Super challenging Proto-Indo-European concepts explained: S in parentheses and Hs with numbers
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 6 ก.พ. 2023
- Links:
Predicting Future American: • Predicting Future Amer...
Indo-European sound laws (Wikipedia): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Eu...
This video’s sequel about Ablaut: • Proto-Indo-European Ab...
Translations:
1:53: (Dutch) where n
2:11: (Probably terrible PIE) When two words end and start with the same sound: “WHERE DOES [s] GO?!”
I really didn't expect to see a batman meme in proto indo european but here we are
Can someone translate lol?
@@youtubeuser1993 it says "where does (s) go?"
I used to be very passionate about linguistics in high school but couldn't pursue my dreams and study it in uni
Keep doing these videos because I at least will be surely watching them!
Why couldnt you follow your dream? Im now scared that i wont be able to
@@miewwcubing2570 I come from a poor family where men only study up to high school
If I were to pursue higher education I would've had to do something more "useful", like finance which I am studying now
@@gro2020 I like philosophy but I will go in an IT career for the same reason, since I need money. While you may not be able to be part of academia, you can still study alone, engage in discussions and even make a blog for your prefered humanistic disciplines. Or you could pursue another degree when you are older and have money
@@valentin_din_romania That's what I'm planning to do actually: get enough money and once I'm comfortable enough I will study historical linguistics
@@gro2020 that sounds unfair, i really hope your children will get to follow their dreams because of you now, and also you enjoy and educate yourself with linguistic vids
"Hekweh" gave us the modern German word "Aue" meaning river or stream, but it's very rare today, albeit still alive.
As in french "eau" ?
@@StoufSto As in Italian "acqua"...?
@@1midnightfish Well, yeah but that one is more obvious
I find myself complaining that linguistics videos on TH-cam are often very basic and I already know what they're teaching.
Well, I can say that this one definitely taught me a lot about PIE that I *thought* I understood.
It was brilliant, thank you! :D
Hekweh (Aqua)Latin and Ahwo(Proto-Germanic) has several words in Swedish that descends from it. Like the Swedish words for River, Island and Sandbank; Å Ö and Ör. There's also the English word Ea which means river, the last known use of it, that I know of is from the 1800s, Also the ending in placenames like Ey in Surrey, is derived from Ahwo. And the word Eddy aka as in an Eddy current, consists of Ed- which meant again, and Ea, which means river. So some descendants of Ahwo still lives on in English.
Interesting. The Proto-Germanic form of that word is similar to how a lot of Caribbean Spanish speakers pronounce agua, "awa."
@@floridaman318 But the H in "ahwo" is pronounced. In Spanish orthography it'd be written "ajuo".
The English word _island_ comes from _*awjō_ - it is a combination of _*awjō_ + _landą_ , meaning _water-land_ . _*awjō-landą_ became Old English _īeġland_ , becoming _iland_ , which turned into our modern _island_ . The word is etymologically unrelated to _isle_ , which comes from Latin _insula_ - people in the past thought they were related, so they inserted the _s_ in _island_ .
*h₂ekʷeh₂ is actually not necessarily a truly PIE lexical item. It is only attested in northwestern IE branches (Celtic, Italic and Germanic), so some scholars believe it may actually be an xenonym adopted from a substrate or adstrate language that early northwestern IE dialects were in contact with. That hypothesis also makes unnecessary the laryngeal as part of the reconstructed form: it may well simply have been *akʷ- or *akʷā in the source language and adopted as such in the proto-northwestern languages in that form well after the laryngeals had disappeared.
11:13 also worth noting for hueso here is that the h here is not only silent, but also nonetymological, ie it is not derived from latin f. Hueso comes from latin ossum, and as h was already silent by this time (f would later become h in Spanish and then go silent again but that's a whole other thing) and they didn't like just writing uesso, they inserted a h at the start for some reason.
I believe It's a spelling rule to avoid ambiguity that was made during Medieval Spanish when "u" was still being written as "v" as it was in Latin. For example, "velo" could have been read as either [velo] (veil) or [uelo] (I smell). So to distinguish they added an H to all words that would have started with "ue". Of course this seems useless now because now "v" and "u" are separate letters, but it did have a use at the time.
