I dont know if this helps or someone told you, remember when the stick figure shrunk the circle to radius =1 and then he made a division between theta and r? It is accurate because if you have the radius equal to 1, then the arc length is equal to theta. I know its confusing but I am glad it came be "justified" by shrinking the circle to radius 1.
This is exactly what i thought the same thing. But i saw the original video (animation vs maths). What i loved about the video was that it brought a huge number of reactions and comments. The highest i have seen in recent times. i think i saw 45 M views. This shows that there are still plenty of humans who care about actual things that matter. That are not just pure entertainment
Did you notice when stick-man was "talking" to e^i\pi, he pulled out a multiplication and put it between the e and the i\pi, and was leaning over the end of the pi covering it up a bit... it spelled out "exit"... 😁
I love how you can always see the exact moment he goes from lecturing about mathematical principles to remembering he’s talking about a stickman fighting the personification of these principles…
My favorite part of this animation is when Orange shoots his infinity function gun at the big mech, and the mech uses a Limit on its right hand to turn the infinity blast into an Integral as its main weapon. Like, the final boss having an integral as its weapon hits me particularly hard cause when I was learning them for the first time, it definitely felt like a boss fight
At what grade do you guys learn integrals? I have already learned somewhat basic differentiation like the chain rule, quotient rule, multiplication, etc and i just started 10th grade last week edit: yall i just learned integration, its a real challenge. i need to cover kinematics by this semester too cuz i have IGCSE on June :') wish me luck
What impresses me as a non-mathematician is that all of the mathematicians say every single thing in the video is correct (In terms of the equations and such)
not really, in 10:50, he actually disagrees* that θr represents the circle, and that it should've been re^iθ *he meant that he's not sure if it's 'mathematically correct', to put in his own words
@@MrBarun1981 He starts "Hello Maths fans". I'm sure OP understood that, too. And yet he said he has 'not understood a single word...' and you feel you have to point out to him that's logically incorrect. People generally communicate using natural language. (Barely that on in the internet.) Not formal mathematical logic. And guess which came first, BTW? Only an almost psychotically pedantic person would bother to point out a logical flaw in what is a totally acceptable and well understood idiom. And yes, I'm an utterly pedantic mathematician too. Otherwise I wouldn't have bothered to point this out to you either. I only do so because such comments as yours simply add to the pointless tedium of the general grey-noise that is the internet, and I feel you should be made aware of this.
As a mathematics teacher, I always dream of explaining math concepts in an interesting and amazing way. Let me say, Alan Becker have done wonderful work in this regard, even though words are not enough to express my feelings. In my review/reaction video (animation vs math in Urdu Hindi), I tried to explain this masterpiece in Urdu/Hindi for roughly 1 billion people in Pakistan and India!
Alan Becker did a commentary on this. According to him, one of his team members is a math guy and pitched this idea to him. He said that he had to just trust that the guy knew the maths because he had no idea what any of these equations meant. Also the white zone is the imaginary plain, thats why it rotates 90 degrees when they enter it. *edit* After much deliberation in the comments, I have decided that the white zone is in fact "the place where the numbers that aren't numbers but we use them anyway."
ปีที่แล้ว +163
complex plane* Edit: he said imaginary plain and I corrected it into complex plane
one thing that’s very easy to miss: 24:11 in the background, alongside zeta, phi, and delta, there is Aleph. hard to see, but it’s there! (tip: it’s huge)
I think this is what students who struggle with math need. Interactive math thats fun and makes something thats hard be more fun to keep people motivated and entertained so that they can pay attention and learn in the process
As a former math tutor who worked with students who were behind the curve, math is always far more fun when you teach it with fun practical applications. The math becomes real for them. I would have shown this animation to them in a heartbeat to show the playfulness that is math.
@@ringding1000 I would like to mention that showing off some little video-game function that uses real-world math could be an effective way too, not a math teacher or teacher in general by any means. Like, I can just see these kids question how the actual heck that game pulled it out of their ass. Folks, real math at work here, not magic tech haha.
It is hilarious because it's quite simple, the clever way of dealing with a the function that shoots an infinity beam is by limiting it's effect. That made me chuckle!
23:38 One bit that's easy to overlook here is that the infinite sum eventually becomes a sum from 2n=∞ to ∞ , which is really the taking the limit of 2n= k as k approaches infinity. So ultimately that is a double limit: lim k → ∞ (lim N → ∞ ( Σ from 2n = k to 2n = N of ...) .
16:12 I just noticed this here! The function gun that TSC made is f(x)=9tan(πx). If you plug in e^iπ or e^-iπ as x, it cancels out to 0! This is beyond clever!
I used this video as an example to explain to why in fantasy settings with learnable magic (D&D for example) not all people are wizards. Technically everyone can use math, you don't have to be born with it, but most people would do not be able to do it fast and accurate enought to fight with it.
Another reason is that maths is usually taught to anyone willing to listen. It has no practical or ethical considerations when choosing to take a student. Wizardry is like if maths was a weapon. People would be very cautious when choosing apprentices.
Although this is the only math related animation on Alan’s channel, he is arguably one of the most creative animators in the world; using nothing but stick figures who don’t speak no less. This franchise began back in 2006 when Alan was only 17 years old and made a video called “Animator vs. Animation” on Newgrounds just for fun. Now the series as a whole has over five billion views on TH-cam and is still going strong with 24+ million subscribers. Alan Becker is the living embodiment of hard work always pays off for those who pursue their passion with all of their being.
@vitaliitomas8121 His animators are surprisingly knowledgeable about math and physics. They could've gone on to become physicists and engineers but chose to help Alan animate his stick figures and their fun adventures. Respect.
@@RitzCookie OK, true, but I am not that good at it, lol. Recently I had to do some math for my drivers license where we have to calculate speed, distance, and reaction time, and I thought "Man, I am a moron" as I sat there and my brain felt like it was on ice or some s__t. PS, I am talking about literal ice, like, frozen water, TH-cam, don't nuke me.
Actually, the function gun is firing the equivalent 1 of the prime series or just "1". When it's hitting the various Euler's Identity targets, they have their values changed from -1 to 0, which cancels them out. This is why you see a 0 form above the targets that Orange hits with the function gun.
@@megauser8512 Re read what I wrote. ;) I said it's firing the EQUIVALENT of 1, which is what you'd need to cancel out the -1 from the Euler entities. I could have perhaps worded it differently, but the outcome is the same. Zero.
