Dr. Steve Horvath on epigenetic aging to predict healthspan: the DNA PhenoAge and GrimAge clocks
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 19 พ.ค. 2024
- Steve Horvath, PhD, ScD is a professor of human genetics and biostatistics at UCLA's Fielding School of Public Health. Dr. Horvath is the creator of the Horvath Epigenetic Aging Clock. His work incorporates elements of biostatistics, genetics, epidemiology, epigenomics, and other fields of study. He applies his understanding of this diverse range of disciplines to study a spectrum of chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and other diseases of aging.
Dr. Horvath's so-called "pan-tissue epigenetic aging clock" is an algorithm that accurately predicts a person's chronological age from marks on the DNA across multiple cells, tissues, and organs, and even mammalian species. Further refining this initial algorithm, Dr. Horvath built on this to develop second-generation clock algorithm that could predict time-to-death among people of the same chronological age, as well as lifespan and healthspan. One of these clocks, the GrimAge clock, is named deliberately after its connotation: predicting time until death ("Grim").
In this episode, Dr. Steven Horvath describes epigenetic clocks and their role in predicting - and possibly slowing - aging
EPISODE LINKS:
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Dr. Steve Horvath's faculty bio page: ph.ucla.edu/faculty/horvath
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Dr. Rhonda Patrick's 3-minute video crash course in epigenetics:
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The FoundMyFitness OVERVIEW ARTICLE on epigenetic clocks:
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CHAPTERS
00:00:00 - Introductions
00:00:34 - Horvath Aging Clock
00:01:50 - Explaining the error rate
00:06:42 - Hereditary + lifestyle factors
00:15:03 - DNAm PhenoAge vs GrimAge
00:22:50 - Telomere science shortcomings
00:26:08 - Prolonging the epigenetic clock
00:50:56 - Epigenetics: Cause or consequence of aging?
00:56:53 - Vitamin D reverses epigenetic age
00:59:20 - Omega-3 slows down the GrimAge clock
01:04:27 - Ongoing research
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⏳ #aging #longevity #epigenetics 🧬 - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
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00:00:34 - The Horvath clock explained: Methylation patterns at unique areas of our DNA involved in gene regulation predict a person's age within four to five years.
00:06:42 - The effect of HEREDITY on the epigenetic clock rate (determines as much as 40 percent of rate).
00:12:48 - How the stability of epigenetic information has potential implications in forensic science.
00:26:08 - How diet, exercise, education, and lifestyle factors effect the epigenetic clock.
00:31:59 - How transplanting young cells into an old body may slow epigenetic aging of the recipient.
00:47:23 - Reprogramming pluripotent stem cells by activating specific genes can reset the epigenetic clock.
00:50:56 - Do epigenetic changes drive aging, or are they the result of aging (just the "face of the clock")?
01:02:32 - How poor sleep speeds up the epigenetic clock.
01:12:12 - *Super silly outro easter egg*
This episode has a lot of amazing studies and figures included in the slides, which are available to FoundMyFitness Premium Members, in a convenient presentation! To find out more about becoming a Premium Member, visit:
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Thanks for all of your hard work making time stamps, cutting and pasting research articles, etc. I have learned so much from your youtube channel! Your passion and dedication is helping people's lives!
Can individuals have the epigenetic /biological age measured at Prof Horvaths Lab ?
life/death cycle happening any 1000's infinite years isn't reality
sharing as my inner liquid chemistry inreality transforms into infinitespeed its speed @an accelerated rate
my belly transforms into a furnace and air-oxygen to hydrogen-helium further shifts to plasma fields
am moving towards gaining freedom from any remaining health issues as well freedom from the process of degeneration of my cells
still have no faith in humans managing institutions
am experiencing vibration/waves auto-nomous/matic spontaneous stabilizes settles asat plasma fields
high time science needs to update and move ahead and away from the process of degeneration of cells and search for human chemistry fields' real purpose in life
One question, I do not remember anything mentioning that, if a person's Biological age is lower than his or her Chronological age, does that person LOOKS younger? If so, could it be there a person's appearance is a simple and direct judgment?
Steve is a legend. Thank you for having him on!
