It helps to give my life a sense of meaning and normalcy while quarantined by this event horizon, inside which the usual laws of society break down and the precise date/time loses all meaning. Next year we can explore the implications of Many Worlds by taking a look at the ever increasing degenerate decay made possible by this one particularly terrible option on our endlessly branching multiverse.. of Spacetime. 😉
@@garethdean6382 many people think that the process is geometric, but that is a mistake, as the overruns are clearly logarithmic. After several busts of overruns, the budget becomes a singularity.
White dwarf and neutron star matter can exist only under the extreme gravity of that star cinder. Blow any of it away and the matter itself will explode.
I am sure it cost more than the average American makes in a year! I am not saying it can't be made on the cheap, but government run programs notoriously pay top dollar for everything... If say, an airport has a yearly $10 million budget/grant for operation costs, then they make sure they spend every penny no matter what. If they spend any less, then their money gets cut the next year and almost impossible to get it back.
@@slowburntm3584 PBS isn’t state run television. It is non-commercial. “PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, National Datacast, pledge drives, and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens.”
You like this channel? Then heres a fun-fact: ...Mystiverse and BanditRants are both you-tubers in this science-ish genre that aren’t very well known and pretty brilliant.
I consider his work a net positive, for sure. And don't forget the rest of the team! A shout-out to the people who make these slick presentations possible, and to PBS, for hosting content with actual educational value
Everything is relevant. Understanding the world you live in should be the very BASIC knowledge each of us has. There is no reason for any of us to walk around in a world we cannot understand. The lack of understanding causes 99% of all problems. This is how flat earthers are born, mythologies rise, wars are started, & priorities become misguided. We start voting against our self interests, & then factions are born. Before you know it - we wipe ourselves out. The pursuit of the truth & the subsequent teaching of it should be mandatory, with the battle against those whom would block it to be the most important fight of our lives.
@@ModernDayRenaissanceMan - Most kids, students, and general population don't need to understand what will happen at the end of the universe in order to thrive at home and at work. 'Mandatory education' is just another phrasing for "Authorities know what is best for your your mind so we will insert our way of thinking into your brain whether you need/like it or not" Ergo... less freedoms of thought. Don't get me wrong, though. I believe education in communication, sciences, and critical thinking is key to most success in human society, nearly regardless of individual positions. I just feel that not everything is relevant, otherwise there would be no end to what is considered "basic education"
@@silviafox78 thank you, at this point in time only critical thinking is nessasary. Plato was right all allong, now a days we are all specialist and nobody needs to know much about a lot of things just a lot about one thing.
Ignorance is bliss. What if u come back as blade of grass or a mosquito. It should b merit based but im not stupid enough to think what goes around goes around. It just keeps going around
@@joeymurdazalotmore6355 I've thought the same thing. Also what if all life is basically the same entity just in different frames of reference. I get to be you, you get to me, a fly, a plant, a rabbit, etc... etc... all in insane amount of time scales.
Depends on your definition of Life and the Context in which you are referring to... Humans in the Flesh walking this Earth, yeah 10^2 is accurate. Humans in the Spirit is more like 10^+infinity! Yes, we are "Mortal" within the Flesh or the Physical but our "True Nature" we are Eternal Spirit Beings! The Spirit Exists beyond the scope of Space, Time, Matter and our current knowledge of Physics!
@@skilz8098 *Humans in the Spirit is more like 10^(+infinity)!* To start, there is no scientific evidence that there exists such a thing as a spirit. There is no scientific evidence that humans are more than just animals made of baryonic matter. Also, "+infinity" is not a number, so writing an arithmetical expression such as 10^(+infinity) is nonsensical, to say the least. *Yes, we are "mortal" within the Flesh or the Physical, but our "True Nature" we are Eternal Spirit Beings!* There is no evidence that this is the case. In fact, there is evidence against this case. *The Spirit exists beyond the scope of Space, Time, Matter, and our current knowledge or Physics!* How do you know that?
Meh, nah, let Isaac just focus on our future, while PBS Spacetime focuses on the universe's future. Kinda like that separation of concerns. ;) How long until Arvin Ash jumps on the hype train with yet another unintelligible rehash though? Bets, anyone?
To the people who think "Why should we know this?" Why know anything more than what you need in order to survive? Because knowing things is great. Thats why people do stuff like this.
When faced with questions, there were NO paths to choose from. The paths had to be literally made up from nothing, starting out in a cave and wandering if the shiny thing in the sky will return or if it'll stay dark forever. Most initial paths were magic and Gods. Eventually they lead to science and snarky comments about the idiots less enlightened than you...
It's not about being enlightened, it is about recognizing the obvious obsolete. If you met a person today who only used a sextant to navigate... If you met a person today who still hailed Zeus as king god... If you met a person today who believes a science fiction author was a prophet... If you met a person today who excitedly was trying to explain how they'd just unearthed the bone of a giant... No If you met a person today who believed the earth was created 6000 years ago, by a creator who despised and desperately wanted to cause eternal suffering to those he shaped (because another godlike being convinced, of course the woman, to eat a certain fruit) until about 2000 years ago...then love? Sometimes things sound even sillier in black and white...