@@percivul1786 Orange took a gamble with the function gun, there was no way of knowing if its result will be added to the target or multiplied by it. Had it been additive, he'd be shooting blanks
It's interesting that the video explained math without the x variable from algebra. The only variable used was theta, to be able to find pi and describe circle angles.
Well yeah, but you won't be able to use any of it unless you use actually math variables like x,y , a ,b ( not sure if that's what you're trying to say but oh well)😊
@@aquaregia5948 the thing about variables is that they are completely arbitrary. arguably, the only reason why we use x instead of 🙂 is because emoji didn't exist yet when variables were first introduced.
The amount of tiny details and maths Easter Eggs, be it simple or compex maths, present in this 12 minute long animation is genuinely insane and this video made me realize just how much I missed from my initial watch.
Alan has a bit of a tendency to reinvent the genre of stick-fight animations. Going all the way back to the original Animator Vs. Animation, the concept was a really novel idea. Then AVA 4 expanded the scope to a ludicrous degree, and AVA 5 was just an all-out spectacle. But every now and then him and his team play more within their bounds and still come up with *really* creative and imaginative representations of the sticks fighting with various things. Videogames, TH-cam, now even math itself. A very impressive series in my opinion, especially given how quite old it is.
seriously, i saw animator vs animation back when i was a kid, and i wanted to do that myself. flash forward to now, where i have a passion for animating and it's my dream career!
θr is the arc length, so by adjusting θ, Orange can choose what point on the circle to land at. Also, as a math and music nerd, I haven't noticed enough attention to the epic masterpiece of a soundtrack to the animation! Just listen to the tension rising in the music as Orange divides by zero! Awesome!
@@AlexFha_29 Yeah? Well God (god) is not His name either, it's Yahweh (or Jehovah) but people still call Him God. God is his title, not his name. TSC's nickname (or title if you will ) is Orange. Please, don't take Orange's name in vain. Get my point? Ok it's like cursing at someone using the word Manager. It's not the name it's the title or a slang. So TSC can be called Orange or Orange Stickman or Bob or Ted or Alice or Carol. It's a reference. You KNEW what @lazarussevy2777 meant. In fact I think you're real name is Otto Correct, yes? lol
I like to listen to intelligent/educated people talk. I don't understand pretty much any of this, but it seems amazing to me, that there are people out there, that can see these *magical glyphs* and say: "Ah yes, I know that!" seems really mind blowing to me
After Orange has befriended e^iπ, he tried explaining to e^iπ that he wanted to know how to leave "Mathland". Orange tried to draw a door, but e^iπ didn't understand, so Orange spelled "exit" by putting the multiplication sign into e^iπ spelling: exiπ . The complicated math at the end was e^iπ helping Orange leave, as Orange can't jump between dimensions just by multiplying himself by i.
Love his determination to not see how e uses i to turn itself into an imaginary number and go to an imaginary dimension, and all the cool tricks they did with that concept
Animation vs math makes me so happy, I loved stick animation videos as a kid and I'm willing to bet there are going to be a lot of kids today that were bored taking algebra or geometry that now might want to learn more about mathematics just to understand what's going on in the video. It's a great way to spark interest in math. Also I love how the progression of the video starts at simple arithmetic and builds up through algebra, geometry, trig, calculus and a small peak into the further beyond at the end. Even the sound design is amazing!
10:42 that isn't representing the circle. It's just taking the radius of the circle and multiplying by the angle of the line. It is strange, but it seems to be a useful way to play with properties of the circle and it's angles at the same time. You set r to 1 and you can see the angle, you set theta to 0 and just see what happens when you vary the size of the circle.
It is using the l/r = theta property for an arc of a circle. You can see how if he puts different values for rtheta, different arcs form around the circle, rtheta is not representing the circle but if we give it a value, it represents an arc around the circle
Something interesting Alan's team did was the hammers. The Second Coming (orange stick figure) split pi into 2 hammers and there was some confusion about that. To be fair, looking at it strickly like that, it doesn't make sense. But looking at how he created those waves, it makes more sense to look at the broken halves of pi as the letter "T" instead. So, as given, it would be "COS over T(ime)" and "SIN over T(ime)."
I think it being tau makes more sense but also less of sense, it's kinda weird, because whereas it would connect tau and pi, the two heated sides of the tau vs pi debate, but it also makes it look like tau=pi/2, which simply isn't true.
First time for me watching it, as well! As a non-mathematician, it made it me glad that you explained the more complex concepts! Super fun, plus amazing animation! 👏
Whoa really? Terkoiz is still animating? He's more than just a team member, he's a veteran. He ran Stickpage with Shock and Failed Containment while Alan was still working on AvA 2.
I think the coolest thing about the Animation vs. Math video, aside from recognizing some of the functions etc thanks to the hellish courses (thanks calc. 2, for being required for my diploma..), is that it will DEFINITELY be the definitive starting point for many, many careers into math. It made it seem like a world of infinite complexity and coolness instead of what school shows typically, which is drier. It literally puts animation into the world of mathematics. That's just awesome to think about.
Yeah, I don't know if I would recommend this animation as a way to teach math (though some of the visuals would be very good standalone), but for math and animation lovers, the visual representations and how they are being manipulated are very interesting, as there is a forced creativity through constraint by having to tell a story purely through interaction with numbers. This forced creativity also explains why e^(i*pi) comes up so early. Good storytelling needs a conflict of some sort, and rather than just having orange aimlessly messing around for the entire length, Becker creates a conflict through mystery early on in the animation which becomes a recurring antagonistic force that Orange has to figure out and overcome through further experimentation.
So, the thing I love about this video is that I get the same enjoyment out of it that I do when I watch people react to anime or other hobbies I enjoy in a different language. I have no idea what they are saying, but I love seeing their reaction and joy regardless.
I love that moment you start talking about the unit circle right before TSC discovers and starts to play with it. This has so many blink and you miss it moments. The expansions does start at n = 0 but quickly increases each time Euler's monster shoots out a term.