@@josephblattert6311 Yeah, that's correct. Note that in Spanish o shifted to ue (and e to ie) only when stressed, and that's why words from the same family may be written differently, like diez, but decena, or huevo, but oval. This also explains the conjugation of certain patterns of irregular verbs in Spanish, like poder (puedo, podía) and pensar (pienso, pensaba). OTOH, French has a similar non-etymological usage of H in words like huit (Latin octo, Spanish ocho) and huître (ostrea, ostra).
Seems kinda like how gu- was used in late latin to reproduce germanic w- sounds
@@josephblattert6311 Note also that in languages which adopted Early Modern Castillian orthography, like Nahuatl and Yucatec, the /w/ phoneme was spelled [hu] initially or medially and [uh] finally.
The usage of the US flag for modern English and the English flag for middle English kinda implies that England still speaks middle English or that England doesn't exist anymore.
You forgot the most essential point that led to the discovery of laryngeals: ablaut patterns. By positing laryngeal consonants, Saussure was able to align roots formerly thought to end in vowels with more regular roots ending in consonants. The additional evidence (like the Hittite reflexes) only came in later and supported the hypothesis. On that note, ablaut is another one of those things that's probably hardest to understand about PIE.
Also, your future English sound shifts are quite tame. I don't think you would need to go millennia into the future to see something like this. 1000 years could be enough.
300 years seems like enough already. 1000 year old English is much more divergent from Modern English than the changes postulated here.
Ablaut (specifically zero-grade forms) is responsible for some of the biggest tongue twisters in PIE. Flipping through one of my books gives me gems like *h₁n̥h₃-mn̥, *mh₂k-n-, and *h₂r̥-h₂r-e/o-. Even the weird first syllable of *ph₂tḗr, mentioned in the video, is just a zero-grade of *peh₂-. I'm convinced that part of why PIE exploded into so many language families is that they mumbled so damn much.
Two things that I always thought were confusing about PIE are ablaut and stress. How do we know by what mechanism exactly stress shifts from one syllable to another? How exactly does a stem-syllable go from one ablaut grade to another? Maybe that could be a video idea.
Horribly brief, 9th-grader answer is 1) stress loves to go to the part of the word that has the *e except when not and also other circumstances
2) How it goes from one to the other could very cheekily be explained by "it just does" but the more extensive answer is a lot of historical hypotheses
Came to brush up on the linguistics degree I've used twice in the two years since I graduated, stayed because you sound exactly like Ryan Gosling
2:40 In Slavic languages the root sounds more like *krót(k)/*krát(k) (like in adjectives "krótki"/"короткий"/"кратак" meaning "short") with starting "s" only in some derived words like "skrót"/"сокращение" ("a short" / "an abbreviation"), "skrócić"/"сократить" ("to make short") etc. where the starting "s" is common Slavic prefix denoting a perfect form of verb (and thus is used in derived words of that form).
I am so thankful that I'm doing science and not linguistics because how on earth did people ever come up with h1, h2 and h3 is going to be a mystery for me. But yet it makes so much sense when you used the analogy of modern English as the old language. Way to go!
Well they are observable indirectly, like many things are in science! You can infer it from the evidence available. Sort of how Einstein predicted black holes to account for an unknown in his mathematics!
@@silasfrisenette9226 true!
Linguistics is a science.
As a language enthusiast with no formal linguistic training this really helped me understand what the hell I was looking at in PIE, thank you for the excellent vid
3:16 minor correction:
There was, as far as I'm aware, no regular sound change of dropping /s/ in the sound change from Latin to Spanish. What usually happens is terms being descended from the accusative form of the noun. Most Latin accusative forms ended in /m/, which _was_ regularly lost from Latin to Spanish.
Final being actually /ŋ/ or a nasalization of a vowel, which explains why it dropped so generally.
@@vandrar3n
But Portuguese dropped that m too and yet has lots of words that end in nasal vowels. Why?
