Getting to Know Our Single-Celled Ancestors
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 14 มี.ค. 2021
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SOURCES:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/ch...
www.sciencedaily.com/releases...
www.britannica.com/animal/spo...
www.google.com/books/edition/...
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/1...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.nytimes.com/2010/12/14/sc...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
jeb.biologists.org/content/21... - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
"they spend most of their life not moving around"
"stick themselves to a sturdy surface and grab whatever food passes by"
so they really are our ancestors huh
the apple doesn't fall too far from the tree
They must be Republicans.
@@JMDinOKC I shouldn’t laugh at this
@@JMDinOKC hAHa fNuNy, now laugh at US politics, nOaW
Pff, Americans...
finally pre-historic creatures I can draw
To be fair, they are still alive and kicking it. Since they still make history I reject the prefix "pre". They are just historic?! Anyway, you got mad skills if you can draw these!
@@MrEiht :)
@@MrEiht :>
@@MrEiht You can trace them using a microscope.
It is Sponge Bob
I'm watching a high quality documentary for free. What a time to be alive. Thank you!
"It is not a normal show"
You aren't kidding. It's one of the most unique shows in existence right now.
I'm happy to do my part. From an amateur research microscope owner, I'm glad people are really getting interested in this stuff.
An empty frustule of a diatom rents as an apartment in New York City for $1,500 per month. True!
Sounds about right, lol.
Utilities?
$3000 if your in California
If we had microscopes like this in school, I'd probably be a microbiologist
You are a microbiologist to me 💝
@@grogu8236 I'm an engineerd
@@thefatmoop 🤦♀️
If you had microscopes like this at your school, you would have already had to be rich... and be at a school that made cgi videos of what microbes might look like
James is a fantastic microscopist
Journey to the Microcosmos, I want to thank you for you have been part of my precious niece's decision to change courses from nursing to medical technology which will cover the fundamentals of microbiology. I bought her a cool microscope which I think will be a nice investment after finishing her degree. Now, she is teaching my young son fascinating things about microbes. I love seeing them enthused as they peek into the microscope. Anyway, as always, thanks for another enjoyable and edifying upload. This episode on choanoflagellates is most enlightening.
Feels like I'm watching an episode of Inter-dimensional Cable.
Am I the only one who watches this channel as ASMR? Hank's low voice is so relaxing and close. And nothing is better than microbiology to chill!
Which is funny because if you watch his vlogbrothers videos he is so amped up and excitable! He has no chill! 😆 I guess he saves it all for these narrations 🤷😏
microcosmos is my go-to videos for sleep -- i watch the new ones awake & focused but when its time to zonk out, i want nothing more than chill hank describing microorganisms lol
I do too =) But I can't fall asleep to it because I wanna see the microbes and what he's explaining
I appreciate the writing of this series. It is clear enough for someone without a science background to understand, but still informative and precise enough to be enjoyed by people with microbiology backgrounds. Like me! (Now I just gotta to use my degree for something.....)
Great, as if the guest list for the family reunion wasn't long enough already. Hey, does anyone know postage rates for mailing 1-picogram invitations?
Congratulations on one half million subscribers!!! 🥳
Thank you!!
This genre of video should be called "relaxa-learning" This channel is also my cat's favorite.. Occasionally he will try and attack a microbe.
I do Microscopy in my daily work with Children and you guys and girls helped me so much in understanding more of the Microcosmos and its variety in microbes etc.
The work you upload here for free is amazing and let me tell you one thing. Your impact is bigger then you might expect, the kids love our Microscopy Projects and im glad I learned a lot of Knowledge from your Content that I can teach the children. Keep it up! :)
I am a simple man I see micros I hit the like button.
What a time to be alive where you can see all these incredible things so easily, thanks guys I love your channel
Hi MicroCosmos,
Great channel name. I am OBSESSED by the idea that life can travel from planets to planets through meteorites. Kinda reminds me that. Awesome content, keep posting ! New fan
Reject humanity
Return to prokaryotes
We are Eukaryotes, we need to go back! Return to Pre-Metazoan ciliates!
Wait, we’ve always been eukaryotes, and we’ll always be.
@@laserfan17 now it's correct
Return to Hydrogen!
@@dovahkiin_brasil perfect 👌🏻
Thank you! I was waiting for a choanoflagellate episode!
Navicula is so pretty. I’ll have to look up more on it.
