@Stefan Milo they recently found in 2022 a smaller hobbit that was 25% percent smaller than the og skeleton/find that was older the oj find was 3.8-3.6 feet so math that down to 25%. and dated to 800k years ago. another youtube did a find on it and you can see/find the paper from the wiki section on/in the wiki for hobbits. Florence homo hobbit
When I was a little kid, I wished there were more movies and user friendly content to help explain all these concepts and theories because it's beyond fascinating - like finding rare, buried treasure on an epic adventure. Now I find a noble Homo Sapien has filled the gap by creating all this informative, wonderful content for the curious of all ages. Thank you Stefan Milo :)
When I was a kid, apes turned into humans or God created humans, and for the ape theory there was a straight line from apes to humans for which we now know that rarely happens with any genus.
@@johndoh5182 not to presume how old you are, but when you were a kid we still pretty well understood the primary process that lead to the evolution of homo sapiens and knee it wasn't a straight line. The famous "March of Progress" image really threw off public perception, though.
No such word as sapien. The singular is sapiens, and the plural, should you ever need it, is sapientes. But never again say "sapien" without the final s, or the ghost of Julius Caesar will hunt you down. You have been warned.
@@edwardsmith1060 Well then tell us the real truth then Edward Smith what is he misinforming us about since clearly Edward you random internet man know more then a qualified expert.
The content is fascinating, well researched and presented. In addition, your voice, pacing and wording are very easy listen to and keep me interested. Your enthusiasm about your topic is infectious. Thank you so much.
@@IrelandVonVicious can you explain why you think it's propaganda? It sounds like he's simply pushing some facts our way, whilst giving some of his own opinions, to me.
Your videos are fantastic. There are few things more fascinating then the evolution of humanity. I doubt we will ever develop a fully-realized model, but we are getting closer everyday to understanding how we all got here. Keep up the good work my friend.
excellent coverage of a topic I had been thinking about a lot recently. The revelation that the first hominid out of Africa was likely at least 2.5 Million years ago and was something between an australopith and homo habilis is really something amazing. Thanks for keeping on top of the latest developments
At that date, we only have stone tools though so we aren't really 100% sure who made them yet. It might even be an unknown species, those pop up surprisingly often recently.
I enjoyed a lot this research, your work is beautiful and considering I have no expertise in this field I understood everything. Thank You so much Mr Stefan Milo Hugs from Costa Rica
I've only recently discovered and subscribed to your channel. One thing I like best about your work is that you are willing to produce documentaries on topics which are not yet resolved, by which I mean you can't end them with a neat and tidy wrap-up and bow. Of course, most any science topic can be said to be still under investigation, but I think you know what I mean here. I'm an old guy and throughout my life have enjoyed the work of many science and popular science writers/producers/educators, starting back in the day with Isaac Asimov. Thanks so much for what you're doing and for keeping so much of your content free. I understand that your Nebula productions are inexpensive but unfortunately, even that small expenditure is a bit much for me at the moment. Best wishes.
I share your enthusiasm for this subject so really appreciate your videos. The presentation, the detail, the depth and the research you do and effort you make. Bravo!
I love your channel. Just straight up Stefan Milo. Your titles describe what you will be talking about. Your videos are very well produced and it's clear you take great care in their production and your presentation. Thank you for doing what you do man.
@@JackHandy7385 it's relevant because when talking about human evolution and "out of Africa" he didn't mention it, because it calls that theory into question. You take him as an authoritative source but he presents handpicked information to push a narrative. Do you know what that is called? It's called propaganda...
@@georgekirby7150 You pick awfully strange hills to die on Mr. keyboard warrior. YES! STOP TALKING ABOUT HOW WERE AFRICAN IT WILL UPSET THE WHITE PEOPLE!
You’ve evolved from a really funny and smart guy making quirky videos to one of the most polished and informed video producers working in Anthropology. It’s been a joy to be along for the ride. And congrats on the weight loss! It’s a bitch, innit?
Excellent video Stefan. After I found out about Sahelanthropus en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelanthropus I got to thinking about whether they "talked"? Surely they made vocalizations and surely those vocalizations had meanings to other members of their tribe(s), and I got to to feeling "sentimental" in imagining their lives and feelings and thoughts, and I've been a little sad that VERY few people have the strong, vivid imagination AND the tender heart that lead to caring about such obscure ancient stories. But the last minute or so of your First-Leave-Africa video made me glad to feel that You have such imagination and care. Thanks! Matti
I'm often curious why hominins spreading from Africa into Asia should be considered so extraordinary when mammals have been moving between continents for millions of years. Thanks for another great, Stefan! You never disappoint! 🙂
@@dheemanth.l.bharadwaj6328 that’s more like moving to a new niche rather than moving with your niche. A great example is how the Polynesian peoples island hopped for millennia and ate out the available food supplies on each island as they went.
This channel is riveting. Thank you for all this information, it makes us wonder where we've come from and where we're going. It seems that we have learned so much over the last two million years that has both aided us and inhibited us. You have to laugh. Going to look for your channel on Nebula.
Hi Stefan, as always, thanks for a great vid. Could I add a few comments? When you speak about the significance of the individual who left us Cranium D344 and jaw D3900, initially I thought that you did not appreciate the full significance of this, assigning it as you did, as an example of cooperation, as in the individual is fed rather than eaten. In fairness though, towards the end of the video you begin to appreciate the significance when you speculate that someone must have really loved this individual. That an individual was nurtured and fed, for such a time that the jaw had absorbed the tooth holes, has an extraordinary significance in respect of these people, who may have been our forbearers. This has to be contrasted with our contemporary nomadic people who sometimes abandon their elderly during migrations. Yes, not only its immediate family supported this person, but also, presumable the tribe. Whilst the response of the immediate family are patently expressing love as we understand it, (in itself a phenomenal discovery as to our humanness as far ago in history as 1.8m years) the support of the wider tribe, which can be inferred from the fact that a single family could not possibly support a non-contributing individual, is that the tribe values this individual. The contribution of the aged individual is presumably only important if they can recall past history, experience, and the all important "corperate knowledge" and then communicate it to the following generations. Other research suggests a 35 year life span was the norm. Consequently, i suggest that the value of this individual to the tribe is only of benefit if they can communicate to tribe members beyond the family. And to do this, they would need to be able to converse. Is this circumstantial support for proto-human speech 1.8m years ago?
The wisdom of the elder is about safe foods, where to find water, how to read geographical landscapes and find safe food sources (yams fruits, leaves, roots). Elders are essential to survival.
@@kerrinorourke5914 they probably told some great stories too!! "Did I tell you about the time I escaped that leopard, man I thought I was a goner, and they can climb trees pretty damn quick too, so that wouldn't work, well, any way...... ! LOL ;D
Finally a video dealing with the amazing Out of Africa 1 pioneers. Any ideas where the Red Deer Cave People might fit in to this scheme of things Stefan?
The idea of very early humans leaving Africa and then spreading out across thousands of miles through lush and exotic locations for millions of years and caring for each other to such a degree that they were even chewing food for older relatives is...breathtaking. It's hard to not feel a sense of obligation to that legacy and to doing our part in advancing ourselves so that future generations can look back and say the same.
God this is an incredible video! So interesting how one discovery can complete change the current understanding of our evolution. Every time I watch your videos it fills me with so much joy and gives me such an appreciation for the life we have
Research in Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA showed those things were 15-16ths human and 1-16th chimpanzee. The ape-men were not human ancestors. They were the result of human-ape hybridization. We can anticipate research into homo erectus DNA will verify this.