@@PedroMachadoPT well, not really, although Portuguese orthography would lead you to believe that. Western Romance had that same realization for final and it holds to this day in many languages where it's a hard nasal velar (Leonese and Galician, for example), but in Portuguese it got nasalized further. French and Catalan are similar to Portuguese in this regard, Catalan being the one that has dropped it entirely. Also happened with that weren't exactly final like in words that come from -ANUM and -ONEM (-ANUM > -anũ > -anu > -ãu/-ão).
Galician also uses or (this is for the movement that seeks orthographical reunion with Portuguese) for the retained nasal velar between vowels and there are varieties of Leonese that have the exact same realization. Portuguese words like have their counterpart in those varieties.
@@vandrar3n
We dropped the final “m” of every accusative, which is the case from which Portuguese nouns derive.
@@PedroMachadoPT what I'm trying to say is that all those nasal vowels come from an , being the not etymological because it disappeared long before Portuguese came into existence. I assume it was an effort to imitate Latin, but who knows.
This is purely my opinion, but when explaining such complex concepts like these, you gotta talk a bit more slowly. As a non-English speaker it was quite hard for me to keep up with your explanations without having to slow down the video and rewatch some parts of it. It might just be a me thing, and since this is the first video I watched from your channel, I'm probably not used to the speed.
I agree, as a native English speaker. He speaks quite fast for such a topic. It's complex enough that even if I understand every word he says, I have to pause in order to process what's been said.
Agreed! I’m having serious problems following along. Bummer
Very cool, even though I've read about some of this on Wikipedia before, it's really hard to make sense of without examples like this
I think that the pie h₂ was more like a /ħ/ than a /χ/, since proto-Semetic have many words similar to proto-Indo-European no one knows if they are borrowed from one another or just have the same origins in both PIE and PS,
like for example the word for planet Venus and Goddess of Venus, is *ʕatstar or *ʕatʃtar in PS which evolved to Akkadian /ˈiʃ.tar/ and Arabic /ʕaθtar/, which cognates with PIE word for star *h₂stḗr, it’s hard to explain the changing of χ to ʕ or viseversa unless if the h₂ was pronounced closer to a ħ sound, then the shifting from ħ to a ʕ is more reasonable,
Other cognates from PIE and PS are words like
wild bull;-
Ps: *t̠awr (tsawr or tʃawr) -> Arabic /θawr/ & Hebrew /ʃoːʀ/
PIE: *(s)tawros -> English (steer) & Latin (taurus)
how much, amount;-
PS: *kawamat -> Arabic (kawma(t), kam, kammiya(t)
PIE: *kʷímt -> Latin (quntus) English (quantity) Persian (čand) Kurdish (çend) Sanskrit (kiyat)
love, care, desire (heart);-
PS: *libb -> Arabic (libb) Akkadian (libba) Hebrew (lev) all meaning heart
PIE: *lewbʰ- -> English (love) Russian (lyubov’) Hindi (lobh), surprisngly borrowed to Iraqi Arabic as (lyof) and Lebanese Arabic (wilf) all meaning love
Many other examples too lazy to write all but if you needed I can tell you all on a chat or something, hope you make video about those weird cognates with Proto-Semetic and Proto-IndoEuropean many also exist in Proto-Turkic, Proto-Uralic, Proto-Iberian and Proto-Kratvelian and many more dead languages
and might they have one origin? and if true is the Nostratic or Borean theories true by any chance? Or atleast closer to reality or if not what do explain these and thanks
All support from Iraq 🇮🇶❤️🙏
I've always suspect PIE and PS/Afro-Asiatic to be related. I suspect their divergence has something to do with the development of agriculture.
Also, they say Gaelic shares odd commonalities with Hebrew. I have noticed in my own studies many connections between modern European languages and semitic languages.
1) PIE: *(s)teh₂- > *(s)téh₂wros > *(s)táwros "standing (being)" > PS: *ṯawr-
1: *(s)teh₂- "to stay (be)" non-s form found in Celtic branch, semantically same with Turkic copula *tur- "to stay (be)"
2: *bʰuH- "to grow (be)" > *bʰuHtlóm "growing (being)" > Slavic: *bydlo "being"
3: *h₁es- "to be" > Greek: οὐσία "being"
2) No, just contacts
@@floridaman318 those words are probably borrowed from each other.
