ARIMA Model In Python| Time Series Forecasting #6|

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ความคิดเห็น • 219

  • @NachiketaHebbar
    @NachiketaHebbar  4 ปีที่แล้ว +33

    There is a small correction in the plot. By mistake I had trained the model on the entire data set, instead of just the training set. While shooting the video, I noticed this mistake and made the correction, however I forgot to rerun the code.
    On fitting the model on training set, the plot that you would probably get is a somewhat constant plot that ranges between the values of 44 to 46.
    That is fine, it just means that the model would have got a lower error in forecasting around the mean value, instead of fitting to the irregular variations. You can also try with a bigger data set, or other models like random forest or even RNN's.

    • @amitajoshi916
      @amitajoshi916 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Are you referring to the following?
      start=len(train)
      end=len(train)+len(test)-1

    • @anuragsen8421
      @anuragsen8421 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@amitajoshi916 No he referred to the part where he trained the model. he trained it using the whole data

    • @nilsloeken
      @nilsloeken 3 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      So could you give me the correct code in this case?

    • @ramirotapia2217
      @ramirotapia2217 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      and the auto_arima as well

    • @nextReanimation
      @nextReanimation 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Hi. I tried it with my own data but my prediction curve is very static. Any idea why this could be like that?

  • @divyanshuchaudhari5416
    @divyanshuchaudhari5416 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Best Video on ARIMA on youtube handsdown.

  • @renatorodrigues2686
    @renatorodrigues2686 3 ปีที่แล้ว +13

    Great stuff, one of the simplest arima tutorials out there. Great for beginners!!!! Keep up the good work!

  • @MANVITHAH-yi1zh
    @MANVITHAH-yi1zh 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Very Neat Explaination with Great effort... Thank You in the same way

  • @kalyanadepu5666
    @kalyanadepu5666 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Theoretical concepts of Acf and pacf matched with practical Acf and Pacf . Thank you 🎉

  • @spaghettiplants
    @spaghettiplants 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Thank you for this! It's a great help and it helped me understand how to implement an ARIMA model, specifically in deciding the order of the AR and MA components.

    • @raghavverma120
      @raghavverma120 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      You can do this manually too by looking at acf and pacf of resduals but then autoarima is always handy..

  • @Shruthioffice
    @Shruthioffice 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    It is explained clearly and well articulated with short time.

  • @newmanokereafor2368
    @newmanokereafor2368 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Just like I wanted to have it explained. This is so good. Thank you @Nachiketa Hebbar

  • @pawanpatil5285
    @pawanpatil5285 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    bro, temp dataset is seasonal dataset.. u can see it in ploting as well.. u have to use sarmia for that.

  • @sriadityab4794
    @sriadityab4794 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I also follow many other ML channels but yours is the best one. Keep rocking bro 🤗

  • @akankshakoshti9168
    @akankshakoshti9168 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Your videos on time series are cool. Easy to understand and on point. It would be great if you post a video on the rolling forecast.

  • @rahulghosh4289
    @rahulghosh4289 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    In a nutshell you have to watch all older videos before going through this video.

  • @sangeethasaga
    @sangeethasaga 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    First time am understanding a time series video in the first view

  • @kilaa0007
    @kilaa0007 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    thank you, you saved my final year project

    • @mishradwait
      @mishradwait 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Can you please share your project details? Please

  • @fredbennett5285
    @fredbennett5285 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you for the clear explanation

  • @Matthew8473
    @Matthew8473 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This is top-tier. I read a book with similar content, and it was top-tier. "The Art of Meaningful Relationships in the 21st Century" by Leo Flint

  • @prosimulate
    @prosimulate 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    You have a new subscriber😊
    Rather slick Nachiketa, well done 👏

  • @zaheerbeg4810
    @zaheerbeg4810 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nachiketa, You are a nice teacher man, keep posting please

  • @eneseren8332
    @eneseren8332 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    You are awesome. Thanks for the tutorial.

  • @doncharles3355
    @doncharles3355 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I watched this video. This was very good and well explained. I am familiar with Matlab, but new to Python. Nevertheless, I was able to follow this. My data set was different, but in the end the code worked. Keep up the good work!

  • @alexlefavi6943
    @alexlefavi6943 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Hi Nachi, having a lot of fun with this video and data. I am working with the same df and code, simply trying to replicate your results. I get stuck when I print out predictions (7:00 in video). I have much less variation in my predictions. numbers start at 44 and eventually stay on 46, so my plot is a straight line.
    Everything before this has matched: p value, order, aic
    Any idea what I am doing wrong here? Thanks!

