What is a Metaphor - 8 Ways to Create Meaning with Comparison

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 10 ม.ค. 2025

ความคิดเห็น • 193

  • @StudioBinder
    @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว +37

    Chapters:
    00:00 - Introduction to Metaphors
    00:55 - Metaphor Definition and History
    03:19 - Direct/Standard Metaphor
    03:47 - Simile
    05:13 - Implied Metaphor
    06:26 - Extended Metaphor
    07:45 - Controlling Metaphor
    08:48 - Mixed Metaphor
    09:36 - Dead Metaphor
    10:05 - Visual Metaphor
    12:35 - Takeaways

  • @timomaxim7425
    @timomaxim7425 ปีที่แล้ว +294

    I dont know who sponsors those videos but i am truely grateful that people out there enable me and others to learn more about storytelling and other important aspects about movies with those high quality videos. I call this channel liquid Gold!

    • @Osmone_Everony
      @Osmone_Everony ปีที่แล้ว +26

      This channel isn't sponsored because it's advertisement on its own for the StudioBinder software. :)

    • @get_a_job_bro
      @get_a_job_bro ปีที่แล้ว +7

      It's their own app. They are THE sponsor!

    • @LuisSierra42
      @LuisSierra42 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@get_a_job_bro plot twist

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว +69

      ❤❤ we are our own sponsors :)

    • @AlphaGeekgirl
      @AlphaGeekgirl ปีที่แล้ว

      Why liquid gold??

  • @asherphoenix75
    @asherphoenix75 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    “We can express our feelings regarding the world around us either by poetic or by descriptive means. I prefer to express myself metaphorically. Let me stress: metaphorically, not symbolically. A symbol contains within itself a definite meaning, certain intellectual formula, while metaphor is an image. An image possessing the same distinguishing features as the world it represents. An image - as opposed to a symbol - is indefinite in meaning. One cannot speak of the infinite world by applying tools that are definite and finite. We can analyze the formula that constitutes a symbol, while metaphor is a being-within-itself, it's a monomial. It falls apart at any attempt of touching it.”
    -Andrey Tarkovsky, ‘Sculpting in Time’

  • @Z-Strike026
    @Z-Strike026 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    Rocket Raccoon: "His species is completely literal. Metaphors will go over his head."
    Drax: "Nothing goes over my head. I am too fast; I would catch it."

  • @Chrisratata
    @Chrisratata ปีที่แล้ว +26

    I went into the movie turning red not knowing anything about what it was about. I ended up being so in love with that metaphor. I'm so glad that they had the gall to go there!

  • @leonhardeuler675
    @leonhardeuler675 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    5:55 My entire life I have thought the phrase was "Crumple under pressure". Honestly I think that crumple is a better word than crumble because I think more things literally crumple under pressure than crumble. Like a biscuit crumbles under pressure. It turns to crumbs. But anything that isn't very brittle (like a plate, which would crack) and that doesn't inevitably turn into crumbs will crumple under pressure. Importantly, a person who was put under ever increasing weight would eventually, literally crumple. So I think we should all join me and crumple under pressure.

    • @Vesohag
      @Vesohag ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I guess that one could count as a "mixed metaphor".😂

    • @leonhardeuler675
      @leonhardeuler675 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@Vesohag What's the other metaphor that includes "crumple"?

    • @Vesohag
      @Vesohag ปีที่แล้ว

      @@leonhardeuler675 one that we shall come up with.

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว +3

      I'd rather we rise to the occasion

  • @elichilton7031
    @elichilton7031 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Studio Binder is my compass! Showing me the way in filmmaking just when I need it.

  • @hambatuhan3165
    @hambatuhan3165 ปีที่แล้ว +25

    Been waiting this topic on What Is, as always so depth, conscience and full of examples. Since you mentioned briefly about symbolism at the end, maybe that's the topic for the next What Is? Its types and how to incorporate them into a story? This lesson meant so much sir.

  • @deathybrs
    @deathybrs ปีที่แล้ว +7

    This may well have been the best video from StudioBinder I've personally seen to date.

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      wow! Appreciate the feedback

  • @Sarah-km2ec
    @Sarah-km2ec ปีที่แล้ว +11

    I think the best example of how film uses metaphor is the show 'buffy the vampire slayer' it sounds like a dumb teen show but it's so much more than that. Not only is the show meant to be slayer and understood as a metaphor for life in every way shape and form, macro to micro. The entire thing is layered heavily with metaphor and nuance in a way I've never seen before (at least not to this level) and I've seen my fair share of cinema, trust me.

