HOW DRYWALL MUD SHOULD LOOK
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 16 ก.ย. 2024
- Learn how to apply a smooth coat of drywall mud with no bubbles and easy sanding. Lots of detail and close ups!
Tools I use often:
DISCLAIMER: As an Amazon Associate I make a small commission from purchases through these links. Thank you for the support!!!!
Drywall knives:
2" amzn.to/2LwX8ty
4" amzn.to/32OHlw3
6" amzn.to/2LwP1x5
10" amzn.to/2QbLbOp (This one will rust if you leave it wet but feels nice to use)
10" amzn.to/3056fcU (This one is stainless. Stiffer, more expensive but won't rust)
Mud Pan with Grip!! (This is the BOMB! You will thank me!)
amzn.to/31tQauH
Tin Snips GOOD QUALITY!! amzn.to/2LzlOBv
Drywall Tape Holder!! amzn.to/32Udhzd
Paint Mixer for mud!! amzn.to/303fX0q
Full size mixer!! amzn.to/2LYrMLe
Mixing Drill (just in case)!! amzn.to/2O2oQ2P
Hawk and Trowels
13 inch hawk:
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13 inch trowels:
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amzn.to/2ZWH39d
amzn.to/2ZSY5Fj
12 inch trowels:
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14 inch trowels:
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amzn.to/34CdmsJ
Auto tools
If you don't want to think, here is the whole kit (Columbia is great quality too!) amzn.to/2UwPUae
Mud tubes and applicator:
amzn.to/2Xt65XR (different but works great, I have this one too)
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Flushers
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Handle adjustable
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or fixed handle amzn.to/2DrNt2O
Corner roller (head only, you may need another handle)
amzn.to/2XpuJZo (cheaper)
amzn.to/2XpuNZ8 (better quality)
I watch a lot of instructional / educational / tutorial TH-cam videos and this guy makes the best by leaps and bounds!
I am a jack of all trades/expert carpenter/home improvement specialist, pretty skilled and somewhat knowledgeable with drywall (better than average amongst tradesmen but by no means a pro), I was taught the skill and basics and given a good bag of tricks by my dad and grandpa as a kid (they were luxury home wall covering specialists, faux paints and exotic paper hangers and had to have perfect walls which we had to make after the finishers were done), so I can put a good and especially flat finish on just about anything and great at quick patches, can mud and tape a small room in reasonable time but no way efficient enough to tackle a whole house.
So I stumbled onto one of Vancouver Carpenter’s videos one day and thought I might pick up some pointers that can help me with a couple of my problem areas like inside 3way corners, and before I knew it I had watched a dozen and the amount of knowledge and confidence I have gained is immense and mind blowing! It is so impressive just how many useful and informative videos he can make in the one topic, and how natural and comfortable he seems doing these tutorials and how easy he makes the work look.
Btw, I’m a pan and knife guy😏lol
Keep up the great work and videos man!
You nailed it carpenter. I’ve been doing this type of work for many years and what you explain is dead on. It is hard to explain to someone but you just did it better than anyone I’ve ever come across. Many people really struggle with the concepts of bubbles, skim paint and then coat, as well as trowel angle, feathering, thickness and compressed mud. Everything in this vid is gold. One 11 minute video made concepts seem very simple that some tradesmen never grasp and many only learn after years of experience. Well done sir.
Wow!! I have finally found the answer to why I get the pots and pin holes in my mud!! I have been in the home remodel business for 20 years and have asked several drywall finishing tradesmen I know about the pin holes and never got a definite answer. I have watched several of ur videos and they have helped. I still use a inside corner tool though. I just can’t get a nice corner with the two step system no matter how many times I try. Thanks so much for ur videos. They r much appreciated. Don’t work to hard.
Me too! Now I know why kept getting bubbles! I should have started with a skim coat then go to the thicker coat. Ugh! I redid my work so many times when I could have done it correct the first time! Such a good and needed video for first time mudders!
Thank you for your clear and systematic explanation. You're an excellent teacher.
Thanks - so, this is probably the 20th video of yours that I've watched in the past few days. Learning a lot. Thank you so much.
It also helps if you let the mud sit on the surface before you do your finish pass at least a few minutes that will help with bubbles
Great detailed close ups and explanations. I really like how you show all the bad results AND actually how to fix them.
