What is Life? Five Great Ideas in Biology. | A Conversation with Nobel Laureate Sir Paul Nurse
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 10 ก.พ. 2021
- #BrianGreene #PaulNurse
Nobel Laureate Sir Paul Nurse joins Brian Greene for a conversation about the fundamental ideas in biology explored in his new book, What Is Life? Five Great Ideas in Biology.
This program is part of the Big Ideas series, supported by the John Templeton Foundation.
Additional programs featuring Sir Paul Nurse:
Science in a Polarized World. A Global Town Hall Meeting: • Science In A Polarized...
The Search for Life in the Universe: • The Search for Life in...
The Moth: Family Trees Can Be Dangerous: • The Moth: Family Trees...
What It Means to be Human: • What It Means to be Human
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Professor Green I have watched and listened to literally everything on the internet that has you in it and I am eternally grateful for the knowledge and wisdom and general positivity you've brought to my life
ME TOO !! I have learned so much from him.! World Science Festival .Just turned 60 and never could finish degree..It is my passion. A Cundiff.
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Could use a playlist compiled of his stuff if you have one somewhere :)
Here here!❤️ Prof Greene has brought so much wisdom and knowledge to my life!
@@bluejones747 You are not too old to start one now - if you are in the UK you should be able to find something affordable and reputable (don't go for those flashy online or pop-up schools) - you could probably get it on loan. A diploma to start..
Professor Brian is one of the greatest communicators when dealing with all the subjects of science, physics, astronomy and so on. He explains all these complex topics with a very comprehensible way, that one can absorb the majority of his teachings delightfully. Congratulations to Dr. Brian Green , I am a fervent admirer of him. 👏👏👏👏👏👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍
You probably dont give a shit but does anybody know a way to log back into an instagram account?
I was dumb lost the password. I appreciate any tips you can offer me
@Rowan Miguel instablaster :)
@Larry Zeke I really appreciate your reply. I got to the site thru google and I'm waiting for the hacking stuff now.
Seems to take a while so I will reply here later when my account password hopefully is recovered.
@Larry Zeke It did the trick and I finally got access to my account again. I'm so happy!
Thank you so much, you really help me out :D
@Rowan Miguel you are welcome =)
Paul seems like the happiest person and he sincerely looks like he is so happy to see Brian.
Love the way sir Paul Nurse talks and explains .Lot of respect for him .
"Free will is illusory". Thank you, Brian. Fantastic discussion. You make a great, knowledgeable and enthusiastic host integrating biology, neuroscience, genetics, chemistry, and physics. My platonic leanings are gone.
This was an absolutely remarkable discussion-Brian Green’s questions were spot on and Sir Paul Nurse’s answers superbly provided. Loved the energy and rapport! Thank you Brian for your meticulous interview!
Hey Brian, wish I had a science teacher like you in school ❤️
Thank you Brian for your enlightening discussions with some of the brightest minds in contemporary science.
This is one of my favorite discussions. It is really a very difficult but interesting social, or maybe I could use psychosocial topic about considering conscious machines as life, and at what level of life, because animals are life, but I guess we currently distinguish their "level of life" based on their ability to become more intelligent and express more emotions. Thanks for inviting Sir Paul Nurse.
Thank you, professor Green, for having Sir Paul Nurse on. I'm looking forward to your next invitees, from whatever backgrounds they may be.
I would just like to thank You Brian, I am tuning in more and learning so much!
What a wonderful conversation! Thank you, Dr. Greene.
Prof. Greene, we are all waiting for the General Relativity Course.
The WSU Master Class on Special Relativity and the WSU Master Class on Space, Time and Einstein has been posted. In addition Your Daily Equation #26 is about Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.
@@rhmcvay I refer to a course on GENERAL RELATIVITY (with maths) , which was mentioned by Mr. Greene but not yet posted.
He talks too much, bring in a guest and talk for 30 mins straight? 🙄
@@archangel7052 You can forward it
Professor Green ...................THANK YOU
I recently discovered Your conversations with some of the most interesting people in our world today. Your conversation with Sir Paul Nurse is, in My opinion, one of Your best to date. The topic, What is Life? Five Great Ideas in Biology. Thank You for Your time and Your personal commitment in the quest for knowledge, understanding and the Education of Future Generations.
