The History and Religion of Hinduism
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 31 พ.ค. 2024
- Hinduism isn't really a religion, nor is it a way of life, because you can really call it "a" anything because of the multiplicity of beliefs held within the umbrella term "Hinduism" to make it as distinct as chalk and Edammer. Nevertheless, in this video I'm going to delve into what we mean by Hinduism, the traditional religion of Indians for around 4,000 years, making it one of the oldest continuous religious traditions on the planet. We're going to look at the early history of Hinduism, the Aryan Migration/Invasion and the fusion of their culture with the indigenous Indians already living in the Indus Valley resulting in the writing of the Vedas and the RIgvedic period of Hinduism, before exploring the great philosophical changes attested in the Upanishads as a result of the increased sedenterisation of the new North Indian culture. From here I'll segway into some of the philosophical teachings about ultimate reality, with Advaita Vedanta, Vishisht Advaita and Samkhya Dualism as well as a few of the other Hindu Astika before returning to the historical aspect of the story by analysing the prominence of Smrti and Srti texts such as the Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita and the wider Mahabarata in connection to their importance for the Bhakti movement that flourished during the Classical Age of Hinduism, bringing with it the increased Brahminisation of the religion. This in turn of course led to the Sramanic movements that spawned Buddhism and Jainism, both still followed by millions worldwide, before exploring the spread of Hinduism outside of the Indian subcontinent in a Medieval context into Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, SIngapore, Laos, Vietnam, and many of the Indonesian Islands and parts of the Philippines. Anyway, it's a long one and I hope you all enjoy it!
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Hi everyone thank you so much for tuning in today! If this video seems little old that's because I actually made it around 4 years ago but never got round to uploading it! Unfortunately my laptop gave up the ghost last week so I've had to go back into the archives to find something worthy of uploading. Hopefully there'll be a new video up on Friday as well. Enjoy the rest of your week!
What other secret gems do you have hidden away?
Soo what made you feel qualified to do a vid on a religion that has many more religious experts posting vids on? Because your viewers are too narrow minded to look for sources than you? There's Let's Talk Religion channel who'd probably argue your generic dimissal of Hinduism as a religion
Let's be honest, you're just posting this video to gain enough good karma to not come back as a Belgian, aren't you?
Also, speaking of Belgians, you might check out stuff by Koenraad Elst, a Belgian guy who has been living in India for many decades studying Hinduism & indian philosophy.
Quran is word of God exactly. But Hadith are the sayings and actions and history of prophet Mohammad life from prophethood to death. The Hadith are not fully reliable because almost anyone back in the day can make things up easily. Also they are generally focus on the idea and they are not fully accurate word to word. The Hadith, even for the 2 main work books for accurate hadiths they are less than secondary in comparison to Quran. Only around 1000 hadiths are expected 100% the rest of the accurate hadiths are within the room of 80% accuracy.
Waite a mint. What do you mean by "that is the nature of some religions",talking about the Taliban? Taliban don't represent Islam. Islam ruled there before and no Muslim power before Taliban even considered it. Mughal Empire Sultanate and Dialie Sultanate and Timor don't represent Islam and Muslims and they are more Mongol than muslim in a weird mix focusing on power ,authority and money above all. Mughal is the Indian word for Mongolias if you see the similarities. Both Mughal and Taliban don't represent Islam or Prophet Mohammad or Islamic Jurisprudenc. Although non Jews and Christians are treated as secondary they still humans and can choose and have the right to which they could convert/revort before death. So they treated as a human being well in the law. Although Mughal don't care about the law. Many forget that Mughal Empire Sultanate prosecuted even Muslims themselves whom apposed them. They are Mongolias. All they care is power. So they don't count.
BAHUBALI IS FICTIONAL, AND THE PENIS IS CALLED LINGA
i love how when he says indo-european words and names, i as a Lithuanian can understand most of them because they are very similair to our language. I think a video on Lithuania would be fascinating and finding out why they barely changed over thousand of years from their ancestors. examples of words which are similair: Devas-Dievas, Agnis-Ugnis, Koros-Karas, Kory-Karys. all these words mean the same in both languages and barely changed over the past thousand years
On either the language or the beliefs of the last pagan strongholds in Europe would be cool. I’d like to learn more about the northern crusades, those must’ve been a brutal set of battles
Lithuania and sanskrit are closest in EU around 40%.
Historical Timeline of Religion
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@@anon2427 Historical Timeline of Religion
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@@atish3024 Historical Timeline of Religion
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Parvati is actually the wife of Shiva, and Durga and Kali are her various manifestations/moods. The consort of Vishnu is Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and good fortune.
Most people have this misconception. Some ( including Max Muller) even believe that even Shiva and Rudra are different! 🤷♂️
@@uselesshero.official that's how they made 33 crore gods
@@uselesshero.official rudra is shiva and shiva had 10 sons also known as rudra
@@amongussus4 not really, Yama/ dharma is considered one of the rudras and he was actually Surya's son and Surya/ Mitra was an Aditya. 🤷♂️ But yeah there were at least 11 important Rudras mentioned in various texts.
@@amongussus4 this doesnt makes any sence
Hi Hilbert,
Congratulations for attempting to tackle Hinduism. Its an onerous task, a brave task. More so because the west uses Abrahamic lenses to make sense of it and thus ties itself in knots. Pedants like me are likely to swoop in with unkind words to point that out. Alas, that has not changed significantly since the days of Max Muller. While I'm glad to see you take it up, I must confess to being a tad disappointed. You probably chose those trite old resources that see the world only though Judeao-Christian constructs. Even picking up a Diana Eck book would've given you a better handle. I'll point to the biggest errors (from my limited point of view) below. Apologies if some of it comes across as censorious.
1. Just because Hinduism does not have the one book-one prophet-one god-one truth construct of the Abrahamic religions makes it not be a religion? Makes it a 'way of life'? Why does a religion need to be defined that way only? Its a narrow Abrahamic view of religion that Hinduism, or what we call Sanatana Dharma, does not follow.
2. Vedas, upanishads, vedantas, brahmanas, aranyakas and itihasas all fall under the 'Astik' category of Sanatana Dharma. It simply means that they all accept the primacy of the vedas. The six schools of philosophy that you listed fall under the astika label. Those that do not accept the vedas belong to the 'nastika' category. And these include Jainism, Buddhism, Ajivikas and Charvaks. Incidentally, All of these reject the idea of God.