This guy has awesome videos. I love doing drywall but takes me forever to get anything finished. He makes it look so easy. I am a diy'er with little experience in drywall and these videos help tremendously.
I literally just did some mudding over a painted surface and was thinking to myself what the heck was with all the bubbles! Your explanation helped! Thank you!
Brother, I am new to Canada and I have a question regarding walls painted with paint. What is the appropriate solid material that I can put on the wall? It is possible to put a little thickness. In your opinion, what is the appropriate material?
I searched through all of your videos LAST NIGHT for a video EXACTLY like this. This will help fix what I did last night. Thank you.
I just got a modest Vancouver home that needs a ton of work. Because of you and your videos, my 1953 Vancouver special is starting to look amazing upstairs.
Thank-you man.
Making what you do look easy is the mark of a true professional!
Thanks for the fantastic videos - very helpful.
As a DIY'er who has done quite a bit of drywall work, I may be able to add something that a pro doesn't think about and just naturally does. The one I like the most is, that, if you laydown your mud, float it until it is decently smooth. Then once it begins to set up, and becomes a bit firm, you can smooth it out more easily, and you wont tend to get dragging chunks, lines, or pull-off. If you have waited a little too long, and you find the mud getting dragged by your knife or trowel, keep a spray bottle with water and a little bit of soap in it, and spray a find mist on the mud. This will lubricate the mud and allow your trowel to simply slid over the surface. In fact, if you do this enough times, you can actually get your mud to become almost shiny once it has dried.
You are crazy. Keep your diy skills to yourself DA
Thanks for the comprehensive how-too. Really helping me with my kitchen re-do. Look like you truly enjoy your work
Hey there love the videos. I am a carpenter by trade. A lot of guys I know don’t want anything to do with filling but once you get the hang of it can be pretty fun. I was showed how to do it about 15 years ago and never really stuck with it but last 5 years I have been doing way more filling jobs around here hard to find someone. But never tried a pair of stilts yet lol.
It's fantastic how you can change direction and go left or right as needed. Brilliant instructions in all your videos!
I just can't thank you enough. Your teaching style is so good!! I am finally finishing my walls!
Great instruction! The biggest problem I have is dealing with obstacles such as light switches, thermostats, or any area that isn't wide open. Your video sort of dealt with the issue when you used the small taping knife - and as you said, need to get a running start into the mud...
My three favorite words across all Van Car videos... "Feather my edges, feather my edges, feather my edges!" hahahahahahaha! Learning sooo much! Thanks for sharing your knowledge, Vancouver Carpenter!!
I used to hate drywall and mudding. But now I want to finish a basement. I think this is false confidence 😂
Amazing videos Ben!
😂
Does anyone else watch these vids and go " ah i get it now " but then soon after try and it never goes as well?
Or is it just me? Man this is a art....
All the time. But the videos gives me such a good idea of what it SHOULD look like that I quickly take it all off and do it again because I know it CAN work, I just did it not quite right.
@@k1ng401 i feel ya, definitely helpful but these guys definitely have talent
I'm right there with you..
Also discovered that he is showing us just how efficient and easy it CAN be done. But the good thing about mud is that you can really keep mucking around with it until you get it right. At least with the longer setting ones. And even if you have a bunch of lines and mistakes and you didn't quite get the feathering right or whatever, it sands so easily that you are going to be able to fix it up. In fact all of Ben's videos could be subtitled "To reduce the amount of sanding you're going to need to fix up your mistakes" because that's all it is really. He's showing us the best way to put it on and take it off again to minimise sanding. If we aren't quite good enough to do it, the job is not a complete disaster, just more sanding required. We will still get there in the end. No mistake is too much of a disaster to fix with plaster.
You really make the job look so easy. I’ve done a little plastering lately and think about how you would go about doing it. Cheers 🦘🇦🇺
You pack more information into ten minutes than some others do in longer videos. Great information and another great presentation. I'm almost through "catching up" with your earlier videos and I can't say that I'm motiviated to do that with very many other channels.
Dude I could watch you work all day. Im a painter here in New Jersey and I use knives with mud but you make me want to use a hawk and trowel instead. So much more control and less strain it seems.
I was thinking the same thing. Obviously makes it looks easy through experience. But I feel like it's a one size fits most type of tool.