Seriously here’s the channel that promotes products and I then dash to buy....thank you!
Just loving these videos guys. James...your work is breathtaking. Hank, your VO is really engaging. Can’t wait to get my scope in June!!
This made me so happy! Choanoflagellates are my favorite!
Nice Work Earthling
Bless Up
Every drop of water is an universe.
It really is an whole universe 🤗
I love your job. Your videos are the best anxiolytics for me! Thank you.
Thanks Beckett! This "microcosmos" stuff seems really interesting indeed! Just a message from your Gangrel friends, take care!
Terrific. You folks are the best.
yey more educational stuff now thats what i am craving!
I like watching these videos with my headphones so I can hear the cool background music too 🎶
It's beautiful thanks,
I knew l could sense Hank's style there
actually just learned about them this week in bio of organisms (: great camerawork and microscopy work.
lovely video wish I knew about this channedl years ago - subscribed! thank you for your work!
Awesome video - thank you!
Love the work fellas ❤️❤️❤️
I love this episode!
beautiful. thank you.
Do a video on brine shrimp and packaged dry shrimp please
I clicked on this video both to watch it and learn more about the micro cosmos and to see how any creationists had a meltdown in the comments. I was not disappointed on either front
Great video, I hope I can reach your video quality one day :)
Hey That's my Uncle Earl 👋
Great video
Question, if micro organisms could "see" as we do what would it look like to them swimming through very thick liquid, which is why maybe eyes aren't needed mostly and probably the cilia work as sensors and chemical identifiers?
Thank you!
I always had an affinity for spongebob. Now it makes sense!🤓
What a cool video!
Thank you I am new to microscopy and was trying to figure out what was on the tail end of a Ostracod I seen, I was just calling them butt munchers ;) Now I know!
go grandpa go!
amazing!
Love it!
Nice!
Is your microscope good enough to observe behavior of cell nuclei like mitosis / relaxing and densifying of the DNA in the nucleus and so on?
So early multi celled TH-cam commenters have barely had time to evolve!
That's cousin Squishy. He's my 1st cousin, 7 billion times removed!
It is probably more like 700 septillion times removed.
4:54 That looks just like my great grandpa!
8 seconds! I'm not bored...
Did we ever get that Archaea episode?
We will make one in our 5th season! :)
-James
can u grow algea in a tank fully sealed and harvest oxygen from it?
📈 _(I enjoyed the video and am commenting to appease the algorithm gods)_
Could it be that choanoflagellates branched off from some colonial / multicellular organism and headed back towards unicellularity?
I was wondering the same thing, it seems odd for a single celled organism to have genes for being multicellular. It is almost like whales having genes for legs.
@@Triumph263 Strangely enough, whales did have legs and then lost them. :)
-James
Nah I think it would be pretty unlikely, because there are a lot of different proteins which are found only in metazoa that are not present in choanoflagellates. Also with quite a few proteins such as ATP9, it is possible to compare their sequences across animals, choanoflagellates, and fungi (which branched off from animals before choanoflagellates) and see that the amino acid sequence almost looks like an intermediate between the animal and fungal version of the protein. (Sorry for the rant lol)
Maybe those proteins that help bond animal cells together also helps this primitive version stick to surfaces?
I miss u, rotifer.
so cool
Hello quill From the past, Heellloooo
"the emergence of unicellular life"? just exactly how did that happen?
That's a complicated topic. It was a process called abiogenesis, and I'll be real with you, while we have the starting points of an understanding of the process, we still have absolutely no idea how it happened.
What we do know is:
- The early Earth's oceans were a mixing pot of organic chemicals (those are chemicals with a carbon skeleton/structure) and all kinda of chemical reactions. These chemicals arrived on Earth from the building blocks of the planet, i.e., asteroids and comets, and we still find them in abundance in asteroids and comets to this day.
- Somehow this 'primordial soup' generated the first living cells. It is likely that phospholipids (the chemicals that make up cell membranes) could've formed 'bubbles' of isolated chemistry. Any RNA that spontaneously generated in the primordial soup could've been captured in these bubbles, and provided conditions were acceptable, could've self-replicated to produce more RNA. In doing so, it would have acted like a single-molecule-sized living thing, eating (RNA nucleotides), reproducing (self-replicating), and evolving (random mutations). As with all things evolution, most mutations would suck. However, any beneficial mutations in the RNA structure would allow the RNA molecule to replicate more efficiently. In doing so it might out-compete other RNA sequences trying to do the same thing, becoming dominant in its environment. This process would continue until RNA gained the capacity to catalyze the formation of more complex structures, such as polypeptides (proteins), forming the first, true cells. This would've created an early Earth that was dominated by RNA-based life: the theory is called the "RNA world hypothesis". (FYI, RNA that catalyses things is called a ribozyme, and is the RNA equivalent to an enzyme. Ribosomes do this in cells to this day).