3. Interestingly, of the six schools of philosophy, two (nyaya and vaisheshika) also reject the idea of god. Even Sankhya is almost wholly non-theistic and only introduces the idea of a personal god in the end. Btw, Vaisheshika is not the atomism of Descartes, but more of Democritus'. Similarly Mimansa (or accurately, 'purva mimansa'), is really the explanation and contextualisation of the vedic rituals with no reference to ethics at all. Thus, Orthopraxy is too wide a term to use. Vedanta (or 'uttara mimansa') is the explanation of vedic philosophy including elements of 'ethics' which is called 'Dharma'. The three essentials for all six Astika schools are: to believe in infinite lives and infinite rebirths; to believe in the karmic cycle; and to believe that time is cyclical (and not linear). The presence of atman (loosely equated to soul) is not accepted by all six schools. Jains and Buddhists also believe in reincarnation. You ought to have mentioned this. This is the essential difference with Abrahamic beliefs that have one life, no karmic cycle but the idea of good and evil; and linear time.
4. Karma or the karmic cycle is not good-deeds-bring-good-karma-and-bad-deeds-bring-bad-karma. Thats the Biblical understanding of it imposed by eurocentric scholars of the 18th century. True, Karma is the law of consequences, however the effect of 'good' deeds is not necessarily 'good'. The law of karma says that an action will have consequences, and the consequences will be based on actions in past lives and present life, and actions of other people involved in those actions. Thus, essentially unknowable. Thus, instead of attempting to unravel it, its best to follow ones dharma based on the role one is playing at the time the action is done. Thus a king at court is doing his rajdharma, but at home with his family is expected to do grihadharma, etc. Etc. Most of Bhagvata Gita is Krishna explaining this to Arjuna. Of course, later on in Mahabharata, Arjuna forgets all this and is reminded again by Krishna in another Gita (song) which is actually longer than Bhagvata Gita. The famous story of Garuda and the songbird was told specifically to understand this concept of unknowable consequences of actions. Also, the birth of Krishna has a particularly grisly karmic narrative that points towards the complexity and unknowability of karmic cycles. So I wish you'd got hold of the non-pop version of karma. Alas!
5. Asura word simply means those who did not get the nectar of immortality. They are not villians or evil, as mentioned in western texts. They have the same father as the devas. There is no equivalent of demon, devil or evil in hinduism. There is no sin or non-sin. The europeans did not have a framework to fit the concepts of paap, punya, asura, danav, daitya, yaksha, rakshasa, swarga, naraka, patala, vaikuntha, etc. They force-fitted the ideas they were familiar with, hence this enormous disconnect in understanding Sanatana.
6. Caste is a word created by the British ( from Portuguese, methinks). In India the society is divided by Jaati (vocations. Thus I am a doctor, a vaidya). The Purusha Sukta explains the 'varna' system that was later expounded by Manu in his Manusmriti (literally, 'the recollections of Manu'). It was just one of the scores of smritis in existence. The British chose to use it as a principal reference for their surveys. They also started doing surveys based on religion and not jaati. Even today in India, one may be hindu, muslim, sikh or christian, but belong to the same jaati. Dalits also can be from any of these religions. Thus an 'untouchable' is not necessarily a hindu; she/he can be christian, muslim, buddhist or sikh. Btw, most of the 'untouchables' (mehtars) in Pakistan are christian.
7. The Sankhya construct of 'purusha' and 'prakriti' (you truly butchered this word, hehehehe. It was delightful to hear you trip over it), is pivotal in understanding present day hinduism. Purusha is Sanskrit for 'man' and here means the self. While Prakriti is Sanskrit for 'nature' and here means exactly that, and thus is female because purusha is 'male'. Prakriti is deified through the goddess. Thus the pantheon of male gods who one can seek blessings and favours from by gifting flowers, foods, incense and milk; and the (usually fierce) goddess, who must be propitiated through blood and sacrifice. You do mention animal sacrifices in Rigveda, however there are only ten Apri verses in all of Ridveda, thus indicating ten instances of animal sacrifice. The 'yagya' was loosely translated as fire-sacrifice by victorian orientalists.
8. The attritional relationship between Hinduism and Shramana schools, be it the monastic orders in hinduism itself or Jainism and Buddhism, is basically because Hinduism gave primacy to the householder and his worldview, whereas Shramana gave primacy to the denouncer of the householder, i.e. the ascetic/monk. It was a cultural war, and in the land where it was born, Buddhism was rooted out around 1500 years ago. Jainism exists. And Neo-buddhism defined in political terms by Dr. Ambedkar, exists mainly in the 'dalit' classes. Classical Buddhism exists only as Vajrayana school up in the Himalayas amidst Tibetan and other quasi-tantric traditions.
9. Hinduism is not necessarily theistic, as I've mentioned above. In fact it has the largest corpus of atheistic writings in the world despite the total destruction of ajivika texts by Emperor Ashoka and later on, the destruction of all the university libraries of Takshashila, Nalanda, Odantapuri, Vikramshila, Shardapeeth and Varanasi by Muslim invaders in 800-1000 CE. Another odd fact is that despite this wanton destruction, the existing religious and philosophical texts are twice that of all ancient Latin and Greek texts put together (refer to commentaries of Diana Eck, Micheal Shulman and Wendy Doniger). Yet we do hear often from mainly western academics that 'india has mostly an oral tradition'. Odd. Im sure you must have come across this statement too. However one needs to understand the concept behind shruti and smriti to grapple with it. You do mention it in passing but don't go into details.
There are more points, but its already long and unwieldy; and I'm not sure if you (or anyone else) will ever read it. So thats that then.
Congratulations, once again.
Cheers!
Pat
Cheers Pat, this was enlightening. Thanks for taking the time and effort to help us better understand.
@@M_Dun you are welcome! 🙂👍🏽
Historical Timeline of Religion
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@@PatSen Historical Timeline of Religion
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There really should be a word limit on comments.
1:45 as an Indian Hindu I need to correct your misinformation, Sanskrit is not only spoken by Brahmins. Sanskrit is not even a spoken language these days, it is a language for ritual and mantras in current days. Priests use Sanskrit mantras and these days priests just have to be trained in Sanskrit they need not necessarily be of the Brahmin caste. The system of caste itself undergoing a major change in India. Caste is not necessarily an indicator of your profession anymore. For example a Brahmin caste person can be a public servant, a lawyer or an engineer or dancer or actor or anything they choose to be (not restricted to being a priest)
Samskruthum is a language which was spoken by all.
@N Fels You clearly look like some casteist guy I saw your arguments you didn't provide the context or evidences
@N Fels
I'm not Hindu
2)I know Sanskrit I read the bhagwad gita and the manusmriti it clearly says that the varna system was based on occupation and merit and no way to discriminate. Even Vishnagupta chanakya said "A man is great by deeds not by birth" and he trained Chandragupta Maurya a shudra to become a emperor.