    • @piratetechie2411
      @piratetechie2411 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Same thing happened with me as well.

    • @alexlefavi6943
      @alexlefavi6943 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@piratetechie2411 yea i eventually figured it out. Can't exactly remember, but I think he had been running his arima model on the entire datafile, not the train, which is what I had the impression of. Mess around with step 5:55. If you use the train you'll get the same stats he shows. Then try that step with entire df instead of train. You'll get slightly different stats but i think the charts toward the bottom will look better.
      Let me know if you get it. This gave me a lot of trouble

    • @SaikatGhosh752
      @SaikatGhosh752 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@alexlefavi6943 can you help me solve the problem . I am too facing the same problem and cant find any solution to it

    • @tengkuaimi6354
      @tengkuaimi6354 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@alexlefavi6943 can you help me, how to make a coding to change from entire datafile to train datafile only?

    • @francoc7698
      @francoc7698 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@alexlefavi6943 hey sorry I know this has been a long time but I encountered the same issue... mine predicted table shows predicted_mean... and it is a constant line.. do you know how I can fix it? I tried to use "model=ARIMA(train['AvgTemp'], order=(1,0,5)) but it still shows a constant line...

  • @radhika204
    @radhika204 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    very good video.Nicely explained

  • @KKDEV-cc4xd
    @KKDEV-cc4xd ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is Great!, Thanks

  • @hasantahir3926
    @hasantahir3926 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    @nachiketa question - Is it possible to take into account multiple inputs? How? Also, if you have seasonality? How do you use SARIMAX?

  • @cyrilmouttet1856
    @cyrilmouttet1856 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi Nachiketa. Thank you for the video.
    I'm quite confused since at 7:23 (th-cam.com/video/8FCDpFhd1zk/w-d-xo.html) you are stating that the model is performing pretty good. However there seems to be one lag between the actual and predicted values, which in my opinion tends to a pretty bad model. I would expect the predicted data being exactly over the actual values for a good model.
    Or did I miss someting there?

  • @vishalgarg7207
    @vishalgarg7207 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    In your case the data was stationery but could you please recommend what are the best approached to stationerized the data ? If in DF test the 1%,5%,10% is greater then ADF?

  • @chetanmundhe7899
    @chetanmundhe7899 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    very nice explaination...keep posting

  • @harsharajendran41088
    @harsharajendran41088 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Do a video for support vector machine model as well. Especially where the F-Score is calculated between two datasets having the same column names but different values due to the various conditions or parameters they are subjected to.

  • @pointblank722
    @pointblank722 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Can you build an algorithm which detects anomalities in time series data by predicting future values and comparing predicted future values and comparing them with the real values??? This came to my mind and maybe someone thought this before..If yes, I would love to see the code...

    • @josephsevere238
      @josephsevere238 ปีที่แล้ว

      You can probably do this using p-values. P- values basically an indicator that detects the likelihood of an event. In this case, anything lower than a p-value of 0.05 would be susceptible.

  • @anweshgandham6776
    @anweshgandham6776 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for simple explanation very useful .
    For my data using ARIMA ...mean and rmse are in similar range .what to do in such cases .

  • @bumpagab
    @bumpagab 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you! Very helpful.

  • @bhaskarbirla6928
    @bhaskarbirla6928 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Hey! Thanks for the video. Its really helpful.
    Want to confirm if in Augumented Dickey Fuller test, the null hypothesis is Data is not stationary. If p-value0.5.
    Please correct me if I'm wrong. Thanks again :)

    • @azri8799
      @azri8799 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      no, we reject h0 if p value less than 0.05

  • @saketsrivastava84
    @saketsrivastava84 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very good video 👍🏻

  • @hasankaracayir9015
    @hasankaracayir9015 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Hi Nachiketa! I've a question. i want to predict x with values of x, y and z. With ARIMA, i can predict x with historical values of x, but can i include the historical values of y and z aswell to predict x? Is there a parameter?

  • @hamsavardhinim1278
    @hamsavardhinim1278 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great video.

  • @MrPranavsai
    @MrPranavsai 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    how to handle seasonality?
    what if the number of data points is less than 50?

  • @abhishekkusre4202
    @abhishekkusre4202 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    nicely explained bro!