For (theta)r part, I think the relation it had with the circle is meant to be the arc length, since as he was turning the little bar in theta, it was giving values of the arc length
A small detail some people didn’t notice is that when TSC is firing 4s at e^ipi, he isn’t firing 4s because they look like arrows, it was because his bow was made of 2 2s, x and =. Since = can create 1s, 1 x 2^2 = 4 hence tsc was shooting 4s Another detail is that when tsc makes a function gun, he does it by using tan, thus the projectiles he shoots are little sections of the graph y=tan(x)
At the very end, iirc I saw something about that final formula being for a 2n-dimensional hypersphere, so it started as a point at 0d, then a circle at 2d, and added dimensions until it had infinite dimensions, then was turned to -1 to send him home like a portal of some kind. Also, did you catch the enormous aleph made of the complex plane at the end?
My 10yo son (who was already an Alan Becker fan) showed me this. I definitely missed a few things on the first view, and i appreciate your reactions to explain things new and forgotten (I don't believe I've even given the Gamma Function a single thought since 1984 😆)
I love how this video can give you just an immense sense of accomplishment - taking pride in understanding what concepts are being utilized in Orange's fights the further on the video gets. Even if you don't understand a lot of the insane math ideas that are used here (like me), even that can give you a "bruh moment" kind of discovery. I can only imagine the amount of people who have watched this and said "WOW, WHAT?!"
11:30 I'm not sure if this has yet to be said, but rθ is by definition the arc length of a circle. It was showing the perimeter of the circle at the same time.
I think a misunderstanding I've seen from a lot of mathematicians about the θ r with the circle at 10:45 of this video is they assume that the equation is θr = the circle but later in the animation when they show the θ / r = π I think it shows that the θ and r are properties OF the circle not that they are equal to the circle so I think it's still sort of mathematically correct.
It's amazing to me that people are still finding his channel, i used to watch his stuff ages ago and it feels like he's the only TH-camr left from that era of people i watched
11:00 theta r represents the arc length. So in this case it’s supposed to mean the length of a full circles arc is theta (constant value of 2pi) times r.
Im so impressed in your ability to mentally see these complex math principles in your head and rationalize them. Even the Factorials. That threw me off, even trying to solve for why n=2 was a thing.
It did start at n = 0, it then sent off two shots at the stickman meaning it went from 0 to 1 to 2 before he paused, it didn't start there but enumerated to there
Glad you reviewed this, I wouldn't have stood a chance without you. It started to just look like random symbols near the end. I'm amazed you could spot the concepts in fractions of a second.
You've started a visualizing math and arithmetic adventure. It could easily go back in time to counting boards and forward to explain today's and the future's unanswered questions. All visually presented to be quickly reflected upon, understood, and made of use by the youngest or oldest interested. I wish you a long and productive career. -- JSW
Euler's identity is sometimes referred to as 'the little monster', hence why e^i(pi) is the angry little trouble-maker in the animation when the corner adds up and the little monster jumps through, thats moving between the real and complex worlds, you see this further as at 20:00 they jump back to the real world, but -roots cannot exist in the real world, so it all breaks. then multiply's by i, shifting back into the complex world the series starts at 2 because he gets hit by the 4 from and character when he grabs the infinity sign it's like grabbing the infinity 'stone', giving him ultimate power
Most of the rest of the channel is actually the series "Animator vs Animation", and concurrently "Animation vs Minecraft". There's an actual storyline involving the orange stick and friends.
I literally loved this video As a 12th grader student and a maths lover, i loved alan becker's video and the explanation behind all the symbols and functions too❤
At 10:36 , (theta x r) is the arc length formula, which can be the circumference of the circle when theta = 2π But at 10:38 he turns the circle into a unit circle, hence r = 1 Later, we can se he turns the equation into theta / r , which is just equal to theta as value of r = 1. Thus when the line rotates by 180° the value of equation is π/1 = π The digram was maybe a bit off but the values were technically correct
I recently saw this animation for the first time, but as soon as I did I knew I wanted to see someone who understood absolutely geek out and break it down. I was not disappointed.
With the power series of e^iPi it did start at n=0. It’s just that when you paused it was n=2 because it had already fired 3 times. The ammo its using are the expressions in the power series of e^iPi
reason why this is so well done is cause alan beckers editior ( i think ) is a massiave maths nerd so he was the one that made sure it was all done correctally
\theta r is not a 'peculiar way to represent a complex number' but is, of course, the arc length. So altering theta makes you end up at a different place of the circle, and altering r increases the radius. The animation draws the arc (in the direction of positive arc length) as these are adjusted. I suppose it would have been easier to interpret if written r\theta, but then \pi r might not have been recognised. Conventions! Love this.
As a more tactile, "throw stuff at wall type," this kind of thing I think would have helped me to "feel" maths more, and thus could have sparked an interest if I had been exposed to it when younger. Even now just watching this quick video I can feel neurons trying to make connections, unfortunately a lack of prerequisite knowledge is limiting what I could get form this but, such is life.
11:10 it's Theta×r is the arc of the section of the circle encompassed by your angle. In a unit circle, this is literally the identity between angle and arc length, which is why it was chosen. The depiction wasn't of the circle, but rotation around a central axis (which makes a circle)
I have so much trouble with other people and understanding social cues and stuff, its just too chaotic. Mathematics for me is the only language that makes sens out of the Chaos present in our universe. This is why i LOVE maths, unlike written or spoken words, Mathematics cant lie. Also, i love your cartman tattoo 😆
Even though my basic german Abitur knowledge is not quite enough to understand all that (not even remotely actually lol), this video really is a masterpiece to me. Great reaction as well :)
i would love like a hour version or something where he actually explains how everything works because it looks super interesting and i am in 9th grade and recently started precalculus i think it would be very nice to learn more about math in such a unique and interesting way
my 4 year old son and i watched that animation for the first time last night. more of a science guy but i thought it was really fun and well done. i enjoyed your take on it as well!
Alan Becker, we've been watching him for a decade+ in the animation community (he's totally brilliant). I was expecting some physical fighting by 3:24, but we'll see what develops.
23:30 I think that wasn't producing waves but going to higher dimensions. It started with a line then the surface of a circle then added an ellipse to create illusion of 3D and implying sphere then another to imply hyper sphere in 4D and after going up to many more dimensions the circle becomes white as if now he has access to all dimensions and then he teleports back to his own world leaving mathematical dimension behind. But this is just my interpretation.
The formula shown actually calculates the area of an N-dimensional hypersphere. The formula can reduce down to e^x where x is the radius of the hypersphere. So they use the formula to create an infinite-dimensional hypersphere around the Stick Guy, then set X = iπ, which reduces the whole thing to -1.