  • @gabrieloliveiradasilvahirg6504
    @gabrieloliveiradasilvahirg6504 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    This is one of the most important videos about storytelling!

  • @lucinematic
    @lucinematic ปีที่แล้ว +7

    This subtle Schindler's list theme in the background strikes directly to the heart.

  • @Osmone_Everony
    @Osmone_Everony ปีที่แล้ว +53

    The problem with metaphors is that different languages/cultures have different metaphors for the same meaning and thus either lip-sync verbal translation gets hard or, in case of a visual metaphor, people get confused because they don't know the connection. I could tell several examples but here is just one. There's a scene in the "Airplane" movie where a piece of sh*t hits a fan. The meaning is very obvious for native English speakers but I'm German and back at that time I wasn't familiar with English metaphors and I wondered why that shot was inserted. It made no sense to me. BTW in Germany we say (literally translated) "the poop is steaming".

    • @wathsi99
      @wathsi99 ปีที่แล้ว +6

      Same problem translating idioms. A translation of dialogue won't do justice for them, so a director probably needs to use visual language to communicate this to a broader international audience.

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว +7

      Interesting point!

    • @IgorTavern
      @IgorTavern ปีที่แล้ว +1

      This whole movie probably was a challenge for translators here in Brazil, specially that "Roger/Over" joke. I don't remember how they've done it (sub and dub) but I they had to adapt more than translate.
      The "sh*t hits the fan" here its pretty close to translate, we say "deu merda" ou "deu ruim" (it all went wrong).

    • @fegoru
      @fegoru ปีที่แล้ว

      But that's exactly the idea of visual metaphors -specially- in films. Saying a metaphor through dialogue doesn't compare to showing it through images. A great metaphor would be "scenified" in a movie. In this sense you don't have to know that somewhere in the world people have a saying that goes: "the sh*t hits the fan" for you to see it "scenified" and realise that it probably won't have a good outcome.

    • @gregorylagrange
      @gregorylagrange ปีที่แล้ว

      @@fegoru But figures of speech don't necessarily carry over well with different languages.
      Because figures of speech can be very specific to region and not just language.
      So "scenfiying" a figure of speech can easily fail.

  • @johnta17
    @johnta17 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    AI will never replace Studio Binder quality content.

  • @shadowhero_
    @shadowhero_ ปีที่แล้ว +14

    The most beautiful and meaningful metaphors I've ever heard of are in 'Hotel del Luna' (a tv series about being and time, in short). Definitely worth watching (in my opinion).

  • @bostonbravenec
    @bostonbravenec ปีที่แล้ว +8

    You guys are fantastic. Thanks for always making my Mondays so much better.

  • @Hitchfred_Alcock
    @Hitchfred_Alcock ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Great as always! One of my most beloved channels here on YT! 💚

  • @rayancedrichaddad1197
    @rayancedrichaddad1197 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    My Favorite Movies with the Most inspiring Metaphors are :
    -King Kong (1933) : Kong is a Metaphor of Great Depression of the 30th decade.
    -Godzilla (1954) : Godzilla is a Metaphor of the result of Atomic and Hydrogen bomb explosion and what radioactivity can create.
    -Matrix Franchise
    Many inspiring Movies and Masterpieces.

  • @gnlpupol
    @gnlpupol ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Apart from the excellent content that Studiobinder provides us, this time I want to use this comment to appreciate the voice of this voice artist who narrates most of the episodes. Whoever you are sir, you deserve applause. Sometimes it feels like i am in a class and you are my professor. Though I cannot see you (because that's not the purpose here), i can hear your deep, wide voice. And now it's so regular to me that whenever i hear your voice, i automatically feel like I am in a class. In short, You have a really valuable voice, sir. *STUDIOBINER, please send my message to this man.*

    • @brandonscullion
      @brandonscullion ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Divya, I showed your message to Paul (the guy who did VO for this video) and he wanted me to pass a message along: "Please reply to Divya Mani on my behalf thanking him for his kind words and tell hi I'm most appreciative for all his generous observations."

    • @gnlpupol
      @gnlpupol ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank You so much Brandon.

  • @SandyinYoutube
    @SandyinYoutube ปีที่แล้ว +2

    11:22 North by North West's metaphor💀
    Studiobinder silently slipping in adult jokes😂😂

  • @jcspotlight_design
    @jcspotlight_design ปีที่แล้ว +4

    This videos are simply AWESOME... Can't wait to try-out the software.

