Extreme Powerful Bass Amplifier With Triple D718 Transistor

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 12 ก.ย. 2024
  • In today's video I make an powerful bass amplifier using triple D718 transistor.
    Parts:
    - Transistor D718
    - Resistor 1K
    - Resistor 0.5/5W
    - Capacitor 470uf/25v
    - Toroidal coil
    - Potensio 50k & knop
    - Terminal block
    - Mp3 bluetooth
    -----------------------------------
    ATTENTION!!!
    **This amplifier has a high DCO. not recommended for continuous use**
    Follow me on facebook:
    / cbzproject
    #D718 #D718Transistor
    #TripeD718Amplifier
    #BigBass #D718AmplifierCircuit
    #PowerfulAmplifier #cbzproject
    #ExtremePowerfulBassAmplifier

ความคิดเห็น • 425

  • @cbzproject
    @cbzproject  3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    New Powerful Amplifier at Home
    th-cam.com/video/zUjZsmW9JQ8/w-d-xo.html

  • @mysock351C
    @mysock351C 4 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Worth mentioning this is a _class A_ amplifier. It will pas considerable DC current (both through the transistors and speakers) and will dissipate quite a lot of heat even with no signal. As its class A with no degenerative feedback, it will also be non-linear as well as being a current amplifier. Good for educational purposes especially if you can probe it to see how it works, but it will get extremely hot in short order and potentially damage your loudspeaker as well if its not sufficiently rated owing to the large (~1A) DC current that will circulate even without any input, so user beware.

    • @johnnyboy2459
      @johnnyboy2459 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Its also Mono? Is he sending both channels into 1?

    • @mysock351C
      @mysock351C 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@johnnyboy2459 It looks it. Basically the transistors are hooked in parallel with ballast resistors.

    • @THE16THPHANTOM
      @THE16THPHANTOM ปีที่แล้ว

      many thanks for the warning. would have been a very costly mistake.

  • @cleonelima18
    @cleonelima18 4 ปีที่แล้ว +24

    Ficou bem explicado o projeto!
    E a montagem de cada componente seu devido lugar(simétrico)fez com q o projeto ficasse espetacular!👏
    Diferente de muitos outros projetos em q os componentes ficam tudo embaralhado!
    Parabéns👏👏👏

    • @danyelnunesrj
      @danyelnunesrj 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      O que significa "DCO" ?

    • @rokaiyarevolution
      @rokaiyarevolution 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      😊okuhjnk​@@danyelnunesrj

  • @JoseSantos-pu4xj
    @JoseSantos-pu4xj 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Desde ESTADOS UNIDOS 🇺🇸🇺🇸🇺🇸.gracias por compartir con nosotros tan hermoso proyectos.. ✊✊✊✊✊💪💪💪💪💪💪💪

  • @terleyjames
    @terleyjames 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Parabéns pelo vídeo, bem explicado mesmo sem falar nada e projeto bem organizado, muito top.

  • @КонстантинСазонов-ц2к
    @КонстантинСазонов-ц2к 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Ржу, граждане ! блок питания 24W, усилитель класс А ,то есть максимум 25% кпд.Получаем на выходе 2 с небольшим W! И это приблизительно с 50% гармоник. Усилок супер! Собирайте.

    • @vovik313
      @vovik313 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      А каким образов в данной схеме убираем постоянку на выходе? Там вроде кондёр должен быть.

  • @javierzamarripa9004
    @javierzamarripa9004 4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Gracias por compartir tu vídeo buena la información saludos desde México

  • @udaymestry3153
    @udaymestry3153 4 ปีที่แล้ว +11

    5 volt for usb player ? coming from transistor ? Not used 7805 ?

    • @cbzproject
      @cbzproject  4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      The module is equipped with IC 7805. So no need to add it again

    • @Tieulongsang2000
      @Tieulongsang2000 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Uday Mestry i think he hack brain,where 5v for usb mp3?.?.?

  • @wellingtonramos3719
    @wellingtonramos3719 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Congratulations on the project, friend how would a project for a 3-channel amplifier, left-hand side and a subwoofer be?

  • @LTJR.
    @LTJR. 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    It looks like the 470 uF electrolytic is wired + to transistors, and -- to the potentiometer (wiper pin 2) I didn't see anything mentioning that and it could be important. Otherwise very clear and pretty cool, straightforward, fun easy project.