That's exactly how I felt, watching a different drywaller use a trowel. I went out and got a trowel, thinking this was the answer. It wasn't. You can't buy skill, you have to work for it. I'm still using knives, but it seems like a lot of the best guys use trowels.
Use both, they both have their pros and cons.
Your videos are always awesome, high quality, well spoken, and super step by step informative. You’ve taught me a lot of new tricks to help make my projects come out better. Thank you bud and keep it up!
I'm a Canadian but I live and work in the UK as a plasterer. I have used both systems but would definitely bow to your experience with the techniques and materials used here.
I am continually perplexed at why Canadians use the methods they do. I can plaster an entire room in a long day, with a very fine glassy surface, no sanding at all required, and at a cost of about 4 25 kg bags of plaster, about £28 in total (maybe $40 Canadian). If the ceiling is textured it just needs a light scrape to remove the high points and then a generous amount of plaster to fill it all in. I can do a ceiling or two walls in about 3 hours, completely finished with no sanding, and to top it off a plastered surface is MUCH harder and more durable than a mudded or plain drywall surface.
Over here when I work I can't find any plaster and am forced to use the mud method, with multiple coats of mud, long drying times between coats, making a mess sanding, and worst of all, extortionate costs of material. A bucket of premixed mud costs minimum $20, and to do a ceiling I'm using a full bucket or close to it.
What a strange way to do things. I don't know the history, but I suspect that what happened is that when drywall was introduced here the taping and jointing and mudding method slowly replaced traditional plaster, which was more labour intensive and must have required mixing up of the plaster itself from different base materials. But in the UK people kept plastering and the manufacturers perfected their material, so that now British Gypsum sells a perfect product that you just mix with water and produces a finished wall in 3 hours. It's unfortunate as in my experience plastering is easier and quicker, but most people here think of it as a much harder process that was replaced for a reason.
But maybe I'm just not experienced enough in the mudding, and I'm using too much material or still doing too many coats. I'm finding I need two to three coats to do old popcorn ceilings, each one needing 24 hours to dry (certainly the first coat), and the sanding is a nightmare and exhausting. I much prefer my glossy and hard plasterer walls.
The one disadvantage to plaster is it requires a good week to ten days before it is ready to paint.
Interesting perspective!
I’ve always felt like plaster is the superior, but more difficult, finish.
I think there are a number of reasons the drywall/mud/tape system came to be the predominant finish here in the US & Canada, but a big one is wood framing. The application of lath to the framing significantly increases the time and material required over plastering right over masonry as is common in the UK (I believe, correct me if I’m wrong)
@@robertstredde6798 Yes you're right about the lath being time consuming, but that's irrelevant, because nobody uses it any longer. In the UK we plaster right over drywall. You can plaster over brick, masonry, anything other than wood or other materials that expand and contract a lot, but each material needs to be treated to accept the plaster. Usually a base coat of bonding (a thicker, lightweight, extra sticky plaster) or hardwall (another thicker plaster for masonry and brick applications) is applied over any very irregular background, while plaster itself will go straight over drywall, or painted surfaces, or old bare plaster, with appropriate application of PVA to retard the drying time.
Yes, drywall replaced the horrible lath and drastically reduced overall time needed, but in my experience the current plaster techniques are far superior to, and in some cases quicker and easier than mudding. We generally use mesh tape to do joints instead of paper.
As an example, I just finished doing all the ceilings in an entire large house here in Canada for my ex-wife. They were popcorn ceilings, and I scraped them down as flat as possible, then used buckets of mud to finish them. Each bucket of mud cost $20, and it took me on average one bucket per large room. Each room took me days to do, as I had to leave a day for each coat to dry, though obviously I had multiple rooms on the go. The first two coats each needed a day to dry, then subsequent filling and perfecting took less time. It was exhausting, as each coat needs to be scraped on with a taping knife, and I found it much more difficult to use than a trowel, though I used the trowel for the initial application. The worst part was the sanding between coats, and the horrific dusty mess this created. To compare, in the UK I could have scraped and totally finished a ceiling in 4-5 hours total, no sanding needed, and a much better and more durable finish.
I also found that when painting I had to be very careful with the first coat as it wet the compound and could cause small bits of it to come away. This is impossible with plaster.