@@iambarks2814 I was using "God" as an expression, similar to "Gosh" or "Wow", which is typical where I'm from regardless of whether or not God as a deity or concept has anything to do with the subject. Just an expression
I'd like to first point out that i am an uneducated person who has had an anthropological interest since early childhood ,and through all that time the onLy one thing that intrigues me is mans evolution ,so lets get to my point ,,,,my point is there was never any evolutionary stepping from darwins theory ,the fact that during the life of darwin homo erectus was his stepping stone from apes to humans with an acceptable timeline ,yet since then more than six new dicoveries of man have been made and led to an extension of that timeline ,,,,next is intelligence, just because we as modern humans have had the benefit of thousands of years worth of learning we are no better than the ancient humans who got us here ,,,,,our journey of learning began ,with what we call simple design ,ie the wheel, fire ,hunting and gathering tools, then came farming and the domsetication of animals ,our journey also began with sea faring folk who (Polynesians) sailed the eaths oceans without compasses or maps only using the stars and knowledge of currents ,then after that we come to colonisation of lands,building houses and farming and in closing the only evolutionary process that i see as being tangible is our level of intellectual development ,however i really enjoyed this docco,,,,, thanks
I love how Stefan shows (along with delivering the facts and beautiful storytelling) that the attributes we think makes our species unique, really just isn't exclusive to us. It's been a part of our evolutionary journey for millions of years and I think that's much more amazing to think about
@@thegreatestkhan explosion are beautiful to. Survival of the fittest is still in progress but it's been accelerated by tool use The survival bias is still in progress but hopefully eventually some living wage solutions might lessens that entrybarrier and the sustainability. But will always exist it's human or as you said hardwired survival of the fittest. And that wiri g takes a lot more time than tool use But not impossible, look at religion;)
Answers the question in first 15 second, expands, tv quality production value, funny, great personality, no bs, to the point, good data and presentation, like and subscribed.
@@magellanicspaceclouds easiest way to get rid of stupidity is making life hard all over again. Seriously, it’s the unfortunate privilege we received from the generations who sought to improve the lives of their descendants.
@@genespell4340 I know but modern people can. Just look at the dumb things drivers do with their cars in traffic or the dumb answers voters give to interview questions. Just 2 out of many examples off the top of my head.
Stefan no surprise, thoughtful, informative, I'm always looking for a new one from you. I got desperate and went to the archives and found some I had not seen. When you do that I can see the growth . I've shared with relatives. I do what I can for you. LOVE your stuff and your passion.
Coastal routes should follow ice age sea levels - when vast areas of continental shelf were exposed ( and dominated by the newly evolved coconut trees in Asia- coconut trees are a pioneer species on exposed tropical coastlines as they tolerate salt spray and prefer high sunlight) . Along with coastal routes , migration to the interiors would happen along freshwater rivers ( teeming with fish , and providing safety from jungle predators, excepting crocodiles , but humans have been used to crocodiles from their birthplace in Africa). Whatever the immediate ancestor of coconut trees was - it was not a major species before the pliestocene glaciation exposed vast continental shelves due to fall in sea levels.
Hi Stefan I love this Video and all your previous ones. On the idea of migration over the Himalayas, my understanding is that the Himalayas have grown between 3-5mm and 10-15mm annually or in the devils units 1/8"- 1/2" in elevation per year, for the past 2-3.5 million years. That averaged out over 50K years and the entire range at most might have been 600m or 2000ft a minimum of 100-150m or 3-500ft lower in elevation right?. Now you can call me crazy, but when I've visited the west coast specifically Whistler-Blackcomb its right around 150-200m or a few hundred feet from the year round glassier on top, to rich dense primarily coniferous forested slopes. speaking from experience the difference in the air density is noticeable too. so surely when we're talking about 1-500K years and elevation overall drop of lets give it a mean of 200K years and low end growth rate for 800m or 2640ft that's practically the entire skiable elevation of Whistler-Blackcomb. this must have a substantial impact on migratory patterns on the homo's of that time no?
Whistler-Blackcomb is awesome but super expensive. It costs over $100 per day to ski there. It’s cheaper if you get an Edge Card. The local mountains of Vancouver are way cheaper.
I really enjoy watching your videos everyday (even at work 😅). The way you teach and explain everything is enjoyable and not overwhelming. Thank you for all the videos and your time making them, always excited for the next video!
Stefan, Every Video you put out brightens my day. Life is increasingly stressful, but the variety of topics (unrelated to my professional career) you cover help me to relax and enjoy the simpler things in life, knowing that the daily stresses our ancestors succeeded in overcoming are an order of magnitude more frightening from those which I face. We were built to overcome a diverse set of obstacles and you always help me to relate that to my own life. Thank you. -Rob
One of the best channels on TH-cam! Doesn't post regurarly and always top quality content with compelling stories that doesn't stray from the channel to "please" the algorithm. I recently purged many channels because they feel inauthentic and "samey" to cater to the TH-cam Gods for views and AdSense. I also fear the Patron system could force the channel to go in circles by patrons forcing the same topics because they think it's "funny". This channel does neither of these things, it's got integrity! Slow burner and yet it will burn on forever! Thank you for making these fantastic videos, wish you and your family all the best!
TH-camrs usually are working class people, just like you and me. I certainly do lots of things just to please my boss. The youtubers' boss is Google, and their orders are give through the algorithm. I try not to judge people for trying to make a living.
~0:32 Note that the Apidima Cave find isn't definitively a Homo sapiens - it's closer to H. sapiens proportions than to later Neanderthal proportions from the same area, but falls within the range of diversity for earlier Neanderthal remains from other parts of Europe. If anyone is interested in learning more about OOA 2 and the diffusion of modern H. sapiens across the globe, I have a video all about the topic on my channel called "Discovering the World".
One of the reasons I love paleoanthropology is that we are constantly discovering new and mind blowing things, and there is still so much more that we don’t know…. Yet.
Have you heard of graecopithicis. Look it up; have your mind blown. You'll learn even more than just human anthropological history. It will shatter the veil and let you start to see how deep some lies really go...
Research in Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA showed those things were 15-16ths human and 1-16th chimpanzee. The ape-men were not human ancestors. They were the result of human-ape hybridization. We can anticipate research into homo erectus DNA will verify this.
The researchers took DNA from fossils of our close relatives (Neanderthals and Denisovans) dating back 40,000 to 50,000 years and compared it to the genomes of 279 modern humans from around the world. Using a computational method called the "ancestral recombination graph" - a stochastic process that simulates a phylogenetic tree going back in time to the common ancestor of a DNA sequence - they were able to distinguish similarities and differences between the different DNA. They found that only 1.5% of the human genome is both unique and shared by all people living today, and that up to 7% of the human genome is more closely related to that of Homo sapiens than to that of Neanderthals or Denisovans. This does not mean that 93% of our genome is Neanderthal. In fact, every non-African individual has only 1.5-2% Neanderthal DNA. But if you look at different people, these pieces of Neanderthal DNA are in different places in the genome, so if you add them up, a large part of the human genome is covered. Another large part of the genome also includes DNA from other extinct and still unknown hominids. The figure of 1.5 to 7% is therefore DNA that is strictly unique to Homo sapiens and not found in other species.
You conflate what can be measured today for what could have been measured untold thousands of years ago, that is, producing even radically different results compared to the ones you cite. You know what you know, but you don't know that you know all you'd NEED to know in order to draw definitive conclusions. Be more circumspect. Your assessment fails to take into consideration any number of possible mechanisms that are fundamental to the blending, so to speak, of subspecies. Our not knowing (yet) what those mechanisms are and how they operate does not mean that we rationally get to ignore the role they may have played in outcomes. And again, as I said, you're in error making current outcomes the necessary logical equivalent of far earlier ones, rather than allowing that things happen in stages. Not the work of as fine an intellect as the one you can develop.
@@thomasraywood679 Thank you for your thoughts. But I am not interested in them. I've been out of your matrix for a long time. It has no impact on most of us. Anyway! If you don't like the results of science, go directly to it.
Love your work and love the subject matter. Love this channel! This one was especially enjoyable to watch. The human story is enamoring and enigmatic and--however distantly--ultimately relatable, if we allow.
Our little friend from Flores certainly threw a spanned in the works I was there a few weeks ago and this video certainly has some interesting theories that have been on my mind lately Your story telling is getting so much more professional Well done
In Flores, when working in a University in Eastern Indonesia in the 1980's, I went to a museum in Maumare with examples of the "tiny people". So they were known before then. Local people talked about legends of these tiny people.
I wonder if stories about these tiny people have survived through oral tradition…I feel like if you found a skeleton of a small humanoid, you’d be trying to come up with answers.