  • @tigeratboarder4928
    @tigeratboarder4928 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Super.... But Please make for 2 Separate Channels ....

  • @maxgiucastro8849
    @maxgiucastro8849 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice to see someone doing neat work for a change.👍

  • @chyfran-EFM
    @chyfran-EFM 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    i have learnt a lot from this video.

  • @allwayskush5675
    @allwayskush5675 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Bhai Bluetooth module 5v pr work karta hai sayad .. aapne 12 volt kis tarah de diya

  • @marcusschleicher
    @marcusschleicher 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice! The size from the toroidal coil doesn’t matter?

  • @andymartinez9368
    @andymartinez9368 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    spectacular project.
    question.
    What is DCO, and why is its use not continuous?

  • @sudindiy4937
    @sudindiy4937 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Iam watching from india 🇮🇳

  • @TNRBrasilOficial
    @TNRBrasilOficial 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I liked the excellent setup. simple pasta congratulations.

  • @meenukaushik9705
    @meenukaushik9705 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Done wonderfully finishing sir, can I connect with computer and television, if yes, then how can? If no, plz upgrade this project. Plz reply sir.

  • @carlosoliveira2638
    @carlosoliveira2638 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Projeto muito bom e fácil de ser montado parabéns

  • @abbashussein5894
    @abbashussein5894 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    انت مبدع ،،،انت شاطر ،،،استمر بالابداع

  • @dhemisombarros2900
    @dhemisombarros2900 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Mano ficou muito bom voce superou bom de mais a musica ficou linpa sem ruidos ficou show

  • @fiselchannel
    @fiselchannel 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This amplifier is stereo or mono

  • @michaelakpaglo1892
    @michaelakpaglo1892 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Good morning from Germany

  • @abbashussein5894
    @abbashussein5894 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    From Iraq ILoveYou,المزيد من الفيديوات لطفا.

  • @thesilentwarrior6769
    @thesilentwarrior6769 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very nice
    Can you explain what are the part and how they work together ,so we can better understand and learn

  • @demoicruz8238
    @demoicruz8238 4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Cuidado !! Si los voltios que exitan las bases es mayor a 0.5 vol, circulará corriente continua en los parlantes y se pueden quemar, la resistencia de 1kohm tiene que ver en eso.

    • @arielzapata7062
      @arielzapata7062 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Y como puedo evitar que se quemen los parlantes disculpa te consulto xq no mucho de eléctrica estoy comenzando

    • @demoicruz8238
      @demoicruz8238 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@arielzapata7062 usa un diodo entre el emisor y la base, ese te mantendrá justo a 0.54 vol la base.

  • @severinonazario8596
    @severinonazario8596 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Muito legal parabéns

  • @RealHIFIHelp
    @RealHIFIHelp 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice wake up device :-)

  • @gangtokdebbarma3433
    @gangtokdebbarma3433 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    0.5 /5w resistance ni py dusara Konsa number Ka resistance laga Sakta hy. Sir plz reply ..

  • @riskbreaker9
    @riskbreaker9 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    all those components are from an atx power supply?

  • @djonesilva
    @djonesilva 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    First of all congratulations for the simply sensational video 👏🏽👏🏽. How many Ohms does the amplifier output work with?

  • @PhanKsor
    @PhanKsor 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very good 👍👏👏👏👏

  • @danru311bpbayu
    @danru311bpbayu 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Mantab high power full,bassnya pasti keren,👍👍

  • @renzzodavid
    @renzzodavid 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Quero ver vc testar com uma caixa completa com graves, medios e agudos, pra atestar a qualidade do som

    • @gilsonelias5648
      @gilsonelias5648 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Vejo que o irmão entende de som. Gostaria que me informasse se esse amplificador desse projeto, dava certo em uma caixa de 15p?

    • @afm_artes6028
      @afm_artes6028 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      o som fica estéreo?

  • @danyvoy2922
    @danyvoy2922 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excelente tutorial una pregunta se pueden conectar 2 potenciómetros más para agudos y graves? Y poner salidas RCA y de micrófono?

  • @parthapratimsarma795
    @parthapratimsarma795 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Max output?? It can provide 12 watt??

  • @paulschuessler8477
    @paulschuessler8477 4 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Sorry, but that circuitry really hurts....