4:16 in fact, due to modern technology and higher literacy, it might take an even longer time for the language to change as much
A nickname in Icelandic is auknefni, literally meaning “an additional name”
Naðra is the word for adder
"Neidr" is "snake" in Welsh.
Also in Norwegian, we can say økenavn, but that tends to be more for the pejorative ones. Otherwise, we say kjælenavn, which are used for the endearing ones. (Lots of dialectal variations here!)
The more I learn about PIE, the more I appreciate the enormous collective intellectual accomplishment it is. To me, it's at a similar level as the development of quantum mechanics.
Would love to see more videos regarding AAVE and conlanging
A really great explanation of parts of PIE I hadn't fully grasped until now.
Dope vid. Ultra-concise and followable explanation of some very difficult concepts. Really looking forward to more of your vids on PIE.
This was really neat! Greatly appreciate the examples. Those definitely helped me get a better grasp on these concepts. Thanks!
Fascinating tool to look forward in order to understand looking back. Really enjoyed this.👍
Your style of explanation is lovely and engaging. Keep it up!
you just answered my multiple questions on PIE with one video. thanks Man
The laryngeals potentially had unstressed, reduced syllabic forms. I think the most common values proposed are [ə] for h₁
, [ɐ] for h₂, and [ɵ] for h₃. so, h₂stḗr could have been something like [ɐ'steːr] or more likely [χɐ'steːr] or both.
While the theory that Greek gained an epenthetic vowel somewhen is possible, syllabic fricatives are rare outside of China, voiceless syllabic fricatives are even rarer, and syllabic [χ] is probably only found in Nuxalk. In my opinion, losing an unstressed vowel and back fricative is infinitely more likely than syllabic [χ].
I mean, h₂ doesn't need to have been /χ/ necessarily. It's quite reasonable in general for /ʁ/ or /ʕ/ to be able to become syllabic (as like [ɐ] or [ɑ] or so). Maybe the voicing of h₂ wasn't phonemic, so non-syllabically it could stay [χ] or [ħ].
Or maybe at some earlier point h₂st- was just an allowed onset cluster and h₂ becoming syllabic or resulting in an epenthetic vowel came later? I don't know enough about PIE to say for sure
@@ellies_silly_zoo that's fair, i was just going off his assumption that h₂ might have been [χ], which is a common reconstruction. given how common that reconstruction is, i think my point still has merit, especially since syllabic fricatives as a whole are rare.
i think the idea that h₂ was [ʕ] has a lot of merit, either as a fricative or as an approximant (ʕ is often used for either) because the approximant is a semivowel, with the vowel equivalent being [ɑ]. if h₂ and h₃ form a rounded-unrounded pair, then that would give h₃ a value of [ʕʷ ~ ɒ]. this makes a lot of sense because 'weaker' pharyngeal sounds like this would be very prone to disappearance, and a vocalic allophone seems more likely. (and labialized pharyngeals aren't unheard of; Interior Salishan languages have them, with vocalic allophones)
Very cool! One of those videos about stuff you never thought you'd be interested in until you saw it.
11:30 SOOO that’s why IA languages have voiceless aspiration. I’m been confused for some time how they came about when PIE didn’t have that distinction, but it’s quite unique or interesting to say the least that IA languages retained the breathy phonemes while the other IE language families lost them.
The information density is so much appreciated. I can pause think pause think. It’s so good. :) :) I concur with gro in the comments. As a word nerd that didn’t get to be a certified word nerd thanks for this :)
Very good video! Good examples and analogies
Knocked it out of the park
Thank you so much this has solved the one massive hurdle in PIE linguistics I never got despite my extensive formal schooling and self-teaching in Linguistics.