  • @KRISHNAPRASAD-xy7tr
    @KRISHNAPRASAD-xy7tr 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for clearing my doubts on this alg, I am currently working on utility usage forecasting, my uniqueness can be on date & service point id, so shall i create index on both columns?

  • @amitajoshi916
    @amitajoshi916 3 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Great video - thank you! Are you able to paste the code for the correction you made? Also maybe share a copy of the entire code with data. Thanks

    • @ZibaFact
      @ZibaFact ปีที่แล้ว

      Plz make on deployment also

  • @ruchiradhongde5614
    @ruchiradhongde5614 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Hi,Can we fit ARIMA model on multivariate data?(2-3 independent variables)?

    • @iamadam9743
      @iamadam9743 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      I had same doubt

  • @kevinalejandro3121
    @kevinalejandro3121 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    ¿Which is better an ARIMA model or a Neural Network?
    ¿or sometimes one is better than the other?

    • @NachiketaHebbar
      @NachiketaHebbar  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      It depends on the use case. But a neural network is capable of capturing way more complex relationships present in time series. However it would be a waste of resources when say, maybe a simple Arima model of order (1,1,1) could do the job.

  • @driani65
    @driani65 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    very useful tvm!!!

  • @jos6708
    @jos6708 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    getting error like this how to solve this...
    NotImplementedError:
    statsmodels.tsa.arima_model.ARMA and statsmodels.tsa.arima_model.ARIMA have
    been removed in favor of statsmodels.tsa.arima.model.ARIMA (note the .
    between arima and model) and statsmodels.tsa.SARIMAX.
    statsmodels.tsa.arima.model.ARIMA makes use of the statespace framework and
    is both well tested and maintained. It also offers alternative specialized
    parameter estimators.

  • @22sohail22
    @22sohail22 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    how to make prediction for non-stationary data? OR do we have to convert non-stationary data into stationary first?

  • @TusharBansal-w2n
    @TusharBansal-w2n 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi Nachiketa,
    I have a question. In ARIMA model the integrated part allows us to difference the time series to get a constant mean. This will remove stationarity only in cases where the series violates only the non-constant mean property. But if there is a series which has volatility and seasonality then what can be done in such a scenario?

  • @highbrassrule
    @highbrassrule 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you friend, this saved me

  • @nina42703
    @nina42703 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    thanks for great video. I have a question. I applied this code to my data auto arima. The only difference is that I have seasonality=12 months. So how should it be the code for manual arima?

  • @SalehaBegum-t8h
    @SalehaBegum-t8h 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    you should provide the link of the dataset that you are using i

  • @yousif_alyousifi
    @yousif_alyousifi 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    How to used ARIMA if we have 5 variables?
    For example, Y= sales
    X1=TV, X2=Radio, X3= newspaper, X4=FB, and X5=youtube

  • @mingkwan5280
    @mingkwan5280 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    do we just put all this code in python ide and run? I haven't learn programming but I need to use it to forecast now..

  • @tanmoyde2268
    @tanmoyde2268 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi, i ran the ARIMA model . everything went fine, except the graph visualization was erratic. please comment . it will be great help

  • @khanrubayet4092
    @khanrubayet4092 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    It is possible to predict 30-50 years temperature prediction by using ARIMA model

  • @SimplytheBest23
    @SimplytheBest23 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Please do video for ARIMAX Model with Python

  • @chaddruck8694
    @chaddruck8694 ปีที่แล้ว

    if I made my data stationary, how can I get my predictions to reflect actual values instead of the decomposed data?

  • @shadyizloo
    @shadyizloo 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    i am not getting it to do forecasting for future values. can you assist on what needs to change for it do forecasting for future dates? what needs to be changed?

  • @harshitgupta5053
    @harshitgupta5053 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    instead of date if we have time in seconds what to do?

  • @apoorvabharti9907
    @apoorvabharti9907 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi I am working on a project where i have to predict the registration percentage drop. I am retrieving the data from an API. But the accuracy is too low, the predicted mean graph is extremely inaccurate in comparison to the actual graph, could you maybe check and help me with the code?

  • @christenthomas434
    @christenthomas434 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi Nachiketa thanks for the video, I am looking on a time-series data to predict the infection rate for covid. But as you said arima model can be used on stationary data, any suggestions on how I should approach this ?

  • @peacemaker_69771
    @peacemaker_69771 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi Nachiketa, In 5.48 of the video the order you are mentioned doesn't work for me. I used the same ipynb file you have used. What should I do ??