    • @utter-mind
      @utter-mind 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      He builds a crappy class a and people believe him

  • @buddybyron2586
    @buddybyron2586 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    is there any detail for the toroidal coil?

  • @blackwhiteghost7898
    @blackwhiteghost7898 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice job brother...😍😍😍😋😋😋💌💌💌🎶

  • @RoccoVentura6
    @RoccoVentura6 4 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    can you make a more professional project that can be used as long as you want .. ???

    • @huonguc3648
      @huonguc3648 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Good

    • @utter-mind
      @utter-mind 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      This thing can't be made more "professional"

    • @vvenatio
      @vvenatio 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yeah I need it too

  • @user-hv5tx6qv7k
    @user-hv5tx6qv7k 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    how with this circuit did you get rid of the constant voltage at the output?
    in an amplifier it is very important not to have a constant voltage at the output.
    constant voltage heats up the coil even if no sound is coming out.

    • @FM_PERON2022
      @FM_PERON2022 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yeah, you're right, in the description says it's not for continuous use, since it has a high dc output (I think that's the meaning of DCO)

  • @felipehenriquez1291
    @felipehenriquez1291 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Would you explain a little more about dc offset dco? And why we should not use this amp for long period of time thanks
    Nos explicarias mas acerca del offset y por que este amplificador no se puede usar por tiempo prolongado

  • @stefanstanciu9896
    @stefanstanciu9896 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    how about you use heat pads under the transistors not to cancel eachother out by short on the heatsink? with no pads you have the big steady "negative shine" that heats up the speakers. and you may want a 2 k resistor, lower output but longer life

  • @deepakkavathale1112
    @deepakkavathale1112 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    🎧 एक नंबर 👏🚶🎧

  • @t.i.lifesuporte1758
    @t.i.lifesuporte1758 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    What is "DCO" ?
    How many W this project?

    • @RodrigoFlrSouza
      @RodrigoFlrSouza 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      It means a good amplifier or "professional" does not delivery in the output DC current only AC, this project delivery DC + AC in the output it will cause heat in the speaker, they are made to work only with AC signals

    • @riotintomaršsadrine
      @riotintomaršsadrine 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      (D)irect (C)urrent (O)utput

    • @jasonsangwin4006
      @jasonsangwin4006 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      DCO is "DC Offset", the author is warning that the DC Offset is high in this design.
      Basically, in an ideal case, there is 0 DC Offset, meaning 0 DC voltage when the amplifier is idle. For a Speaker to work, the output is AC (Alternating Current) and the alternating current flow is what causes the speaker to push inwards and outwards. If you apply DC (Direct Current) the speaker will not move ... rather it will move into position once and stay there until you open the circuit, in which case it will come to its rest position in the middle. This is because with DC, the current only travels in one direction ... so the voice coil will also only travel in 1 direction. Also the DC voltage will be reached and remain constant, which means the speaker will also reach a position and stay there and not move.
      The idea is that if you put a speaker on the table, it is in a rest position. This "rest position" is when the speaker is receiving 0V or disconnected and just sitting there. Same thing.
      Given the intended circuit is an AC (Alternating Circuit), which makes the speaker move inward and outward, the rest position is at 0V. If there is a bit of stray DC voltage across the amplifier's speaker outputs, what it means is there is an underlying DC voltage that is different to 0V which means that the speaker never comes to it's 0V rest position while connected to the amplifier. The rest position of the speaker is "Offset" from the normal 0V position due to the DC Voltage ... so "DC Offset" (DCO). The speaker never comes to rest basically, it is offset but this also has a thermal implication. The voice coil will generate heat as current is passed through it, the inward and outward movement of the voice coil acts to keep the voice coil cooler. As DC results in current passing through the voice coil but the voice coil not moving, it will not cool itself and is more prone to overheating and causing damage. Everybody has a similar idea as to how much DC Offset they can tolerate, be it 100mV or 25mV but you really don't want to see more than 100mVDC on the outputs.

  • @walzaoft.silvasilva6965
    @walzaoft.silvasilva6965 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Gostei do amplificador é muito bom ok professor, Fais um amplificador com 2 transistos 2sa 1943 Ôk

  • @azizazza560
    @azizazza560 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Kayaknya ok bgt, blh dicoba tuh ngerakit sendiri.