The downsides to plaster are that it takes a good week or longer to fully cure before it can be painted, so this likely increases overall working time, but if this is taken into consideration, as it is in the UK, then other works can be done while it is drying, so no extra time is really needed for a new build. Also, fresh plaster needs an initial coat of watered down ceiling paint, or specialty plaster paint, which needs to dry over night, before any actual painting can be done. If paint is applied directly to plaster it will dry too quickly, crack, and flake off.
I will readily admit that my expertise is in plaster, and an experienced mudder could have done the work more efficiently than I did. They would also probably use quick drying mud, which would allow them to do multiple coats in a day. I avoided this due to the prohibitive cost.
This brings me to the cost difference. All materials are generally cheaper in the UK, and plaster is no exception. It's sold in 25 kg bags, at about £7 per bag, about $10. I could easily do a large ceiling with a bag and a half of plaster. If had used quick dry mud I'm sure it would have cost me $50-60 per room. So plaster is much cheaper, generally faster (with the caveats given above), and no sanding, little mess, and no dust all throughout the house. AND a much smoother and more durable finish.
I find it insane that it isn't used here, but don't see it changing, as it's very hard to get people to change their well established practices.
As for the skill needed, I went from teaching to plastering about 5 years ago, and I'm better at it than many plasterers I've seen, so it's like anything else, a skill you learn by doing and by having some pride in. A skilled and careful tradesman like Vancouver Carpenter could easily learn it.
Bob ross of plaster! Love your vibe brother, you are a proud and professional worker just how i like em !
Keep on doing what you do you are good at it.
From a Montréal carpenter
You do a great job explaining your craft, it's takes practice like anything else. For the weekend warrior this is good but it takes many miles of seams to get the technique down properly. For me, 20 years remodeling it's great and I pick up a tip here and there. Having the correct trowels is a MUST or you'll never progress. Thanks for taking the time to explain in an educational and fun manner.
i would say watching him mud the wall is like asmr for my eyes
Well, the most important thing people need to talk about. Better late than never haha.. I watched all your other videos. For novices like myself if it is possible could you bump this video as like a "Watch first" kind of thing? I'm a devil in the detail kind of guy and I think after messing with mud for the past couple of weeks this would have been a very good thing to know when first starting out. The problem I have is I'm a perfectionist and going from coat to coat I didn't know exactly what I was looking for and messed with the mud for far too long on the first coat. Just needed to learn to be happy with the very first one and then the subsequent coats get smoother. Other than that I appreciate your knowledge you are sharing with the world.
Mate your videos are so good- the best. I am much better since watching your channel!
Thanks and keep it up.
Waiting for more woodwork 😉
Thank you you give great insight that most videos gloss over or ignore.
This is your best vid on the subject. It reveals that drywall mudding is not equivalent to plastering in terms of smoothness and technique.
I like the way he explains every detail of the work he does, Thank you.
I've watched a ton of ur videos. Idk how good of a carpenter u are. But ur a damn good finish man. I framed for yrs. But a torn rotator cuff & a hernia have made that impossible. So I've switched to finish work. I worked with some remodell guys for last 4 or 5 yrs. An I've learned more about mud finish from u. Than I evr did from them. Keep em coming bro the detail is impeccable. Its like taking a carpentry finish course..
Just another tip. Rough up the painted surface with 100 grit sandpaper before any taping happens. Doing this will minimize the pin holes on the painted surfaces
All right. I've watched six other drywall repair videos today by other folks. Two were too darn tedious (c'mon, stop talking and fix it); one went waaaay too fast like he was in a hurry to get it over with; one I wasn't confident in his seeming lack of confidence (probably just not experienced in video presentation); and the final two were okay but not quite as thorough as your presentations. I'm not saying this just because my two liberty port calls to Vancouver were among the best in my Navy career (even though the price of Guinness made my eyes water :) or that I happily and voluntarily stood three four-hour quarterdeck watches because of all the great Vancouver folks who wanted to tour my ship (okay, the eyeball liberty was great!), but I really do enjoy and learn a lot from you. Drywall seams in the ceiling are everywhere in my house it seams.... but I'm fixing them. Thanks for all the great videos :-)
You are more than welcome! I hope it turns out great!
Thanks so much for all your shows and tips. I'm doing this for the first time and you've helped so much
Ed Allen , Arlington Tx.