  • @harsharajendran41088
    @harsharajendran41088 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    If the values are in datetime format how do you write the index_col and parse for it? with the values increasing every hour.

  • @krishnamohancp9773
    @krishnamohancp9773 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi Nachiketa - excellent video going precisely into ARIMA. Great work. I wanted to access the tutorials from the #1 series in the playlist but didnt find one. Please share link of the series. Regards , Krish

    • @NachiketaHebbar
      @NachiketaHebbar  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks, you can find the time series playlist here: th-cam.com/play/PLqYFiz7NM_SMC4ZgXplbreXlRY4Jf4zBP.html

  • @billzalokostas5811
    @billzalokostas5811 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Does your ARIMA model overfit? I am asking because I observe that the predictions is just like the actual values shifted by 1. Why does this happen?
    Thank you in advance

  • @rishikeshks539
    @rishikeshks539 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    How to access and store the coefficients of an ARIMA MODEL into a numpy array

  • @simrangoswami06
    @simrangoswami06 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi, In fitting a SARIMA model, I got the RMSE = 0.4. Could you please guide me how can I comment on the percent accuracy of the model based on this?

  • @abhishekagarwal4408
    @abhishekagarwal4408 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    thanks nachiketan..this is really very helpful video...i have watched all ur videos related to time series analysis..can u help me out as im facing one problem..i took another dataset and imported it in python and i got the visualization..but when im doin dickey fuller test..im not getting any output and no error even

  • @harsharajendran41088
    @harsharajendran41088 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I tried the forecasting for a dataset comprising of 25000 values. Initially I had kept the training set up to the last -200 values. The fit was good. But later I tried it for half the data set. I took the training as 10000 values. The fitting didn't go well. Later I tried fitting again with up to -200 values and it still wouldn't fit. WHat should I do now?

  • @SanghamitraOjha-g7j
    @SanghamitraOjha-g7j ปีที่แล้ว

    Hello sir , I couldn't able to downloads the dataset , can u pls kindly give me the link of the data set

  • @kevinalejandro3121
    @kevinalejandro3121 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    If I only want to consider a certain lag in my ARIMA model?? for example only consider the lag 3 but i don't want the lag 1 and 2 in my model, How can i do that ??

  • @christiankyleroldan558
    @christiankyleroldan558 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    The prediction values were 30 months only. Is there any ways I can predict for at least 36 months ore more?

  • @himeshkoli8607
    @himeshkoli8607 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Dude ARIMA can handle non-stationarity right??
    So after differencing if my data is still non stationary so should I fed that 1st order degree difference to ARIMA or should I directly fed the original data (without differencing) to ARIMA??

  • @keshavdutta2503
    @keshavdutta2503 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    hey i am stuck at make prediction on training test as i am not able to run that because predict() type is not found is occuring . so would you suggest how to solve this.
    It would be very helpful

  • @rushabhkankariya4769
    @rushabhkankariya4769 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I am facing error at model "prediction must have end after start" how should I fix it?

  • @chillwithme798
    @chillwithme798 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    i can not predict, that error is Cannot cast ufunc 'subtract' output from dtype('float64') to dtype('int64') with casting rule 'same_kind', pls

  • @brianlivian3149
    @brianlivian3149 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great vid

  • @cenzthwong7338
    @cenzthwong7338 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Why the plot is not overlapping ?? The graph looks like it lags one step. Try using df.shift(-1), and you will see that all predict and real value overlap

    • @NachiketaHebbar
      @NachiketaHebbar  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      If you look at the model coefficients in model summary, you will see that it has assigned high coefficient to AR term of previous lag and comparatively lower coefficients to ma terms. I feel that that could be the reason for the predicted values being similar to the previous time step ones.

  • @abhigyan2619
    @abhigyan2619 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    how bro, can you show the whole process manually? I mean mathematically without code?

  • @Rg20107
    @Rg20107 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    in task if i have two csv file in TSF then how could i find best model from that two csv file ?

  • @santanusarangi
    @santanusarangi 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hello Nachiketa,
    I appreciate your effort in making these educational videos. Your delivery style is very good.
    I have one doubt. I am using the airpassenger data for future prediction. To make the data stationary first I apply log transformation then I applied differentiation, then I predict. Now please tell me how to inverse transformation these predicted values. I did it but the prediction is way more than the actual. Kindly tell me the best way.