Even the end really isn't even the end. If what we think we know about quantum mechanics is true, once the universe reaches heat death, and there is nothing left but photons, fluctuations in the quantum vacuum could potentially spawn a new big bang....
That makes things a little bit better tbh. No one is guaranteed to ever become a conscious being and we're possibly almost impossibly lucky to be alive as it is. So if the universe is all but an infinite cycle of repeating collapses and expansions, also given that matter can't be destroyed nor created, we have 100% chances of becoming a living being again eventually. Nothing is impossible either, so what if humans are created again and we become human by some unimaginable set of coincidences? Idk im rambling, but I just wanna share lol.
@@KatSpicert Matter is created and destroyed all the time, it's energy that can't be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. That's how we created most of the unstable transuranic elements. We put a lot of energy into smaller atoms and smash them together, converting that energy into heavier atoms. Heat death is when, many trillions of trillions of trillions of years from now, all the stars have gone dark, and all of the atoms have decayed, and even black holes have evaporated, leaving only photons travelling about. Photons don't experience time, which is where quantum fluctuations in the vacuum could eventually spark a new big bang, especially if the expansion of space keeps accelerating as it currently is. Empty space doesn't have mass per se, so nothing really prevents it from expanding faster than the speed of light. Virtual particles constantly pop in and out of existence in empty space, matter and antimatter pairs that quickly self-annihilate leaving a net mass of zero, but if space is expanding fast enough they may be drawn apart too quickly to ever meet. Suddenly you have mass in the universe again being created in what looks a lot like the early period of inflation in the big bang theory. It's cyclical, but there is no collapse, only a fade to nothingness, and then something-ness re-appears out of the vacuum energy.
@@MaverickBlue42 Ahh I see. And also thanks for correcting me on the difference regarding mass and energy being created, my bad lol. But yea you're completely right. So the only way any new universe will reappear is if some quantum tunneling happens? Crazy stuff
@@konigstiger3252 I don't think you truly understand general relativity. “Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be changed from one form to another.” (Albert Einstein) It's the first law of thermodynamics. You can move energy around, change it's form, but you cannot create energy from nothing.
I forget why I can't remember the future. I've been trying to put that behind me but I'm sure if I wait long enough my memories of the future will come to me.
Susan Ivanova: "No boom today. Boom tomorrow. There's always a boom tomorrow. What? Look, somebody's got to have some damn perspective around here! Boom. Sooner or later. BOOM!"
@@marcelo55869 That's only the matter in the observable universe. Planck satellite limit is radius of the entire universe is more than five hundred times the radius of the observable universe, so 500³ x 10⁸⁰ gives matter > 10⁸⁸. Just a drop in the bucket.
“Good news, everyone. It looks like the universe is going to end in a series of catastrophic explosions” Me: Nice. I’ve always wanted to go out with a bang.
Unless I misunderstood the video, our sun won't. It's too light. Our sun will just become an iron star and it will be too stable to explode. Eventually it will become a black hole.
Lol, reminds me of that Soviet joke by Ronald Reagan back in the day... The one about ordering a car in the USSR: th-cam.com/video/3I9AdLnjP0M/w-d-xo.html ;)
You like this channel? Then heres a fun-fact: ...Mystiverse and BanditRants are both you-tubers in this science-ish genre that aren’t very well known and pretty brilliant.
"Good news everyone, it looks like the universe is going to end with a series of catastrophic explosions" Ah so extra special cosmic fireworks celebrating the end of the universe, got it.
This is really a great episode. I noticed 42 “thumbs-down” as I leave this comment, and I really can’t understand how anyone could possibly not like this content?!
10^(10^70)? And I thought it couldn't get more absurd. This universe will be sticking around for a long, long time... but it might be that the perception of time is completely shaped by human minds, and that amount of years could pass like a single one for an alien species. Interesting thoughts
Thanks for the FYI, being immortal is quite tedious. So, being able to quantify and actual finality to infinity, renewal/rebirth Phoenix style should be fun. Gonna take a nap, wake up refreshed. Many thanks.
Hi, Matt! Could you do an episode about quantum teleportation? The only reason I didn't lose my mind with entanglement was the fact that you can't transmit any real information with it, but quantum teleportation seems to manipulate entangled states with partial measurements and transmit real information faster than light (such as the properties of a photon made entangled with one of the original entangled pair). What's up with that?
Love this suggestion, btw. I thought the information would be blurred with unintended static that could be deconstructed but you wouldn't be able to get at it ftl. Not actually knowledge, here. I'm spouting my memory of a chalkboard explanation
So in the end, once every particle has turned to iron (because it’s the most stable), the universe will just say “yo f these iron fools” and turn em into fireworks?
Researchers will analyze the gravitational wave created by the last supernova that will ever be in this universe. After rendering it to audible frequencies, they hear it say, “I’ll see you all in the next episode... of Space Time.”
8:55 Constant flux universe is another alternative. Third law of thermodynamics dictates protons must be able to decay, equally they can reform. A constant flux universe will never reach heat death.