He wanted to go to the world that the e was going through the door, which was the negative world He couldn't do it thru the door coz it was gonna break the negative world so he did it thru the infinite dimensional sphere instead
Omg, there were MANY great insights on the (original) video (and in the reaction as well). I'm sad I didnn't watch the original before, but I'm VERY happy to see this kind of content reaching so many people. This single video probably had a greater impact in maths than most PhDs in the world. Great job (both for the creators of the original video, and for Tom Rocks Maths).
Dude youre such a math nerd and i love it... I havent touch anything math related for years and it was really interesting seeing someone who knows ton more than me to explain the later parts of the video
Watch me react to "Animation vs. Geometry" here: th-cam.com/video/hIS_0zAiNiY/w-d-xo.html
Will do
also happy to be the first rply
I dont know if this helps or someone told you, remember when the stick figure shrunk the circle to radius =1 and then he made a division between theta and r? It is accurate because if you have the radius equal to 1, then the arc length is equal to theta. I know its confusing but I am glad it came be "justified" by shrinking the circle to radius 1.
Not yet
Epic
Alan said in the comments of the animation that his lead animator is "the math nerd behind all this" so big props to him too
His name is Terkoiz, fyi.
@@danieljoybaguio7975 thanks! I was looking to see if I could find it but I couldn't, maybe I just missed it
@@danieljoybaguio7975wait THE Terkoiz from the Shock series?
@@haveidonethisbefore Yes, the animator who animated shock series works for Alan Becker full-time. :)
@@Shuriken255 Wait SHURIKEN?! How are you here, and happy to see ya!
Seeing this dude get excited about numbers makes me so happy for some reason
Barely numbers at that point 😭
the same for me, it makes me happy, don't know why, but it makes me happy
Same *and I don’t know why*
It's just nice seeing someone geek out about the things they're passionate about when it's represented in a fun and interesting way.
This is exactly what i thought the same thing. But i saw the original video (animation vs maths). What i loved about the video was that it brought a huge number of reactions and comments. The highest i have seen in recent times. i think i saw 45 M views. This shows that there are still plenty of humans who care about actual things that matter. That are not just pure entertainment
Did you notice when stick-man was "talking" to e^i\pi, he pulled out a multiplication and put it between the e and the i\pi, and was leaning over the end of the pi covering it up a bit... it spelled out "exit"... 😁
Genius. TSC is so smart
exip.
@@evnnxiexiτ
@@jan_Mamu exiт
Yes, that was the point
I love how you can always see the exact moment he goes from lecturing about mathematical principles to remembering he’s talking about a stickman fighting the personification of these principles…
20:53 this spells "exit" orange is covering a part of pie so that it looks like a "T"
My favorite part of this animation is when Orange shoots his infinity function gun at the big mech, and the mech uses a Limit on its right hand to turn the infinity blast into an Integral as its main weapon. Like, the final boss having an integral as its weapon hits me particularly hard cause when I was learning them for the first time, it definitely felt like a boss fight
his name is second coming
@@username-jb2wp you forgot the "the"
this feels like it should be a troll comment like “my favorite part was when morbius said it was morbin time then morbed all over the place”
I agree, all of Calculus felt like a boss fight, but especially integrals!
At what grade do you guys learn integrals? I have already learned somewhat basic differentiation like the chain rule, quotient rule, multiplication, etc and i just started 10th grade last week
edit: yall i just learned integration, its a real challenge. i need to cover kinematics by this semester too cuz i have IGCSE on June :') wish me luck
Orange learned math in 20 minutes and yet i cant even understand half of the things he learned after 12 years
I mean, Orange is a being literally made of math (he’s vector animation as opposed to raster)
His name is "The Second Coming" or "TSC"
#relatable
@@CPU_99 we still call him orange, we know he’s called the second coming, but we’ll still call him orange.
Perhaps you need to enter an existential maths duel.
What impresses me as a non-mathematician is that all of the mathematicians say every single thing in the video is correct (In terms of the equations and such)
That's cos alans team had a math nerd
I don't remember who
@@sidsdabest2416lead animator?
not really, in 10:50, he actually disagrees* that θr represents the circle, and that it should've been re^iθ
*he meant that he's not sure if it's 'mathematically correct', to put in his own words
@@paper2222 he didn't say it was wrong... just said he didnt know for sure
@@TableTurner921damn u just sent that a few minutes ago i and when I clicked on this comment that was sent 49 seconds ago I didn’t even notice
i have not understood a single word this entire video but i enjoyed every minute of it, watching him get excited for each new part of it
iconic
The word ok?
@@MrBarun1981 what?
@@MrBarun1981 He starts "Hello Maths fans". I'm sure OP understood that, too.
And yet he said he has 'not understood a single word...' and you feel you have to point out to him that's logically incorrect.
People generally communicate using natural language. (Barely that on in the internet.) Not formal mathematical logic. And guess which came first, BTW?
Only an almost psychotically pedantic person would bother to point out a logical flaw in what is a totally acceptable and well understood idiom.
And yes, I'm an utterly pedantic mathematician too. Otherwise I wouldn't have bothered to point this out to you either.
I only do so because such comments as yours simply add to the pointless tedium of the general grey-noise that is the internet, and I feel you should be made aware of this.
As a mathematics teacher, I always dream of explaining math concepts in an interesting and amazing way. Let me say, Alan Becker have done wonderful work in this regard, even though words are not enough to express my feelings. In my review/reaction video (animation vs math in Urdu Hindi), I tried to explain this masterpiece in Urdu/Hindi for roughly 1 billion people in Pakistan and India!
I am so sorry to be that guy, but it’s Alan Becker*
@@BEASTangel130 my mistake thanks for highlighting
same i thought math was boring but Alan Becker proved me wrong
Oh my God I need to watch it in urdu now because I don't know math at all( like complex one) would love to see a reaction in urdu ❤
One billion people? And we complain about classroom size in America! You are Super Duper Mega Teacher! 5 gold stars!
Alan Becker did a commentary on this. According to him, one of his team members is a math guy and pitched this idea to him. He said that he had to just trust that the guy knew the maths because he had no idea what any of these equations meant. Also the white zone is the imaginary plain, thats why it rotates 90 degrees when they enter it.
*edit* After much deliberation in the comments, I have decided that the white zone is in fact "the place where the numbers that aren't numbers but we use them anyway."
complex plane*
Edit: he said imaginary plain and I corrected it into complex plane
@imaginary*....
@@pirilon78 there's no such thing as an imaginary plane
@ hilarious.