2)All these capital things began when society lost its roots with its culture and morals and when it was being destabilized.
3)RSS believes in hindu unity which is against the caste system
@N Fels Lol Sanskrit was a language spoken by all . I learnt Sanskrit from reading books that thought Sanskrit and joining a course.
Also by the way I am an atheist ⚛️ with a mixed background .
But for a very long time reading Sanskrit scriptures was forbidden to other castes . As late as 1800
Many many errors but, I guess it must be extremely difficult for an outsider to study about all this thousands of years of history and philosophy. I think his attempt was honest. I'd say that is good enough.
To mention a few-
1. Shruti literally means "heard". It means origin unknown, very old, been heard from our forefathers. Sometimes it is said that these were revealed knowledge that the ancient seers realized it during meditation.
2. Smriti does mean "remembered" but not like mugged up. Infact hinduism was an oral tradition and it is the Shruti texts that are prominently recited and mugged up. Smriti texts less so. Smriti means as in we remember these texts, their origin and history is later so we know when they came into being, but, older Shruti texts are extreemely old and archaic and they were probably already passed down and heard from forefathers for many many generation during the compilation of the vedas in 1500 BC.
3. Generally south is more shaiv and north is more vaishnav and east is more shakti but its not like you said. There are extreemely prominent Shaiv tradition in the North as well. Kashi, one of the most important shaiv places is in the north while South also has an extreemely prominent Vaishnav tradition. Madhavacharya, a very important vaishnav saint was south indian. People worship all gods/regional gods/family gods/even no gods without much distinction. If there is a temple nearby, you'd probably visit it irrespective of your tradition or the deity.
4. Animal Sacrifice -> Maybe early people did animal sacrifice but "Sacrifice" in the translations does not always mean animal sacrifice. Those sacrifice functions have not stopped and continue to this day. They are called "Havan". A sacrificial fire is burnt and things like rice and clarified butter and coconut are ceremoniously put into it with chanting. This is how the said "sacrifice" was done during vedic times and is still done in the same way today. Even the same things/tools are used-> eg copper/bronze utensils and wooden tools etc that were used during the bronze age. In translation it is written as a "sacrifice", idk why, but there is no animal sacrifice.
There are a lot of these kinds of errors. "Parvati" is not the wife of Vishnu as mentioned. Wife of Vishnu is actually Laxmi mata. Also, all female goddess are considered the incarnation of the same Shakti and in Shaktism, the supreme being is considered a sorta feminine entity as in it sorta "gave birth" to the world, so the creation or taking care is considered as kinda feminine attributes.
Also, Bhakti movement came from the south and not from the Gupta empire. Northwest India/Afghanistan was hindu much before the Gupta period. It had one of the most famous ancient university -> Takshashila(taxila). Later the region also had Buddism schools. Later on Hindusm again sorta rebounded. Then came the muslims and Islam.
There were many many more errors, but I guess his spirit is correct. So, I appreciate his efforts.
Thanks for the detailed analysi for others who come after you.
Hinduism if we talk about evidence it only date back 1 thousand years old.this is why we don't find any evidence of Hindu but instead find more and more evidence of Buddha 😂
@@nowwhat6716 lol What are you smoking dude? I don't even know what to say. Buddhist texts themselves have billions of references to hinduism. Besides, Budhhism is not really a completely different religion. It also shares a lot with hinduism.
@@nowwhat6716 Buddhism is a part of Hinduism,
Idiot😂
@@nowwhat6716 Spoken truly like someone with no knowledge of Buddhism or pali literature.
I always love how all your characters look mildly annoyed or confused with having to appear on screen
They're ununionised itinerant workers which make explain the perceived irritation.
Historical Timeline of Religion ❤
th-cam.com/video/MRNh_XQ3Zug/w-d-xo.html
@@historywithhilbert146 please do on the sikh religion and the sikh empire
they are very startled
@@historywithhilbert146 Quran is word of God exactly. But Hadith are the sayings and actions and history of prophet Mohammad life from prophethood to death. The Hadith are not fully reliable because almost anyone back in the day can make things up easily. Also they are generally focus on the idea and they are not fully accurate word to word. The Hadith, even for the 2 main work books for accurate hadiths they are less than secondary in comparison to Quran. Only around 1000 hadiths are expected 100% the rest of the accurate hadiths are within the room of 80% accuracy.
Waite a mint. What do you mean by "that is the nature of some religions",talking about the Taliban? Taliban don't represent Islam. Islam ruled there before and no Muslim power before Taliban even considered it. Mughal Empire Sultanate and Dialie Sultanate and Timor don't represent Islam and Muslims and they are more Mongol than muslim in a weird mix focusing on power ,authority and money above all. Mughal is the Indian word for Mongolias if you see the similarities. Both Mughal and Taliban don't represent Islam or Prophet Mohammad or Islamic Jurisprudenc. Although non Jews and Christians are treated as secondary they still humans and can choose and have the right to which they could convert/revort before death. So they treated as a human being well in the law. Although Mughal don't care about the law. Many forget that Mughal Empire Sultanate prosecuted even Muslims themselves whom apposed them. They are Mongolias. All they care is power. So they don't count.
Hinduism: a religion so ancient that the language used to describe it changed sound while it remained the same.
@ferzy09 Eh, yes? Whats your point
Wdym Sanskrit is spoke the same way as it was 1000s years ago.
@@harishankarpm3735 pretty sure they might be referencing proto-Hindu like beliefs of the Indus River Valley Civilization, who were contemporary with Sumeria and Old Egypt and likely spoke some sort of Dravidian related language (at the very least, Dravidian speaking ethnic groups have quite a lot of genetic ties to IRVC). Some of the beliefs pre-dated the Indo-European languages (including Sanskrit) by a good thousand years or so.
I’m sure the IRVC religion looked quite different from Vedic and modern Hinduism too, since all religions change over time. I hope some day we are able to decode their writing system
@@Joyride37 I'd say Vedic Religion evolved from that of the IVC's, considering how sentimental the Vedic people are about the Indus-Saraswati valley, and often deifies the rivers and the land(this again is expressed frequently in the Vedas.) Also how early forms of Shiva is found in both the Pashupati seal from IVC excavations and the vedic deity Rudra; also the fact that ritual ponds were a big thing in the IVC and continues to be in modern day Vedic traditions as well. IVC is super underrated and mysterious and Its rather sad that enough research hasn't been going into it, I wouldn't blame Pakistan since most of the Pakistanis think their history starts after Muhammad Ibn Qasim and they're not presently in a good place economically.
