Fetal anomalies including Cystic Hygroma, Spina bifida, and Clubfoot with 23 weeks of Pregnancy.

This video shows Fetal anomalies including Cystic Hygroma, Spina bifida, and Clubfoot with 23 weeks of Pregnancy.
Cystic hygroma
Cystic hygroma is the most frequent fetal neck mass in first-trimester ultrasound.
A routine ultrasound during pregnancy can discover a cystic hygroma. At about 10 weeks of pregnancy, ultrasounds show some babies to have more fluid than normal at the back of the neck. This fluid appears as a large, clear space, referred to as "increased nuchal fold," "nuchal thickness," or "nuchal lucency."
A cystic hygroma is a fluid-filled sac that results from a blockage in the lymphatic system. It is most commonly located in the neck or head area but can be located anywhere in the body. It may be discovered in a fetus during a pregnancy ultrasound, or it may be apparent at birth as a soft bulge under the skin.
Doctors usually diagnose cystic hygromas when the fetus is still in the womb, often during a routine abdominal ultrasound. Doctors may also detect it during a blood test carried out at 15 to 20 weeks. If the blood test shows high levels of alpha-fetoproteins, it might indicate a possible cystic hygroma.
Ultrasound findings of cystic hygroma include thin-walled and serpiginous or multiseptated intradermal fluid collections which are often found at cervical regions.
It consists of fluid-filled posterior or posterolateral cavities in the neck.
The overall prognosis is poor as there is a high association with chromosomal and structural anomalies and progression to hydrops and fetal demise.
CH is an abnormality of the vascular lymphatic system, characterized by the development of distended fluid-filled spaces, typically affecting the fetal neck (80% of cases). Based on the presence of septations, it can be classified into septated or nonseptated CH.
CH is frequently associated with other malformations, particularly congenital heart defects (CHD) and chromosomal abnormalities (75% of cases).
Turner syndrome is the most common associated chromosomal abnormality, affecting approximately 60% of cases.
A cystic hygroma is usually treatable if it's present at birth or develops later. The first step of treatment is surgery. The entire growth must be removed to prevent it from coming back. In some cases, however, your doctor may not want to remove large cystic hygromas.
A cystic hygroma is usually treatable if it's present at birth or develops later. The first step of treatment is surgery. The entire growth must be removed to prevent it from coming back. In some cases, however, your doctor may not want to remove large cystic hygromas.
Spina bifida
Fetal ultrasound is the most accurate method to diagnose spina bifida in your baby before delivery. Ultrasound can be performed during the first trimester (11 to 14 weeks) and second trimester (18 to 22 weeks). Spina bifida can be accurately diagnosed during the second-trimester ultrasound scan.
Ultrasound generally has a high detection rate for spina bifida and may show dorsal ossification centers / lateral pedicles as being splayed apart (which can give a V-shaped appearance to the posterior elements).
In human beings, ultrasound examinations of babies with large spina bifida lesions early in pregnancy show that their legs move normally, whereas later in pregnancy leg movements are limited. By correcting the lesion in time, leg function can be preserved.
Spina bifida can affect how your baby's brain, spine, spinal cord, and meninges develop. Meninges are the tissues that cover and protect the brain and the spinal cord.
Clubfoot
Most of the time, a baby's clubfoot is diagnosed during a prenatal ultrasound before they are born. About 10 percent of clubfeet can be diagnosed as early as 13 weeks into pregnancy. By 24 weeks, about 80 percent of clubfeet can be diagnosed, and this number steadily increases until birth.
4 components of clubfoot?
The underlying deformity of clubfoot can be most easily understood if it is divided into four components, whose first letters make up the word CAVE. These components are Cavus, Adductus, Varus, and Equinus.

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