When contemplating these tremendously long timescales, it seems important to recognise the (potential) influence of both: • *Life* in general, which (depending on how much could exist on a *Universal* scale) may end up increasing the overall *Entropy* of the *Universe* in a miniscule - _but still significant_ - value _(with unknown consequences)._ • As well as, *Intelligent Life,* which certainly would have profoundly massive implications for *Stellar Formation* & *Entropy* - & who knows what else - as it develops into the *Galactic Scale* (& perhaps beyond) of a *Kardashev Type III Civilization...* ~⊚~ I'm also curious how *Dark Energy* may affect the formation of these *Iron Stars* (or any other kind of star, for that matter) as while currently the expansion of *Space-Time* only occurs at the vast scales of *Galactic Clusters* / *Extra-Galactic Voids,* surely there may come a point on the *Universal Timescale* when it's effects have increased to the point where it distorts galaxy formation, sufficiently dispersing the particulates in *Nebulae* & *Proto-stellar Nurseries* so that the future formation of stars becomes impossible..? Could either *Dark Energy* or *Dark Matter* have any significant effect on the *Chandrasekhar Limit* at any point in the future..? Eg: Could formations of *Dark Matter* act to increase the inward forces on smaller stars such that even a star as small as *Sol* _(one single stellar mass)_ could become a *Black Hole..?*
So, this raises some questions. Will these supernovas expel enough mass to form planets? Stars? Will there be one last batch of solar systems at the end of the universe?
I felt like the issue of proton decay was brushed off too quickly. Because the iron star only works if there is none. And that is something that also requires quantum principles.
Close your eyes and then open it, that's how long forever feels like when dead, so worry not you won't even know when this 10^32000 years passby meet you folks in the another universe when we spawn again on some random planet or from the random vacuum fluctuation.
The unjverse dies with my death. You are all here, because I made you up in my mind. "It's not the spoon that bends. It all becomes clear when you remember: There is no spoon."
Wow, this is really interesting stuff. Hey, at least we'll go out with a bang 😅 So in cosmological terms, iron is like death. The closer the universe is to being composed entirely of iron, the older and closer to death it is.
I honestly feel like the scope of this finding can have quite a bit of power. Imagine... “ope, calculations were wrong. The explosion of the universe is correct, but the timing is actually in three years, according to new findings.” Thank God for Physics. And Einstein!
But what about the End of the Universe? We'll miss the big moment." I've seen it. It's rubbish," said Zaphod,"nothing but a gnab gib." A what?" Opposite of a big bang. Come on, let's get zappy. ~The Hitchhiker's Guide to The Galaxy: The Restaurant at The End of The Universe
That's good news indeed! (loved the intro :) My question: what would happen if two of these iron stars/black dwarves would merge? Or is there not even a mathematical chance for that to happen, because they can only form in such a late stage of the universe, so that "everything" will be "scattered" too far apart to such events to occur?
Due to gravitational wave emission any black dwarf that's not alone will merge with anything near it before it manages to fuse into an iron dwarf. The merger would cause the entire star duo to pass the mass limit and fuse in seconds, disintegrating them entirely. Such mergers are not rare in our modern universe.
@@garethdean6382 that sounds like a nice big explosion (even more good news!) actually sounds like a supernova to be precise thanks for the pointers! btw, I've learned that there is chance they might actually hold onto each other (for a while) resulting in a remanent (white dwarf) surpassing the Chandrasekhar mass limit www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1216-1
What if around that age of the universe & its expansion births' new big bangs, possibly from these stable iron seeds? Maybe they are just waiting for Universal Winter & then the expansion causes a Spring season on the slightly-larger-than observable universe scale. & yes there seems to me to be cells that have universes in its sections, like a blister pack of pills.
No it has reached a local minimum bound on both sides by a "campaign contribution" (bribe) requirement. There is a theoretical lower energy state of US politics where public opinion would be required to escape the energy well. In case you doubt my theory, it has actual data to back it up. In 9 out of 10 political races, the candidate with more "campaign contributions" (aka bribes) will win.
Well this addressed one thing I'd been wondering about; essentially, what would it mean if protons didn't decay, since a lot of videos on this channel assume they will for a given topic.
It's worth mentioning that, as cited by Caplan, galaxies will have become gravitationally unbound on the order of 10^20 years, and so "all objects [will] recede beyond their mutual cosmic event horizon" at around the same time. "We therefore expect that every degenerate remnant will be causally disconnected from every other ... long before any [such] transients ... may occur." Observers will see such supernovae only if they are among the fortunate few gravitationally bound to a progenitor destined to explode.
I love that even without looking at the time remaining you can always sense Matt tee-ing up the final “SpaceTime” line at the end.
The one episode where the ending was “{something}’s pace: time” was my favorite space time ending line.
@@paulshin4649 No, I was trying to remember but I can't. It was at least a few months ago.
It helps to give my life a sense of meaning and normalcy while quarantined by this event horizon, inside which the usual laws of society break down and the precise date/time loses all meaning. Next year we can explore the implications of Many Worlds by taking a look at the ever increasing degenerate decay made possible by this one particularly terrible option on our endlessly branching multiverse.. of Spacetime. 😉
You're just remembering the future.
You can already anticipate it and say "spacetime" with him.
1:32 "Give or take several orders of magnitude..."
Only in astrophysics is that sentence acceptable.
You forgot about finance, especially in regards to the cost of construction projects.
@@garethdean6382 Or the time required to complete them....