  • @Kennethmarchant9705
    @Kennethmarchant9705 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Fantastic as always. Every video you guys make helps the those who want to be a great storytelling and filmmaker. Like previous one last week, fantastic and helpful as well.

  • @rayancedrichaddad1197
    @rayancedrichaddad1197 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    I've been waiting for this video. I am really inspired by your work. With the importance of the Allegory, now I start to understand the importance of Metaphor in Creativity and Writing process. Thousand Thanks StudioBinder.

  • @tryingbridge2548
    @tryingbridge2548 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Welcome to english class with studio binder. You make it much more interesting than school did btw

  • @-The-Darkside
    @-The-Darkside ปีที่แล้ว +1

    "The Feelings come back to you"
    Beautiful brother

  • @garnalmaani
    @garnalmaani ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Appreciate to your consistency 👏👏

  • @gorequillnachovidal
    @gorequillnachovidal ปีที่แล้ว +3

    with Jack and the Shining, it is showing that the maze stuff was happening in his head as he was thinking up his new novel.

  • @Chill_Mode_JD
    @Chill_Mode_JD ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Studio Binder lessons make Mondays so much more tolerable 🙃🙃🙃

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Making your Mondays more cinematic 😊

  • @peter_tingle
    @peter_tingle ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This video deserves more views

  • @JuneJournalss
    @JuneJournalss ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I love this video, and I’ve showed almost most videos to my students, my only complain is, WHY DIDN”T YOU GUYS RELEASE THIS VIDEO BACK IN SEPTEMBER WHEN I HAD ESL STUDENTS 😢……………… Big fan though, will show this video for sure this coming September😢

  • @fridaynighttherapy
    @fridaynighttherapy ปีที่แล้ว +2

    So thankful for this channel

  • @rogerlid2118
    @rogerlid2118 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Metaphors create context! Great tool.

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      A powerful one every filmmaker should use!

  • @TassioFolli
    @TassioFolli ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Speechless... another masterpiece binding my mind ❤

  • @neo_bellic
    @neo_bellic ปีที่แล้ว +1

    6:02 The moment I didn't know I wanted to see but I'm glad for.

  • @atutor1
    @atutor1 ปีที่แล้ว

    This guy is the only narrator we want for these videos

  • @anujgera9477
    @anujgera9477 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    This channel creates value ❤

  • @Ayogenius67
    @Ayogenius67 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    MAN THIS CHANNEL IS HERE LAST FOR MY OWN BENEFIT

  • @CalmaxFilm
    @CalmaxFilm ปีที่แล้ว

    Awesome work buddy, thanks a lot to bring us these free.

  • @basstian
    @basstian ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I loved this video. It's like a snowy owl with the facial disc of a harrier.

  • @Dismythed
    @Dismythed ปีที่แล้ว

    Visual Metaphor also has subgroups: foreshadow (hawk snatching a fish from water), foreboding (raven), facsimile (a monkey in a business suit at a desk), symbol (a piece of paper blowing on the wind), mimicry (A match-cut of a man putting down a body matched to a bear putting down a fish to devour it) and mockery (a man shouting obscenities matched to a monkey making noises and throwing things).

  • @jiajunxiao
    @jiajunxiao ปีที่แล้ว +1

    StudioBinder rocks!!!!

  • @JoeMwangi
    @JoeMwangi ปีที่แล้ว +1

    That outro was epic!!

  • @abhishekbansod2622
    @abhishekbansod2622 ปีที่แล้ว

    Beautifully explained as always 😊❤️

  • @gregoryjabulanieland4270
    @gregoryjabulanieland4270 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This is so amazing and motivating and educational

  • @saracarneiro94
    @saracarneiro94 ปีที่แล้ว

    As always a great video from my favorite channel ❤️

  • @hurricaneonjooo3992
    @hurricaneonjooo3992 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Always a pleasure!

  • @Craftedbywaltz
    @Craftedbywaltz ปีที่แล้ว

    You guys are beyond amazing, bless u with your work.

  • @JM-uk9yb
    @JM-uk9yb ปีที่แล้ว +3

    These guys are better than my english teachers at school

  • @julius-stark
    @julius-stark ปีที่แล้ว +2

    The T-Rex could be incredibly stealthy when the plot requires it.

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      It knew where the camera was

  • @BuddyBearCreator
    @BuddyBearCreator ปีที่แล้ว

    you folks put a lot of work into this analysis always :) 😁

  • @dhepaksomu
    @dhepaksomu ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Please make a video about the music of Angelo Badalementi. He is one of the most underrated composers who can give deep real emotions.