I'm pretty sure there was a find done by Dutch colonial agents, before WW2 or even earlier. It somehow disappeared on transport to civilized areas for research (Flores is kind of out of the way, which helped Flores man survive). Was a radio documentary about it, some years back, in Dutch of course, so not known in the English world. (Same goes for the famous flood that broke the Channel. French geologists had been publishing about it for over a decade before the first Brit found out, then _zzzoooommm_ it became world news.
I think it is unlikely that the oral traditions survived for so many thousands years, but not entirely impossible. Likelier is that someone found fossils earlier and assumed they were still around, unless they survived far longer then we think right now. We kinda need to find more evidence here, a single site is a bit vague to understand an entire species. It do seems like their stone tools disappeared 50 000 years ago, at least to our current knowledge so they likely went extinct after that but we really need to dig more on the island.
@@loke6664 That's what I was implying in my comment, though. Finding the skeleton of a smaller human seems like something that would make it into local tradition, especially creation myths.
@@lindenshepherd6085 Sorry, I was kinda talking to Richard and agree with you. Then again, modern humans had arrived at the island before 50 000 years ago so it isn't entirely impossible it somehow survived that long in a myth, just very unlikely. Also, just because the last known tools are 50 000 years ago does not mean we yet found the oldest, they could theoretically survived a lot longer too (but hardly past pre history).
The real reason that early hominids were so successful at exploring new uncharted places and populating the world, largely on foot ...was the reason behind what drove them to do so .....to get away from their annoying families
Thanks for this video, Stefan. I find this stuff just as fascinating as you do and I really appreciate you making this content so I, and others, can keep up to date on this subject. Keep em comin :)
The one-toothed person looks just like my poor next-door neighbour's recently deceased mum... She, too, lived a nice long life due to loyal support from her son and others, in return for which she used to deliver minor services. Minor services can go a long way - because she volunteered to feed my cat she saved me the absolutely exhausting commute and allowed me to stay in the capitol three days running while I worked there. She is sorely missed.
Excellent video, Milo, I always learn new things with your channel. I’m very curious about the remains of an still unnamed early hominin found in Atapuerca (northern Spain) that seems to be about 1.3 million years old. I cannot find anything about it and wonder if you have any information to share.
I would love to see a video which looks at possible routes in more detail from Africa to Australia. Who our Aborigines descend from would be great to hear more about. I did a little online course from Wollongong Uni about H. florensiensis and as they declined 50,000 yrs ago whether they were impacted by Australian Aborigines on their way south east. This was my first vid of yours I’ve watched and I found it captivating. Well done.
Aboriginal Australians were in australia well over 80k years ago, so no australian Aboriginals did not affect them as they went through as they had moved through 30k years earlier..
@@evanalexander9157 Oh really? I had no idea. Thanks for bringing that to my attention. I know there’s been some more published research on the site since then, but I’ll definitely have to check it out.
As always a fantastic, well presented, and extremely interesting video. "Out of Africa zero..?" FWVLIW: I'd go so far as to say that I'd be amazed if 'we' don't find solid evidence for Australopiths established outside Africa, maybe we already have..? I suspect the situation is somewhat equivalent to when there was no evidence for peoples in the Americas before Clovis - the 'lack' of said evidence was purely because nobody looked and what accidentally turned up was dismissed having assuming there wouldn't be any.
Interesting theory about someone else chewing “toothless Joe’s” food. Another option is he mashed harder foods with stone prior to eating. Perhaps he subsided on fruit, berries, fish and other soft foods. Great video 👍🏻
About Gummy Joe. I think you misunderstood his life. Just because he was toothless for many years, does not mean he could not chew food on his own. My wife has been toothless for 25 years and me for around 15 years. Rarely there are foods we can not eat and without dentures or someone else chewing our food for us. Humans are ingenious in adapting to challenges. We enjoy very rare/almost raw steaks and salads, raw fruits & vegetables with no problems. Nuts (after crushed into a paste, think peanut butter.), whole hard grains/beans (after soaking overnight and pounded into paste, or boiled. ). The list is an endless list of options. I know and can imagine the horrible pains Joe went through with broken/rotting teeth and he had no dentist to help him. Christmas eve is a bad time to have two molars crack and break. It took me to January 2 to finally get a dentist. After that nightmare, I booked an appointment to have the remaining fragile cracked/enamel-stripped teeth removed.
That's fascinating! Thank you for sharing. My great grandma also lived toothless for decades and could eat almost anything. I vividly remember her chewing/sucking and then swallowing pretty tough beef.
I love your video. I have been fascinated about Human Ancient history and was brought up in Kenya, and met Prof Louis Leakey as a child in Nairobi Zoo. My mother took us and I knew what she was planning. She had been reading books at home on the evolution of Humans, and in TIME-LIFE magazines which educated us children. I am now an old soul but I still follow the progress of Anthropologists like you. Thank you so much for posting your discoveries! Cynthia Allen-McLaglen
"Gummy Joe" is such an endearing game changer. It's lovely to have this aspect of humanity demonstrated as having been so early and so important. Thanks for an uplifting as well as informative presentation.
The out of Africa puzzle is fascinating. I became hooked on the subject of human evolution and all things related, back in the 1980's. Being an electron microscopist I was lucky enough to have worked on ancient hominid teeth with dentists, resulting in an article and cover picture published in Nature. This involved looking at enamel prisms of specimens from China and Africa under the SEM. The entire subject is mind blowing in more ways than one. The only real advantage these diminutive creatures had was quite obviously intelligence, leading to close cooperation and the acquisition of knowledge. With it they and their lineage conquered the globe, travelled to the moon and explored far beyond. Something that can be deduced from the increasing time the young took to develop and likely spent learning from their parents and clan members. The old ones being the guardians of the collective experiences and lessons learned. At what point did IQ and language become the driving force of Hominid evolution? I imagine that "old Gummy Gramps" sat by the fire, telling stories and passing on important details from his/her life to the youngsters. Counselling the fitter generations and baby sitting the very young. Giving them all the edge over other species and rival clans. Recognisable family life all those years ago.
There were all sorts of apemen running around the world..... and humans MIXED with them! We've barely begun to sort out all of this DNA from apes! So NO.... people didn't migrate from Tanzania and go to Sweden and become Swedes or go to Japan and become Japanese. We all have various amounts of monkey blood!
@@josephinetracy1485 Who said they did Jo, not me. There is no argument against mixing of Homo DNA but it's not my field. They obviously did! That would have differed dependant on the locations of the various Homo species. In Europe Neanderthal left it's mark in our DNA. Something those who remained in Africa do not have. The gene mixing continues still.
@@gusgone4527 What? Africans have Neanderthal DNA. All DNA found in humans currently can be found in Sub-Saharan Africans as they have more genetic diversity than the rest of the world combined. There are Europeans who don't have genes found in Asia and vice versa.
@@jasonhaven7170 Jason, I'm no geneticist but any mutation that happened in the predominantly Eurasian Neanderthals genome . Obviously occurred after they left Africa. For example the loss of skin pigmentation. As I recall, the number of mutations not shared by the original African population, indicates the length of time the populations have been separated. If I'm wrong please explain how and why? That's a serious question. I may be old and retired but never too old to learn new things.
@@gusgone4527 The paleness of European skin originates from Middle-Eastern Neolithic farmers who migrated into Europe, Asia and Africa and almost completely replaced the native European populations. Before then, Europeans would've been as dark as Inuits. This means those mutations are present in North and East Africa. Neanderthals' effect on Europeans today is mainly the likelihood of sunburning (not the same as paleness as East Asians are pale but don't sunburn as much) and immunity to ancient diseases. Neanderthals have left a very tiny effect on humans today as they went extinct shortly after the first surviving migratory Homo Sapiens arrived in Europe and all Europeans are descended from them. Neanderthals before that point and other Homo Sapiens in Europe did not leave genes to current humans. All human genes are found in Africa, particularly Eastern and Southern Africa
I think the concept of “migration” is misused when applied to our ancient ancestors in a time when the spread of a small clan from one end of a valley to the other may take several generations. Our ability to adapt not so much as individuals but slowly one generation to the next, one step, one mile, one valley at a time over thousands of years passing new information from one generation to the next was and is our greatest strength. We must remember each new generation is not a stranger in a strange land but a native born to the land living just a few miles down the road from where they were born and equipped with all the passed down accumulated skills needed to survive. I think the beginning of our “ humanity” is when we began to honor and respect our elders and ancestors for passing on those hard learned skills needed to survive.