I love and respect scientists so much. They are the light. ❤
Great to hear Paul Nurse again, such a great inspiration
I just loved this interview. I also failed French (once) which I required to enter a British university. The funny thing is that for the last 48 years I have lived in a French-speaking country. My French teacher would have had a heart attack if he knew.
Evidently I do now speak fluent French, but in fact I learnt to speak on mountaineering expeditions with the Club Alpin Suisse (whose members were very polite about my terrible accent).
Whether passing French should be a requirement for university entrance one could debate, but I now understand that speaking a second language does give me a different perspective on the world, so it is certainly worthwhile. I also see that my bilingual daughter and grandchildren have an enormous advantage as compared to monolingual English speakers.
Dear Dr. Greene: A world conversation about enlightened science is exactly your role! You have brought these topics into your presentations.
What creates the 'survival purpose'?
Thankyou Brian, for all that you have done, and continue to do.
Thank you so much Paul and Brian for thinking and being for the benefit of all of us. Enjoyed being allowed to hang out as an observer of your warm, humorous and intellectual discourse.
At about the 1 hour mark someone walked through the field of view behind Dr. Nurse and I half-expected them to emerge outside the window behind Dr. Green.
Hey! I'm taking your courses! I just finished General Relativity, and getting ready to dive into Special Relativity. I watched General three times, and going back for more. The Light Clock really illustrates motion and time. Excellent! I already understood most of it, but I can't get enough. MOREMOREMOREMORE I CAN'T WAIT!!
Ok Prof BG you are the greatest in free association with wisdom...
I love your capacity for perseverance
I am dying to watch the quantum mechanics course.
Thank you so much professor Greene.
Thank you Brian Greene for doing this!
Who will have thought that Sir Paul Nurse had a first degree in Plant science, nice to see a fellow plant scientist!
unraveling the secrets of photosynthesis for future technology?
We really should be making an alexandrian library of lectures from these people while we can.
Should change his title if won't use an argument as to why digital life isn't life.
The language alone, is not enough, your culture, literature, past history, life experience, your previous jobs , the ways of rising, and the dangerous moment which you puts them behind , your knowledge, law’s information, knowing about philosophy and physics, keeping yourself up to date, with the daily science, and etc..... is a long way and hard works involves on the huge success
Aloha Dr. Green. Our interests couldn’t be more parallel. Our climates couldn’t be more different. We so enjoy you knowledge and extraordinary communication skills. Let us know if you ever plan to visit Hawaii.
You guys gave me so much to think about ♾🧐I cant wait to sleep on it a few times and re-watch. Thank you both for having, then sharing this talk. Respect 👍
Feb 11, 2021
Feb 13, 2021
Mantak Chia’s views as the human body being a “organic batter” with a computer system “the 🧠” sounds similar to Erwin Schrodinger’s view points.
The energy we retain is electro magnetic energy- SheldonT
Some one else might have also said that, but I’m not sure.
“Learn to control your amygdala, and FLOW with ease” - SheldonT
“Be water my friend”- Bruce Lee
Thank you for such a wonderful conversation. In this case the subject, or the corolary of the subject, has a direct impact on us and all of life on Earth.
Thanks Brian! Just listened to your announcing the courses you've recorded and posted. Will take a look, fo sho. Redundantly appreciative, E
Thank you Professor Green for all these amazing discussion you put out. The AI part you’re talking about makes me think that no matter what intelligent programs you put in it, and it has an off button, it’s just a complicated walkie-talkie doll. The conscious part in a human comes from the universe.
Professor Greene I have enjoyed watching all your videos,thank u very much for all the knowledge you impart. Would I be interested in interviewing new age Gurus about consciousness? It would be great to listen to such an interview
I need to share that for me a 82 year old UCLA Honorary Clinical Professor of Psychiatry that my view of HUMAN LIFE in my daily work with SUFFERING Fellow Human Beings is Purpose & Meaning
Really fascinating discussion - thanks WSF!
Love all your videos! thank you for what you do to educate non-physicist like me who has always been interested and fascinated with the nature of universe, the quantum physics and the cosmos and trying to reconcile this knowledge with God and the spiritual and invisible world.
Professor Greene , It is one thing to Think big in a universe that expands , it’s another thing to under stand it !
