are rex skulls that are not only larger than that of Sue or Scotty, but also younger, and would have had 8-10 more years of growth on them if they had not died young. So a rex that is 50+ ft long and 25,000 pounds would not be unreasonable.
Of course, the same could be said for Spinosaurus. Just because we found a specimen that is 50ft long doesn't mean that is as large as they got. But their slender, streamlined build makes them lightweights in the world of theropods.
Yeah no, at this point I'm convinced you're a Tyrannosaurus fanboy that is *HEAVILY biased. This is the 3rd comment you made that is outdated and has usage of Spino hatred with over estimated Tyrannosaurus masses.
Spinosaurus *IS* currently and will always be the heaviest/largest predatory theropod by a wide margin. Outweighing the largest Tyrannosaurus by almost 5 tonnes. It did have have a slender cylingerical body if you've seen Nizar Ibrahim's 2020 newer model. The torso is deeper and the ribcage is wider. There is now news that it's neural spines were covered in more muscle than we though adding more mass to the creature. Currently, the proposed weight by Simone Maganuco and Nizar Ibrahim has Spinosaurus at 10-12 tonnes. With Larramendi's 2020 GDI study, we're getting 12.8 tonnes + added spine mass would push it over 13 tonnes. Your estimates of 4-7 tonnes are outdated and far too low even lower than the inaccurate 2014 reconstruction model.
Now for Tyrannosaurus, you're over hyping it as do most Tyrannosaurus fanatics do. They had powerful legs but as a result they made it ridiculously slow according to a 2021 study. Making it an inefficient hunter as it relied on juveniles to pack hunt prey. Tyrannosaurus did not weight 8-12 tonnes. Both paleontologists Scott Hartman and Asier Larramendi have Sue (the current largest Tyrannosaurus because Scotty is still unreliable without any measurements) at 8.2 tonnes and 8.4 tonnes. The average adult Tyrannosaurus was CM 9380, AMNH 5027, Stan, Big Mike, or Montana’s T. rex are probably somewhere between 6 and 7 tonnes. Both Hartman and Larramendi put Stan at 6.5 tonnes. I can't find anything on Holtz stating something so absurd because those two specimens were at the end of their life.
@@AceofSinnoh For fuck sake. Why is it nobody can say anything about the t-rex without some asshole accusing them of being a fanboy?
What part of anything I said makes me a fanboy? Was it all the objective facts? Or maybe the sound and logical reasoning?
1. I don't hate the spino. And I am not any more a fan of the t-rex than I am of dinosaurs in general. I have no need for t-rex to always be the biggest or best or whatever. It doesn't affect me one way or the other. I am interested in the truth, not in dino-dick measuring contests.
2. If anybody sounds like a fanboy, it's you.
"Spinosaurus IS currently and will always be the heaviest/largest predatory theropod by a wide margin." What? ALWAYS will be the largest? And how would you know that?
3. I said "tons" not "tonnes". There is a difference. Learn it.
4. Just because some data is newer than some old data doesn't automatically mean the newer data is more accurate. Different scientists use different methods to come to different conclusions.
5. There is no damn way that the spino weighed 12 tonnes. Even if the sail did weigh a full tonne by itself, that would not put its weight anywhere near a t-rex. Even if the rib cage is a little wider, that doesn't add nearly enough mass to catch up to the MUCH deeper bodied T-rex. And no, my estimations are not too low. I've already gone over the reasons why.
6. I'm not over-hyping anything. I am just stating facts.
7. What does the speed of the t-rex have to do with anything? Why are you even bringing it up? Again, YOU are the one sounding like a fanboy right now, brining up shit that has nothing to do with the conversation, JUST to try to make the rex look "bad".
8. And not only that, you got your facts wrong. The t-rex relied on juveniles to hunt prey? So the adult rexes that haven't reproduced just didn't eat? Is that what you are telling me?
Here's something you should know. Adult rexes were most likely capable of running around 15 to 18 mph. Which is not fast, but they didn't need to be fast. They were built for endurance. They were persistence hunters. They slowly chased their prey until the prey animal was too exhausted to run anymore, making for an easy kill. It is the same exact way Early humans (and some current African tribes) hunted large game.
9. 8.2 tonnes = 9 tons, which falls within the 8-12 tons range I described for T-rex. And again, that is just one estimation from one paper. There are many other estimations, all with their own merits.
10. It is pointless to describe one t-rex specimen as "the average" t-rex. There were an estimated 2.5 billion individual t-rexes to have ever lived, and we are looking at barely 40 specimens in our entire fossil catalogue. To suggest that the largest individuals just happened to fossilize and be found by modern man is foolish at best. As is the notion that the 40 specimens we have represent ANY average of the species as a whole.