@@fallenhobbit6554 Yes, I believe you are correct, hunting for men and gathering for women. This made way for our adapting by passed down lessons to climates and environments not naturally suited to us.
The skull with one tooth tells me that they looked after their elders as valuable members and that's how intelligence was shared. Unlike most mammals that drive out an elder like deer or kangaroos, they force elders out.
Hey Stefan, I love your videos. I am from New Zealand and will be in England and France next year. Are you aware of any websites with maps of prehistoric stores I should visit or if not are there any you would recommend?
This video highlights our innate desire of curiosity. I am imaging the life that was lived by the millions of our ancestors. Give thanks to those who lived before us, for nothing that we take for granted would possible without the desire to Try. And lastly, thank you very very much for the video.
The earliest known hominid, Graecopithecus, is dated to 7.2 million years ago with specimens discovered at Athens, Greece and a few locations in Bulgaria. All of these locations are in Europe. No known hominid pre-dates this species. Hominids did not come from Africa. Also, Purgatorius, the oldest known primate dated to 66 million years old, was found in Montana which is in North America. The oldest primate found in Asia is dated to 55 million years old. The oldest primate found in Africa is dated to 20 million years old. The fossils do not lie. Statisticians often do.
@@AMC2283 Correct. Hominid and primate are not synonymous. All hominids are primates. Not all primates are hominids. All homo sapiens are hominids. Not all hominids were homo sapiens. You do not understand the nomenclature system of biology, nor how genetic divergences occur, yet are pretending to correct me. You are wrong. Yes, people whom claim humans came from Africa are liars. The evidence directly contradicts their claims on every single genetic divergence on the fossil record. There is no way to support their claims without ignoring empirical evidence.
@@AMC2283 So now you are making false claims about what I stated in a piss poor attempt to convince people that I do not understand what I am talking about. Humans are in the mammal class, the primate order, the family hominidae (often called hominids), and genus homo. Of course, you understand little to nothing of the chronological meaning of this nomenclature system, or else you would not be making the claims you are making.
@@wesbaumguardner8829 you talked about where remains of primates and hominids were discovered in Europe as though this disproves where Homo sapiens evolved. Once again, primate and hominid is an entire order and family, not just humans. A 55 million year old primate fossil is obviously not going to be a Homo sapiens, which only evolved 300 millennia ago. But seriously, what were you saying about liars and fibbers and tellers of tall tales?
@@wesbaumguardner8829 Out of Africa has been easily debunkable for some time, yet it still makes the round for some reason. The fact that Sub-Saharans have ghost DNA from some extinct hominid that no other race has should have put this to rest by now.
I was a man of astrophysics until I discovered this channel. The telescope will have to wait now. I want to save up for an Sahelanthropus Tchadensis skull from bone clones along with the premium box.
Herbaceous video coming soon here nebula.tv/stefanmilo
You're thee man!!
@Stefan Milo they recently found in 2022 a smaller hobbit that was 25% percent smaller than the og skeleton/find that was older the oj find was 3.8-3.6 feet so math that down to 25%. and dated to 800k years ago. another youtube did a find on it and you can see/find the paper from the wiki section on/in the wiki for hobbits. Florence homo hobbit
This video was a banger too, and you're banger as well!
Have a banger day!
Excuse my ignorance (English isn't my first language), but what's the meaning of banger in this context?
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥
Just imagine how much fossil evidence is now under water... A lot !
coastal erosion has also likely destroyed many great sites of early hominid activity.
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥
Doggerland is one of such underwater places of former civilization that intrigues me incredibly
@Dave Smith lmao
@vancepham1743 😂👏
When I was a little kid, I wished there were more movies and user friendly content to help explain all these concepts and theories because it's beyond fascinating - like finding rare, buried treasure on an epic adventure. Now I find a noble Homo Sapien has filled the gap by creating all this informative, wonderful content for the curious of all ages.
Thank you Stefan Milo :)
When I was a kid, apes turned into humans or God created humans, and for the ape theory there was a straight line from apes to humans for which we now know that rarely happens with any genus.
@@johndoh5182 not to presume how old you are, but when you were a kid we still pretty well understood the primary process that lead to the evolution of homo sapiens and knee it wasn't a straight line. The famous "March of Progress" image really threw off public perception, though.
Complicated topic to make one go bananas ! Suppose to be a joke . HUH? I guess you had to be there , thing is everything .
No such word as sapien. The singular is sapiens, and the plural, should you ever need it, is sapientes. But never again say "sapien" without the final s, or the ghost of Julius Caesar will hunt you down. You have been warned.
I think the generally agreed singular is sapien, which is funny
Oh boy. Another channel to randomly stumble upon to binge over the next few nights.
You won't be disappointed. Stefan knows his stuff.
Except you are binging misinformation.
@@edwardsmith1060 Well then tell us the real truth then Edward Smith what is he misinforming us about since clearly Edward you random internet man know more then a qualified expert.
@@edwardsmith1060 you bought some papyrus back in 1862 and you think you know it all ah? shame on you
The content is fascinating, well researched and presented. In addition, your voice, pacing and wording are very easy listen to and keep me interested. Your enthusiasm about your topic is infectious. Thank you so much.
Your passion for the study of ancient hominins is infectious. Every time you upload I just feel more and more proud of our ancient relatives 😎
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥🔥🔥
You should look up Robert Sepehr
yup, and they were tough little sons of bitches. Inaccurate, of course, as bitches are dogs, not monkeys, but you get my drift!! ;D LOL
Makes me feel closer to everyone. Like they're a brother or sister
@@VeganSemihCyprus33 No
Awesome......totally mind-blowing when you think about it. Thanks for uploading.
You are by far the best educational content creator on TH-cam.
I agree.
Boring 😴
@@IrelandVonVicious what you smoking? If you are can I have some?
@@IrelandVonVicious can you explain why you think it's propaganda?
It sounds like he's simply pushing some facts our way, whilst giving some of his own opinions, to me.
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥🔥🔥
Your videos are fantastic. There are few things more fascinating then the evolution of humanity. I doubt we will ever develop a fully-realized model, but we are getting closer everyday to understanding how we all got here. Keep up the good work my friend.
excellent coverage of a topic I had been thinking about a lot recently.
The revelation that the first hominid out of Africa was likely at least 2.5 Million years ago and was something between an australopith and homo habilis is really something amazing.
Thanks for keeping on top of the latest developments
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥🔥🔥
The oldest found hominid species was actually found in the Balkans. Out of Africa is just a made up theory accepted as fact.
At that date, we only have stone tools though so we aren't really 100% sure who made them yet. It might even be an unknown species, those pop up surprisingly often recently.
OOA has been proven false.Nothing more than anti white propaganda
amazing to see you become a proper documentary maker
I enjoyed a lot this research, your work is beautiful and considering I have no expertise in this field I understood everything. Thank You so much Mr Stefan Milo
Hugs from Costa Rica
I've only recently discovered and subscribed to your channel. One thing I like best about your work is that you are willing to produce documentaries on topics which are not yet resolved, by which I mean you can't end them with a neat and tidy wrap-up and bow. Of course, most any science topic can be said to be still under investigation, but I think you know what I mean here. I'm an old guy and throughout my life have enjoyed the work of many science and popular science writers/producers/educators, starting back in the day with Isaac Asimov. Thanks so much for what you're doing and for keeping so much of your content free. I understand that your Nebula productions are inexpensive but unfortunately, even that small expenditure is a bit much for me at the moment. Best wishes.
I think you found the balance between on camera and narration in this 1. Chaw well done! Thank you very much.
One of the best compiled informative videos about prehistoric hominids I have seen up to this point. Credible work!
I share your enthusiasm for this subject so really appreciate your videos. The presentation, the detail, the depth and the research you do and effort you make. Bravo!
Two million years is hard to comprehend when you think about the Egyptian civilization was only about 4500 years ago .