@@harishankarpm3735 oh it 100% did. What I’m curious about is what it looked like before the PIE influence that came with the Indo-Aryan migrations. And how those were slowly syncretized together into a new culture and religious beliefs. We won’t a hundred percent know the step by step, but I think a large amount of that knowledge remains in the IVC written language
The 'Perform your own duty imperfectly' is misinterpreted. Thats not related to the Caste System, as Krishn says in 4.13 that the Varns are divided according to qualities and actions. The above verse means that once you choose your varn, you must do your duty no matter what happens later on. Even if your life is in danger etc
Thanks for the clarification. I was actually both confused and disturbed by that comment in the video. Translating sanskrit into modern english is not easy and that leads to mistakes in translation.
@@VanaeCavae Krishn also reiterates in 18.41 that the four classes are divided on the basis of qualities born of their own nature. So the Gita doesnt endorse birth based class at all.
Replying to help move the comment up. I hope more people, especially those outside India, see this. The original term Jaati/Varna/Caste seems to be misinterpreted worldwide.
Thank you. It's true
Caste system is to follow Dharma and attain mukti/ultimate liberation for peoples who living in family environment
Finally a video about Ancient India by my favourite Historian TH-camr! Please do a series about Ancient India if it’s possible.
@Sumeet tanwar link, please?
Going by the amount of inaccuracies in this video, it's better that he does not. Better not talk about it than talking factually wrong stuff
*WHO ARE HINDUS ???*
The Aryans Who invaded in India between roughly 2000 BCE and 1500 BCE, and brought Sansikrat language & Hindutuva Ideology to the subcontinent Today Called Hindus.
Aryan had the best army and combat equipment he entered from the north of present-day India
The Natives of India of that time were very Peaceful and they were Priests of the sun and moon, They were Un Aware of war and war equipment, they had not So religious.
The Aryans attacked and massacred them, enslaved women and forced children to teach Sanskrit and Hindu teachings,
The Aryans completely destroyed the culture, religion and language of the Natives, whoever accepted Sanskrit and Hinduism were left alive and the one who opposed was burnt alive.
Rakhigarhi Civilization & Indus Civilization both were destroyed by Aryan Invaders.
Wheeler, who was Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1944 to 1948, many unburied corpses found in the top levels of the Mohenjo-daro archaeological site were victims of war. The theory suggested that by using horses and more advanced weapons against the peaceful Harappan people, the Aryans may have easily defeated them.
Whenever Invaders invade anywhere they brings thier Culture, religion & Traditions too. Aryans brings the Rig Veda, Zend-Avesta, and Iliad and Odyssey
*Identity of Aryan Culture*
The Brahmins were Aryan invaders from the North and therefore brought their own language-Sanskrit-with them
The Aryans brought with them their own language, religious beliefs, and social system.The Aq,'ans developed a social system that has had a lasting impact on Indian culture
*So what was the Religion*
*_OF_*
*Natives of Subcontinent*
Well it is Still mystery & unknown the Exact religion of Natives but But some experts believe that Natives of Subcontinent did not have such a tendency towards religion, but they worshipped the sun and moon, or worshipped fire.
The Aryans did not just massacre peoples in a cruel way, but destroyed the whole civilization. The survivors of the war were forcibly made Hindus, women were raped and enslaved.
*Rakhigarhi Civilization DNA & Hindutuvadi* *Forcibly Trying to Portrayed Aryans Invasion* *as Migration*
⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️
4500-year-old DNA from Rakhigarhi reveals evidence that will unsettle Hindutva nationalists
www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20180910-rakhigarhi-dna-study-findings-indus-valley-civilisation-1327247-2018-08-31
*Delusion & Misinformation*
Some Hindu historians tried to prove that the Aryans Invades in India from Iran, while the Aryans actually invaded from the North of Present -day India.
Aryan may have invades in Iran, but that theory have not any Solid evidences.
#Copied
37:58 holy fuck that is a ridiculously ignorant take not only does it completely ignore the various Dalit led resistances, kingdoms and movements to abolish the prejudice against them, you really think British enlightenment lead to better conditions for Dalits...the empire that put caste into law and created the martial races theory suffocating dalits even further... Holy fuck what an abysmal take i hope you recognize dalits had it better in India when it was 1/4 of the worlds economy rather than after the british left when India dropped to less than 2% of the worlds economy with a literacy rate only 3% higher than when the Brits arrived. The British did absolutely nothing for the dalits other than oppress them as bad as they oppressed the rest of the Indians during the colonial enterprise.
@@shazainbaloch2538hhahah u got ur own history
41:45 In my opinion from what I understand is Geeta doesn't speak about caste by birth but about caste by skills. Caste came from Manu Smriti and after that things got massed up. Krishna dint fight in that war even though it was his dharma as kshatriya, but he just remained charioteer and spoke to Arjuna and guided him, performing dharma of a charioteer and a friend but not of the kshatriya.
@ferzy09 isn't that really the endgame of organized religion? That's why spiritually and religion are so different
Historical Timeline of Religion
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@@arkadeepkundu4729 Historical Timeline of Religion
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@ferzy09 maybe, it can also be the case that "caste system" got rigid as a societal response to subjugation because of islamic invasions starting from 1000 A.D. if a mountain range got named "Hindu Kush" meaning "Hindu killer" imagine the number of hindus died in that place for it get such a name.
@Time Machine Difference is in codified rules of war.
1. A warrior in armour must not fight with* a Ksatriya who is not clad in a coat of mail.
2. One should fight only one enemy, and cease fighting when the opponent became disabled.
3. If the enemy is clad in mail, his opponent should put on armour.
4. A cavalry soldier should not attack a chariot- warrior. But a chariot warrior could attack a chariot- warrior. Similarly a liorse-wariior could resist another horse-warrior. The general rule is that warriors should fight only with their equals.
5. Poisoned or barbed arrows should not be used.
6. A weak or wounded man should not be killed, nor one who has no son.
7. He whose weapon is broken, or whose bow-string is cut, or who has lost his car should not be hit.
8. A warrior who requests to be rescued saying ‘ I am thine ’ or joins his hand in supplication, or throws off his weapon, must not be killed. But he can be captured as a prisoner of war.
9. A king should fight only with a king and not with warriors of inferior status.
10. If a Brahman enters the field to bring about peace between the contesting parties, both should stop fighting. And no injury should be inflicted on such a Brahman.