I don’t really understand when Steve says that a healthy life style doesn’t affect the epigenetic ageing, if that was the case what on earth is David Sinclair doing . I am a tad confused
I think he's wrong. He doesn't sound like he fully understands nutrition, for example. He thinks vegetarian is healthier than non vegetarian without specifying if he means vegan and the importance of b12, for example. And he has a category of 'vegetables' rather than specific quantities of micronutrients. Often in the University of California campuses faculty tend to be a little egg headed. 🤷🏻 He was brilliant enough to build the clock, but still doesn't understand nutrition. 🤷🏻 Legend has it Bertrand Russell couldn't figure out how to use a coffee maker. Similar sort of thing.
@@robertwilsoniii2048 my husband is very smart. Math is his forte. But I am often shocked at what he doesn't get.
Brings me to mind of the Big Bang Theory TV show. 😂😂
Though we are far from Penny and Leonard. And definitely not as funny...🤨
Good quest Bob. See legendary frenchwoman Jeanne Calment: she smoked, drank Portwine, and so on and got to 120 years !! So: the genetic/genes (100%) Others eat meticulously - and die stunning e a r l y ! Sinclair for sure is taking a whole BUNCH of great stuff (like ALA,. Resveratrol, NMN and so on - just lo live uo to an age when the immortality pill f i n a l l y is available. (Maybe I could help you a little bit sir)
A great interview and guest. I watched it while pedaling on a stationary bicycle. Rhonda is simply a nice human being 😊
Definitely one of the most entertaining hours of 2020... awesome idea showing citations for clinicians and researchers who are interested in learning more about these topics!
We evaluated the impact of a 1-year Mediterranean-like diet in a pilot study including 120 elderly healthy subjects from the NU-AGE study (60 Italians, 60 Poles) by measuring the changes in their epigenetic age, assessed by Horvath's clock. We observed a trend towards epigenetic rejuvenation of participants after nutritional intervention.
I love the way you add the literature excerpts during the interview. It adds new dimensions to the presentation & gives me new rabbit holes to run toward & through.
Rhonda can hardly contain her excitement! :)
It's so fun having genuine enthusiasm for these interactions. I'm glad it comes off.
@@FoundMyFitness 👌
She displays all the enthusiasm of a kid in a candy store.
So what? She's a woman, she has needs.
@@FoundMyFitness Dr. Rhonda Patrick, humans are rapid aging 10 times as fast as our lifespans 13,000 years ago according to historical texts. I found out why in my theory of aging. It's carbon-14. No logical study was EVER done on this. In order to do this, we need the answer to the problem. The answer might be creating a molecule to bind with that radioactive carbon atom to put it in a state where DNA doesn't use it as food and possibly even dispose of it as waste. They recently created pills to do this with radioactive metals. Thank God they did that because it gave me the idea for dealing with carbon-14. I messaged your website detailing further into my theory and how it explains everything related to lifespan variations within the last 13,000 years in history.
Vielen Dank Steve für deine herausragende Arbeit, welche den Durchbruch brachte! 🙏🏻☀️
Awesome content! Thank you SO much for your devotion to this field, much much appreciated.
Extremely interesting and fascinating. Thank you very much for this interview!
Speaking of age, why is there an old rotary phone sitting on the desk ? Other than that, very advanced ground breaking information. Fascinating!!!
This podcasts follows such a natural but still hardcore biology involved flow, I love it.
Your energy and passion gives me the biggest grin possible. I just can’t describe how much appreciation I have for you, your work and the people you interview’s work. On a side note - do you have any books you recommend for someone trying to eat a diet for longevity and health? Thanks Rhonda, hope you’re doing well!
thank you so much Rhonda, without people like you we wouldnt bring important topics like aging to the general public. for some reason the average guy doesnt care about aging, only later in life when its already too late. its truly one of the most important topics in the modern times tho
‘Some reason’ could well be our Western culture which stratifies age groups away from one another. Equals ageism : (
Really appreciate the effort you put in to put infographics on as well!
Was really looking forward to this so thank you 🤗
The information in this video amazes me. I had to rewatch it twice 💜
Probably my live-style interventions will not prolong so much my health span but I'm feeling so well that I would continue doing them: 1 or 2 hours exercise outside during sunrise, semi-naked, after 16 hours fasting, CT and two meals a day high-fat low carb.
What is CT?