Great video, interesting to see how far back we can go with evidence concerning migration. Really nice job
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥
It's all BS. Look up graecopithicis.
I love your channel. Just straight up Stefan Milo. Your titles describe what you will be talking about. Your videos are very well produced and it's clear you take great care in their production and your presentation. Thank you for doing what you do man.
I wonder if he has heard of graecopithicis, the oldest found hominid. No found in Africa, by the way, but rather, found in Greece.
@@georgekirby7150 What's the relevance of this comment?
@@JackHandy7385 it's relevant because when talking about human evolution and "out of Africa" he didn't mention it, because it calls that theory into question. You take him as an authoritative source but he presents handpicked information to push a narrative. Do you know what that is called? It's called propaganda...
@@georgekirby7150 You pick awfully strange hills to die on Mr. keyboard warrior. YES! STOP TALKING ABOUT HOW WERE AFRICAN IT WILL UPSET THE WHITE PEOPLE!
Agree! ❤🎉. I stopped watching tv in the ‘70s because I want to watch this stuff. Only took 40 years 😂.
You’ve evolved from a really funny and smart guy making quirky videos to one of the most polished and informed video producers working in Anthropology. It’s been a joy to be along for the ride.
And congrats on the weight loss! It’s a bitch, innit?
Ah, you beat me to it.
He's really able to give us the skinny now!
Luv ya work.
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥🔥🔥
Driven out by racism. South Saharan DNA doesn't show traces of this supposed differentiation. That means even the evolved babies were 'cleared'
Excellent video Stefan. After I found out about Sahelanthropus en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelanthropus I got to thinking about whether they "talked"? Surely they made vocalizations and surely those vocalizations had meanings to other members of their tribe(s), and I got to to feeling "sentimental" in imagining their lives and feelings and thoughts, and I've been a little sad that VERY few people have the strong, vivid imagination AND the tender heart that lead to caring about such obscure ancient stories. But the last minute or so of your First-Leave-Africa video made me glad to feel that You have such imagination and care. Thanks! Matti
Out of Africa two sounds like a boxing rematch. Easy to remember though. Great video btw.
Thought the same thing! 😂🎉
Been looking forward to this video since you put the preview out. Did not disappoint. Thank you!
Thanks Stefan. I like how you explore the findings with careful analysis and insightful skepticism.
Thrilled to have discovered your channel. Wonderful content. Thank you!
I'm often curious why hominins spreading from Africa into Asia should be considered so extraordinary when mammals have been moving between continents for millions of years. Thanks for another great, Stefan! You never disappoint! 🙂
Usually animals move with their niche , like following the prey or in search for food due to lack of it in their habitat
I belive it's because some pepole see asian as wholly different from africans , so yeah it has to be pointed out that they are still humans
Who said it was extraordinary? Interesting, yes. Extraordinary? No.
@@dheemanth.l.bharadwaj6328 that’s more like moving to a new niche rather than moving with your niche. A great example is how the Polynesian peoples island hopped for millennia and ate out the available food supplies on each island as they went.
@@dheemanth.l.bharadwaj6328 Once your species is making tools and using fire, your niche is pretty much wherever you decide it is.
Love it when I get a notification that you've got a new video out!! This was awesome, and now I'm really excited for the upcoming Nebula vids 🤩
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥
This is a better teaching summary than my entire 3 semesters of Anthropology. Nicely done!
biological races do not exist and never have
Liberty university?
@@fallenhobbit6554 University of Colorado ….but haha…. I get it. Ended up majoring n Sociology and Philosophy- but always very interested in the past.
Milo absolutely love your channel. I learn everytime I watch . Thanks for the wealth of info
Very educational video! Amazing! Thank you, Stefan! 😀
This channel is riveting. Thank you for all this information, it makes us wonder where we've come from and where we're going. It seems that we have learned so much over the last two million years that has both aided us and inhibited us. You have to laugh. Going to look for your channel on Nebula.
Hi Stefan, as always, thanks for a great vid. Could I add a few comments? When you speak about the significance of the individual who left us Cranium D344 and jaw D3900, initially I thought that you did not appreciate the full significance of this, assigning it as you did, as an example of cooperation, as in the individual is fed rather than eaten. In fairness though, towards the end of the video you begin to appreciate the significance when you speculate that someone must have really loved this individual. That an individual was nurtured and fed, for such a time that the jaw had absorbed the tooth holes, has an extraordinary significance in respect of these people, who may have been our forbearers. This has to be contrasted with our contemporary nomadic people who sometimes abandon their elderly during migrations. Yes, not only its immediate family supported this person, but also, presumable the tribe. Whilst the response of the immediate family are patently expressing love as we understand it, (in itself a phenomenal discovery as to our humanness as far ago in history as 1.8m years) the support of the wider tribe, which can be inferred from the fact that a single family could not possibly support a non-contributing individual, is that the tribe values this individual. The contribution of the aged individual is presumably only important if they can recall past history, experience, and the all important "corperate knowledge" and then communicate it to the following generations. Other research suggests a 35 year life span was the norm. Consequently, i suggest that the value of this individual to the tribe is only of benefit if they can communicate to tribe members beyond the family. And to do this, they would need to be able to converse. Is this circumstantial support for proto-human speech 1.8m years ago?
The wisdom of the elder is about safe foods, where to find water, how to read geographical landscapes and find safe food sources (yams fruits, leaves, roots). Elders are essential to survival.
You underestimate the accumulated knowledge of an elder.
@@kerrinorourke5914 they probably told some great stories too!! "Did I tell you about the time I escaped that leopard, man I thought I was a goner, and they can climb trees pretty damn quick too, so that wouldn't work, well, any way...... ! LOL ;D
perhaps the elder person pounded their food with a stone to break it down into small pieces to swallow ...
@@johndoe-vf4un Possible, but I can hardly imagine that resulting in a large enough net gain of calories to sustain them.
Thank you for your time and efforts. Very interesting content! Looking forward to your next one! We really appreciate it!
Finally a video dealing with the amazing Out of Africa 1 pioneers. Any ideas where the Red Deer Cave People might fit in to this scheme of things Stefan?
I believe a genetic paper came out recently stating that the Red Deer Cave people were the ancestors of Native Americans.
Your videos are fascinating, Stefan. Brilliant delivery. Thank you.
I just wanted to say thank you for making such beautiful, engaging and fascinating videos. Getting better all the time!
Hello there
Thanks. Another super video!❤
The idea of very early humans leaving Africa and then spreading out across thousands of miles through lush and exotic locations for millions of years and caring for each other to such a degree that they were even chewing food for older relatives is...breathtaking.
It's hard to not feel a sense of obligation to that legacy and to doing our part in advancing ourselves so that future generations can look back and say the same.
Someday Galactians will be debating the "out of earth" theory
I love the way people think they know it all and nothing else matters, even when new fossils are found.
@@3Kiwiana Fossils are irrelevant to Out of Africa if their genes can't be traced to current humans.
@@nmarbletoe8210 People in the TH-cam comments are debating out of africa rn
@@3Kiwiana im confused what this is supposed ot mean
God this is an incredible video! So interesting how one discovery can complete change the current understanding of our evolution. Every time I watch your videos it fills me with so much joy and gives me such an appreciation for the life we have
Research in Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA showed those things were 15-16ths human and 1-16th chimpanzee. The ape-men were not human ancestors. They were the result of human-ape hybridization. We can anticipate research into homo erectus DNA will verify this.
Haha you start your comment off with God but you don’t believe in God. Time for you to go to atheist jail.
God had nothing to go wit it, the video or the subject.