@@garethdean6382 many people think that the process is geometric, but that is a mistake, as the overruns are clearly logarithmic. After several busts of overruns, the budget becomes a singularity.
that sentence is also acceptable in Googology, though Googology deals with much, much, much larger numbers
White dwarf and neutron star matter can exist only under the extreme gravity of that star cinder. Blow any of it away and the matter itself will explode.
Man, that Intro, that’s how you make a hook.
I am sure it cost more than the average American makes in a year! I am not saying it can't be made on the cheap, but government run programs notoriously pay top dollar for everything...
If say, an airport has a yearly $10 million budget/grant for operation costs, then they make sure they spend every penny no matter what. If they spend any less, then their money gets cut the next year and almost impossible to get it back.
@@slowburntm3584 not sure what this has to do with the intro, but good to know
@@samspence687 Well, since this program affiliated with PBS, a government run program. I don't see what you don't understand.
@@slowburntm3584 reminds me of an episode of The Office
@@slowburntm3584 PBS isn’t state run television. It is non-commercial. “PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, National Datacast, pledge drives, and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens.”
“Iron Black Dwarf” is, literally, the most metal thing in the universe.
Yeah. He's the son of Iron Maiden.
We just need an "Iron Black Dwarf Maiden".... heavy metal!
I came here to say the same thing about iron stars. Black dwarf supernovae may be more prog though.
Great band name too
@@vapandrei Iron Maiden, Black Sabbath and a Stonehenge Dwarf
The writing for this show is always spot on. I love the little inside jokes and puns and snark.
You like this channel?
Then heres a fun-fact:
...Mystiverse and BanditRants are both you-tubers in this science-ish genre that aren’t very well known and pretty brilliant.
The amount of knowledge this man can convey, to millions of people is actually shaping the future of humanity.
I consider his work a net positive, for sure. And don't forget the rest of the team! A shout-out to the people who make these slick presentations possible, and to PBS, for hosting content with actual educational value
You know PBS is doing high-end divulgation when pynonuclear fusion doesn't even have it's own wikipedia entry :_D
@elgqr Still no entry, but it does appear precisely once, in the context of black dwarf supernova explosions
#MicDrop
"Pycnonucular. It's pronounced pycnonucular." - Homer Simpson
It's got a Wiktionary entry, though.
@@tpog1 Homer while drooling...mmmmmm Pycnonuclear.
Beginning of the universe : the Big Bang
End of the universe : the Decent Kabooms
Yeah, sequels tend to disappoint...
"Hyperdense Crystalline Ball of Quantum Weirdness" - new band name, definitely.
I lolled much more than I should have XD
I heard their album Black Dwarf Supernova is straight fire.
It must by some prog djent stuff!
There is no doubt iron black dwarf is metal.
"Black Dwarf Supernova" wasn't good enough for you?
Laymen's speak:
If you wait long enough a huge lump of iron is going to explode by being bored out of it's mind.
This has strong Douglas Adams vibes. Have you read _The Long Dark Tea-Time of The Soul_?
And its last words will be: "Oh no, not again..."
"Degeneracy pressure" sounds like the energy my friends emanate when they try to rope me into their weird hobbies.
"MLP actually has really well written stories, and strong characters-"
BEGONE, SATAN
@@fnamelname9077 >:c
Have you heard about... Hololive?
@@dustgalaktika9573 What's that? Some sort of OnlyFans?
@@dustgalaktika9573 XD XD XD I have not. Don't degeneracy pressure me!
0:00 - Futurama reference. Love it.
Student "how is this relevant?"
Teacher "it's really cool and it's on the test"
Everything is relevant. Understanding the world you live in should be the very BASIC knowledge each of us has. There is no reason for any of us to walk around in a world we cannot understand. The lack of understanding causes 99% of all problems. This is how flat earthers are born, mythologies rise, wars are started, & priorities become misguided. We start voting against our self interests, & then factions are born. Before you know it - we wipe ourselves out. The pursuit of the truth & the subsequent teaching of it should be mandatory, with the battle against those whom would block it to be the most important fight of our lives.
@@ModernDayRenaissanceMan 1:09
@@tonydai782 This Chris guy needs to write a book so I can enjoy not reading it.
@@ModernDayRenaissanceMan - Most kids, students, and general population don't need to understand what will happen at the end of the universe in order to thrive at home and at work. 'Mandatory education' is just another phrasing for "Authorities know what is best for your your mind so we will insert our way of thinking into your brain whether you need/like it or not" Ergo... less freedoms of thought.
Don't get me wrong, though. I believe education in communication, sciences, and critical thinking is key to most success in human society, nearly regardless of individual positions. I just feel that not everything is relevant, otherwise there would be no end to what is considered "basic education"
@@silviafox78 thank you, at this point in time only critical thinking is nessasary. Plato was right all allong, now a days we are all specialist and nobody needs to know much about a lot of things just a lot about one thing.
If the time after my death goes by as fast as the time before my birth, the end of the universe will be here in a jiffy.
Genious
Ignorance is bliss. What if u come back as blade of grass or a mosquito. It should b merit based but im not stupid enough to think what goes around goes around. It just keeps going around
@@joeymurdazalotmore6355 I've thought the same thing. Also what if all life is basically the same entity just in different frames of reference. I get to be you, you get to me, a fly, a plant, a rabbit, etc... etc... all in insane amount of time scales.