@@hologrammaster2468 it wasn't supposed to be funny
one thing that’s very easy to miss: 24:11 in the background, alongside zeta, phi, and delta, there is Aleph. hard to see, but it’s there! (tip: it’s huge)
I thought it was pretty easy to see. Seems like it wasn't to everyone
yea i noticed it, sad that he didnt notice it though
It is Aleph number
@yyattt yeah i watched it on a laptop so it seemed clearer i guess
Aleph 0 animation made by optie is cool
I think this is what students who struggle with math need. Interactive math thats fun and makes something thats hard be more fun to keep people motivated and entertained so that they can pay attention and learn in the process
As a former math tutor who worked with students who were behind the curve, math is always far more fun when you teach it with fun practical applications. The math becomes real for them.
I would have shown this animation to them in a heartbeat to show the playfulness that is math.
@@ringding1000 I would like to mention that showing off some little video-game function that uses real-world math could be an effective way too, not a math teacher or teacher in general by any means.
Like, I can just see these kids question how the actual heck that game pulled it out of their ass. Folks, real math at work here, not magic tech haha.
It’s going to be so fun trying to figure out how the fight makes sense lol
The fact that the way e dealt with the infinity gun is by using a limit and making an integral out of it is such a small but incredible detail
It is hilarious because it's quite simple, the clever way of dealing with a the function that shoots an infinity beam is by limiting it's effect. That made me chuckle!
23:38 One bit that's easy to overlook here is that the infinite sum eventually becomes a sum from 2n=∞ to ∞ , which is really the taking the limit of 2n= k as k approaches infinity. So ultimately that is a double limit: lim k → ∞ (lim N → ∞ ( Σ from 2n = k to 2n = N of ...) .
16:12 I just noticed this here! The function gun that TSC made is f(x)=9tan(πx). If you plug in e^iπ or e^-iπ as x, it cancels out to 0! This is beyond clever!
I think he missed it in his reaction vid
Bro can u be my math tutor I beg u me in class 9
i like your funny words magic man
Does it need to be specifically 9 or will it work with any number?
About to be Grade 12 student here btw TvT
@@NickriePlays it work with any number
I used this video as an example to explain to why in fantasy settings with learnable magic (D&D for example) not all people are wizards.
Technically everyone can use math, you don't have to be born with it, but most people would do not be able to do it fast and accurate enought to fight with it.
That's so cool
makes sense
yea, most people can dabble in it (like the magic initiate feat) but not a lot a people can make it their job
Another reason is that maths is usually taught to anyone willing to listen. It has no practical or ethical considerations when choosing to take a student. Wizardry is like if maths was a weapon. People would be very cautious when choosing apprentices.
nukes
17:06 “That is one badass orange stick figure.”
Buddy,, you have no idea how right you are
yea
his name is the second coming
@@Astr0sn1perhere is an undetailed description of TFC: an orange stick figure
*The second coming casually killing a red stickman who wanted to destroy all TH-cam*
@@Astr0sn1peryeah but we would just call him orange normally as a nickname
Although this is the only math related animation on Alan’s channel, he is arguably one of the most creative animators in the world; using nothing but stick figures who don’t speak no less.
This franchise began back in 2006 when Alan was only 17 years old and made a video called “Animator vs. Animation” on Newgrounds just for fun.
Now the series as a whole has over five billion views on TH-cam and is still going strong with 24+ million subscribers.
Alan Becker is the living embodiment of hard work always pays off for those who pursue their passion with all of their being.
Yes, getting a reaction video from one, who is in the Matter, helps very mutch. -i is a bixxx 😂
There are physics now too
@vitaliitomas8121 His animators are surprisingly knowledgeable about math and physics. They could've gone on to become physicists and engineers but chose to help Alan animate his stick figures and their fun adventures. Respect.
Geometry is here! More math!
im being fr when i say that, seeing animator vs animation when i was just 7 years old is why i have a passion of animating now. its my dream career :)
He was like "Hello math fans" and I felt very un-addressed.
You are a maths fan, you are here after all. Maybe not an expert yet, but who cares? It is the series that matters, not the limit.
@@koseorhun Hah, nice comment,
wish you the best out there
in these crazy times.
you use numbers every single day so there is that
@@RitzCookie OK, true, but I am not that good at it, lol.
Recently I had to do some math for my drivers license where we have to calculate speed, distance, and reaction time, and I thought "Man, I am a moron" as I sat there and my brain felt like it was on ice or some s__t.
PS, I am talking about literal ice, like, frozen water, TH-cam, don't nuke me.
@@koseorhunthis might be the nicest thing I’ve read on the Internet! Thank you for restoring my faith in humanity! 😊
Actually, the function gun is firing the equivalent 1 of the prime series or just "1". When it's hitting the various Euler's Identity targets, they have their values changed from -1 to 0, which cancels them out. This is why you see a 0 form above the targets that Orange hits with the function gun.
Actually no, it is firing f(pi) = 9 tan(pi) = 0 at all of the series.
@@megauser8512 Re read what I wrote. ;)
I said it's firing the EQUIVALENT of 1, which is what you'd need to cancel out the -1 from the Euler entities. I could have perhaps worded it differently, but the outcome is the same. Zero.
@@percivul1786 Orange took a gamble with the function gun, there was no way of knowing if its result will be added to the target or multiplied by it. Had it been additive, he'd be shooting blanks
@@pocarskihis point was it WAS additive, adding one and changing the -1 that e^i(pi) is, to a 0. At least, I think so
although he could’ve also been multiplying them by 0, I’m not completely sure
He condensed 6000 years of civilization into 15 minutes😂
Or 13 years of school
@@jennyfisher376513 years of pain 😢
@@GoofyAhhBoxy Pretty much the best years of your life lol
@@WisidX depends for who
@@jennyfisher3765you mean 12
It's interesting that the video explained math without the x variable from algebra. The only variable used was theta, to be able to find pi and describe circle angles.
Also r for the circle and n for series
@@TheSourovAqibunlike r, x is used for any value, r is only for radius
Well yeah, but you won't be able to use any of it unless you use actually math variables like x,y , a ,b ( not sure if that's what you're trying to say but oh well)😊
@@aquaregia5948 the thing about variables is that they are completely arbitrary. arguably, the only reason why we use x instead of 🙂 is because emoji didn't exist yet when variables were first introduced.