@@iambarks2814 I was using "God" as an expression, similar to "Gosh" or "Wow", which is typical where I'm from regardless of whether or not God as a deity or concept has anything to do with the subject. Just an expression
I'd like to first point out that i am an uneducated person who has had an anthropological interest since early childhood ,and through all that time the onLy one thing that intrigues me is mans evolution ,so lets get to my point ,,,,my point is there was never any evolutionary stepping from darwins theory ,the fact that during the life of darwin homo erectus was his stepping stone from apes to humans with an acceptable timeline ,yet since then more than six new dicoveries of man have been made and led to an extension of that timeline ,,,,next is intelligence, just because we as modern humans have had the benefit of thousands of years worth of learning we are no better than the ancient humans who got us here ,,,,,our journey of learning began ,with what we call simple design ,ie the wheel, fire ,hunting and gathering tools, then came farming and the domsetication of animals ,our journey also began with sea faring folk who (Polynesians) sailed the eaths oceans without compasses or maps only using the stars and knowledge of currents ,then after that we come to colonisation of lands,building houses and farming and in closing the only evolutionary process that i see as being tangible is our level of intellectual development ,however i really enjoyed this docco,,,,, thanks
I love how Stefan shows (along with delivering the facts and beautiful storytelling) that the attributes we think makes our species unique, really just isn't exclusive to us. It's been a part of our evolutionary journey for millions of years and I think that's much more amazing to think about
Dominion (2018)
Agreed
Yes. Makes one proud and feel extremely privileged to be one little part of the beautiful story of life on this wonderful planet!!!
@@ronschlorff7089 get real with your world view, you can try and sugarcoat it all you want but it’s survival of the fittest, brutal and harsh.
@@thegreatestkhan explosion are beautiful to.
Survival of the fittest is still in progress but it's been accelerated by tool use
The survival bias is still in progress but hopefully eventually some living wage solutions might lessens that entrybarrier and the sustainability.
But will always exist it's human or as you said hardwired survival of the fittest. And that wiri g takes a lot more time than tool use
But not impossible, look at religion;)
Answers the question in first 15 second, expands, tv quality production value, funny, great personality, no bs, to the point, good data and presentation, like and subscribed.
I watch Stefan’s videos about human evolution to be instructed, but without fail I end up inspired by his passion for the human species…
And yet sadly, on a daily basis I'm reminded of homo sapiens' stupidity. 😩
@@magellanicspaceclouds our ancient ancestors couldn't afford stupidity.
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥🔥🔥
@@magellanicspaceclouds easiest way to get rid of stupidity is making life hard all over again. Seriously, it’s the unfortunate privilege we received from the generations who sought to improve the lives of their descendants.
@@genespell4340 I know but modern people can. Just look at the dumb things drivers do with their cars in traffic or the dumb answers voters give to interview questions. Just 2 out of many examples off the top of my head.
Stefan no surprise, thoughtful, informative, I'm always looking for a new one from you. I got desperate and went to the archives and found some I had not seen. When you do that I can see the growth . I've shared with relatives. I do what I can for you.
LOVE your stuff and your passion.
I always liked the coastal migration theory, I'm not qualified in anyway just seems common sense, love your videos, thank you!
Me too.
Yes, makes sense, good sources of marine environment food along the way too, things that don't run away very fast, like mussels for example!! ;D LOL
Coastal routes should follow ice age sea levels - when vast areas of continental shelf were exposed ( and dominated by the newly evolved coconut trees in Asia- coconut trees are a pioneer species on exposed tropical coastlines as they tolerate salt spray and prefer high sunlight) . Along with coastal routes , migration to the interiors would happen along freshwater rivers ( teeming with fish , and providing safety from jungle predators, excepting crocodiles , but humans have been used to crocodiles from their birthplace in Africa). Whatever the immediate ancestor of coconut trees was - it was not a major species before the pliestocene glaciation exposed vast continental shelves due to fall in sea levels.
what a great and informative video. great energy and explanations, thank you for this!
Your videos keep getting better and better.
Hi Stefan I love this Video and all your previous ones.
On the idea of migration over the Himalayas, my understanding is that the Himalayas have grown between 3-5mm and 10-15mm annually or in the devils units 1/8"- 1/2" in elevation per year, for the past 2-3.5 million years. That averaged out over 50K years and the entire range at most might have been 600m or 2000ft a minimum of 100-150m or 3-500ft lower in elevation right?.
Now you can call me crazy, but when I've visited the west coast specifically Whistler-Blackcomb its right around 150-200m or a few hundred feet from the year round glassier on top, to rich dense primarily coniferous forested slopes. speaking from experience the difference in the air density is noticeable too.
so surely when we're talking about 1-500K years and elevation overall drop of lets give it a mean of 200K years and low end growth rate for 800m or 2640ft that's practically the entire skiable elevation of Whistler-Blackcomb. this must have a substantial impact on migratory patterns on the homo's of that time no?
Whistler-Blackcomb is awesome but super expensive. It costs over $100 per day to ski there. It’s cheaper if you get an Edge Card. The local mountains of Vancouver are way cheaper.
A very interesting and informative video. Thanks Stephan
Excellent you providing highly credible information
Absolutely love every single video you make. I say it every time, but please keep it up Stefan!
I liked the video. Hopefully new fossils can be found that shed more light on this topic.
I really enjoy watching your videos everyday (even at work 😅). The way you teach and explain everything is enjoyable and not overwhelming. Thank you for all the videos and your time making them, always excited for the next video!
Love your work Stefan wish more people saw it, I try and show it to as many as a possible
Stefan,
Every Video you put out brightens my day. Life is increasingly stressful, but the variety of topics (unrelated to my professional career) you cover help me to relax and enjoy the simpler things in life, knowing that the daily stresses our ancestors succeeded in overcoming are an order of magnitude more frightening from those which I face. We were built to overcome a diverse set of obstacles and you always help me to relate that to my own life. Thank you.
-Rob
One of the best channels on TH-cam! Doesn't post regurarly and always top quality content with compelling stories that doesn't stray from the channel to "please" the algorithm. I recently purged many channels because they feel inauthentic and "samey" to cater to the TH-cam Gods for views and AdSense. I also fear the Patron system could force the channel to go in circles by patrons forcing the same topics because they think it's "funny". This channel does neither of these things, it's got integrity! Slow burner and yet it will burn on forever! Thank you for making these fantastic videos, wish you and your family all the best!
TH-camrs usually are working class people, just like you and me. I certainly do lots of things just to please my boss. The youtubers' boss is Google, and their orders are give through the algorithm. I try not to judge people for trying to make a living.
~0:32 Note that the Apidima Cave find isn't definitively a Homo sapiens - it's closer to H. sapiens proportions than to later Neanderthal proportions from the same area, but falls within the range of diversity for earlier Neanderthal remains from other parts of Europe. If anyone is interested in learning more about OOA 2 and the diffusion of modern H. sapiens across the globe, I have a video all about the topic on my channel called "Discovering the World".
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥
@@VeganSemihCyprus33 this vegan molests puppies
You know I have interest in this too
Good job on this video. I was looking for a concise video on this subject. Keep up the good work
One of the reasons I love paleoanthropology is that we are constantly discovering new and mind blowing things, and there is still so much more that we don’t know…. Yet.
Dominion (2018)
@@VeganSemihCyprus33 go away.
Have you heard of graecopithicis. Look it up; have your mind blown. You'll learn even more than just human anthropological history. It will shatter the veil and let you start to see how deep some lies really go...
Research in Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA showed those things were 15-16ths human and 1-16th chimpanzee. The ape-men were not human ancestors. They were the result of human-ape hybridization. We can anticipate research into homo erectus DNA will verify this.
Yes, for any field of science, we are just now scratching the surface, in this and cosmology too, for more recent examples of discoveries.
Another absolute banger of a video
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥
Great video. Thank you for all the research you do!
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥
The researchers took DNA from fossils of our close relatives (Neanderthals and Denisovans) dating back 40,000 to 50,000 years and compared it to the genomes of 279 modern humans from around the world. Using a computational method called the "ancestral recombination graph" - a stochastic process that simulates a phylogenetic tree going back in time to the common ancestor of a DNA sequence - they were able to distinguish similarities and differences between the different DNA.
They found that only 1.5% of the human genome is both unique and shared by all people living today, and that up to 7% of the human genome is more closely related to that of Homo sapiens than to that of Neanderthals or Denisovans.
This does not mean that 93% of our genome is Neanderthal. In fact, every non-African individual has only 1.5-2% Neanderthal DNA. But if you look at different people, these pieces of Neanderthal DNA are in different places in the genome, so if you add them up, a large part of the human genome is covered. Another large part of the genome also includes DNA from other extinct and still unknown hominids. The figure of 1.5 to 7% is therefore DNA that is strictly unique to Homo sapiens and not found in other species.