@@Kitdzn Cold Thermogenesis. If you want to read about: www.neuroathletics.com.au/cte-/concussion/coldthermogenesis
Thank you both for sharing such level of interesting information which usually kept in the labs..Thank you and may God bless you in your biological age of longevity and wellness.
I am discovering many instances of people who sleep 5 hours or so , lately.
Thank you for this presentation.
Great interview!
Greatly appreciated for bringing such research studies to the public domain
👍👍👍👍👍!!!
Ah this is so cool, thanks for the interview!! :)
You really have to wonder who dislike Dr Patrick’s videos.
big brother/ and big pharma:)
people who swear by the Bullet Proof Coffee that will help them to live to 180.
Statistically somebody is bound to accidentally click dislike even when they meant to click like or not click at all.
Also, then you inevitably get some crazy people who are either very religious or have strange beliefs, and who got this video in their suggestion and something said - or the idea of curing aging itself - has triggered them.
There's such an enormous range of people. Truly no matter what you say someone will dislike it for whatever reason. This is why I love Internet. Once you use it long enough you understand that no matter what you do, you will find people to like or dislike it. Some people will purely dislike you just because you are of some nationality. There are places where people will try to kill you just because you are a foreigner and have white skin.
We just forget how diverse humans are.
Great to see you again Steve. You were my boyfriend's roomate (Rick de Mattos) at UNC CHAPEL HILL over 30 yrs ago! YOU have not AGED MUCH AT ALL YOURSELF! Great interview. Andi Sloan de Mattos. Rick enjoyed seeing you in this video!
Thanks Rhonda, another great interview!
Resveratrol increases the lifespan of several model organisms by regulating oxidative stress, energy metabolism, nutrient sensing, and epigenetics, primarily by activating sirtuin 1.
Great, insightful discussion, thank you, Rhonda!
This was way too short . Can we invite him once a month and delve into deeper areas you touched upon please ?
🤣🤣🤣
😂😂 I was not expecting that sudden promotion at the end. I was completely caught off guard and laughed my ass off. 😂😂
Thanks. @32 on parabiosis - recently, the Conboy lab performed a variation (not really parabiosis though) in which 50% of plasma in older mice was replaced with saline and albumin. They saw tissue regeneration in 3 tissues, the liver, muscle, and hippocampus. Lots of changes in many plasma proteins. Would be interesting to know how long this effect persists and if epigenome is affected.
Dr Rhonda Thank you. Spread the Love❤️ Faith in God. You bring light into the world in your own little ways. Thank you Rhonda
I really appreciate it Rhonda,
Looking forward to a new interview with David Sinclair
Maybe on how oleic acid, sitting in your press in the form of Olive oil, trumps resveratrol in activating SIRT1. ;)
@@CrumbleLives That is interesting, thanks. Eh, I have a feeling it won't be enough or require too much of it. Really hoping they will come up with molecules that have very high affinity and require low dosage.
Absolutely brilliant.
those member benefits... *they're spicy!* 01:12:12 😊
Like and subscribe with notifications on for a ton of great episodes AND FoundMyFitness coming out in the new year. Thank you for watching!
❤️
Fantastic interview!
I've been on a ketogenic diet study binge as of late and i wound up here :)
@40:50 great point indeed Rhonda, proud of you
what a delicious conversation!
Love the phone, and great work.
If at 16 years old you stored some of your own bone marrow. Could you in fact store it for long periods of time 10-50 years and then inject your own bone marrow 10-50 years later, would it age while stored? Would it eliminate graph vs host issues if it was your own bone marrow? Just curious.
There is a Beijing company doing exactly this. I came across them a couple of years ago in ZhongGuanCun Life Science Park (www.sciencemag.org/advertorials/set-success-introduction-zhongguancun-life-science-park), but I don't have their web address. You can try searching from here: www.zgcgroup.com.cn/zgcadminen/home/index/index.html
My personal opinion is that 20 or 30 years from now there will be better rejuvenation options available.
Bone marrow transplant in later life is said to reset the age of the blood but does it affect other organs as well?
Assuming we could store the 16 year old's marrow in a state of suspended animation, that would be a very sensible thing to do in case we discover within the next 10-50 years that our own juvenile cells can regress our elderly cells. I asked one of the prominent ageing scientists (one in mitochondria) this question and if this was something we should be doing anticipating a need for those cells. His response was that cell storage for that long period was the impediment.