Bravo!! Dr you are making very difficult discussion, and allow most of us shaved apes to Try and follow along
Thank youm
This channel is the best...way better than a Great Courses Subscription
Professor Greene , Thank you for your approach to theoretical physics and science in general . Awsome stuff
If ever you want to reach the masses , and have the non trained novice really enjoy science let’s chat !!!
Thank you
Thank you for a brilliant discussion! It is a privilege to be able to share in this conversation.
Prof Green. Two step entropy is an amazing description of life's entropy paradox. Enjoyed the video.
I did watch your Show with Roger Penrose thst you had on Dec 3 2020 and it was fantastic, have Roger and Stuart on together would be great with your questions and views.
//begin review
That was à great great show.
Two magnificently imaginative and intelligent people talking in a relaxed but deep way about the most diabolically difficult and fascinating challenges we face today.
We have to remember that to the extent we know, all over the universe there are 110+-10 elements occurring naturally, on the menu. Of which carbon seems to have the 4 covalent bond based stable enough and very rich chemistry in collaboration with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and few metals. Silicon has 4 covalent bonds but the associated chemistry is not rich enough as it appears in nature. Therefore the life (based on physics -> chemistry -> biology -> information processing) anywhere in the universe - if it occurred naturally - is likely going to be carbon based. For the occurrence of complex life stability aspect of carbon chemistry is an important aspect - because complex life takes billions of years to evolve. The richness of carbon chemistry aspect is conducive to diversity of the living organisms built on diverse set of physical structures. For that reason any naturally evolved life elsewhere may not be based on anything other that carbon chemistry - in terms of higher likelihood.
It is popular in many science fiction stories to imagine silicon based life forms. But IMO they will be NOT be naturally occurring and they don't have to be - because the carbon chemistry is an easier and more conducive path to life. Silicon based life will be second order or derived from natural life. Let me explain....
As discussed in the video the life is ultimately information processing. So once complex lifeforms like humans that evolved out of carbon chemistry, understand that the essence of life is information processing - with the ability of technology to build things - then such complex lifeforms could use silicon to build information processing lifeforms - but not using chemistry but the language of information processing and computation science i.e. physics of transistors built from silicon vafers, and AND, OR, NOT logic gates built from it and connected in vast networks which thus bypass chemistry and biology and directly instantiate information processing life forms. Of course these life forms will need hardware bodies to interact with the rest of the physical world i.e. Robotics.
Thank you and the team for incredible work and devotion to sharing science and ideas. What a valuable resource.
It is an incredibly deep book. Hard to just read like a fiction book. Each sentence is full of brain stimulating ideas especially if you are into the several scientific revolutions and interconnectivity that we are all living between all sciences and interaction of social sciences with the natural sciences never to be separate again. Neuroscience, biotechnology and synthetic biology have placed law, ethics and social implications as a new view of our world.
Thank you so much for all the work!
I'm so glad I found you Professor Greene!
Absolutely enamored with Sir Paul Nurse. Some would say life is love and if that be so Sir Paul is the embodiment of that principle. Thank you Brian for these incredible and life affirming lectures and informal discussions, truly making the world a better and more hospitable place to be
Brian seems like a really nice guy and coupled to his knowledge and obvious humility makes him a winner in my humble opinion ..
The duty’s of scientists, is that to create the reasons, for people to survive, and carry on
i have listened to relativity 11 hour one for 6 months everyday bits and pieces slowly understanding it quantum mechanics would be another nice bedtime story
Nice conversation, thank you very much! Manner of talking is very important for popularising the science.
Brian Thank you..
You made my night here in India.
👍👌❤️
Esoterically space flows & it's reflection is feeling, also flowing- ask any woman. Free will, data & intelligence appear dependent & predetermined as the free will is as space has will in a layer of consciousness, humans rising independently, is to have feeling- thus we are the machine outcome of the mirror like universe. Great discussion Sir & Professor!
Grazie ❣️
From Florence, ITALY
To Brian Green and the rest of the materialist/physicalists; have you ever explored Ayahuasca/dmt? I'm curious of your views regarding "no afterlife" if you have indeed done such diligent
exploration into our consciousness and beyond..
Check out Brian's appearance on Joe Rogan! He briefly talks about experiences with psychedelics a bit and has some interesting things to say. Worth a watch of you're curious!