  • @S1MusicalVlogs
    @S1MusicalVlogs 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    12vused. But btutooth board only 5v run how is posible

  • @adityazon
    @adityazon 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Whats the inductance of the toroidal coil

  • @CARLOSWHITE777
    @CARLOSWHITE777 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    PARABÉNS PELO TRABALHO DESENVOLVIDO !

  • @learnandbusiness1655
    @learnandbusiness1655 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very good videos 👌

  • @inventor1978
    @inventor1978 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great!

  • @user-vx8ng3cz2d
    @user-vx8ng3cz2d 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Усилитель хороший, насколько? Какие динамики и транзисторы?

  • @vijayvishwakarma8802
    @vijayvishwakarma8802 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Sir can you say what is the capacity of toroidal ciol please sir

  • @RodrigoAlves-rc9yp
    @RodrigoAlves-rc9yp 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Obrigado pela força primeiro amplificador que fiz e ficou perfeito vlw mano obrigado 🤩🔊🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶

    • @raisouza5529
      @raisouza5529 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      A qualidade do som é bom?
      Som alto também?

    • @RodrigoAlves-rc9yp
      @RodrigoAlves-rc9yp 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@raisouza5529 a qualidade e de 100 whats basse muito boa coloque 2 alto falante de 60 wts se não queima ok

    • @raisouza5529
      @raisouza5529 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@RodrigoAlves-rc9yp entendi,vc usou o que para reproduzir o som?
      Creio eu que desses MP3 ai que ele usou ja nem existe mais

    • @RodrigoAlves-rc9yp
      @RodrigoAlves-rc9yp 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@raisouza5529 celular mesmo

    • @raisouza5529
      @raisouza5529 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@RodrigoAlves-rc9yp beleza,pos um cabo tipo fone de ouvido.
      Quero fazer com alguma coisa que via bluetooth

  • @marcosdasilva7409
    @marcosdasilva7409 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    PARABÉNS pela inteligência. SHOW.

  • @jasonong7049
    @jasonong7049 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    You are a genius!!!

  • @vvenatio
    @vvenatio 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi I'm nemat from Afghanistan if you don't mind can you make an amplifier that could be used continuously and it would be easy to make

  • @gangtokdebbarma3433
    @gangtokdebbarma3433 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir 0.5/5w resistance Nahi Mila uski jaga py Kiya Dy Sakta hy.

  • @AlexandreNatalMagno
    @AlexandreNatalMagno 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Excelente, parabéns pelo trabalho

  • @stanrayztv9072
    @stanrayztv9072 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Its simple en nice job..

  • @kirankumar-cl7wt
    @kirankumar-cl7wt 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi Friend
    I traying to buy all parts as you mentioned but toroidal coils are not available here. So can you guide me which alternative part can be used.
    Pls reply...

  • @microchots
    @microchots 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    specs of toroidal coils?

  • @andersonsantos8990
    @andersonsantos8990 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    No caso os indutores seriam simbólicos? 🤔

  • @virenderapaswan1908
    @virenderapaswan1908 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very good Bhai
    Kitna what ka hai

  • @evernaittorresquiceno9034
    @evernaittorresquiceno9034 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Buenas tardes amigo con este amplificador puedo mover dos (2) parlantes de 4 ohm de 8" 175 RMS

  • @wanderluiz8651
    @wanderluiz8651 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excelente trabalho,poderia informar se há desenho de montagem ???

  • @user-gb2ze8db9b
    @user-gb2ze8db9b 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    уж луче на полевом транзисторе сделать стереоусилитель

  • @kitzki7395
    @kitzki7395 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    what is the specs of turoidal coil?

  • @mpupschoolpanjavemavaram4264
    @mpupschoolpanjavemavaram4264 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Is the MP3 bluetooth 5v input, or 12v input most of the MP3 bluetooth modules r in 5v operation,if it is 5v operating one,how can work on 12v input with out regular?

  • @MrJanoeltexano
    @MrJanoeltexano 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great! It Is mono or stereo audio system?

    • @LTJR.
      @LTJR. 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      I see it being mono. there's two speakers but they're hooked up together in parallel, being fed from One Source.