11. Stan is regularly estimated to be heavier than Sue. Just because you can find and cherry pick some estimations that are lower means nothing.
12. Here. Holtz saying that T-rexes could likely get up to 20% larger than Sue in any given population. It was during an interview with National Geographic in 2013. www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/131016-tyrannosaurus-rex-smithsonian-wankel-fossil-day
13. Again, you calling his statement "absurd" is just more evidence of your own fanboyism. And just because Sue and Scotty were fully grown adults doesn't mean they were as large as t-rexes could get. Just look at humans. The average adult male human is 5'6. I'm 6'3. Animals, including t-rexes, have just as much variation in size between individuals. In fact, it would be absurd to think that there weren't larger individuals than Sue.
@@KurNorock Because you're over at a *Spinosaurus* video posting outdated misinformation on Spinosaurus all while posting exaggerated information on Tyrannosaurus trying to downplay Spinosaurus. There's nothing sound or logical about any of the BS you said bruh. Just outdated propaganda by Tyrannosaurus fanatics because they have a hard time accepting the reality fact that Tyrannosaurus isn't in the Top 5 largest theropods anymore.
1) If that's the case then you would have done your research ahead of time instead of posting such outdated comments. They are literally stuff Tyrannosaurus fanatics says to downplay Spinosaurus whenever there is a video about it. How am I a fanboy when I stated the truth? Is Spinosaurus the heaviest theropod and always will be? YES. Why? Because it is over 4 meters larger than more other theropods and has the densest bones of any theropod adding more mass. How do I know this? Look at the new model by Nizar Ibrahim.
2) That was a typo my bad. I meant tons not tonnes. There is a slight different yeah.
3) It's the latest and universally agreed upon. Spinosaurus mass has always been above the 11 ton mark prior to the 2014 paper. Those lighter weight Spinosaurus estimates back in 2014 was always debated upon by paleontologists due to how inaccurate the model was reconstructed. Hell, the entire neotype is still questionable and Scott Hartman (just last year) made a blog post analysis on it. Besides, Spinosaurus masses of 10 ton plus have successfully been replicated as of this year so it's now a matter of time until next year where the 12 ton estimates are published. Again, I think you outta look at the NEW Spinosaurus model from last year.
4) I brought up the speed estimates of Tyrannosaurus because you went on about how Tyrannosaurus was this "apex hunter" when in reality it was more docile. Recent studies from 2021 has put it at 3-5mph, it hardly could keep up with any of it's prey. www.sciencetimes.com/articles/30805/20210422/could-you-outrun-a-t-rex-dinosaur-heres-what-experts-say.htm
Adult sized Tyrannosaurus could not run/chase down prey. The only hunting or ambush tactics done are by juvenile Tyrannosaurus. That's hypothetical thinking and doesn't really add much. But for arguments sake, the adult ones that didn't reproduced relied on their MAIN primary tool, their sense of smell. Scavenging was whether you like it or not a large portion of it's method. Ambushing with other younger ones was another one. All the experts in the past were on the mark.
5) 8.2 metric tons. To be exact in Larramendi's GDI: 8,265kg. Scott Hartman's GDI is 8,400kg which is 8.4 metric tons. Same with Pearson's 2019 GDI which aligns with the other two.
6) Again, you're speaking "hypothetically" because we are going by the current fossil evidence. I can easily say the same thing with Spinosaurus since we hardly have much fossils of it. Horner mentioned he saw a 8ft long Spinosaurus skull specimen in the hands of a private collector. Given current estimates, that puts this particular Spinosaurus at 20-23 meters long. But I'm not using that as a reference because it's just that. We don't have proof as of now.
You have shown no evidence to support that Stan was heavier than Sue. All while I gave you two paleontologists having Stan at 6.5 metric tons. Williams Sellers had Stan at 7.2 tons but they overestimate Stan's mass by a bit. Due to the misarticulation of the scapula coracoid (and seemingly the anterior thoracic ribs?) making the anterior torso deeper than it would have been in life), which would affect their results since body mass would obviously affect the stresses the limbs would have to endure.
7) You cited an 8 year old article where Holtz has a newer perspective on the paleontological data/world. Just for the record, he said any theropod can be larger since we have some remains. As did Scott Hartman where he said Giganotosaurus has the potential to be larger due to it's scares findings. Back then people still thought Celeste was bigger than Sue, which it turned out wasn't. Again more assumptions and hypothetical comments... we can say the exact same thing for other theropods that are already bigger than Tyrannosaurus. As of right now, Sue is the largest and reach her maximum life age.