Except that it's a risky operation, and you might die sooner than if you let it be.
Good news is they are rapidly developing nanorobotics technology faster was predicted.
Love that telephone!!!
I think cannabinoids are better antioxidants than fish oil .,Aust health minister just called for ideas to grow industry, so I sent him this video and suggested he look at cannabinoids and molecular aging ..the u telomere shape and aging was a learning curve for me as I was thinking of it re skin photoaging analysis..brilliant cutting edge conversation, much appreciated..looking forward to learning more
what a legend!
Wonderful podcast
Rhonda! Can you do a video on aging and hair? What foods to eat to support hair as you age etc? Love you bye
Did anybody notice the rotary dial phone?
To be honest, we spent a hilarious amount of time centering the roman numeral clock and the phone in the frame. But doesn't it look cool? Steve has great taste in decor. Clean, spartan, specific in a way that seems to "say" something.
I did. I had one recently. It didn’t work well.
John
Hi Rhonda I've been a long time fan of yours and I'd love to see you talk about human growth hormone and its connections to aging then dive into how we can take action to have proper/optimal levels of HGH!
Good explanation 👍
I love the interview format with the key researchers instead of another flat presentation that spends too much time on the introduction.
This dude is from Frankfurt my home town😂👍🏻
And his surname is Hungarian, horváth in Hungarian means from Croatia. :D So his family probably originated from the Hungarian-Croatian border.
@@katalinbodnar9475 🤣🤣🤣
Magyarul elmondhatnà.....
Világosan
❤
@@77MAGYAR Meg is mondom. :D
One proud dude😅
Great interview -- from the beginning to the end!!! However, I realy wonder what the these two doctors think about the current, and soon be be a common, mRNA "vaccines"/drug delivery system/s and their potential effects on human epigenetics?
Thank you, Rhonda, for your added explanatory and elaborative notes. They are a great help to me. But! I can't understand the charts for Young Finns study nor the Vitality 90+study! (@9:38) The text on on the right gives us the gist, but how do the charts show the aging rates over time? shouldn't any one dot either be two as seen at different times, or does each dot show that there is no movement in rate? Is each stationary over time? What am I missing? If there is NO difference in rate and each dot is stationary over time, then all I see in the charts is the distribution of some unknown number of different subjects who live at a slower or faster DNAm aging.
Thanks for the great info, I suspect that since there is so much to this science that we cannot oversee or micromanage, the best that we can do is to give our bodies the best food to take care of itself, it is divinely programmed to do a much better job at staying young than we can ever hope to do by meddling in its work, All we can do is to understand our organism and not abuse it and give it what needs to repair itself and stay young, cheers
Very interesting. Thanks!
I am new subscriber to your channel. I got your channel from comment MedCram.
Good points. To the sentence “ Double the exercise” is not always good haha it all depends the level of exercise the person is doing and if it fits their requirements. Because exercise is personal. Not one size fits all. Personal trainers are the adequate professionals in charge of prescribing it. Unfortunately everyone talks about exercise incorrectly and ignoring the methods for exercise prescription to produce excellent effects on health and aging.
This is totally amazing!
Dietary polyphenols play a key role in modulating these modifications thereby delaying aging and extending longevity. In this review, we summarize recent advancements linking epigenetics, polyphenols and aging as well as critical findings related to the various dietary polyphenols in different fruits and vegetables.
Okay, I'm good. Keeping an eye on the latest data and theory, but I should be good for another four decades. (1949) 🐃 the strength of the walls is laid in their foundations.
Th best I am watching it a few more times sooooo awesome
When will the Horvath clock test be available for purchase? And where?
Great interview. We definitely need a follow up with Dr. Horvath in a year or two. It's clear this field is moving _fast_!
At 00:27:39, if I'm reading this correctly, it appears that carotenoid consumption has a much greater impact on GrimAge than fruits & vegetables or exercise. Also, reducing C-reactive protein seems to have a profound effect as well.
Traditional health advice is focused on diet & exercise, but would it have a bigger impact to increase carotenoid consumption and reduce CRP (through L-Carnitine or curcumin)?
Very close, but it's not technically carotenoid ''consumption'' as much as it is having circulating traces of carotenoids. Of course, one would assume eating more carotenoids would increase circulating traces of carotenoids, but there are other factors at play that can make it a tad more complex than that.