You conflate what can be measured today for what could have been measured untold thousands of years ago, that is, producing even radically different results compared to the ones you cite. You know what you know, but you don't know that you know all you'd NEED to know in order to draw definitive conclusions. Be more circumspect. Your assessment fails to take into consideration any number of possible mechanisms that are fundamental to the blending, so to speak, of subspecies. Our not knowing (yet) what those mechanisms are and how they operate does not mean that we rationally get to ignore the role they may have played in outcomes. And again, as I said, you're in error making current outcomes the necessary logical equivalent of far earlier ones, rather than allowing that things happen in stages. Not the work of as fine an intellect as the one you can develop.
@@thomasraywood679 Thank you for your thoughts. But I am not interested in them. I've been out of your matrix for a long time. It has no impact on most of us.
Anyway!
If you don't like the results of science, go directly to it.
All human DNA is found in Sub-Saharan Africans, but Europeans have DNA not found in Asia and vice versa. That includes Neanderthal DNA.
Love your work and love the subject matter. Love this channel! This one was especially enjoyable to watch. The human story is enamoring and enigmatic and--however distantly--ultimately relatable, if we allow.
Our little friend from Flores certainly threw a spanned in the works
I was there a few weeks ago and this video certainly has some interesting theories that have been on my mind lately
Your story telling is getting so much more professional
Well done
Have you heard of graecopithicis?
@@georgekirby7150 our 7.2 million year ago descendants where chimpanzees branched away?
Another wonderful video. Just as in historical times, human colonization has occurred in waves, rather than a continuous. Great content, as always.
In Flores, when working in a University in Eastern Indonesia in the 1980's, I went to a museum in Maumare with examples of the "tiny people". So they were known before then. Local people talked about legends of these tiny people.
I wonder if stories about these tiny people have survived through oral tradition…I feel like if you found a skeleton of a small humanoid, you’d be trying to come up with answers.
I'm pretty sure there was a find done by Dutch colonial agents, before WW2 or even earlier. It somehow disappeared on transport to civilized areas for research (Flores is kind of out of the way, which helped Flores man survive). Was a radio documentary about it, some years back, in Dutch of course, so not known in the English world.
(Same goes for the famous flood that broke the Channel. French geologists had been publishing about it for over a decade before the first Brit found out, then _zzzoooommm_ it became world news.
I think it is unlikely that the oral traditions survived for so many thousands years, but not entirely impossible. Likelier is that someone found fossils earlier and assumed they were still around, unless they survived far longer then we think right now. We kinda need to find more evidence here, a single site is a bit vague to understand an entire species.
It do seems like their stone tools disappeared 50 000 years ago, at least to our current knowledge so they likely went extinct after that but we really need to dig more on the island.
@@loke6664 That's what I was implying in my comment, though. Finding the skeleton of a smaller human seems like something that would make it into local tradition, especially creation myths.
@@lindenshepherd6085 Sorry, I was kinda talking to Richard and agree with you.
Then again, modern humans had arrived at the island before 50 000 years ago so it isn't entirely impossible it somehow survived that long in a myth, just very unlikely.
Also, just because the last known tools are 50 000 years ago does not mean we yet found the oldest, they could theoretically survived a lot longer too (but hardly past pre history).
The real reason that early hominids were so successful at exploring new uncharted places and populating the world, largely on foot ...was the reason behind what drove them to do so
.....to get away from their annoying families
Thanks for this video, Stefan. I find this stuff just as fascinating as you do and I really appreciate you making this content so I, and others, can keep up to date on this subject. Keep em comin :)
Interesting! Thanks for sharing!
Thanks once more for sharing all this phantastic information with us, Stefan! Your channel is a treat.
Call me a skeptic, but I have difficulty accepting this video could be made, and only a single spoon was used.
The amount of sporks used was epic.
Magic it is I say, pure magic
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥
No spoons were harmed in the making of this episode.
I heard NASA photoshopped out the spoon to hide the truth, with funding from Big Fork.
Great new video! I love all the work you do!
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥
The one-toothed person looks just like my poor next-door neighbour's recently deceased mum... She, too, lived a nice long life due to loyal support from her son and others, in return for which she used to deliver minor services. Minor services can go a long way - because she volunteered to feed my cat she saved me the absolutely exhausting commute and allowed me to stay in the capitol three days running while I worked there. She is sorely missed.
Excellent video, Milo, I always learn new things with your channel. I’m very curious about the remains of an still unnamed early hominin found in Atapuerca (northern Spain) that seems to be about 1.3 million years old. I cannot find anything about it and wonder if you have any information to share.
Have you heard of graecopithicis? It is 7.2 million years old.
I would love to see a video which looks at possible routes in more detail from Africa to Australia. Who our Aborigines descend from would be great to hear more about. I did a little online course from Wollongong Uni about H. florensiensis and as they declined 50,000 yrs ago whether they were impacted by Australian Aborigines on their way south east. This was my first vid of yours I’ve watched and I found it captivating. Well done.
Agree !
Out of Africa isn't a true theory...
Aboriginal Australians were in australia well over 80k years ago, so no australian Aboriginals did not affect them as they went through as they had moved through 30k years earlier..
@@georgekirby7150, out of Africa is a true theory. Whether or not it is correct, remains to be seen.
@@shawnj1966 never heard of graecopithicis?
Hey Stefan! I love your work. Have you heard of the Cerutti Mastadon? Do you think you could discuss it at some point?
He made a video on it in 2019! “Did humans reach the Americas 130 000 years ago?” But I agree he should revisit it
The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 🔥
@@evanalexander9157 Oh really? I had no idea. Thanks for bringing that to my attention. I know there’s been some more published research on the site since then, but I’ll definitely have to check it out.
The information you provided was so fascinating I’m glued to the screen.
Out Of Africa 2: Migration Boogaloo
Life must have felt so visceral and free back then. Short. Brutal. Intense.
They ate lots of fresh food and had plenty of exercise. Yet no one lived past 40 🤷♂️
@@SenorTucanono medical care or stable temperature in shelters , people didn’t start living long until medical care and indoor heating began.
Being bear lunch made lifespans a bit shorter don't you think
Plus, starvation and thirst etc
As always a fantastic, well presented, and extremely interesting video. "Out of Africa zero..?"
FWVLIW: I'd go so far as to say that I'd be amazed if 'we' don't find solid evidence for Australopiths established outside Africa, maybe we already have..?
I suspect the situation is somewhat equivalent to when there was no evidence for peoples in the Americas before Clovis - the 'lack' of said evidence was purely because nobody looked and what accidentally turned up was dismissed having assuming there wouldn't be any.
Interesting theory about someone else chewing “toothless Joe’s” food. Another option is he mashed harder foods with stone prior to eating. Perhaps he subsided on fruit, berries, fish and other soft foods. Great video 👍🏻
This is a top tier Stefan video. Great job :^)
Would you like to be my friend please 🙂
I was talking to you Jane
@@nathandegner5187 Huh?
@@DrJaneLuciferian would you like to be my friend
@@DrJaneLuciferian are you still there miss
I love the commitment you have to this history of our species. So fascinating! Long may you explore this!
About Gummy Joe. I think you misunderstood his life. Just because he was toothless for many years, does not mean he could not chew food on his own.
My wife has been toothless for 25 years and me for around 15 years. Rarely there are foods we can not eat and without dentures or someone else chewing our food for us. Humans are ingenious in adapting to challenges. We enjoy very rare/almost raw steaks and salads, raw fruits & vegetables with no problems. Nuts (after crushed into a paste, think peanut butter.), whole hard grains/beans (after soaking overnight and pounded into paste, or boiled. ). The list is an endless list of options.
I know and can imagine the horrible pains Joe went through with broken/rotting teeth and he had no dentist to help him. Christmas eve is a bad time to have two molars crack and break. It took me to January 2 to finally get a dentist. After that nightmare, I booked an appointment to have the remaining fragile cracked/enamel-stripped teeth removed.
That's fascinating! Thank you for sharing. My great grandma also lived toothless for decades and could eat almost anything. I vividly remember her chewing/sucking and then swallowing pretty tough beef.