@@zachrodan7543 No because x is easier to draw that, no way in hell am I drawing an emoji
The amount of tiny details and maths Easter Eggs, be it simple or compex maths, present in this 12 minute long animation is genuinely insane and this video made me realize just how much I missed from my initial watch.
21:06 the reason why he put the mult. sign there cause it spelled "exit", he wanted to get back to his normal world.
Right, who wants to live in a negative space dimensional closet? Where's the EXIT?!
10:50 The θr here is supposed to represent the arc length, not necessarily the whole circle.
THAT'S WHAT IT WAS??
Also circle points in polar coordinates, the line integral expression for the circumference and the base f(r, theta) for circle area in polars.
@@nanamacapagal8342 yeah, s = rθ
@@Kernel15∅ø how to write?
@@The_sus_kindof_human just google "theta"
Alan has a bit of a tendency to reinvent the genre of stick-fight animations. Going all the way back to the original Animator Vs. Animation, the concept was a really novel idea. Then AVA 4 expanded the scope to a ludicrous degree, and AVA 5 was just an all-out spectacle. But every now and then him and his team play more within their bounds and still come up with *really* creative and imaginative representations of the sticks fighting with various things. Videogames, TH-cam, now even math itself. A very impressive series in my opinion, especially given how quite old it is.
seriously, i saw animator vs animation back when i was a kid, and i wanted to do that myself. flash forward to now, where i have a passion for animating and it's my dream career!
@@TamWam_W you and W Alan Becker and his team
θr is the arc length, so by adjusting θ, Orange can choose what point on the circle to land at.
Also, as a math and music nerd, I haven't noticed enough attention to the epic masterpiece of a soundtrack to the animation! Just listen to the tension rising in the music as Orange divides by zero! Awesome!
*TSC
yeah the music was god tier, made the animation shine. without the music it would not be as special
Orange is not his name, his name is "The Second Coming" but it's "TSC" so ok
Animation vs Music! Um, after Animation vs Chemistry though. I can wait. Maybe!
@@AlexFha_29 Yeah? Well God (god) is not His name either, it's Yahweh (or Jehovah) but people still call Him God. God is his title, not his name. TSC's nickname (or title if you will ) is Orange. Please, don't take Orange's name in vain. Get my point?
Ok it's like cursing at someone using the word Manager. It's not the name it's the title or a slang. So TSC can be called Orange or Orange Stickman or Bob or Ted or Alice or Carol. It's a reference. You KNEW what @lazarussevy2777 meant. In fact I think you're real name is Otto Correct, yes? lol
I just like how he's smiling the entire time. He's really enjoying this video and I delight in how happy he is.
I like to listen to intelligent/educated people talk. I don't understand pretty much any of this, but it seems amazing to me, that there are people out there, that can see these *magical glyphs* and say: "Ah yes, I know that!" seems really mind blowing to me
After Orange has befriended e^iπ, he tried explaining to e^iπ that he wanted to know how to leave "Mathland".
Orange tried to draw a door, but e^iπ didn't understand, so Orange spelled "exit" by putting the multiplication sign into e^iπ spelling: exiπ .
The complicated math at the end was e^iπ helping Orange leave, as Orange can't jump between dimensions just by multiplying himself by i.
Love his determination to not see how e uses i to turn itself into an imaginary number and go to an imaginary dimension, and all the cool tricks they did with that concept
also love the determination to ignore all the instances of TSC and e getting negatived
@@lettucep1ay FR, this man has determination like no other
Where? Looked like he figured it out just fine to me.
And the function gun shoots out graph of tan(x)
What are yall so pressed about it for😭
Animation vs math makes me so happy, I loved stick animation videos as a kid and I'm willing to bet there are going to be a lot of kids today that were bored taking algebra or geometry that now might want to learn more about mathematics just to understand what's going on in the video. It's a great way to spark interest in math. Also I love how the progression of the video starts at simple arithmetic and builds up through algebra, geometry, trig, calculus and a small peak into the further beyond at the end. Even the sound design is amazing!
indeed but alan becker is most well-known for his animation vs minecraft videos
i just wanna say that if i may pls
@@nikofunniand animation vs animator series (cant forget that)
i was a kid when i first saw animator vs animation, and it inspired me to do the same. and now being an animator is my dream career
Another blink it you'll miss it moment was at 7:29, when ei# shot the stick man with a minus (negative) and he immediately became inverted 😂😂😂
Genuinely the joy in just working through this stuff is awesome and it is so facinating
10:42 that isn't representing the circle. It's just taking the radius of the circle and multiplying by the angle of the line. It is strange, but it seems to be a useful way to play with properties of the circle and it's angles at the same time. You set r to 1 and you can see the angle, you set theta to 0 and just see what happens when you vary the size of the circle.
I think this is supposed to be a representation of the circumference of a (partial) circle. This means that theta is to be understood in radian.
As niklasreich3959 said , (θ/2π = Partial Circumference/2πr)-> (Partial Circmference = θr)
s = r*theta where s = arc length, r = radius of a circle, and theta is the central angle measured in radians.
I figured fit was meant to be polar coordinates, but in the wrong order for some reason
It is using the l/r = theta property for an arc of a circle. You can see how if he puts different values for rtheta, different arcs form around the circle, rtheta is not representing the circle but if we give it a value, it represents an arc around the circle
Something interesting Alan's team did was the hammers. The Second Coming (orange stick figure) split pi into 2 hammers and there was some confusion about that. To be fair, looking at it strickly like that, it doesn't make sense. But looking at how he created those waves, it makes more sense to look at the broken halves of pi as the letter "T" instead. So, as given, it would be "COS over T(ime)" and "SIN over T(ime)."
i thought it was tau, given its ties to pi already
@@jonouyangsame i thought it was tou
I think it being tau makes more sense but also less of sense, it's kinda weird, because whereas it would connect tau and pi, the two heated sides of the tau vs pi debate, but it also makes it look like tau=pi/2, which simply isn't true.
@@aquaregia5948 tau + pi + pau
To me he was just splitting the pi symbol in two lmao
First time for me watching it, as well! As a non-mathematician, it made it me glad that you explained the more complex concepts! Super fun, plus amazing animation! 👏
I love the way TSC draws the circle "⭕" like this. And also that scene where the Gamma function (all of them) use different ammunitions.
Never in a million years would I have guessed a guy looking like he's a part of a metal rock band is actually a mathematician. 😂
For the record, the math nerd who spearheaded this was terkoiz, a lead animator on Alan Becker's team.