In that the discussion considered hormone levels predictive, it is odd that the hormone ‘Vit D’ has no place in their measurements.
I know, …they are not nutritionists nor endocrinologists.
Off topic: what are your thoughts on using powder versions of green vegetables in smoothies
Hi Dr. Rhonda. Any update on the CHORI-Bar? The last article I read said it was going to be available summer 2019, but I cannot find anything else out about it.
Thanks so much for being you Rhonda, I'm hoping you will comment soon on the epigenetic reset of a mouse eye
First 🍏 .. I 💚 these fitness dialogues 👼
Hey Rhonda, do you know what the test-retest variability is for the original pan tissue clock?
Rhonda, would you know of any information pertaining to if graying early is correlated with higher or lower epigenetic clock?
I don't have any evidence, but I think it could be related but not necessarily. I have been graying since I was 19 and so has my sister, but I look a decade younger than I am. There are also more people than we realize who begin graying as children but they obviously aren't aging faster. And yet, sometimes it seems very much to be a marker of faster aging.
from 27:15 to 31:50 one of the most interesting point ;)
Exactly! Although later they discuss EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING. Dr Sinclair did have an intervention that repaired eyesight in mice that removed the accumulated "methyl tags on DNA, reversing the clock of aging and allowing the cells to survive and grow like a newborn’s" (quoted parts from Dr Sinclair's book LifeSpan).
They mention TET at 41:40 The TET enzymes are what Dr Sinclair used.
@@AndrewDavidBoyd Thanks for mentioning it. I was curious how it was related to Sinclaire's work and I haven't read the book, yet - so this comment was interesting to read.
The geek in me thanks you! 🤓🙏💞
Why don't we hear this information on our annual doctor visits? All I get is prescriptions pushed on me
That's the distinction between researchers and doctors; %99+ of doctors don't know shit so they just prescribe stuff as they were instructed in Medical School without ever even bothering themselves to update their knowledge with lastest research.
No money in health, need illness to make money
Because despite 50+ years researching longevity, there is still F all you can do. No single compound has been identified with proof it will extend your life.
Watched the entire video. This was super interesting even though im not a scientist (:
thank u!
The U-shaped effect appears to apply to stress as well. Too much or too little stress isn’t good either. Fasting produces stress that activates autophagy.
I would love to see a cross-sectional correlation between GrimAge and lifestyle factors for low-carb and fasting cohorts. I am assuming his data was from nHANES or some other SAD-based cohort.
I’d buy your book on Amazon before my girlfriend’s! Where’s it at! This is deep!
What is the definition of Hispanic used in the study? After all Hispanic is defined linguistically, and it is frecuently a person of European descent? Is it a definition of Hispanic pertaining only to the US or is it a more broad definition of people of Iberian Descent, which would include people in India and the Philippines. Also, how is the relationship between the Horvath clock and the association with a culture, as suggested in the study. After all, there are many Hispanics of Caucasian origin? So, I am very confused by the study, it would tend to imply there is room for improvement in the testing and definition. As it is stated it would appear to be based on some form of classification that lacks substance.
According to my DNA test from National Geographic all Indigenous people in North and South America are of the same descent. American Indians and Hispanics. These people did not come from Europe.
Non europeans, in this case those prone to diabetes.
Surely positive lifestyle factors must have a positive effect on epigenetics/healthspan. To say 'not really', in otherwise healthy individuals, is counter intuitive..
Do you by chance know any good experiments I can do with my diet for educational purposes? I want to put in on my new channel on a health segment. Ive done keto and vegan with great results. Dont mind any diet as long as its not too unhealthy for the before.
An integrative metabolo-epigenetic outlook supports a new model whereby metformin operates as a guardian of cell identity, capable of retarding cellular aging by preventing the loss of the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome. The ultimate anti-aging mechanism of metformin might involve the global preservation of the epigenome architecture, thereby ensuring cell fate commitment and phenotypic outcomes despite the challenging effects of aging noise. Metformin might therefore inspire the development of new gerotherapeutics capable of preserving the epigenome architecture for cell identity.
Fantastic video. I'm just wondering what supplements Dr Horvath is taking?
@@onlyhis5870 hi, isnt B17 illegal?