Foreign language requirement makes sense for some disciplines such as World History. You have to be able to read primary documents in their original language to be a good historian.
Now, if you're majoring in U.S History - of course knowing English and only English is fine. However, knowing Spanish or French can be useful because sections of America were colonized by the French and Spanish.
Thank you for another Stellar Video !!!!
Thank you. That's all I can say.
So happy to hear that there will be more courses like the one you taught on Special Relativity...Thank you so much for such generosity...
These guys are both brilliant scientists. Greene is a phenomenal genius being able to popularize some really deep and complex knowledge while standing firmly his scientific grounds. Yet, everybody gangsta till the hard problem of consciousness arises. All kinds of scientific physical explanations hit a wall when they confront the question of the nature of consciousness and how it is related to matter. There is absolutely no explanation how matter and the laws of physics and chemistry can create consciousness or explain what consciousness really is in nature. So, we might have to consider the possibility that consciousness is the fundamental element that precedes all life and matter as we know it from which everything manifests including matter and natural laws, as more or less Professor Donald Hoffman, very much a scientist, suggests with his Case Against Reality. Fascinating stuff.
Thank you so much !
I cannot for the life of me remember where I heard or read this but "Life is the postponement of entropy. A temporary state of order holding off chaos" but we know from the 2nd law of thermaldynamics that all things tend to chaos and will life return to its disorder.
thank you Brian for all your effort in making science public and also thank you for yourself and all your colleagues for sharing your curiosity towards understanding this moment and it's mechanics!
Can you interview Prof Carlo Rovelli about some insights into quantum time and also his upcoming book?
Thanks dr green and your dearest hosts
Thanks! Really interesting!
Homeostasis is that the body maintain some kind of balance in the body, like keeping the temperature at 37,5 degree C, keep the concentration of blood-sugar at a certain level and so on. This is local order and to get it we use of the total order so that it decreases according to the entropy-law. As long as we keep the balance, we feel ok and are comfortable, if it comes out of balance, we will often feel it and know what to do about it. In this way feelings are important to us.
So are social and mental feelings also and it is important for us to understand how and why and to find the good balance. The point is not to regard all that tends to make imbalance as bad, but to understand what to do. For example in Piaget’s (biologist) pedagogic theory the pupils faces problems that bring them into slightly mental imbalance that motivates them for learning.
Some get difficulty with this, maybe they can get help from a priest, a psychologist and/or a psychiatrist. Then they may get the diagnosis as “the patient”, taking it for granted that there is something wrong with him and/or her. For they just have to adopt to the environment, if they don’t, it is their fault, that’s how the survival of the fittest is. But if they didn’t fit into a special society, it is not certainly their fault, there may be something wrong with the society, that the social life does not function quite well. What to do about that? This they need to find out of, to see how they can fit into the society in a better way, maybe another part of it.
The patient may come into an emotional imbalance that is hard to explain except that this is the diagnose and this is how the patient is. The psychiatrist is a doctor of feelings and gives the patients drugs to bring them back to emotional balance. In this way the real social problem may be obscured and not solved and the need of drugs become artificial, the problem is not solved like naturally adopt to the environment (society). Isn’t this also the explanation and the problem with the illegal drug trade? The drugs gives them an intoxication that makes them feel well and comfortable, normally that should tell them that they are doing well and survive, but they cheat themselves, it may even make them feel better than normally, even though it is poison that actually bring them closer to death. So it make them enjoy their own self-destruction.
I enjoy watching how his background changes in snow amount from conversation to conversation....
Yes seems to be increasing a fair bit, don't have any anytime down here downunder
Actually there was a mesmorising light show to the right facing Prof Greene behind him over the mountains!
Humans aren't the limits of either life in scale, or intelligence. It's possible to imagine a being/beings that convert the entire universe into a highly ordered state. Even more perplexing if they manage to disable entropy as a fundamental concept of the physical universe. You could then say the destiny of the universe wasn't actually total chaos, but total order.
Very interesting point made by Sir Paul Nurse : The fact of life for NASA: Studying phenomenons and life as a phenomenon whereas it seems a Nobel Prize such as Sir Paul Nurse focuses on the origins of life on earth , but I may be wrong as I’m certainly no specialist in that field ...
yes for me too. prof. Green u don't know me but u r my valuable friend.