I love your video. I have been fascinated about Human Ancient history and was brought up in Kenya, and met Prof Louis Leakey as a child in Nairobi Zoo. My mother took us and I knew what she was planning. She had been reading books at home on the evolution of Humans, and in TIME-LIFE magazines which educated us children. I am now an old soul but I still follow the progress of Anthropologists like you. Thank you so much for posting your discoveries! Cynthia Allen-McLaglen
"Gummy Joe" is such an endearing game changer. It's lovely to have this aspect of humanity demonstrated as having been so early and so important. Thanks for an uplifting as well as informative presentation.
You are doing excellent work through research, sheer hardwork and deep study. Highly appreciated 👍👍
The out of Africa puzzle is fascinating. I became hooked on the subject of human evolution and all things related, back in the 1980's. Being an electron microscopist I was lucky enough to have worked on ancient hominid teeth with dentists, resulting in an article and cover picture published in Nature. This involved looking at enamel prisms of specimens from China and Africa under the SEM.
The entire subject is mind blowing in more ways than one. The only real advantage these diminutive creatures had was quite obviously intelligence, leading to close cooperation and the acquisition of knowledge. With it they and their lineage conquered the globe, travelled to the moon and explored far beyond. Something that can be deduced from the increasing time the young took to develop and likely spent learning from their parents and clan members. The old ones being the guardians of the collective experiences and lessons learned. At what point did IQ and language become the driving force of Hominid evolution?
I imagine that "old Gummy Gramps" sat by the fire, telling stories and passing on important details from his/her life to the youngsters. Counselling the fitter generations and baby sitting the very young. Giving them all the edge over other species and rival clans. Recognisable family life all those years ago.
There were all sorts of apemen running around the world..... and humans MIXED with them! We've barely begun to sort out all of this DNA from apes! So NO.... people didn't migrate from Tanzania and go to Sweden and become Swedes or go to Japan and become Japanese. We all have various amounts of monkey blood!
@@josephinetracy1485 Who said they did Jo, not me. There is no argument against mixing of Homo DNA but it's not my field. They obviously did! That would have differed dependant on the locations of the various Homo species. In Europe Neanderthal left it's mark in our DNA. Something those who remained in Africa do not have. The gene mixing continues still.
@@gusgone4527 What? Africans have Neanderthal DNA. All DNA found in humans currently can be found in Sub-Saharan Africans as they have more genetic diversity than the rest of the world combined. There are Europeans who don't have genes found in Asia and vice versa.
@@jasonhaven7170 Jason, I'm no geneticist but any mutation that happened in the predominantly Eurasian Neanderthals genome . Obviously occurred after they left Africa. For example the loss of skin pigmentation. As I recall, the number of mutations not shared by the original African population, indicates the length of time the populations have been separated.
If I'm wrong please explain how and why?
That's a serious question. I may be old and retired but never too old to learn new things.
@@gusgone4527 The paleness of European skin originates from Middle-Eastern Neolithic farmers who migrated into Europe, Asia and Africa and almost completely replaced the native European populations. Before then, Europeans would've been as dark as Inuits. This means those mutations are present in North and East Africa. Neanderthals' effect on Europeans today is mainly the likelihood of sunburning (not the same as paleness as East Asians are pale but don't sunburn as much) and immunity to ancient diseases. Neanderthals have left a very tiny effect on humans today as they went extinct shortly after the first surviving migratory Homo Sapiens arrived in Europe and all Europeans are descended from them. Neanderthals before that point and other Homo Sapiens in Europe did not leave genes to current humans.
All human genes are found in Africa, particularly Eastern and Southern Africa
Oooooo you’re on nebula!!❤❤❤ followed and going to binge!
I'm glad Stefan is in the world to bring some thoughts about the human journey to my mind
I think the concept of “migration” is misused when applied to our ancient ancestors in a time when the spread of a small clan from one end of a valley to the other may take several generations. Our ability to adapt not so much as individuals but slowly one generation to the next, one step, one mile, one valley at a time over thousands of years passing new information from one generation to the next was and is our greatest strength. We must remember each new generation is not a stranger in a strange land but a native born to the land living just a few miles down the road from where they were born and equipped with all the passed down accumulated skills needed to survive. I think the beginning of our “ humanity” is when we began to honor and respect our elders and ancestors for passing on those hard learned skills needed to survive.
symbolic communication. that was probably the leap. and probably happened as a hunting adaption.
@@fallenhobbit6554 Yes, I believe you are correct, hunting for men and gathering for women. This made way for our adapting by passed down lessons to climates and environments not naturally suited to us.
A cup of coffee, a lighter, a bowl, some plant material, a Stefan premier...damn I don't need anything else.
Exactly the same 👌
I make a happy tea with my plant material, but yes, same.
Thank you. I really appreciate and enjoy your videos.
The skull with one tooth tells me that they looked after their elders as valuable members and that's how intelligence was shared. Unlike most mammals that drive out an elder like deer or kangaroos, they force elders out.
Perhaps another member of their group even chewed their food for them
@@katyungodly of course they did. Dogs have done that for a million years to feed pups
Elephants also treasure their elders and rely on them for wisdom and guidance.
By keeping them around one protects a resource of wisdom, experience & child-minding. And sentinels too.
@@T.J-and-Soul why of course thoug? Some people are alive without teeth today & don't do that.
Hey Stefan, I love your videos. I am from New Zealand and will be in England and France next year. Are you aware of any websites with maps of prehistoric stores I should visit or if not are there any you would recommend?
Great Orme Mine in North Wales.
This video highlights our innate desire of curiosity.
I am imaging the life that was lived by the millions of our ancestors.
Give thanks to those who lived before us, for nothing that we take for granted would possible without the desire to Try.
And lastly, thank you very very much for the video.
Thank you very much this was just fascinating. Your enthusiasm for the topic was obvious
This was a lot of fun. I love your presentation, it's made for those of us who need a laugh now and then if we are going to digest any information.
The earliest known hominid, Graecopithecus, is dated to 7.2 million years ago with specimens discovered at Athens, Greece and a few locations in Bulgaria. All of these locations are in Europe. No known hominid pre-dates this species. Hominids did not come from Africa. Also, Purgatorius, the oldest known primate dated to 66 million years old, was found in Montana which is in North America. The oldest primate found in Asia is dated to 55 million years old. The oldest primate found in Africa is dated to 20 million years old. The fossils do not lie. Statisticians often do.
hominid and primate isn't synonymous with homo sapiens or the homo genus. now, you were saying something about liars?
@@AMC2283 Correct. Hominid and primate are not synonymous. All hominids are primates. Not all primates are hominids. All homo sapiens are hominids. Not all hominids were homo sapiens. You do not understand the nomenclature system of biology, nor how genetic divergences occur, yet are pretending to correct me. You are wrong. Yes, people whom claim humans came from Africa are liars. The evidence directly contradicts their claims on every single genetic divergence on the fossil record. There is no way to support their claims without ignoring empirical evidence.
@@AMC2283 So now you are making false claims about what I stated in a piss poor attempt to convince people that I do not understand what I am talking about. Humans are in the mammal class, the primate order, the family hominidae (often called hominids), and genus homo. Of course, you understand little to nothing of the chronological meaning of this nomenclature system, or else you would not be making the claims you are making.
@@wesbaumguardner8829 you talked about where remains of primates and hominids were discovered in Europe as though this disproves where Homo sapiens evolved. Once again, primate and hominid is an entire order and family, not just humans. A 55 million year old primate fossil is obviously not going to be a Homo sapiens, which only evolved 300 millennia ago. But seriously, what were you saying about liars and fibbers and tellers of tall tales?
@@wesbaumguardner8829 Out of Africa has been easily debunkable for some time, yet it still makes the round for some reason. The fact that Sub-Saharans have ghost DNA from some extinct hominid that no other race has should have put this to rest by now.
I was a man of astrophysics until I discovered this channel.
The telescope will have to wait now.
I want to save up for an Sahelanthropus Tchadensis skull from bone clones along with the premium box.
I was hoping you wouldn't be able to finish the video. I could have watched so much more of this. Amazing stuff