11. He is a wretch who retreats stricken with fear from the field of battle.
12. One should never lament over a hero killed? in battle, for he becomes the lord of thousands of nymphs.86
13. Aged men, women, children, the retreating, or one who holds a straw in his lips as a sign of unconditional surrender, should not be killed.
14. The panic-stricken and scattered foe should not be pursued hotly.
15. No one should kill the sleepy or the thirsty, or 1 the fatigued, or one whose armour had slipped, a peaceful citizen walking along the road, one engaged in eating or drinking, the mad and the insane, one who went out of .the comp to buy provisions, a camp-follower, menials and the guards at the gates.
16. In case of an insufficient supply of numbers in a particular division or divisions of the army, substitutes may be used. An elephant may be opposed by*five horses, or fifteen men and four horses; one horse man may be opposed by three footmen and three horsemen by one elephant rider
17. It is forbidden to kill a Brahman by caste or by profession, or one who declares himself a Brahman, or a cow, or an outcaste
18. He should not be killed who gets up on an eminence or a tree, who is an eunuch or a war-musician. The &ilappadikdram refers to warriors escaping from the field of battle in disguise as ascetics, Brahmans, musicians, and, last but not least, hermaphrodites. Most of them were allowed to run away, though some were captured and sent to far-off lands. When these captives
19. It is further prohibited to fight those who do not offer to fight, who hide themselves in fear or who go to the field as spectators.93 The great war at Kuruksetra affords ample proof that spectators were admitted into the battle-field during the scene of action, and they were not injured or otherwise harmed.
20. Another feature of the dharmayuddha was» to leave the fruit and flower gardens, temples, and other places of public worship unmolested.94 Clausewitz characterises such a direction of war as the necessary
consequence of the spirit of progress.96 We have the testimony of a foreign ambassador to this country in the fourth century B.C. Megasthenes says: ‘ Whereas among other nations it is usual in the contests of war to ravage the soil and then reduce it to an uncultivated waste, among the Indians, on the contrary, by whom husbandmen are regarded as a class that is sacred and inviolable, the tillers of the soil, even when battle is raging in their neighbourhood, are undisturbed by any sense of danger from the combatants and either side in waging the conflict make carnage of each other but allow those engaged in husbandry to remain unmolested.
21. Prisoners of war were generally to be accorded generous treatment. In the epoch of the Brahmanas the fettered prisoner was sent out of the kingdom and was permitted to remain on the outskirts. Sometimes the captive agreed to become a slave of the captor for a period of one year after which he became a free man.97 If maidens were among the prisoners of war, they were courteously treated and were induced to marry persons of, the conqueror’s choice. If they declined the offer, they were sent back to their homes under proper escort. Hospitality,the sacredness of the refugee, the law not to forget a kindness or a hurt, and not to refuse to fight when challenged, are some features of fair fighting according to the epic code." According to the Mudrdr raksasa, Kautalya-Canakya set free prisoners captured
in war by Candragupta. Kanaka and Vijaya, the> northern kings who were taken captives in the Ganges ’
expedition, were liberated by Senguttuvan after some time and sent back to their capitals.
22. Next the treatment of the wounded may engage our attention. A wounded opponent should either be sent to his own home, or if taken to the victor’s quarters, he should have his wounds attended to by skilled surgeons. After he got well cured, he should be set at liberty.107 Women were appointed to nurse the wounded. In the camp were found physicians with surgical instruments, machines, remedial oils, and bandage-cloth in their hands. Evidently they dressed the wounds and applied healing remedies. After beating the enemy in battle and finding them suffering from the agony of wounds, the victor should show mercy to them and sympathise with them by comforting them, taking hold of their hands affectionately.
It is said that he should even shed tears before them so as to secure their devotion. This was true of the soldiers of his own army as well as of the enemy.
Hilbert can always make a seemingly unrelated topic, related to the low countries and the Netherlands…
Not enough Wilhelmus
@@Brattoes Historical Timeline of Religion
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Caste system have spiritual aspect attached to it ..according to karma soul goes to that kind of environment..as many yogies also indicated if lifestyle of human is of animal qualities than soul takes animal body in next life and getting human body from animal becomes game of going through hundreds or thousands lifetimes as animals
@@amresponsibilitytakernotli9613 lol try to be a lower caste for one year all that spiritual shit won't matter
Dharma is a non translatable word in English.
Why?
@SaffronChad6969 closest word
RIGHTEOUS CONDUCT NOT DUTY.........DUTY SEEMS LIKE A JOB........
"Life's purpose" fits
There are still parts of India that colloquially speak Sanskrit today, though I imagine it's varied quite a bit from the Vedic and Classical forms of Sanskrit we are more familiar with.
Thanks! I looked it up and it's Mattur, Karnataka. Never knew this albeit being an Indian
It's actually Hindi, gujarati etc. which are the still spoken forms of Sanskrit. Like French is still spoken latin.
The places where Sanskrit is spoken are all revival Projects or traditional scholarly institutions. Often spoken Sanskrit is adapted(limited in grammar) to be learned faster by speakers of modern Indian languages.
@@Vagabund92 hindi isn't a direct decendent of Sanskrit, but persianised regional prakrit. Marathi on the other hand is a direct decendent
@brahmastra brahmastra yes but Hindi doesn't have much to do with it
I listen to Sanskrit radio news every now and then.
Some corrections regarding Vedas, they weren't written in the Vedic period. Writing came to India later. Vedas were passed down through strict oral records and they meant to be passed down like this as they are categorized as sruti. It should be clarified that this wasn't a telephone game, it was extremely strict and tedious practice of memorization and learning. The reason that you can date the origin of Vedas so well is because how much it preserves the language of the early Vedic peoples. You can work backwards comparing like Prakit and other latter Indo-Aryan languages to Rig Vedic Sanksrit.
A good analogy to Westerners for understanding the oral tradition behind the Vedas is imagining the Homeric oral traditions of the Archaic Greek Age on steroids. Imagine create a caste of people(brahmins) to constantly maintain and preserve the oral literature for eons.
Kinda, not really. For most of Indian history, writing was done on banana leaves and low grade paper like that, with a shelf life of around a 100 years. The later Upanishads and the works of Panini do mention writing and scripts, so it is possible that there was a written language in India during the Vedic Age, just that it was not engraved on stone till the Mauryan era.
@@mvalthegamer2450 Writing arrived to India after the Vedic period through. Brahmi is essentially repurposed and heavily modified version of the Achaemenid Imperial Script adopted to write Prakrit and other Indo-Aryan languages. There is near unanimously consensus on this detail.