My guy, you are the king of spreading misinformation. If you bothered to delete the replies under your comments, why not just delete all of the misinformation you brought up in this video? In the other comment you said that you predicted the supposed quadruped slender Spinosaurus before the palaeontologists did, not gonna lie, that was a funny joke. Also your quadruped theory is fully based on the outdated 2014 version of the Spinosaurus while you are completely ignoring the 2020 research, great job, you really are a good troll.
@@KJ-kn8pg lol what? Delete the replies under my comments? And just how exactly would I do that? I've been using TH-cam for damn near 15 years and have never seen such a function. In simple terms, I couldn't delete other people's comments even if I wanted to, which I don't.
And no, my prediction of a quadrupedal spinosaurus was not based on the 2014 data. It was based on the original 1912 specimen. A long, slender jaw with a pronounced dentary rosette with a thin dip behind it. It was VERY clearly a piscivorous animal and as a theropod it would have had a relatively short neck for an animal of that lifestyle, meaning it would have had to keep its torso close to the ground in order to be ale to reach into the water to catch fish.
I'm not ignoring any research. I take any research I see into account.
The real problem here is that yourself and others don't actually know how science works. You hear about a study and take everything that study says as absolute fact. Then a new study comes out and you take THAT study as absolute fact, even if it conflicts with the previous study which you thought was absolute fact.
You never once stopped to wonder if the new study could be wrong, or mistaken, or even an outright lie, which happens far more often than you would think. And because of that you treat all newer data as if it is always superior to older data, when that is just simply NOT the case much of the time. And that is NOT how science works anyway.
Lastly, I'm not a troll. I just don't believe the same thing you believe. That is actually possible you know. As it turns out, your opinions aren't the default setting that everybody else believes. Stop projecting yourself onto the rest of the world. I don't have to be a troll to disagree with you. And sometimes, you might actually just be wrong.
What is the current consensus on wether or not spinosaurus had shorter hind-limbs?
No-one be thinking about how both sails could have also been used got display
Theropods originally evolved from the same species that also evolved into the sauropods. And some sauropods were capable of two legged locomotion, specifically running, and also specifically, the young of many obligate quadrupedal species. So the fact that other theropods were bipedal doesn't mean anything.
Acctualy mean almost everything
Sauropods have pilars as feets
Theropods have arms, and they are weak to walk on them
It can be ridiculous, impossible or downright improbable: I see Spinosaurus similarities to the legendary dragon. Most dragons are represented as sea creatures, scaled, feathered and well elongated, all over the world, time and different peoples, from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. By the way, paleontologists say that most of the dinos had feathers, and are the ancestors of birds.
Interesting idea Hopetágulos!
I think Spino may be the closest we'll ever get to real life dragons.
This is the biggest issue I have. If the spino was more better suited for shoreline hunting like a heron then why do some modern ideas purpose it having tiny hind limbs?
Isn't this counter productive for a creature like this given most predators like this have much larger hind legs to stand out of the water like a heron, crane, or egret?
I think the main difference between a spinosaurus and wading birds is their stance above water. Herons and cranes like to stand above the surface with only their long legs dipped in the water, I think spinosaurus being a 15-meter long giant would just dip its entire lower body into the water. Its size would've allowed it to keep its head above the surface even in a rather deep water without the support of long hindlimbs. It's shorter and heavier hindlimbs would've helped in maintaining balance while standing in water. To put it simply, I think wading birds would rather to have their feathers dry, while spinosaurus really don't mind getting wet while hunting.
Some people argue that oxalaia is a spinosaurus too
But we Will never know because the fossil is Lost forever because of the negligency of brasilian governament.
Thanks for the addition Gherman, I don't know about that for sure, I think Oxalaia might be a separate genus. It's very unfortunate that the Oxalaia specimen is gone, but as I know it, the remains were lost because the museum caught fire. I didn't get the full story tho.
@@FactorTrace the fire was consequence of some cut of cost that we had in education programs.
It's a shame... But maybe one day we Will find another fóssil.
@@FactorTrace amazing job in this vídeo
I Hope to see more vídeos about dinosaurs in the Future.
Wasn’t the strange sail shape corrected?
I will always think of it as the Jurassic Park version. Even if “It’S nOt AcCuRaTe”, that’s the one I know, and that’s the one I like/ use
Spinosaurus 16 meter long
I wanted to point that Sarcosuchus didn't live with Spinosaurus, same with Ouranosaurus, they are not from Bahariya formation, There are footprints of ornithopods in kem kem, but footprint doesn't say if its actually Ouranosaurus, overall cool video