That does make sense. As a Cockney speaker the /h/ sound doesn't exist, especially in casual speech, so a word like 'hospital' becomes /oʰspiʔa:l/ but when I force myself to pronounce the /h/ the following vowel can sometimes sound like a /ə/ sound.
ohspi'al
That was super nerdy and all I needed to find. Thanks
THIS IS THE CONTENT I ROAMED THE WHOLE INTERNET TO FIND!
you made it understandable! you are AMZING!
10:12 the e in αστέρα was not long but short. Actually phonemic vowel length was already lost around the 4th century AD. But despite that the epsilon letter shows a short e while the eta letter shows the long e sound. The nominative had an elongated e sound because it had no suffix
i was not actively looking for this video, but like i needed it.
Very glad I found your channel
Very interesting video! I find PIE and linguistics in general fascinating and your presentation and explanation in this video are great. However, I did find myself having to skip back a lot (probably due to me knowing next to nothing about linguistics coming in!) to chew over a few concepts as they were presented. Still subscribed though, would love to see more!
Wow, this looks like exactly the type of channel that can make me nuts! New sub.
Side note, I found you pushed sound acceleration a bit to far. A linguistic video like this one, with all those unusual sound details is not like an other one where you can just hear what is said semantically. To my ear, ~0.85 is ideal for here. :)
I wish I could give this more likes. Incredible work my man
Thanks, I appreciate it!
Very interesting video, and kudos for pronunciation of Kuryłowicz's name!
Many thanks!
Hmm I'm surprised about the Dutch/German split for Adder/Natter being caused by the article, because in middle and early modern dutch (before cases were lost in the spoken language) the article is "eene" analogous to German "eine". The Dutch case system was officially abolished only in 1949, although had already not been in common use for a while at that point. I wonder if Dutch and German diverged long enough ago go explain this difference.
finally some good fucking linguistics content that isn't repeating the usual stuff but actually goes beyond.
i'll be binging through all your vids tonight probably
good vid. love the over-the-top trilling of [χ]
Nice video ! If you want to do a new video about french, one day, I would be glad to help you with that. And also Saussure is such a legend haha
10:03 omg Greek mentioned 🇬🇷😎
Great pronunciation by the way!
This was so interesting thank youu !!
I don't mean to be rude, but that's not what [χ] sounds like, your pronounciation is more like [ʀ̥]
Could you not do the bright flashing colors
very interesting. thank you ❤
Something I want to learn more about ate the vowels in Germanic vowels. Specificaly how the mutation diffrent between languages, and more info about vowles silencing.
i cant believe i actually understand the laryngeals now, thanks!
bro nerds out so fast i got a headache. but could understand what i needed anyway!
First of all, love your videos man, you seem to touch on some details that not many people do and that I wish they did, and your video on the possible descendant of American English is something that I had been wanting to see for a long time. This was an excellent video, and I hope it grabs the attention of more people, I just had one observation regarding a point you made, while I think it was a great idea to use examples of PG to demonstrate why there had to be a consonant not preserved in any of the languages, I don’t think you used the right example, or at least I think the detail given wasn’t precisely the right one, the example in question is the shift from PIE *eh2 to PG *ō, and how only the presence of a Laryngeal could explain that development in the vowel, when in Latin for example, the vowel developed into [a], just like in many other IE languages, I actually also used to believe that the Laryngeal had to do something with the outcome of ō instead of ā, but as it turns out according to linguists the vowel was at some point in the history of Germanic *ā, and eventually it merged with the *ō sound from PIE, similarly as *o merged with *a, way after the consonant had dissipated. That was my only observation, which actually wasn’t as big as some other I get from other videos from linguistics enthusiasts, and your convention for the laryngeals was also certainly a plus for me, a lot of people seem to settle for the most bizarre sounds without considering wether it seems to “fit” the language, and I think that set of consonants does. Keep the good work!
Thanks man 🙏🏼
Interesting. I've just discovered this channel.
Thank you
One thing more, often vowels preceed consonants when they are difficult to pronounce, especially sounds like s, as you said in the example of greek. Like in some areas in India, which is my country, the word school is pronounced as ískūl instead of skūl, same with scooter. Also, indigenous words like spasta (meaning 'clear', here the second s and t are Retroflex while the first is dental), are often pronounced as èspasta. They are my two cents, I am just an enthusiast.