@@PraveenJose18551 Not really unanimous consent. There is indeed a unanimous consensus that Aramaic influenced Bramhi, the evidence for a complete lack of writing in the Vedic period is less clear. The scholar Panini, as well as the Lilitavasta Sutra and the Cannon of Jaina both mention multiple scripts being taught as a part of the education of Brahmins and Royalty. These texts were composed between 600-400 BCE, meaning they should predate or be contemporary to the Achaemenid Invasion of the Indus Valley. The fact that they do mention multiple scripts seems to indicate some form of regional scripts in India being present for at least some time before the Persian Invasion. Furthermore, over 100000 megalithic symbols have been found all over India which span the entire vedic period, which start to resemble Tamil Bramhi around 400 BCE. And as writing for many centuries more was primarily a religious act, it isn't inconceivable that the script of the Later Harrapan peoples did survive, and was later remodeled in the image of the Aramaic script by the Satraps.
Wrong Vedas were written in present day uttarakhand near the saraswati river
@@mvalthegamer2450 The Achaemenid conquest of Indus dates to mid 6th BCE. Given how dating Indian texts have a wide range due to imprecise chronology, the dating of the previously mentioned texts could reasonably come after Achaemenids introduce Brahmi. Keep in mind, Panini's description of scripts have been used by certain chronologists to argue to for a late 400s and early 300s date for his life. Also, pictograms and formal language scripts by themselves don't give evidence to indigenous origins of latter scripts unless you can establish formal continuity. Also, the sheer diversity of pictograms can give rise to overfitting evidence. For example, the Balkans during the 4000s-2000s BCE had thousands of different pictograms. It even had , but we know the modern Greek script is a modification of Phoenician scripts and completely unrelated to previous pictograms and scripts like Linear A/B because there is clear continuity between Archaic Greek and Phoenician scripts.
Not only that, think about the archaeological evidence. We don't see anything between IVC until late 400s. Then suddenly there is an explosion in amount of epigraphs and inscriptions.
The ancient Egyptian religion is very similar in it’s philosophical beliefs. All of the gods were incarnations of each other and some animals were physical incarnations of gods e.g. all crocodiles being incarnations of Sobek and cows being incarnations of Hathor and/or the Opus Bull. And all of the gods were incarnations of a singular entity that transcended reality.
Is that right? Cool. Do you have a link or reference for that?
@UCUAD0r96rVGKjoaFPMI9DYA fuck off with your reference
I think that's the main characteristics is old religions maybe including the pagan ones. Ancient Egyptian, ancient Greek, Hinduism, and Shinto are all mostly polytheistic probably because of the understanding of the world at the time. With each thing being considered a separate, mysterious, special power which was unexplainable. It was only the abrahmic religions which later adopted the monotheistic policies and stopped putting godly attributes to material objects and powers (light from sun for example).
Parvati is not Vishnu's wife, she's Shiva's wife
indian history is very interesting to me because it is one of the first ever civilization the oldest religion and many i mean many empires so it is great to see you cover it thanks
I'm not sure one can call Hinduism the oldest surviving religion because so much of it was added/formalised recently, but it definitely does have a very long, interesting continuous history.
But what's really fascinating, is how many of the concepts that originated in the religion 5k years ago, are now backed by modern sciences like genetics and neurology
@@jdamsel8212 ist 1500 bc means 3500 years ?
There were a lot of civilisation and lot of them
Were pagans . Official Hinduism is old but not that old
@@HinduPAGANcowpissdrinkerRAKESH Hindu gods and festivals have been celebrated for near 3000 years so yeah they are very old
@@jdamsel8212 according to Macaulay it was so but factually Vedas are filled with refrences to saraswati river which had a torrential flow now nasa and isro have done geological mapping of the riverbed which dried after 3500-2000 bce before monsoons got weaker.
In Icelandic the word for hostage is "gísl". Pretty amazing how close different languages can resemble one another. A blessing in disguise if you ask me, as it does help establishing some form of mutual understanding between different people.
Historical Timeline of Religion
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Because they descend from the same language family
Same in Norwegian, gissel.
Caste system have spiritual aspect attached to it ..according to karma soul goes to that kind of environment..as many yogies also indicated if lifestyle of human is of animal qualities than soul takes animal body in next life and getting human body from animal becomes game of going through hundreds or thousands lifetimes as animals
That's because the traditions followed in Iceland years ago was an offshoot of Vedic customs.
Bahubali has the best fighting scenes in film. It's so over the top, it's awesome.
I love bahubali, but it's also cringy af with some extremely bad VFX
@@macdog1 It's so cheesy it's awesome
Lol bro as an india I can say present generation also finds such movies cringy and cheese but still we love bollywood cause they promoted our culture worldwide and had been a source of entertainment for so long and gradually it is also changing .
@@user-lh9no8ps2s Bahubali isn't technically Bollywood, as it was produced by the Tamils in the South.
@@Austin_Schulz By the telugus, not tamils.
Damn you got so many things correct. I dint expect this level of accuracy from a westerner. I can understand how much reading you would have to do to make such a detailed and nearly flawless explanation video about such difficult subject. #Respect
nice work sepoy
hope he notices your comment
Historical Timeline of Religion
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@ferzy09 Historical Timeline of Religion
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@@jaypatel3005 Historical Timeline of Religion
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@@jaypatel3005 no but he really read dr sarvaapalli radhakrishnan
Manu was the last priest and he wasn't priest he was rishi (eminent intellectual or philosopher will be better translation )
Priests are different
Priests in hindusim pratice set of rules
Philosopher include new set of rules with changing society
But many of manu philosophies were clearly shit
@@krishnajhawar4055 have you read manusmriti?
Not the max muller translation
But radhakrishnan translation..
@@krishnajhawar4055 I'd rather say he was a product of his time..
A pre industrial agrarian society
With feudal institutions..
So compared to his time he was pretty good..
But 21 st century industry 4.0 manusmriti has no relevance what so ever
@@krishnajhawar4055 have you read the Manu script???
You are misunderstanding the English word priest. Manu was absolutely depicted as a priest
Very interesting that Spinoza's ethics come to a very similar conclusion to Hinduism on the oneness of everything and their being one substance underlying all and that being god
It's nice to see that how beautifully you weaved the different thoughts, historical theories, beliefs, and Hinduism in a single thread . Overall it's a good video to scratch the surface of Hinduism, you tried to cover as many things as possible while being relatable to the audience, a lot of people might find some topics incorrect here there, but that is forgivable in comparison to your efforts and the research you have done for it.