One of my favorite people to watch to pick up tricks. Nice easy style of speaking. The up close shots on this one were very helpful. I always thought my lift offs where unacceptable and would reworked the wall too much.
Just a huge THANK YOU for these videos!!! I finished the kitchen and dining room walls and totally have a great respect for you guys! I enjoyed mudding vs installing sheetrock but hey, at least I know how to do both.
I finished the primer painting last night. I went back over some areas w thin set of mud that I didn’t see before primer painting. I also went over lines from the sandpaper.
I don’t think I wanna do this for a living. My wrist is killing me! Haha!
Oh! I had to build out a few walls bc my fiancé got the wrong size sheetrock. Yeah that was fun. Not. Haha!
Glad to be done and thank you again!
32 years as a plasterer and drywaller and Ive never seen a person use a plaster troll to lay down Drywall compound. That was fun for me to watch.
It's a Canadian thing, especially with the old masters, knife and pan has it's uses but hawk and trowel all the way for sculpting walls.
This has been incredibly helpful -- I'm reworking and repairing my wife's walk-in closet.
you sure make it look easy. i have done my own stuff for years and will never will look like yours.
Nice to see more quality Canadian content!
It could be Vancouver Washington, right? :)
I haven't seen a backhander that good since that grit-grinder Shoresy played for the Kerry County Eagles...
I'm glad you said something about angle and pressure on the knife while skimming. Cheers, VC!
you need to show us drywall patch repair when you have existing orange peel texture!! It has a significant effect on finishing it!!! Not all projects have smoooooooth finishes.
Was wondering when someone was going to talk about consistency. Needed to see this one today. You have to be consistent in your mixing as well as your application. You’re a good teacher. Keep em coming.
Thanks for all your excellent videos. I skim-coated for the first time recently and your tutorials really helped me get the job done.
Just applied mud to my ceiling over the weekend, and found it quite difficult to avoid getting pocks and bubbles.
Good to see that the same happens to you, and I need to work the mud a bit more.
Great videos, learn a lot. However it pisses me off how easy you make it look and how clean you stay. I am always covered in mud from head to foot!
Lol me 2
You have to own a flow-bee hair cutter...he cuts his hair before every job in the van... perfect hair and all drips fall back into the pan/hawk....it’s science
Just started a new drywall job yesterday, and thought I’d TH-cam some videos to help get the hang of things... little did I know I’d find one of my favourite skate youtubers here! Thanks for the tips man, you’re really helping out a fellow Victorian!!
That problem you described at the end about areas sanding differently drove me absolutely bonkers. I thought maybe it was inconsistency in the mud manufacturing. Thanks for the insight.
This is Master class advice! You should be charging for this. It's worth gold 🥇!
This one helps also. Soon I will be starting my mudding project.
I found your video very useful! I was actually doing some repair on my walls and had that bubble issue you described. Thanks for showing us how to get around it.
Very helpful info. I haven't seen this anywhere. Thanks for posting your work, instruction, and lighthearted touch.
I do a bit of drywall but fill timers are on a whole different level
This guy is pretty damn good. Its Its oddly satisfying watching him mud joints.
Thanks I’m learning a lot from you, and I’ve never heard of this beforehand!
You make this look easy...these are great vid's to help the regular DIY guy learn some tips
Well explained and demonstrated. Nice job Ben.
I don’t know how I missed this a year ago but it’s some good stuff. Thanks man. One of the best channels right here.
SO THIS IS WHY MY CEILING IS SO DAMN HARD TO SAND!! Thank you so much man I really wish I watched this sooner
These videos are great, I am about to do some repairs to a fireplace were tiles were and after watching these I feel confident to make mistakes and how to fix them, cheers.
Thank you so much for your videos. I'll be doing my first tape and mud job! I hope I can get it as pretty as yours.
I would love to see a shirt with the motto: #feathermyedge :D Keep on feathering! Thanks for your inspiration and videos!
Not only is Ben my favorite skate video youtuber he also helps me remodel. Ultimate skater dad 🙌
He makes me want to give the hawk and trowel another try. The push versus pull with a 12 inch trowel is right the frikkin on. Love this crazy Canuck. Even though there hockey team suck.
Use a little dish soap in your mud when going over painted surfaces and that will eliminate most the air bubbles too
Having fun right now joining a kitchen to a living room where a wall was removed. Each ceiling has a different texture too.