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks for the suggestion!

  • @xtianrogelio20
    @xtianrogelio20 ปีที่แล้ว

    I'm learning a lot. I hope there is also this kind of tutorial for Music Production.

  • @bollywoodfightactionreacti9189
    @bollywoodfightactionreacti9189 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Superb video

  • @samstits8982
    @samstits8982 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    In Trainspotting he swims through a toilet to get his fix. I’m guessing that’s a metaphor.

  • @iggyfenton5
    @iggyfenton5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Do you have/can you make a video on symbolism in film? Especially symbolic characters or encounters? (Examples: Blade Runner - The Unicorn, or Narnia - Aslan)

  • @ДмитрийКамеронов
    @ДмитрийКамеронов ปีที่แล้ว

    Cool, guys! I love it! ❤

  • @kingkape7342
    @kingkape7342 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    What movie is that @ 4:15

    • @brandonscullion
      @brandonscullion ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Blade Runner

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว

      Names appear on the bottom left corner as the films appear!

  • @afekhideojebuoboh9373
    @afekhideojebuoboh9373 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    What a beautiful video

  • @joaquinhernandez6940
    @joaquinhernandez6940 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    10:04 two words come to midn every time this song plays: Madagascar meat 🍖

  • @esidarasun8151
    @esidarasun8151 ปีที่แล้ว

    Is an extended metaphor, then, one tenor with multiple vehicles that share a theme?

  • @vicentecampos2893
    @vicentecampos2893 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great video.

  • @Hugglebuns
    @Hugglebuns ปีที่แล้ว +1

    What book is the subject, object;tenor, vehicle stuff from?

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว

      Not from a specific book, just concepts

  • @ganeshbsg5932
    @ganeshbsg5932 ปีที่แล้ว

    What's the name of the film at 6:27

    • @jeremymullins1294
      @jeremymullins1294 ปีที่แล้ว

      As You Like It. (bottom right of the screen)

  • @AndreaClinton
    @AndreaClinton ปีที่แล้ว

    Wondering would this work well in movies like Godfather, American Gangster, Goodfellas etc?
    As soon as I asked, I realized it does.

  • @lowlowseesee
    @lowlowseesee ปีที่แล้ว

    been rapping for decades and this cleared some things up hahahahaha

  • @officegossip
    @officegossip ปีที่แล้ว

    Best way to get a load of these is to read a lot of literature.

  • @alicialexists
    @alicialexists ปีที่แล้ว

    Your videos are seashells in the sand.

  • @thisissaurav_
    @thisissaurav_ ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Still waiting
    Director's Chair
    1. Asghar Farhadi
    2. Hayao Miyazaki

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      we covered Miyazaki in this video! th-cam.com/video/DHon6doQ750/w-d-xo.html

  • @KABOBkabob
    @KABOBkabob ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I know this channel is kinda film school 101 but it would be cool to see some less mainstream examples of things. I feel like most of the examples y'all use in broader videos are lotr, fincher, Spielberg, marvel, and things literally everyone has seen like Shawshank. Ik that's kinda the point but yea

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว

      Appreciate the feedback! We'll keep trying to include a more diverse palette of films

  • @emirhandr.3824
    @emirhandr.3824 ปีที่แล้ว

    im thinking that most of the great directors aren't actually aware what they are doing. They just do it the way they want to

  • @milknMARY
    @milknMARY ปีที่แล้ว

    could you explain ecocriticism and its approaches in film please?

  • @ShieldYoung
    @ShieldYoung ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Actually it was a tag team handicap match between The Rock & John Cena vs The Sidemen

  • @deborapinheiro8799
    @deborapinheiro8799 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    this video teach me better than my teacher

  • @PM_ERC_DHJG
    @PM_ERC_DHJG ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Next time, could you do a video on John Wick Chapter 4 and analyze the amazing cinematography and other elements of the movie that made it a masterpiece?

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      We probably will break it down in the future!

  • @Ekalavya_
    @Ekalavya_ ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Watch RRR. You'll get to know how metaphor is represented with Fire and water

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว

      we did! we did a breakdown th-cam.com/video/goT9nhISfd8/w-d-xo.html

  • @RR_DM
    @RR_DM 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Is a bullet train an unwed woman? Obviously not, that would be asinine but the bullet train is being compared to a maiden and the first trip sort of like a honeymoon (simile) or, as stated: a maiden voyage🥂
    Do zombies exist? Generally, we assume not, they're an idea og fiction but the way drugs can negatively affect ambition, hygiene and motor skills is why many compare drug users to zombies (the lack of emotion, cold dead eyes and unwavering commitment for their next fix)
    does that make sense??