Whoa really? Terkoiz is still animating? He's more than just a team member, he's a veteran. He ran Stickpage with Shock and Failed Containment while Alan was still working on AvA 2.
I think the coolest thing about the Animation vs. Math video, aside from recognizing some of the functions etc thanks to the hellish courses (thanks calc. 2, for being required for my diploma..), is that it will DEFINITELY be the definitive starting point for many, many careers into math. It made it seem like a world of infinite complexity and coolness instead of what school shows typically, which is drier. It literally puts animation into the world of mathematics. That's just awesome to think about.
Yeah, I don't know if I would recommend this animation as a way to teach math (though some of the visuals would be very good standalone), but for math and animation lovers, the visual representations and how they are being manipulated are very interesting, as there is a forced creativity through constraint by having to tell a story purely through interaction with numbers.
This forced creativity also explains why e^(i*pi) comes up so early. Good storytelling needs a conflict of some sort, and rather than just having orange aimlessly messing around for the entire length, Becker creates a conflict through mystery early on in the animation which becomes a recurring antagonistic force that Orange has to figure out and overcome through further experimentation.
So, the thing I love about this video is that I get the same enjoyment out of it that I do when I watch people react to anime or other hobbies I enjoy in a different language. I have no idea what they are saying, but I love seeing their reaction and joy regardless.
24:15 also Aelph null (the smallest infinity or all cardinals (cardinals being number of objects,1,2,3…) )
I love that moment you start talking about the unit circle right before TSC discovers and starts to play with it. This has so many blink and you miss it moments. The expansions does start at n = 0 but quickly increases each time Euler's monster shoots out a term.
Yes, had to rewind as well just to make sure and it was there, n=0
Yes, n=0 is actually there, it increases for =n for how many times it shoots it. Ex: 2 terms shot= n=2
This is what I’ve been looking for for so long, genuine first impressions reaction from a professional in the field of the subject in question
For (theta)r part, I think the relation it had with the circle is meant to be the arc length, since as he was turning the little bar in theta, it was giving values of the arc length
A small detail some people didn’t notice is that when TSC is firing 4s at e^ipi, he isn’t firing 4s because they look like arrows, it was because his bow was made of 2 2s, x and =. Since = can create 1s,
1 x 2^2 = 4 hence tsc was shooting 4s
Another detail is that when tsc makes a function gun, he does it by using tan, thus the projectiles he shoots are little sections of the graph y=tan(x)
11:25 The product of theta and radius affects the length of the arc of the circle. As theta increases,the arc's length increases and vice versa
At the very end, iirc I saw something about that final formula being for a 2n-dimensional hypersphere, so it started as a point at 0d, then a circle at 2d, and added dimensions until it had infinite dimensions, then was turned to -1 to send him home like a portal of some kind. Also, did you catch the enormous aleph made of the complex plane at the end?
It is a symbol
My 10yo son (who was already an Alan Becker fan) showed me this. I definitely missed a few things on the first view, and i appreciate your reactions to explain things new and forgotten (I don't believe I've even given the Gamma Function a single thought since 1984 😆)
didn't ask
@@Astr0sn1peryou are 5. you have the name thunderbeast. the world doesnt revolve around you. what does revolve around you is these: 🖕
and who asked you?
@@Astr0sn1per
u aint the man bruh@@Astr0sn1per
@@Astr0sn1per get better at maths nub
17:19 I like how the waves from the "infinity gun" wrap around from positive to negative infinity, shown by them wrapping around vertically!
I love how this video can give you just an immense sense of accomplishment - taking pride in understanding what concepts are being utilized in Orange's fights the further on the video gets. Even if you don't understand a lot of the insane math ideas that are used here (like me), even that can give you a "bruh moment" kind of discovery. I can only imagine the amount of people who have watched this and said "WOW, WHAT?!"
11:30 I'm not sure if this has yet to be said, but rθ is by definition the arc length of a circle. It was showing the perimeter of the circle at the same time.
I think a misunderstanding I've seen from a lot of mathematicians about the θ r with the circle at 10:45 of this video is they assume that the equation is θr = the circle but later in the animation when they show the θ / r = π I think it shows that the θ and r are properties OF the circle not that they are equal to the circle so I think it's still sort of mathematically correct.
Or, arc length
@@iz723 Ark length (in radians) was my thought as well.
This was the first time I'd seen the animation. Very clever and a great reaction to help digest the detail.
I thought I was decent at math but Alan's video showed me otherwise, so I'm watching people who actually understand what's going on's reaction
Dude I was lost after basic math. 😅 Hope you got further than me. If not we both liked it.
It's amazing to me that people are still finding his channel, i used to watch his stuff ages ago and it feels like he's the only TH-camr left from that era of people i watched
11:00 theta r represents the arc length. So in this case it’s supposed to mean the length of a full circles arc is theta (constant value of 2pi) times r.
13:20 thats because when you paused it, it had already fired off TWO shots, so thats why n=2 at the time you paused it
Really shows how incredibly detailed Alan Becker is
Im so impressed in your ability to mentally see these complex math principles in your head and rationalize them. Even the Factorials. That threw me off, even trying to solve for why n=2 was a thing.
It did start at n = 0, it then sent off two shots at the stickman meaning it went from 0 to 1 to 2 before he paused, it didn't start there but enumerated to there
The reaction vids that double the length of the original video are always the greatest
Glad you reviewed this, I wouldn't have stood a chance without you. It started to just look like random symbols near the end. I'm amazed you could spot the concepts in fractions of a second.
You've started a visualizing math and arithmetic adventure. It could easily go back in time to counting boards and forward to explain today's and the future's unanswered questions. All visually presented to be quickly reflected upon, understood, and made of use by the youngest or oldest interested. I wish you a long and productive career.
-- JSW
Euler's identity is sometimes referred to as 'the little monster', hence why e^i(pi) is the angry little trouble-maker in the animation
when the corner adds up and the little monster jumps through, thats moving between the real and complex worlds, you see this further as at 20:00 they jump back to the real world, but -roots cannot exist in the real world, so it all breaks. then multiply's by i, shifting back into the complex world
the series starts at 2 because he gets hit by the 4 from and character
when he grabs the infinity sign it's like grabbing the infinity 'stone', giving him ultimate power
Watch the original video by Alan Becker here: th-cam.com/video/B1J6Ou4q8vE/w-d-xo.html
The infinite series at the end with the gamma function was summing up the areas of all even hyperspheres from 0 to infinity with radius 1.