Okay. Do it over but then at least TWO TIMES AS SLOW! This rattling speed fire talking? I just can't keep up!
I personally use the palatal pronunciation of *h1, just the parallels to the three velar series that such an analysis creates biases me to such a reconstruction.
Funny thing, Greek also had rebracketing! For example οικοκυρά (ikokira) (mistress, housewife) which became νοικοκυρά (nikokira) due to the accusative article την (tin). And also the word τομάτα (tomata) which means tomato, and it became ντομάτα (domata) again due to nasalization of the t, because of the article tin. Tin tomata=>ti domata
Hey quick question do you happen to have an email for business/projects inquiries and the such?
Great video btw, as always
Dammm, this channel is like xidnaf but you're actually still uploading.
I watched this while high
3:37 The laryngeals are directly reflected in the extinct Anatolian branch (e. g. Hittite), which branched off before all living branches; however, the theory of them was proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure before documents written in Anatolian languages were discovered.
11:14 Greek has:
ἄργυρος (argyros) silver
πῦρ (pyr) fire
ἀστήρ (astēr) star
ἄρκτος (arktos) bear
ὀστοῦν (ὀστέον) (ostoun) bone
ὄρνις (ornis) beard
great, thank you
I am a worldbuilding writer so I made over 4 conlangs for my stories where I used Esperanto as a mother language applied slavic and germanic sound changes and created new languages.
You should be graduating around this time, so congrats!
Thanks! Ya it was like a couple weeks ago but my school does it early
Interesting. I noticed when learning German the front vowel i caused a soft ch in "ich" - "I", and back vowels like a, o, u caused a hard ch like in "ochsen" - "oxen".
Sorry about this, but your video is an eyesore, especially the contrasting blue & green also bright red & dark blue background. I suggest to mellow the colour a bit and maybe make the graphic smoother to the eyes. I like the video nonetheless. Really informational
Because of my mexican spanish accent Ive always thought of words that end in Le like little or circle as having more of an /o/ sound (like the spanish o) so i tend to say something like /sɜɹko/, which i thought might be interesting
Possibly because the l is velarized in English!
Italian say little as ['lit.tol] or ['lit.tol.lə] depending on surrounding words
@@silasfrisenette9226 It's a lateral uvular approximant in coda and when vocalic for me.
Native English speaker here, I say -le as a vocalic lateral uvular approximant, [ʟ̠̩]. The same sound as in "cold".
@@servantofaeie1569 the IPA sign you used is velar :)
I love this video
Doesn't corto derive from the accusative 'curtum' like most romance nouns/adjectives?
An adder is a whole nother word!
Compared to the n at the start of some English words came from the end of the article "an", is there any consensus among linguists as to what the source/thief of the "S" at the start of PIE words was?
You created six whole de facto conlangs just to demonstrate something about how PIE works, you mad lad. Was it worth it? Absolutely, that was a helpful explanation! I'm curious: With the English-descendent example, beyond english r and l how many other candidates are there for a "bunches the tongue" liquid and "potentially lateral liquid"?
Can someone explain to me how h₂ after [e] shifts the preceding vowel to an [a]? What are some examples from modern languages of that process happening? I can imagine how h₃ can yield [o] due to the labialization, but I can’t wrap my mind around h₂ colors to [a].
Best example is in Arabic (and also Hebrew historically), Arabic has both [χ] and [ħ], and they both generally move vowels down and back
pharyngeal consonants are easier to pronounce near open vowels so they commonly lead to lowering of vowels near them.
examples of such vowel shifts from hebrew:
i > a taHSob, you/she will think, versus tiSSob (from tinSob), you/she will blow.
eHe > aHa 'SaHap, seagull, versus 'Set`ep, flow.
e > eya 'reyaH, smell, versus req, empty.
surprisingly well-funded video, also very accurate pronunciations imo.
only questions i have is whether werdhh1oy in the batman meme is supposed to be nom. dual (because it look like loc. sg.) and do kwód I assume means where to? is there any reflex such a construction? from what i can see on wiktionary the greek (and latin) forms derive from a locative and do is described as postpositional. i should look into the LIPPS...
oh also did you know that some sort of analogical process is needed to derive latin nominative -a from *-eh2 because the regular reflex would be -ā
Thanks!