- Somewhere along the line, RNA somehow got switched to DNA, providing us with our DNA-based world we see today.
- Problems with this whole concept: somehow, cells must've gained the capacity to take in energy from their surroundings in order to facilitate their own chemical reactions. E.g., photosynthesis, but more likely, chemosynthesis. How this could've possible occurred is totally unknown. It's thought a likely place for it to have occurred, though, would be deep sea hydrothermal vents. Some scientists think having a metabolism is so important that this must've occurred first, before the addition of self-replicating molecules (metabolism-first hypothesis), but others remain convinced that self-replicating RNA was the initial kick that got abiogenesis going, and later, from this, RNA-based metabolisms arrived (replicator-first hypothesis).
- Another problem: we have no idea how RNA could self-replicate on its own in an early-Earth environment. It requires changes in environmental energy to do so, and we really haven't got any good understanding of this process yet...
If you hear about something called "panspermia", this is another idea for how unicellular life arrived on Earth. Basically, the theory goes: life arrived on Earth riding comets or meteorites, from somewhere else in the universe. While totally possible, this alien life would still have to have gone through abiogenesis somewhere else in the universe, so it just pushes the problem of the origin of life further back rather than explaining it. So, ignore anything about panspermia if you're trying to learn about abiogenesis.
@@dylaneverett4586 There one missing piece to the puzzle that you left out i.e the emergence and development of the virus.
@@neosis4182 Viruses aren't entirely what you'd call 'living' and we're not sure if any of their ancestors were either. They could be the result of cells losing elements and becoming parasitic, or they could've evolved inside cells from bits of DNA that are able to move and copy themselves like plasmids or transposons. We don't actually know.
@@dylaneverett4586 __ Given that the Earth seems to be a life-hosting planet, rather than a life-producing planet; the simpler and more likely explanation is that the genetic codes of life got transported to Earth via life-seeding aliens intending to disperse life throughout the universe.
By all means outline why you do not prefer that as the more logical and likely explanation, but keep in mind that within a thousand years humanity itself will become life-seeding aliens when the genetic codes of life get sent one-way to candidate life-supporting planets in order to disperse life throughout the universe.
@@SpongeBobImagination Ok, as scientists we don't rule out possibilities like this until proven otherwise. This, as you have stated, could hypothetically be possible. That being said, it's unlikely for a few reasons, and it's definitely not "the simplest explanation" as you put it.
- We haven't seen evidence of extraterrestrials, ever, no matter how far or thoroughly we search. We've barely even discovered bio-signatures of life outside of Earth, and even these are controversial. To explain your idea, you'd have to first explain the existence of extraterrestrials, how and why they would spread life across the universe (if by accident or purposefully, and why), where they themselves came from, why they haven't shown up since, how they traveled from other star systems (you'd need to explain FTL travel, or if not, why they'd bother to come here in generation ships), etc. etc. etc.
- Those extraterrestrials would, themselves, have had to have gone through abiogenesis at some point. Thus, abiogenesis would still have had to occurred regardless, making this argument akin to the panspermia hypothesis - invalid when considering the true origins of life in the universe. It just pushes the origins of life further back in time rather than helping to explain the process. Again, this makes the hypothesis less parsimonious than the abiogenesis hypothesis.
- LUCA, the last universal common ancestor of all life on Earth, based on DNA analysis, was most likely a hydrothermal vent endemic autotrophic microorganism (doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116). It was very simple and supports the hypothesis of abiogenesis/evolutionary divergence.
- The argument that the Earth is "life hosting" rather than "life-producing" is invalid for numerous reasons. One, the Earth as we see it today is hardly comparable to the toxic, boiling mixing pot of chemicals and protoplanetary material that the Earth was when life first emerged on it. Two, if a series of chemical reactions began to occur in which life might arise again, the life that already thrives on our planet would out-compete, and if not, probably consume these simple RNA compounds. Many bacteria do this today through osmotrophy. The planet, through the appearance of life, has simply become incapable of going through abiogenesis a second time. There's many other reasons this is invalid... I could go on.