Bro I've been learning about this stuff for my college class and its goddam fascinating. Great video as always!
Historical Timeline of Religion❤
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Hinduism has always seemed difficult to approach for me from my Western perspective. Thank you for clearing it up a bit for me (with the interesting historical and literary tidbits along the way too).
Stay well out there everybody, and God bless you friends! :)
its confusing to evrybody cus Indian philosphy is probably the most complex philosphy out there!!
5000 yrs of continues evolution just imagine the amount of philosophy and metaphysics produced.
Then try to see it with Santani (Hindu) perspective stupid 😂😂🤣🤣..
@@byron-ih2ge 😂🤣 there is no such thing as 5000 yrs old evolution.... We are exist from 50000 yrs old
@@mmty1076 man another hindutva nationalist man u can continue in ur dream world no one cares
People of the south also worship Vishnu, Thiruvananthapuram has an old magnificent Vishnu temple, and Thrissur have another famous Krishna temple in Guruvayoor
I really love how you connect all the names lingustically to the languages of most of your audience - it's very bewildering to see how connected our cultures really all are
The video started good with solid info, but half-way down you seem to have lost the patience and started spitting a lot of confused analogies (like Parvati is consort of Vishnu) but towards the end you did pick-up good. Kudos for trying to summarizing Hinduism in a 1 hour video though.
Hey Hilbert, I have to say this is the best explanation of Hinduism I've every seen on TH-cam and the way you explained it was great. :) Amazing video, I really enjoyed it. I can the amount of effort you put in the video. Just a little correction at 50:57 Parviti is not the consort of Vishnu but of Shiva. Durga, Kali and Parviti are not different consorts, they are different avatars of the same consorts. Much like the different avatars of Vishnu
37:58 holy fuck that is a ridiculously ignorant take not only does it completely ignore the various Dalit led resistances, kingdoms and movements to abolish the prejudice against them, you really think British enlightenment lead to better conditions for Dalits...the empire that put caste into law and created the martial races theory suffocating dalits even further... Holy fuck what an abysmal take i hope you recognize dalits had it better in India when it was 1/4 of the worlds economy rather than after the british left when India dropped to less than 2% of the worlds economy with a literacy rate only 3% higher than when the Brits arrived. The British did absolutely nothing for the dalits other than oppress them as bad as they oppressed the rest of the Indians during the colonial enterprise.
3:09 wrong map. You have made delta for Saraswati as Indus river. Karachi is not in Gujarat
Everybody knows Karachi is in Rajasthan
yes
Namaste and love from India! I hope that peace and love prevail in the world! 🙏🇮🇳☮️☮️
Great video as always! Just remember that the sound that is transcribed as "th" is an aspirated "t". So when you find consonants as "kh", "th", "dh" and "ph" they are all aspirated.
There are non-aspirated versions as well, they have different symbols
True. English speakers always find it difficult to aspirate consonants.
@@kakalimukherjee3297 It is because of the latin alphabet, and English orthography. English people expect the letters “th”, “sh”, and “ph” to be pronounced a certain way.
And we do not distinguish aspirated consonants. They might be used but they are not changing meaning if used in English or other languages. At most they change the tone of speech.
@@kakalimukherjee3297 Just if you are interested: In my native Swedish we have “sj” (sh) and “tj” (ch - w/o t sound).
Sjuk (sick) and tjuv (thief). They are quite unique for Swedish and Norwegian.
The “j” used to be an “i”. That explains the sound change: siuk -> sjuk, tiuf -> tjuv, with the final “f” pronounced as “v” back Old Swedish, and even Old Norse.
I don't think Brahman is a 'God'. It's more like a formless and genderless entity which comprises everything. It is more like the ultimate entity which makes everyone equal in a way.
isnt that is what is called a god ?
@@doityourselfpakistan6535 no ... It's not
Did not expect an hour long video :D but the topic is very interesting! will have to watch later
Historical Timeline of Religion❤
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Yep well, brilliant. (Apart from the brief text near start). Aside from that small point I'd like to thankyou for such a comprehensive & detailed breakdown of the worlds oldest & moat complex religion/societies... difficult to categorise.
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Oldest Harappan site is 9K years old, BHIRRANA. Origin of Hinduism is from Sindhu Saraswati Valley civilization or Indus valley civilization. So called Vedic practice are also found in Lothal khalibangan Rakhigari sites... Like Havana Kundas aka fire Altars
Sach bola bro. People say sumer is the oldest civlization but IVC is. Which means hinduism is around 11 thousand ysars old.
@@SpectreKritical I'm talking based on current evidence. It could be 11k years old. But we donno.
Oldest evidence is BHIRRANA city 9k years old from Haryana state
What is Sumer ? U mean Sumerian ?
@@bhuvaneshs.k638 yeah sumer. I support you bro. Not being rude.
@ahmed gamer yes read works of S R Rao and Prof Vasant Shinde both are archeologists who worked on Indus valley civilization.
Evidences:
1. Shivalinga in Khalibangan
2. Shiva Figurine in stamps
3. Evidence of Havana Kundas in Lothal Khalibangan and recently in Rakhigari, which r rig vedic practice of Agni God
4. Swastika symbol stamp
5. Female figurine with Sindhura bangles and Mangalsutra (indicating dharmic culture)
6. Evidence of yoga practice (figurrines+dead body in Asana form)
@ahmed gamer plus we can add archeological evidences of Dwarka city ruins which dates back to Sindhu Saraswati valley / Indus valley era. And Dwarka city is obviously mentioned in depth in Mahabharata and other literatures
That's Hinduism
You can be a atheist, monotheist, polytheist or agnostic
But you'll still be a Hindu.
Yepss
Hinduism has 7 ancient philosophical schools
And even atheist people had place in Hinduism
Which clearly mean Hinduism was never a religion
@@tanishq3917 charvaka
Lmao
Humanity = Hindu Dharma
As a half Indian half Scot, I found it an interesting introduction to Hinduism because it’s only when I visit family that I come across it.
The Shiva worshippers of southern India are called Shiva Lingayats and I’m one. The Lingam is the male sex organ and the Yoni is the female sex organ.
The shiva Lingayats carry a small lingam in a silver casket.
Wrong
Wow, amazing video. Honestly the depth you can go into with such a complex and wide topic is admirable.
19:25 another way to make this more comprehensible: You are not a closed off system. You eat and drink, the food and water becomes you. You breathe and parts of your body become part of the air (O2 to CO2). You constantly make matter part of you and give off matter, so what differentiates you from your surroundings? Parts of you might be part of a bird now. At what point does it become you and at what point is it no longer?