-Yes werdhh1oy is supposed to be nominative dual
-Yes dokwód is supposed to mean where to, I actually spent a fair amount of time figuring out how to translate that lol, it wasn’t easy
-The Proto-Italic feminine nominative suffix was, in fact, ā, it got shortened with the shortening of all unstressed long vowels pre-Latin
All very astute observations
this is a fucking goldmine. good job
Awesome.
too fast but probably the best PIE video I've ever seen
Your h2's are making me loose my shit lmao
Great
Fascinating! By the way, after the yellow column was filled in, I guessed the original English words, except for "raid", which I thought was "red".
I didn’t think too hard about the specifics so for all intents and purposes that’s a perfect score!
@@watchyourlanguage3870 😀👍
Same!
@@MedK001 👍
Thanks for the presentation. But it was fast and a bit brushed. It would have been better if you had talked about each concept in separate videos, and spent some more time on each one. Anyway, I appreciate the content, I did get a basic understanding from this vid.
2:55 In Albanian is: "Shkurt" ( Latin: Skurtus) even the February month is called "Shkurt" because it is short and has 28/29 days.
Thanks since you holp me.
very cool video, btw your pronouncation of Bedřich Hrozný made me laught for 5 minutes lmao
tbh that ř kind of terrified me lol, I spent a good amount of time trying to imitate the recording
How about ablaut and accentual paradigms for a challenge? :D
0:26 can u explain this definition of a Lemma? (psycholinguistics) The theoretical abstract conceptual form of a word, representing a specific meaning, before the creation of a specific phonological form as the sounds of a lexeme, which may find representation in a specific written form as a dictionary or lexicographic word.
0:58 “an” is the original indefinite article
An ekename > a nekename
*(s) s-mobile, rebracketing
3:03 Grimm’s Law - plosive fricative
3:25 h with subscript - PIE laryngeal h1 h2 h3
Wow... psycholinguistics is really on some stuff there... but it looks like that definition is saying that a lemma in psycholing is a concept in speakers' heads without a specific word or morpheme attached to it
it might be an exclusively me problem but if possible could you slow down just a little bit in the future videos? thats a lot of information to take in, especially with all the scientific jargon and i think i just missed out a lot of important information. thanks in advance
Would you do one about Tocharian?
This is a stretch (hypothetic follows) : Phtr -- metathesis -- Prth -- eclipse of rhotic -- Pth ** drum roll ** Ancient Egyptian "Ptah"??
Cognates? Derivatives?? Any connection between these "cultures" across linguistic evolution?
Makes for good Sci-Fi, even if it's wrong.
Great video! But understandable only in 0,8x speed :) Maybe you'll try to read some reconstructed PIE text next time?
Do you have any book recommendations for learning more about PIE and these sound changes?
I don’t, unfortunately, but they probably exist
@@watchyourlanguage3870 I asked chatgpt and I was actually given five recommendations. It's a wonderful tool lol
Except for your own channel, what sources would you recommend to learn more about PIE phonetics?
The Indo-European sound laws Wikipedia page (which I linked in the description) is super helpful. I did say in the video that it has specifics on the laryngeals' effects on vowels, but the rest of the page also covers the consonants, consonant clusters, and other vowels. There's also a video by Xidnaf on PIE consonants that I like: th-cam.com/video/VnjfHu9eJLM/w-d-xo.html , he does make a couple mistakes in it (too many vowels in PIE, and the breathy plosives from PIE actually became fricatives in Proto-Italic), but as an explainer it works really well
What is Batman saying, in the top and bottom captions on that poster?
When two words end and start with the same sound “WHERE DOES [s] GO?!” (It’s in the description box as well)
Bro, PIE sounds like it was made by Klingons 💀
Gosh this channel is like Xidnaf reborn but had a baby with Langfocus