    • @abhishekagarwal4408
      @abhishekagarwal4408 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      u can take the exponential of it..to get the actual values

  • @aishwaryakogekar7056
    @aishwaryakogekar7056 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Can we improve the performance of model ?

  • @Lejik007
    @Lejik007 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    hi, how do you predict next day, or next few days(steps)?

    • @shadyizloo
      @shadyizloo 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      have you got an answer to this i am also looking to do this but there is no response

    • @Lejik007
      @Lejik007 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@shadyizloo i did something like this with NN

    • @shadyizloo
      @shadyizloo 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@Lejik007 something like what

  • @oliverxu7027
    @oliverxu7027 ปีที่แล้ว

    The model looks not great right? It’s always lagging one behind and not able to keep up. You should look at the rsquared

  • @marciokoko1
    @marciokoko1 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    What to do when the suggested order is 0,0,0 and the predicted values are identical?

  • @abhishekagarwal4408
    @abhishekagarwal4408 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    i did it for another dataset..my p value is 2.23 like that..so it is not stationery.. so can u upload some cvideos on how to make the data stationery.it will be really very helpful

    • @NachiketaHebbar
      @NachiketaHebbar  4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Okay, will try to make a video on it

  • @hanS-ti1jg
    @hanS-ti1jg ปีที่แล้ว

    Help, statsmodels.tsa.arima_model has been remove, what to do?

  • @manglem10
    @manglem10 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    What if the index is only year instead of day month year?
    My dataset is like
    Mean Temperature data
    Year. Jan Feb. March ....dec
    1969. 6. 8. 10. 2
    1970. 7. 7.5. 8.5. 3.5
    1971. 3. 6.5. 6.5. 4.5
    ...
    2000
    In such case how do i prepare the dataset for arima analysis to forecast monthly mean temperature values ?
    Will be grateful if you answer
    Thank you

  • @skallamp
    @skallamp 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Could you please guide what should be the approach when we have multiple variables?

  • @MrAkshayNR
    @MrAkshayNR ปีที่แล้ว

    what if we have non stationary and what to do next

  • @dicloniusN35
    @dicloniusN35 ปีที่แล้ว

    how to transform data to stationary and fit it into arima ? than get predictions for this data withot transformations

  • @dhanyashree8452
    @dhanyashree8452 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir can we get a code for one day prediction value using AIRMA model, can you please make a video on it

  • @manojrangera1580
    @manojrangera1580 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    i think retraining the model is not good for our model. because we train our model on training data and and see how good our model is performing on test data then after we need to use this model to make future prediction. if we retrain our model of full dataset then it is not good, because how will we find out that our new model is performing good ya not so, it is not good to retrain the model.

  • @ankitbagga5713
    @ankitbagga5713 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    don't we need to make it stationary before pmdarima?

  • @ashishtinker8119
    @ashishtinker8119 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Namaste, me Ashish Tinker, Jaipur se.
    Mujhe ek help mil skati he kya please.
    Me jab apka arima model use kar rha tha to shape of data nahi ata or excel file jise read kar rahe hein usme bhi error ata he , mujhe kya karna chahiye

  • @dhavalchauhan
    @dhavalchauhan 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hello....I have collected Data of 26 respondents for for 42 days. So I have 42 variables for each respondents. Which means 42 values of 1 respondent for 42 days .... 46×26 rows and 42 columns... So how can I fit ARIMA MODEL in my data ? Is it valid for arima to fit on average value day (42 days) wise of all 26 response

  • @vandhanasankar8389
    @vandhanasankar8389 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Could you please share the GitHub link or jupyter notebook link? Thanks!!

  • @ankitr2969
    @ankitr2969 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    How to deal with negative values after differencing

  • @swarupkumarmondal3323
    @swarupkumarmondal3323 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hey, can we train arima by taking two columns and comparing between them? What are parameters to do this if possible?

    • @dp_9290
      @dp_9290 ปีที่แล้ว

      arima is univariate model, so 2 col is not practical

  • @shruthijai1965
    @shruthijai1965 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Can u make vedio on sarima,sarimax with python

  • @NikolayRein
    @NikolayRein ปีที่แล้ว

    unfortunately I can not find the link to dataset

  • @pramishprakash
    @pramishprakash ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks alot sir.....

  • @parthbisht5597
    @parthbisht5597 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Bro after applying the adfuller test to the predictive variable it shows the error if tolerance is not none please help