@@onlyhis5870 Thank you very much for taking the time to reply to me.🙏🏻❣️
Very interesting stuff... but a lot of contradiction too. Lifestyle doesn't make much difference...except it might in specific tissues being an example. Will be watching this field with great interest. I would guess many people wouldn't want to get these tests out of fear.
Not commented upon, but after smoking, a high CRP in the long list of measurements, and lifestyle data, seems to be a rather important factor. Reversely, I reckon having a very low CRP, is a good thing to have, as I do (statins + ace inhibitors + omega 3), and I am happy about it.
I am curious to what you are attributing your low CRP to, besides a good intake of Omega 3’s?
(I noted on the chart you are referencing that LDL levels had 0.0 impact - HDL had positive associations. Interesting…)
Can this test be conducted by a doctors office or a reputable online service? I saw several online but nothing endorsed by Dr Horvath,
Are those variants shown at 27:39 ranked from strongest to weakest?
this was so interesting, but also rather depressing. So my take from this is that we almost have a predetermined lifespan and there is seemingly little we can do about it. Diet and exercise he claimed has minimal effect on increasing our lifespan. So if we have a father who died at 64 from heart attack and a mother who lived to age 90, it would appear we can only keep our fingers crossed that we inherited our mothers epigenetic age markers?
Does Histone acetylation contribute to aging? Is that a synergistic factor?
I liked this podcast, but one thing that annoys me about research, is how they put all types of exercise under one umbrella.
Cause strength training is vastly different than cardio. And when you look at the elderly population, you see muscle mass or strength as a correlation, to longevity. But you don't see the same with cardio.
In cancer treatment, muscle loss is a huge correlate on how well you respond to treatment, and how long you'll live with the cancer. Cardio doesn't do much at all. But for some reason there's is barely any research on lifting and cancer treatment. Even though lifting is more muscle sparring than steroids.
I also wanna add, that most lifting regiments, in research, are baf. And do not make sense.
Would like to see the effects of fasting on Methylation
the Horvath clock can hardly be changed by lifestyle interventions?... and yet there is overwhelming evidence that a healthy lifestyle makes people living longer (and healthier). is this not contradictory?
A healthy life style just makes you live to your maximum age. What he is saying is that it will not extend that. An unhealthy lifestyle means you will not reach your maximum age and die before then.
He did mention that this is only in blood. He didn't observe other tissues. So, in blood, at least, exercise makes little difference but exercise does more things like increasing BDNF, increasing ketones, activating sirtuins, etc. which are probably not measured in blood cells.
He did also say that fish oil slows down the aging process the most. He also mentioned a few other interventions that could slow down aging but more research needs to be done in humans to confirm. Both of those statements directly contradict his original statement that the epigenetic age cannot be altered by lifestyle choices. I’m a little confused.
I wonder if there might be some kind of a connection between the suggested vitamin D supplementation effects on the clock (57:32) and the benefits of vitamin D related to the coronavirus, age being a major factor there.
Vitamin D regulates over 1000 genes, so it has a huge shotgun effect affecting many many things at the same time
Yes. And I am thinking if any of those people was overweight or obese, 4000 IU a day is not a significant supplementation.
It would be more interesting to know what their nanograms/ml results were, Along the length of the trail
Is the mitochondrial DNA also used by that clock?
What does Steve think about Lipo CaAKG supplement?
Dr Horvath mentioned a Yamanaka cocktail. Am I spelling this correctly. Does anyone know what this cocktail is?
John
Also discussed with David Sinclair here...
th-cam.com/video/cr1iRlSPSTA/w-d-xo.html
Fresh
I did a the test I’m 2 years younger than my chronicle age !
@@garygjl9036 true diagnostic
By negotiating with a stem cell, aging in a person can be halted, and the brain can be reduced in size. For this purpose, a brain stem cell is necessary, which should be placed onto the brain to decrease its age to a younger state. Studies have offered substantial data on animals and hospitals where stem cells, cultivated in neurology labs, have shown remarkable reduction in both humans and animals.
Another issue is the long list of deficiencies that add up with age and largely go unmeasured in the population. Vitamin D is about the only one of dozens that actually gets measured and studied much. Are we just measuring the combined effects if 20 or so deficiencies in one clock and methylation process?
And yet no hormone D measurement in his ‘clock’ data. Curious.
I love how she “fangirls” at the opening. Too cute 😊