Most of the rest of the channel is actually the series "Animator vs Animation", and concurrently "Animation vs Minecraft". There's an actual storyline involving the orange stick and friends.
Important math question.
Very serious.
You would agree, 100%.
What kinda wine do you drink?
I need a new flavor
By the way, Aleph is also at the end, similar to Aleph Nol (min infinity)
@@TheSpacePlaceYT It has a lot of dinosaur vibes.
I literally loved this video
As a 12th grader student and a maths lover, i loved alan becker's video and the explanation behind all the symbols and functions too❤
🤓
@@Astr0sn1permad that you don’t perform well in 6th grade math
I like how he looks away every time he describes a more and more complex problem. This man unfocussed his eyes so that he can see in numbers.
At 10:36 , (theta x r) is the arc length formula, which can be the circumference of the circle when theta = 2π
But at 10:38 he turns the circle into a unit circle, hence r = 1
Later, we can se he turns the equation into theta / r , which is just equal to theta as value of r = 1. Thus when the line rotates by 180° the value of equation is π/1 = π
The digram was maybe a bit off but the values were technically correct
At 13:30 the summation shown starts at n=2 because the original n=0 summation "shot out" the n=0 and n=1 terms already.
My favorite thing about the animation is that I like to think of Euler's identity as Euler himself existing as a mathmatical god in this universe
12:35 a split second of n=0 but it fired 2 things and went to n=2
I notice that 2
The things it fires are the result of the series at the respective n
@robertkincaid5288 I am only in GCSE math, and I'm only getting 7 on my mock so I'm not that knowledgeable on the subject
I recently saw this animation for the first time, but as soon as I did I knew I wanted to see someone who understood absolutely geek out and break it down. I was not disappointed.
now you gotta watch animation vs physics too
I would absolutely love to see this guy react to more of alan’s animations
yoo i just realised this detail at 20:50 he adds an multiplication sign which makes the euilers formula look like "exit" !!!!
With the power series of e^iPi it did start at n=0. It’s just that when you paused it was n=2 because it had already fired 3 times. The ammo its using are the expressions in the power series of e^iPi
He already realised that at 13:49
reason why this is so well done is cause alan beckers editior ( i think ) is a massiave maths nerd
so he was the one that made sure it was all done correctally
Every time they hit with minus direction changes
It's crazy detailing 😳👏👏
\theta r is not a 'peculiar way to represent a complex number' but is, of course, the arc length. So altering theta makes you end up at a different place of the circle, and altering r increases the radius. The animation draws the arc (in the direction of positive arc length) as these are adjusted.
I suppose it would have been easier to interpret if written r\theta, but then \pi r might not have been recognised. Conventions!
Love this.
As a more tactile, "throw stuff at wall type," this kind of thing I think would have helped me to "feel" maths more, and thus could have sparked an interest if I had been exposed to it when younger. Even now just watching this quick video I can feel neurons trying to make connections, unfortunately a lack of prerequisite knowledge is limiting what I could get form this but, such is life.
looks like someone majored in english
@@erikpasquale9902
Wut?
@@CommentPositionInformer I'm assuming it's because they used the word prerequisite.
I was waiting for mathematician TH-camrs to react to this video. Thank you.
THIS GOTTA BE THE BEST EXPLANATION FROM OUT OF ALL MATH TEACHERS TBH💥💥💥
11:10 it's Theta×r is the arc of the section of the circle encompassed by your angle. In a unit circle, this is literally the identity between angle and arc length, which is why it was chosen.
The depiction wasn't of the circle, but rotation around a central axis (which makes a circle)
I have so much trouble with other people and understanding social cues and stuff, its just too chaotic.
Mathematics for me is the only language that makes sens out of the Chaos present in our universe. This is why i LOVE maths, unlike written or spoken words, Mathematics cant lie.
Also, i love your cartman tattoo 😆
I love seeing someone so clearly passionate about math find joy in this
Even though my basic german Abitur knowledge is not quite enough to understand all that (not even remotely actually lol), this video really is a masterpiece to me. Great reaction as well :)
For some reason i enjoy watching this guy hes so chill and i dont hate anything about him
Keep it up dude😁
They just uploaded an "Animation vs Physics" video an hour ago!
It was so much fun watching you explain the math in the video, thank you!
7:30 love how the lil guy was hit with a minus sign and all it just reversed him
this guy has to be the coolest professor in the world and you cannot change my mind
i would love like a hour version or something where he actually explains how everything works because it looks super interesting and i am in 9th grade and recently started precalculus i think it would be very nice to learn more about math in such a unique and interesting way
my 4 year old son and i watched that animation for the first time last night. more of a science guy but i thought it was really fun and well done. i enjoyed your take on it as well!
Alan Becker, we've been watching him for a decade+ in the animation community (he's totally brilliant). I was expecting some physical fighting by 3:24, but we'll see what develops.
7:01 there's the Alan Becker I know and love!
His entire team is amazing. He's got a lot of dudes from the stickman community working with him on these master pieces.
23:30 I think that wasn't producing waves but going to higher dimensions. It started with a line then the surface of a circle then added an ellipse to create illusion of 3D and implying sphere then another to imply hyper sphere in 4D and after going up to many more dimensions the circle becomes white as if now he has access to all dimensions and then he teleports back to his own world leaving mathematical dimension behind. But this is just my interpretation.
The formula shown actually calculates the area of an N-dimensional hypersphere. The formula can reduce down to e^x where x is the radius of the hypersphere. So they use the formula to create an infinite-dimensional hypersphere around the Stick Guy, then set X = iπ, which reduces the whole thing to -1.
@@lightningstrike9876 i kinda thought that would kill him
He wanted to go to the world that the e was going through the door, which was the negative world
He couldn't do it thru the door coz it was gonna break the negative world so he did it thru the infinite dimensional sphere instead
Omg, there were MANY great insights on the (original) video (and in the reaction as well). I'm sad I didnn't watch the original before, but I'm VERY happy to see this kind of content reaching so many people. This single video probably had a greater impact in maths than most PhDs in the world. Great job (both for the creators of the original video, and for Tom Rocks Maths).
Dude youre such a math nerd and i love it... I havent touch anything math related for years and it was really interesting seeing someone who knows ton more than me to explain the later parts of the video