Of course, the idea of life being transmitted by aliens isn't impossible. That being said, it's not parsimonious. In science, nothing is aliens... Until it's aliens. If other hypotheses exist, they're more parsimonious from our current understanding of the universe.
If I were you I'd remain open to other possibilities. It's always good to speculate, but you should never be so sure of your ideas until they're tested and either proven or falsified - and your idea is not falsifiable, so it can't be tested, and therefore it's not of use to us as scientists. We don't currently know how life first appeared on Earth. It's better to be open to all the possibilities rather than to assume one is true, even if it sounds cooler than the others. Plus, trust experts on the topic. If they don't consider it a valid hypothesis, let's trust them on that assumption.
Why I am just discovering this channel??!!!! And why hank doesn't talk about it!!
On topic: I wonder if this knowledge could help health sciences, for instance how to heal a living sponge
I was just wondering when another video would come out lmao
> Closest ancestors of..
Hold on right there. Did you say they are our ancestor living over billions of years, completely unchanged?
No, they definitely would've had to change because the planet and other living things around them have also changed. When people talk about 'living fossils' they mean that the outward or general appearance and food finding strategies of a creature are more or less the same as they were a very long time ago, not that they're entirely the same. Some body plans and strategies simply work well enough that there's no need to make big changes
@@limiv5272 Agreed, I mean it seems like they messed up with semantics a bit. I hate when creationists abuse these small mistakes to argue against evolution theorum.
@@junholee4961 Oh yeah me too
What's your favorite micro-inhabitant? I'm still trying to decide mine.
I've heard about choanoflagelates before but I didn't know much about them other than they're related to animals
Mikrokosmos
Mind blown: If these are the closest to animals, then that means that multicellularism evolved separately in plant animals and fungi. I had never thought of that.
Multicellularity has evolved separately at least 25 times in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
@@MegaAwesomeNick Well then. Good to know.
Can anybody name the microbe making its way from the bottom to the right of the screen at 8:07?
That's Scenedesmus
I kept waiting for them to tell us to get off their lawn...
What is the name of the soundtrack?
8:05 what is the green coil floating by?
A Scenedesmus :)
- James
Keep in mind that the choanaflagellates today are just as old genetic lineages as the most complex multi-cellular life. Its very unlikely that they have been unchanged over the past ~600MY, so maybe way way distant cousins, but not ancestors.
07:28 Goose bumps intensifies
Love One Another
Hey dudes
You should read The revolutionary phenotype
SMOL
whats that spinning microbe at 7:07? its so pretty
Its a scooby snack
"Single flagella"
Come on you know better than that hehe
What is the measurement on the screen?
It’s a scale so you can see the relative size of the objects shown.
Depends on what measurement you are referring to. For example 630x is the amount of microscope magnification, and 31um (13 millions of a meter) is a scale as mentioned by adobe doug
I’d like to see an episode about zooxanthellae. (Is it 1 L or 2?)
We are working on it. :)
-James
Those non-motile choanoflagellates remind me of barnacles, the part where they stick to a surface and sift through the waters for food
Imagine a single celled boi turn in a human
It's funny to hear "only one hundred and fifty species..." when referring to a microscopic being lol.
Looks like the origins of the plumbus.
So how do we get James an electron microscope? :)
Dangerously close to flatulates!
Like Animalities in Mortal Kombat??
_It's a choanoflagellate, but _*_you_*_ can call it a sibling_
1:57 What are the "big gold things" called? They're so pretty. Must look them up
Synura!
Thank you!
Imagine them showing their kids a picture of you humanoids and say: If you eat toooo many sweets you become one of these. So eat yo' veggies!
"...you humanoids" ? 🤔
@@LeRoyt97 with feet, legs arms and even a head - a humanoid. Aren't you one?
@@MrEiht er... I mean... yes of course 😉 I have all the normal amounts of heads and toes.
@@LeRoyt97 respect! Like a boss. Between us, look at an ant eater for example. So be glad to be humanoid-ish.
Go grandpa go
8:02 What's that green thing traveling diagonally up the bottom-right of the screen? It looks like a pokemon.
I believe that's a diatom.
@@LimeyLassen Oh cool! Thanks man.
Anyone else considering Tardigrades actually cute??? :D