@@leonreynolds77 I feel the same way! Hi from this side of the universe experience :)
@@Kimeru 😎💛
"Iron black dwarf" sounds like a D&D race or something, but no, it's a celestial body
Dark Iron dwarves are actually dwarf faction in World of Warcraft :d
@@Lamster66 S****horpe
My immediate thought was: that’s going to be the name of my next band!
I mean...it can be both...
Or an extra in a Peter Jackson movie.
Those timeframes are just mind-blowing to a species with a lifetime of 10^2 years
Depends on your definition of Life and the Context in which you are referring to...
Humans in the Flesh walking this Earth, yeah 10^2 is accurate.
Humans in the Spirit is more like 10^+infinity!
Yes, we are "Mortal" within the Flesh or the Physical but our "True Nature" we are Eternal Spirit Beings! The Spirit Exists beyond the scope of Space, Time, Matter and our current knowledge of Physics!
7 x 1^78, on average
humans can barely comprehend 10^3 timeframes
@@SaintBenard You do realize 1 to any positive power is just one
@@skilz8098 *Humans in the Spirit is more like 10^(+infinity)!*
To start, there is no scientific evidence that there exists such a thing as a spirit. There is no scientific evidence that humans are more than just animals made of baryonic matter. Also, "+infinity" is not a number, so writing an arithmetical expression such as 10^(+infinity) is nonsensical, to say the least.
*Yes, we are "mortal" within the Flesh or the Physical, but our "True Nature" we are Eternal Spirit Beings!*
There is no evidence that this is the case. In fact, there is evidence against this case.
*The Spirit exists beyond the scope of Space, Time, Matter, and our current knowledge or Physics!*
How do you know that?
Isaac Arthur is going to have a field day with this
Maybe he should do a collaboration with PBS Space Time. How's that for a high-profile team?
For anyone who doesn't remember: he did an episode on iron stars, but of course only thought they turned into black holes.
Fist bump SFIA fans
@@SimonClarkstone Well, that was the prevailing thought at the time.
Meh, nah, let Isaac just focus on our future, while PBS Spacetime focuses on the universe's future. Kinda like that separation of concerns. ;)
How long until Arvin Ash jumps on the hype train with yet another unintelligible rehash though? Bets, anyone?
I love all the content on this channel, but this episode was extra top notch, 1 of my personal all time favs. Thank you for the excellent content!
What are your other favs?
@@ma11221 the episodes where they talk about time and explain gravity
Good News Everyone, takes me back to futurama...
Still can’t believe they had the guts to cancel one of the best shows around.
And the title takes me back to The Hitchhiker's Guide
*existential crisis intensifies*
"GNE"
@@MetallicReg Im glad they ended futurama before it turned out worse like Simpsons
To the people who think "Why should we know this?" Why know anything more than what you need in order to survive?
Because knowing things is great. Thats why people do stuff like this.
To survive as a species we must know this and everything we can learn we should learn
I can troll overly religious ppl with this knowledge. "I KNOW HOW EVERYTHING WILL END AND IMMA NOT TELLIN" " and such lol
@@KlavierMenn And all they would reply to you with is that "You dont know what God's plan for the future is." and they wouldn't care. lmao
@@TehAntiSpammer And I'd point out that the 'God' that they believe, likely does not exist in the way they believe.
There is never a "why" for knowledge, only "when"
That "when" can sometimes be "practically never" but it doesnt make the information less valuable.
This’ll give me an existential crisis but my curiosity is endless.
That's what made what we are now and more !
When faced with questions, there where two paths from which to choose. Some of us chose science, the rest thought magic would be easier...
When faced with questions, there were NO paths to choose from. The paths had to be literally made up from nothing, starting out in a cave and wandering if the shiny thing in the sky will return or if it'll stay dark forever. Most initial paths were magic and Gods. Eventually they lead to science and snarky comments about the idiots less enlightened than you...
It's not about being enlightened, it is about recognizing the obvious obsolete. If you met a person today who only used a sextant to navigate...
If you met a person today who still hailed Zeus as king god...
If you met a person today who believes a science fiction author was a prophet...
If you met a person today who excitedly was trying to explain how they'd just unearthed the bone of a giant... No
If you met a person today who believed the earth was created 6000 years ago, by a creator who despised and desperately wanted to cause eternal suffering to those he shaped (because another godlike being convinced, of course the woman, to eat a certain fruit) until about 2000 years ago...then love?
Sometimes things sound even sillier in black and white...
@@Tripskull wow, that's deep. I appreciate people discussing such topics, makes me feel good, and more curious.
Everything about that intro - timing, cadence, cut - is flawless and hilarious.
"Good news everyone: the universe is going to end in a number of cataclysmic explosions"
... Wow, 2020 really pulled it out for December.
2020 went deeper rather than pulling out.. ba dum tis
@SigmaTauri2 ppl
L
P ok
Don't matter how, to 2020 to end will be a relief...even if we blow up!
best into EVER!!! ; )
Spot on
This show is literally the highlight of my week. Fantastic work. Keep it up!
Even the end really isn't even the end. If what we think we know about quantum mechanics is true, once the universe reaches heat death, and there is nothing left but photons, fluctuations in the quantum vacuum could potentially spawn a new big bang....