It's still hard to see the texture of the wet mud. But this is probably the best video on youtube that I've seen that shows what the texture of wet mud should look like once it's on the wall. It must be challenging for cameras to capture what our eyes see irl.
Definitely. You ever look at pictures of houses on realtor websites? The pictures look amazing, then you go there and it's a dump
Grrrreat teaching. Thank you.
Thank you . Your videos have helped me so much. I appreciate the knowledge you pass along. That many won’t share or leave out important details. Your work is neat and top notch..
When you mix your mud try back spinning it with your drill at the end. Doing so will pull most of all the air pockets out from the mud so you won’t have that bubble problem.
I will be trying that on my next mix.
I've learned literally everything i need to know from this guy. Never mudded before and i just skim coated a dining room including corner beads etc... Now i have mud butt
Will you please do a video that discusses which joints you do first, second etc to get a smooth wall or level 5 finish?
That was extremely useful ; i am totally in that situation. Because of you i am learning a lot. Thank you very much!
This is art. Incredible skill and appreciate you making this video.
great explanation like you say no one has explained and shown that. Cheers for your time and effort great videos
I wish I had watched this one first. Great information. Thank you!
I admire this kind of skill.
I am a real hack in comparison.
Thank you for sharing your knowledge.
Excellent topic and video.
We love only have all purpose taping mud in NY and easy sand. Only way get good Mudd and tools is off line.
Thank you for the informative video.
Can you also make a video on the cause of wash-board effects.
OMGEE, I have so much wall to hang and finish. My shoulders hurt, just watching you ;)
What about when you dig the knife in the middle of the field? I am having trouble when skimming an entire wall and trying to start a new section. I always dig the blade in the fresh mud and leave a mark. You are truly an artist. This stuff is hard. I am self taught and learning from ALL of your videos. Thanks for that!
You explain things so clearly. Thanks!
Learning a lot from you.
So how does a novice tell the difference between a pock and a bubble? Is the only difference that bubbles happen over painted surfaces? What’s the main difference in dealing with them?
Also you should do do a video about leveling walls around outlet and switch boxes so the plates sit level!
Good idea! Bubbles form over paint and dont disappear without a tight skim. Pocks should disappear after a pass or two and happen on both new and old walls. Also, I forgot to mention pocks are okay in the first coat just not the final coat.
Vancouver Carpenter thank you! Keep up the good work!
If you first put a tight skim over the bubbled area they will not be as bad they flatten out. I've been tapping over 40 years I've tried it all.
Buen dia,, señor carpintero de Vancouver, primerk qud todo agradecerte por compartir tu experiencia con todos los que te seguimos, habria alguna forma de que este video que hace referencia a las burbujas lo editaras con subtitulos en español, seria de mucha ayuda , soy un principiante de ezte oficio, recien he sacado el titulo, muchas gracias nuevamente por la cantidad de videos explicativos, aunque no entiendo bien los detalles tecnicos de los que hablas, pero cada dia mejoro enel ingles, un saludo desde España.
Very informative and detailed. Thank you a lot.
Art in motion and great explanations. $5 he paints masterpieces on the side.
My fave video of yours
Great job pal
Great explanation. Nicely done.
Outstanding. Excellent video!
Your content is awesome!
Maybe you should show how to set a trowel becuz a beginner will get a new one that will only leave lines
Can you make a video about the consistency of mud? I recently heard a trick to put liquid soap in there to keep it smooth. Sounds like BS to me but I wanted to ask a pro. I appreciate all your content! From patches, to busted drywall around electrical, to butt joints. It's all good.
I have found your videos very informative. There are a few situations I have encountered and was hoping to get your advice or you to include in a video.
Firstly, a renovation where new drywall meets finished built up painted drywall in a butt joint situation and the transition between the new and old is more than an 1/8 inch. Would you build up the new lower drywall with a first coat of mud first and then apply the tape in layer two OR the reverse and just apply the tape in the first layer (producing an offset in the tape) and building on top of that in the next layer until flush?
Secondly, amateurs such as myself are over generous with the mud and are a little messy which means we are left with a lot of sanding. To save on sanding I sometimes employ a trick I heard of to use a damp sponge or wet rag to wipe down all the high spots, bumps, etc and then follow that up later with sanding. What do you think?
Thanks.