  • @mehmoodmehmood5404
    @mehmoodmehmood5404 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Speakers japani lag jate with box or in speakers KO box main add krty to or b achi sound milti

  • @batekofficialBatek
    @batekofficialBatek 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow nice tutorial

  • @edsonazevedo3122
    @edsonazevedo3122 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Ficou top nota mil 👍👍👍🔈🔉🔊🔊🔊🔊

  • @mertbenzerli1
    @mertbenzerli1 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    hi, what is the value of coil Henry? how many watts of total output? thanks ...

  • @iamrjhon
    @iamrjhon 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    How much wattage output sir?!

  • @pedroroldancalderon2770
    @pedroroldancalderon2770 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Muy buena efectiva..!!!

  • @dancreed9447
    @dancreed9447 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Disculpa que tipo de cable utilizaste para las uniones

  • @julioismaeldiazcastilla473
    @julioismaeldiazcastilla473 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Buenos días si uno quiere le puede hacer una capital para que no balla a ver percance muy bueno esa tutoria

  • @RenatosilvaMinis-Games
    @RenatosilvaMinis-Games 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    TOP a plaquinha

  • @HowtoKing21
    @HowtoKing21 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    U r brllnt bro ...
    Please ..upload how to make bass and turbo

  • @lonelyboy0220
    @lonelyboy0220 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    i sir, where did you get the power supply for mp3 player 5 volts??????

  • @tahirtekbcak4249
    @tahirtekbcak4249 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I'm going to try it.

    • @utter-mind
      @utter-mind 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      If you want to waste your time

  • @jmanuellalcala
    @jmanuellalcala 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Está chingón,me gustó podrías hacer un esquema,como lo conectaste.

  • @x2gogo
    @x2gogo 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    真令人驚訝,如果能改成雙聲道就更棒了!

  • @TheImagem7
    @TheImagem7 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    O segredo está na fonte, que acaba limitando a corrente, em 2A, pois se aplicar uma fonte de maior corrente, o circuito vai drenar mais corrente aos altofalantes, que por estarem em paralelo, podemos supor 2ohm, constituindo uma carga de baixa impedância, vai levar em saturação, com queima dos transistores. A potência maxima deste arranjo, é de 5 watts RMS. Com baixa eficiência....

  • @alexandres8846
    @alexandres8846 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    It is a very low performance emitter follower amplifier and produces a lot of heat that can burn transistors. for a correct amplifier two transistors must be used that is class ab is very high efficiency.

  • @luizalberto9762
    @luizalberto9762 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Esse amplificador serve para carro?

  • @boybravo689
    @boybravo689 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    sir what is the value of the inductor and what is the rated voltage of the capacitor tnx sir

  • @leonardoalva1821
    @leonardoalva1821 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Una pregunta, soy nuevo en esto y quisiera saber si esos transistores y los demás componentes electrónicos que muestra en el vídeo sirven para equipos de audio diferentes o más grandes

    • @F-0908
      @F-0908 ปีที่แล้ว

      別被騙

  • @Wandering.in.silence
    @Wandering.in.silence 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Is mono? O stereo?

  • @manuyadav6696
    @manuyadav6696 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I make this circuit but when i turned on there is always humming sound comes from speakers when i use the transformer but when i use smps supply the humming goes. But i want to use the transformer what i do...What was the reason what can i do now..

  • @andersonblack8999
    @andersonblack8999 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Eu gostei muito eu vou tenta fazer

  • @cryptoinvest2734
    @cryptoinvest2734 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    when you notice that you cannot use continuously How much is the maximum time that can be used?

    • @tonyfremont
      @tonyfremont 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      Until the speaker coil windings burn out.

  • @SUJANDAS-bi6po
    @SUJANDAS-bi6po 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir apne yeh speaker kaha sa liya ....
    Plz muje link dho plz

  • @antoniolaiton6278
    @antoniolaiton6278 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Tengo dos parlantes de un equipo Panasonic que ya no sirve, las especificaciones son:
    L/HIGH (3 Ohm) LOWHIGH (3 Ohm)
    R/HIGH (3 Ohm) LOWHIGH (3 Ohm).
    Que amplificador me sirve?

  • @bryanolvera6467
    @bryanolvera6467 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Q tal amigo disculpa q bocinas son me gustaron en donde las puedo conseguir cuál es el modelo disculpa

  • @danvu2525
    @danvu2525 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Ok .thank you .

  • @dienvo9179
    @dienvo9179 ปีที่แล้ว

    toroidal how many henri.?