On the subject of immortality, I’d suggest as a segue to this remarkable conversation, an interview with Dr. Michael Levin. He has been conducting groundbreaking research on bioelectricity and its application to tissue regeneration. His lab at Tufts University decoded the bioelectric signals that the planarian flatworm uses to grow a new head or tail, regardless of how many times it has been cut off. Levin believes that bioelectricity is the path to tissue regeneration in humans as well.
With regard to free will, individuals have differing bandwidths of the expression of free will that Paul alluded to in terms of societal limitations. This comes under the purview of the Vedic concept of individual karma. I have some speculatory ideas of how that may work biologically within the framework of genetics and epigenetics. This is a wonderful conversation, I wish I could work on some of these concepts with Sir Paul.
These, questions, about the universes, comes with us , from our childhood
Thank you for the talk
Was not able to find a mentioned conversation with Andrei Linde. Has it happened ? Link please if possible ? Thank you for all the hard work ! 🤯
Nurse is so cute. He reminds me of my ambitious dreamer self except with a UK accent to be taken a bit more seriously.
The developed world has done soon much in science, that my discovery is miniscule in the vast ocean of knowledge, and I am therefore humbled. More is yet to be invented and discovered.
In the embryonic stage (early fetal stage) there is an abundance of nerve cells and synapses, so it seems like a competition between them to survive, those who are most in use survive, others die. Later in life, the nervous system is remodulated in response to its own activity. It is called neuron plasticity. The neurons make contact through the synapses, if there is a lot of activity through the synapse, the presynaptic neuron will make additional axon terminals (like making more lanes leading into a highway) and/or more receptors/channels for neurotransmitters (glutamate) in the synapse. If there is little activity, on the contrary it is reduced and the contact can be broken. This is considered to be the physiological basis of memory.
"Afferent neuron" gives signals to the brain. "Efferent neuron" sends signals from the brain, through the motor system to control skeletal muscles (so we control it on purpose) and through the autonomous system, it works automatically. The autonomous system is divided into three parts. 1. The enteric division the signal goes to the hormone glands. 2. The parasympathetic nervous system goes directly from the brain stem and out into the body, it gives orders of the character "fight or flight". 3. The sympathetic division goes through the spinal cord and out into the body and the order has the character "rest and digest". In 2&3 pregangliolic neurons lead to synaptic stations called ganglia, post-gangliolic neuron carry the order further to the muscles, smooth muscles, since it is automatic. The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine except for post-cangliolic neurons in the sympathetic division, where it is norepinephrine (norepinephrine). This is what causes the effect on the muscles to be the opposite.
Then we can say that information is coded by neurons and hormones. But there are only a few kinds of them. The point is the effect from the body when they are sent and the body when they are received.
I can't find a book by Ian McEwan named _I Robot_ . Are you getting the title confused? The novel _Machines Like Me_ seems to have a suitable plot and the robot's name is Adam, so that might help you get your wires crossed (Adam Link is the robot in the original _I Robot_ ) and you earlier mentioned "Asimov's [sic] I Robot", a movie which has nothing to do with Asimov's Robot stories other than to appropriate a couple of character names (characters that are completely unlike their namesakes).
The reviews of _Machines Like Me_ are mixed and so polarized that I'm wondering if it's worth reading.
Thank you looking after yourself
Brian, Paul makes me think that perhaps you should do something on language learning. i know that this is not in your normal field, but Paul's experience is so common. Definitely the way languages are taught in American universities are useless for all but the few that have a particular talent for learning languages.I am bilingual, but it took total immersion. I had to only associate with people who did not normally speak English, my native language.
Wow! This is awesome
Life is the state of being, of existing. Wether physically, emotionally or thought base existence, to be is to be alive. There for there is no death but the thought of it.
Well.. rocks and water are in a state of being, of existing but are not life.
Thats nonsense
Consciousness can be togetherness of body, mind and soul.
Thanks again
To answer the hard questions, is the job that philosopher loved to find an answer for
Love the view behind you. Do scientists go snowboarding and do you get the bigfoot stories where you are? Love your work its fascinating.
sir it would we very helpful if you can provide us free version for quantum mechanics course. we are waiting for that course.
Please make a vide on the new LHC B meson rare decay discovery!
I find it a bit weird that, at the part where the 'What is Life?' books are mentioned, there is no mention of the one by Addy Pross.