That makes things a little bit better tbh. No one is guaranteed to ever become a conscious being and we're possibly almost impossibly lucky to be alive as it is. So if the universe is all but an infinite cycle of repeating collapses and expansions, also given that matter can't be destroyed nor created, we have 100% chances of becoming a living being again eventually. Nothing is impossible either, so what if humans are created again and we become human by some unimaginable set of coincidences? Idk im rambling, but I just wanna share lol.
@@KatSpicert Matter is created and destroyed all the time, it's energy that can't be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. That's how we created most of the unstable transuranic elements. We put a lot of energy into smaller atoms and smash them together, converting that energy into heavier atoms.
Heat death is when, many trillions of trillions of trillions of years from now, all the stars have gone dark, and all of the atoms have decayed, and even black holes have evaporated, leaving only photons travelling about.
Photons don't experience time, which is where quantum fluctuations in the vacuum could eventually spark a new big bang, especially if the expansion of space keeps accelerating as it currently is. Empty space doesn't have mass per se, so nothing really prevents it from expanding faster than the speed of light.
Virtual particles constantly pop in and out of existence in empty space, matter and antimatter pairs that quickly self-annihilate leaving a net mass of zero, but if space is expanding fast enough they may be drawn apart too quickly to ever meet. Suddenly you have mass in the universe again being created in what looks a lot like the early period of inflation in the big bang theory. It's cyclical, but there is no collapse, only a fade to nothingness, and then something-ness re-appears out of the vacuum energy.
@@MaverickBlue42 Ahh I see. And also thanks for correcting me on the difference regarding mass and energy being created, my bad lol. But yea you're completely right. So the only way any new universe will reappear is if some quantum tunneling happens? Crazy stuff
@@MaverickBlue42 Energy can be created and destroyed given GR is true
@@konigstiger3252 I don't think you truly understand general relativity. “Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be changed from one form to another.” (Albert Einstein)
It's the first law of thermodynamics. You can move energy around, change it's form, but you cannot create energy from nothing.
9:35 I like how you added 10^60 to 10^10^75 like that would do anything at all in an astronomy-level of confidence in numbers.
You forgot about Marvin. He will be in the car park, parking cars
...with a terrible pain in the diodes all down his left side. Ha, but his life is a box of wormgears.
The first ten million years were the worst. And the second ten million - they were the worst, too.
This show keeps finding ways to become even better. Great episode!
I forget why I can't remember the future. I've been trying to put that behind me but I'm sure if I wait long enough my memories of the future will come to me.
nice
Yes sure , take your trillions of years and remember
I could use your help with my time machine...
No, it's not broken or anything, but it only goes forward, very slowly.
Susan Ivanova: "No boom today. Boom tomorrow. There's always a boom tomorrow. What? Look, somebody's got to have some damn perspective around here! Boom. Sooner or later. BOOM!"
All episodes should start with a Futurama joke.
Came for this comment
Why not Zoidberg? 🦀 🦞
The title, though, calls for an HHGTTG joke. Something like "I think you ought to know I'm feeling very depressed".
@@TheCimbrianBull I'm going for a scuttle wub-wub-wub-wub-WUB!
@@TheBlueB0mber
LOL 😂 🤣 😅
I think we can bust out the "Super-Duper" hyperbole at this point.
"10^32000" oh ok let me pack my bags then.
And they say the number of atoms in the universe is 10^80
@@marcelo55869 That's only the matter in the observable universe. Planck satellite limit is radius of the entire universe is more than five hundred times the radius of the observable universe, so 500³ x 10⁸⁰ gives matter > 10⁸⁸. Just a drop in the bucket.
What about destination?;)
@@mienzillaz hhh
@@mienzillaz is there a war around the world as w
e talk about our ]b6
Well, i decided to watch all spacetime videos, over 260 episodes, but I've finally caught up :)
-"Oh, the vast emptiness!"
-"I can take a hint..."
😂
7:27 subtitles vs speech
“Good news, everyone. It looks like the universe is going to end in a series of catastrophic explosions”
Me: Nice. I’ve always wanted to go out with a bang.
Strong Prof. Farnsworth vibes
Just wanted to say a big thank you for the subtitles. It helps to understand the video better since English is not my native language.
How is that not called the "Decent Kabooms" model?
Oh hai
Might be the decadent kabooms model.
New Message, I have found you on nearly every video I've watched this year. :O
At the end of this episode, you really went out on a limb to deliver that pun.
So the sun is going to explode 10¹¹⁰⁰⁰ years from now? Aww, I was gonna watch tv that day
What's on?
Unless I misunderstood the video, our sun won't. It's too light. Our sun will just become an iron star and it will be too stable to explode. Eventually it will become a black hole.
Lol, reminds me of that Soviet joke by Ronald Reagan back in the day... The one about ordering a car in the USSR: th-cam.com/video/3I9AdLnjP0M/w-d-xo.html ;)
@@EvenTheDogAgrees That's legitimately a funny joke, thanks linking it!
We’ll have to move to Titan before that though because it’ll become a Red Giant in 5.4 *10^9 years. So, we’ll need to deal with that first.
That Futurama reference in the beginning got me. Well played.