  • @egg250
    @egg250 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    My favourite metaphor is when the camera zooms in a drain in Barton Fink, implying that things will go down the drain.

  • @CorbCorbin
    @CorbCorbin ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Like a Rolling Stone

  • @MichaelSmith-zw5fu
    @MichaelSmith-zw5fu ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Its a thought with another thought's hat on

  • @SrijanAshish
    @SrijanAshish ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This video reminds me of my 10th class English 😂😂

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Hopefully it was more helpful haha

    • @SrijanAshish
      @SrijanAshish ปีที่แล้ว

      @@StudioBinder For sure .keep going and make more director's playbook series

  • @FilmDonovan
    @FilmDonovan ปีที่แล้ว

    I love your videos - I have even shared them with my family multiple times. I have even tried using a lot of techniques in my own videos! If anyone wants to critique mine I would welcome it👍

  • @twalrus1
    @twalrus1 ปีที่แล้ว

    Met-a-four...it means the eights, nines and tens were still in bed sleeping off the all night partying. Only the fours were out and about, so I met a four.

  • @m.ainunwildan962
    @m.ainunwildan962 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I shall be amongst the firsts

  • @idanlewenhoff2295
    @idanlewenhoff2295 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    this video was an excuse to make a gif of tom cruise eating a cookie im sure of it

    • @idanlewenhoff2295
      @idanlewenhoff2295 ปีที่แล้ว

      just to add il recommend this channel to anyone i know
      keep up the good work

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว

      😎

  • @vidguy2004
    @vidguy2004 ปีที่แล้ว

    A metaphor.... Is....
    A butterfly.... :3

  • @disisfunny88
    @disisfunny88 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sadness is a prison 😔 😢

  • @JeronimoGinaca
    @JeronimoGinaca ปีที่แล้ว +1

    yes!!!!

  • @MattRichardsonX
    @MattRichardsonX ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Metaphors are best left out of the writer's toolbox. Most often they just sound corny and distract from the overall flow of the pen.

    • @KABOBkabob
      @KABOBkabob ปีที่แล้ว

      I feel like the best ones sort of just fall into place as theme and visuals converge

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว

      i would say it wasn't well written then

  • @taorichard80
    @taorichard80 ปีที่แล้ว

    good

  • @imageofimagination3079
    @imageofimagination3079 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Can I get some black flowers and a salad

  • @RR_DM
    @RR_DM 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Maybe you're getting too tied down by the notion that it sounds like metamorphosis, it does not really have to do anything with change or the prefix, meta meaning after...
    time stamp error

    • @RR_DM
      @RR_DM 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      x: You're so smary!
      y: Your mother is very smart...

  • @theCommentDevil
    @theCommentDevil ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Metaphor: when one makes a dick joke in a figurative manner

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      It can be used in that manner

  • @mikewright3029
    @mikewright3029 ปีที่แล้ว

    she's a wizard, Harry. lol. XD

  • @TheWorld_2099
    @TheWorld_2099 ปีที่แล้ว

    We’re all wondering what is Meta For…
    Only Zuckerberg can answer that.

  • @Senjinone
    @Senjinone ปีที่แล้ว +1

    "Love is a battlefield" is not a Metaphor - thats a parable.

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว

      a parable is a type of story, which can't be one line

  • @mahmudshihab3771
    @mahmudshihab3771 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Write the names of the cinemas a bit more clear to see.

    • @StudioBinder
      @StudioBinder  ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks for the suggestion!

  • @vidadvocate9522
    @vidadvocate9522 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I soak in your videos and let them seep into my mind, like melting chocolate on my tongue. Meaning, I think yer stuff's purdy cool. ;)

  • @helderoliveira2994
    @helderoliveira2994 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    The spoon doesn't exist

  • @Dawn8022
    @Dawn8022 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    too many adds on you video. 😝

  • @jermeycombs3602
    @jermeycombs3602 ปีที่แล้ว

    Can you Guys make 1 Video on Camara Movement and the reason behind such as building a emotional tension, realease tension and Dramatic tension. Also, Motivational and Unmotivated Camara Movement.

    • @orphanion9468
      @orphanion9468 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      They definitely already have a video on this topic