Nice winter view
Blown away by the way Sir Paul Nurse answered the semi-provoking question about the nationalism. It was so easy to go along with the whole “Down with Nationalism!” agenda.
But he made a clear observation that the nationalism is not the problem, the sheer ability to explain the isssue is much more important.
Bravo!
We benefit from being social, but in this corona-time people are more lonely and for many it is not so good. For some people it results in poor finances and financial depression can also contribute to mental depression. There is certainly a lot we can do to avoid becoming depressed, for example exercising, going for walks and keep ourselves in good physical shape.
There is a lot of memory in the body, even though we are not conscious of it. In the immune system, it can host memory cells that make us resistant to disease. If we are well trained, the muscle cells remember it, so it will be easier to become well trained again. They have found out a lot of what function different areas of the brain have, we have different kinds of memory in different parts of the brain. But it is still a mystery what consciousness is and how memory is coded.
What we choose to be concerned about and choice of friends is important. It affects the state of mind. We know that hormones are important for the state of mind and this is how many drugs work, but my point is that the state of mind also affects the hormones. And to a certain extent you can choose your state of mind.
If someone believes in something, is trained in it, hopes for it and invests in it and then it fails, then it is obvious that they become sad and it can turn into long-term depression. On a Good Friday, it may be appropriate to recall that when Jesus and his disciples were in Gethsemane, they were all sad. Jesus knew he was going to be executed. But God raised him up from the dead and that changes everything. The cross of Jesus tells of a death, but is still a life-giving and joyful message, because he rose from the dead. It gives us hope of eternal life and the glory of God and that hope does not disappoint us, because he gives us the water of life for free, by mere grace, without the requirement of any work. The love of God is poured out in our hearts by the Holy Spirit who is given to us (Rom.5,5).
Prof Greene, If space time is quantized into discrete units in the size of Planck length in each dimension . can we assume that between these units there is a 3D grid like extra dimension (or dimensions?). can these non local grid dimensions explain the non local behavior of quantum mechanics (like quantum entanglement or quantum tunneling) ? I can visualize it much easier than the local Calabi Yau curled extra dimensions that can not add any explanation to the non local feature of quantum mechanics.
Brian, you’re a good Mensche! No more no less! And of course you happen to possess a first class mind!
The increased importance of engaging the public in decisions about the impact of science and technology on society has been recognized for quite some time by academics. The National Academies of the US has recommended that policy should be “a democratic action aiming at an optimal tradeoff between a number of different agendas and viewpoints; scientists cannot rule that discussion. The problem is on the policy-making side; we need to figure out how to better integrate science into the political process (6).” In the case of new genetic editing techniques, the National Academy of the USA recommends the implementation of safety and ethical regulations as the best strategy to avoid the loss of public trust, and thus preserve the potential of the technology to benefit humanity (6).
The engagement of an informed public could enhance ex-ante precautionary policy design with added clarity. Recursive public discussions are one of the mechanisms to bring foresight and robustness to the policy decision-making process. The outline proposed by the Royal Society under the concept of “intelligent openness” (7) provides a road map for the changes needed to make Science and Technology more open. As summarized by a newspaper piece calling for public informed involvement (7): Intelligent openness requires that the data used to make scientific claims are accessible, understandable, usable and assessable. “Accessible” implies publication online at minimal cost. “Understandable” means claims made in plain language, as clearly as possible. “Usable” may mean supplying data in a format easily analyzed by computers, and it also suggests that the conclusions be framed in a way that is relevant to everyday concerns. “Assessable” means that anyone with the time and expertise has the detail required to rigorously test the idea if they wish. That is something scientists, statisticians, economists and other “experts” can do. What the rest of us owe them - and more importantly, owe ourselves - is to ask a few questions before we spread an idea on social media or rely on it to govern our votes, our diets, or our attitudes to each other (8).
6. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Governance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. DOI: doi.org/10.17226/24623.
7. The Royal Society, 2012. Science as an open enterprise, The Royal Society Science Policy Centre report 02/12 Issued: June 2012 DES24782. ISBN: 978-0-85403-962-3.
8. Time Harford (2019). ‘Blue Monday’ pseudoscience undermines trust. Financial Times www.ft.com/content/d0649934-1f20-11e9-b126-46fc3ad87c65, 26/01/2019.