Should have named it "Balls of steel theory"
Nah then it should also contain carbon 🤔
Alex, missing your show?
th-cam.com/video/09tbodL4M6I/w-d-xo.html
#Duke_approved
😎
0:00 "Good news everyone!"
Oh, god. Nothing good has ever followed that phrase.
You like this channel?
Then heres a fun-fact:
...Mystiverse and BanditRants are both you-tubers in this science-ish genre that aren’t very well known and pretty brilliant.
The Futurama intro made me laugh. Merry Christmas out there everybody!😊
oh, you mean xmas. you must be using an archaic pronunciation, like when you say ask instead of ax
Best episode ever. Iron Black Dwarf Supernova is actually a great name for a grunge band!
"Good news everyone, it looks like the universe is going to end with a series of catastrophic explosions"
Ah so extra special cosmic fireworks celebrating the end of the universe, got it.
That’s what you see when you dine at the Restaurant at the end of the universe. Douglas Adams got it right!
Black Dwarf Supernova is my new favourite metal band name.
Earliest I've ever been. Keep up the Awesome work Matt and team, we look forward to each one!
I second this!
I third this
Even though this is a bit over my physics and chemistry knowledge, I’m still learning more and more from your vids. Thank you!!!
Did he say “perfect boringness”? That sounds like a good title for my autobiography. Thanks. ;)
That is no body will read it..... yes...??
Yawn
@@arunabhganodwale1022 Most likely. ☹️
@@mienzillaz 😑
The Q&A part at the end made me understand the last video a lot better. Great commentators.
This is really a great episode. I noticed 42 “thumbs-down” as I leave this comment, and I really can’t understand how anyone could possibly not like this content?!
Electric universe fans don't like this channel or modern astronomy in general.
Probably Creationists or flat earthist wackos 😆 🤣
10^(10^70)? And I thought it couldn't get more absurd. This universe will be sticking around for a long, long time... but it might be that the perception of time is completely shaped by human minds, and that amount of years could pass like a single one for an alien species. Interesting thoughts
"Good news everyone!" I totally heard you in professor Farnsworth's voice 😆
Thanks for the FYI, being immortal is quite tedious. So, being able to quantify and actual finality to infinity, renewal/rebirth Phoenix style should be fun. Gonna take a nap, wake up refreshed. Many thanks.
I was waiting for the scary and creepy music to come on. And wasn't disappointed.
This is a very smart guy with lots of personality. Very enjoyable
Hi, Matt! Could you do an episode about quantum teleportation? The only reason I didn't lose my mind with entanglement was the fact that you can't transmit any real information with it, but quantum teleportation seems to manipulate entangled states with partial measurements and transmit real information faster than light (such as the properties of a photon made entangled with one of the original entangled pair). What's up with that?
Love this suggestion, btw. I thought the information would be blurred with unintended static that could be deconstructed but you wouldn't be able to get at it ftl. Not actually knowledge, here. I'm spouting my memory of a chalkboard explanation
Love the Futurama reference in the introduction.
So in the end, once every particle has turned to iron (because it’s the most stable), the universe will just say “yo f these iron fools” and turn em into fireworks?
Precisely.
From 'near nothingness'... Light.
The futura marca reference at the beginning is just *chef’s kiss*
Researchers will analyze the gravitational wave created by the last supernova that will ever be in this universe. After rendering it to audible frequencies, they hear it say, “I’ll see you all in the next episode... of Space Time.”
So, a supernova with iron shrapnel. Can't wait.
Damn, now I just want to know what sorts of elements are formed in that Black Dwarf Supernova...
8:55 Constant flux universe is another alternative. Third law of thermodynamics dictates protons must be able to decay, equally they can reform. A constant flux universe will never reach heat death.
I knew there is still something that 2020 has in store for us, before it ends for all eternity.
Pampers, how appropriate for this channel💩🩲
When contemplating these tremendously long timescales, it seems important to recognise the (potential) influence of both:
• *Life* in general, which (depending on how much could exist on a *Universal* scale) may end up increasing the overall *Entropy* of the *Universe* in a miniscule - _but still significant_ - value _(with unknown consequences)._
• As well as, *Intelligent Life,* which certainly would have profoundly massive implications for *Stellar Formation* & *Entropy* - & who knows what else - as it develops into the *Galactic Scale* (& perhaps beyond) of a *Kardashev Type III Civilization...*
~⊚~
I'm also curious how *Dark Energy* may affect the formation of these *Iron Stars* (or any other kind of star, for that matter) as while currently the expansion of *Space-Time* only occurs at the vast scales of *Galactic Clusters* / *Extra-Galactic Voids,* surely there may come a point on the *Universal Timescale* when it's effects have increased to the point where it distorts galaxy formation, sufficiently dispersing the particulates in *Nebulae* & *Proto-stellar Nurseries* so that the future formation of stars becomes impossible..?
Could either *Dark Energy* or *Dark Matter* have any significant effect on the *Chandrasekhar Limit* at any point in the future..? Eg: Could formations of *Dark Matter* act to increase the inward forces on smaller stars such that even a star as small as *Sol* _(one single stellar mass)_ could become a *Black Hole..?*
This is officially my favorite SpaceTime video.
So, this raises some questions. Will these supernovas expel enough mass to form planets? Stars? Will there be one last batch of solar systems at the end of the universe?
I felt like the issue of proton decay was brushed off too quickly. Because the iron star only works if there is none. And that is something that also requires quantum principles.
this dude just taught me in one video what i wanted to know from academic science for 20 years, since I was six, how to understand black holes forming
Well now we know what the restaurant at the end of the universe is actually there to witness.
I was thinking that too until he mentioned they would be cold.
What's on the menu?
@@martincotterill823 You'll have to ask the Special of the Day, or if you're vegetarian you can ask the talking cauliflower.
Cool ! I caught you a couple times before you changed your story and it made me happy instead of angry.
Or actually switched the order.
One view, two comments. Perfection.
I saw 1 View 14 comments
16 mins later it's near 4k views!
@@smartmoon786 I saw 2 girls 1 cup
The last supernova of this universe will become the big bang of the next universe.
“Good news everyone: The universe is going to end with a series of catastrophic explosions.”
Good news indeed. Lol.
Astrophysical cataclysm is the coolest thing I have ever heard.
"iron hearts exploding" is a band name waiting to happen
That end of time supernova lines up with the big bang being cyclical.
10:22 Don't two positrons need to be emitted to get from 56Ni to 56Fe?
That was a really good Professor Farnsworth impression Matt.
Close your eyes and then open it, that's how long forever feels like when dead, so worry not you won't even know when this 10^32000 years passby meet you folks in the another universe when we spawn again on some random planet or from the random vacuum fluctuation.
Thank you for years of videos
Matt Caplan looks exactly like a grown-up version of the dude from the movie Real Genius.
lol, and you look like the dude from the closet, jk
I think PBS is getting more sarcastic over time. We can represent its sarcasm with the hubble constant
The unjverse dies with my death. You are all here, because I made you up in my mind. "It's not the spoon that bends. It all becomes clear when you remember: There is no spoon."
I understand all the words, individually, but i can't wrap my head around them when they're combined this way.
Wow, this is really interesting stuff. Hey, at least we'll go out with a bang 😅 So in cosmological terms, iron is like death. The closer the universe is to being composed entirely of iron, the older and closer to death it is.
I honestly feel like the scope of this finding can have quite a bit of power. Imagine... “ope, calculations were wrong. The explosion of the universe is correct, but the timing is actually in three years, according to new findings.”
Thank God for Physics. And Einstein!
I hope not
But what about the End of the Universe? We'll miss the big moment."
I've seen it. It's rubbish," said Zaphod,"nothing but a gnab gib."
A what?"
Opposite of a big bang. Come on, let's get zappy.
~The Hitchhiker's Guide to The Galaxy: The Restaurant at The End of The Universe
'Heavy Metal' for the ages - music lives on
I'm a NEET, so that makes me degenerate matter, too.
Bruh
based
Have you seen "Welcome to the NHK"? If not give it a look, good show.
The intro speaks to me on a spiritual level
That's good news indeed! (loved the intro :)
My question: what would happen if two of these iron stars/black dwarves would merge? Or is there not even a mathematical chance for that to happen, because they can only form in such a late stage of the universe, so that "everything" will be "scattered" too far apart to such events to occur?
Due to gravitational wave emission any black dwarf that's not alone will merge with anything near it before it manages to fuse into an iron dwarf. The merger would cause the entire star duo to pass the mass limit and fuse in seconds, disintegrating them entirely. Such mergers are not rare in our modern universe.
@@garethdean6382 that sounds like a nice big explosion (even more good news!) actually sounds like a supernova to be precise
thanks for the pointers! btw, I've learned that there is chance they might actually hold onto each other (for a while) resulting in a remanent (white dwarf) surpassing the Chandrasekhar mass limit www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1216-1
What if around that age of the universe & its expansion births' new big bangs, possibly from these stable iron seeds? Maybe they are just waiting for Universal Winter & then the expansion causes a Spring season on the slightly-larger-than observable universe scale. & yes there seems to me to be cells that have universes in its sections, like a blister pack of pills.
@@garethdean6382 merge or orbit? I thought they were kinda the same but not so much.
Black Dwarf Supernova!
It’s on my calendar. Can’t wait!!!!
In the US, max entropy has reached the three branches of government.
Nah we could still have much more entropy. The parties are crazy but still organized
@@Giantcrabz into 50 *states* of opinion
No it has reached a local minimum bound on both sides by a "campaign contribution" (bribe) requirement.
There is a theoretical lower energy state of US politics where public opinion would be required to escape the energy well.
In case you doubt my theory, it has actual data to back it up. In 9 out of 10 political races, the candidate with more "campaign contributions" (aka bribes) will win.
Well this addressed one thing I'd been wondering about; essentially, what would it mean if protons didn't decay, since a lot of videos on this channel assume they will for a given topic.
black holes: I am eternal
strange stars and iron stars: *laughs*
It's worth mentioning that, as cited by Caplan, galaxies will have become gravitationally unbound on the order of 10^20 years, and so "all objects [will] recede beyond their mutual cosmic event horizon" at around the same time. "We therefore expect that every degenerate remnant will be causally disconnected from every other ... long before any [such] transients ... may occur." Observers will see such supernovae only if they are among the fortunate few gravitationally bound to a progenitor destined to explode.