The same goes for your soul more or less. Would you be you without the world around you? Would the world around you be the same without you?
good try , its a very hard and complex topc..probably the hardest topic in entire religious studies there were a few errors here and there but as a hindu i really appreciate your hardwork..
An amazing video please keep up the content I love doing things around the house while listening to history content!
This is an absolutely fantastic video. Making all kinds of connections for me.
3:05 🤣 the river you are showing is not Sindhu but Saraswati. Also the places like Karachi mentioned are also mapped wrong
Sorry but the location of Indus on map was wrong
It was easy to "wrap it around my head..."...❤️. Thank you for being so kind, humble and try to understand how life was on this half of hemisphere...✅️
10/10 for effort. Looks like you put quite a lot of it.
Hilbert your English is absolutely excellent! Learning about indo-European religion and how it’s branched off and evolved over the millennia is intensely interesting, hope there’s some more content on it in the future
Historical Timeline of Religion❤
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Um, he's British if I'm correct...so his English is bound to be good
@@prachetmakwana6011 th-cam.com/video/zkSNpODHM5o/w-d-xo.html
Educational videos 🌏👆 If it doesn't help you, share it with young ones in the family ❤
*Afterall the best gift that you can give your children is proper knowledge and education.
@@prachetmakwana6011 I think he's Frisian.
this is such a fascinating subject and this video is a masterpiece introduction to it!! Thanks Hilbert :D
Historical Timeline of Religion
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This is an unexpected but pleasant surprise. Cheers Hilbert, Asian and Indian history is too rare on youtube.
Overall really great insight into Hinduism
Never I expected to see this kind of history coverage and yet, it's here. Very well in depth while staying light hearted on so many subjects. This screams for a follow up.
So please Hilbert, dive into this once more, eating away days of study to provide us viewers with a new lesson on other parts of the world and your choice back then, was a good one. You totally linked it to "Het Wilhelmus". Who else can do that?
0:44:40 Buddha meditating under the bodhi tree.
Bodhi = enlightenment/awakening.
The bodhi tree was/is a large and ancient sacred *fig tree* (Ficus religiosa)
I think it's still standing? (or decendants from it)
And yes, lotus flowers everywhere!
Wasn't it a Peepal tree ?
props for your Dutch pronountiation. Great stuff also! Keep it up! Have a nice holiday :-) grtz from Nederland
Being Bharatiya I will say
Some corrections regarding Vedas, they weren't written in the Vedic period. Writing came to India later. Vedas were passed down through strict oral records and they meant to be passed down like this as they are categorized as sruti. It should be clarified that this wasn't a telephone game, it was extremely strict and tedious practice of memorization and learning. The reason that you can date the origin of Vedas so well is because how much it preserves the language of the early Vedic peoples. You can work backwards comparing like Prakit and other latter Indo-Aryan languages to Rig Vedic Sanksrit.
A good analogy to Westerners for understanding the oral tradition behind the Vedas is imagining the Homeric oral traditions of the Archaic Greek Age on steroids. Imagine create a caste of people(brahmins) to constantly maintain and preserve the oral literature for eons.
If anyone who is intrested to learn
about Hinduism or indian history , I would strongly recommend to learn it with indic lense rather than British white washed version of hinduism or Indian history in general .
Cows and bull were sacred because they were essentials to agriculture . Ancient civilizations which relied heavily on agriculture all have very important places for the cows or the bulls or even the buffalos , it was forbidden to slaughter and eat them . the Mesopotamian ,Akkadians, Assyrians ... and other highly civilized ancient people also worshipped the bulls . And funnily enough , the Norse gods like Odin and others were often times depicted as wearing bull horned helmets... This might sounded funny , but that might just be the remnant of their more civilized ancestors who worshipped the bull .
That's a lie , archeological evidence no Vikings no pagan used bull horn or any horn helmet ,it was Christian ( due to their religion ) they made Vikings look like demons from sea coming and they made horn myth odin or any Viking man / woman ever wear horn helmet
@@greaterbharat4175 I didn't say Viking people wore bull horned helmets. Their gods did , and their coins, statues...ect... or depictions of Norse gods had bull horned helmets. Like the four Torslunda plates that depicted Odin wearing huge horned helmet.
You just re Taught me my entire 6 th grade History book
Historical Timeline of Religion❤
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Dont trust it. 6th grade books are serios shit. Only has that aryan invasion.theory nothing else. Which is also a myth. Watch abhijit chavda for actual history.
@@SpectreKritical "If you can't make history change it" Abhijeet Chavda
And as for the Aryan Invasions they weren't Invasions more Migrations and happened a lot after the Indus Valley collapsed so please don't get history Lessons from people like Abhijeet
@@tutupre lmao knew you were a normie after the gamer in your name haha. Was there any evidence of the so called"migration"? Was there any sapnskrit manuscripts in central asia or southern russia? Why didn't they migrate to southern India? How did they implement the caste system? How did they put the locals on lower castes?
These are just some questions. Just answer them🤡💀💀🥲🥲
R1A1 genetic has the highest frequency in India aswell as the oldest dating in clade. it is also related to Indo European Languages... so yep no steppe or aryan invasion. Aryan comes from Aryavarta north land of India Pakistan afghan etc
R1a itself is descended from R1, that came from outside.
You should make a Part 2 which covers the concept of the Yugas (Satyug, Dwaparyug, Tretayug, Kaliyug), the Puranas (there are several for various deities and form very important part of the religion), remaining philosophies (Charvaka, etc.) and the concept of Ten Avatars of Vishnu (Krishna is the 9th, Rama from Ramayan is the 8th, all previous Avatars have their own stories), you could also cover Hindu Architecture and Festivals
Ram is actually 7th avatar , Krishna is 8th avatar.
Wether we had 9th avatar or not ,this is a huge topic of discussion.
1) matsya avatar
2) Kurma avatar
3) Varaha av
4) Narshimha av
5) Vaman av
6) Parshuram av
7) Ram av
8) Krishna av
9) no one knows wether taken or pending
10 ) Kalki av - will take birth at end of Kalyug
@@bapparawal2457 lol all these things are humans cycle we all are gonna be kalki type peoples we will save the world when time will come 🌚
Just see the type of avatars from start
Compair it with darvin theory of evolution
I don’t know how old or popular Hinduism monotheism is but I doubt it has nothing to do with the success of Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Sikhism.
Well it's kinda basis like brahman ( universal entity or universe itself) is supreme and all gods are it's part . So I say 50/50
It came before all of those
@@EresirThe1st rule number 2 in understanding religions, religions change over time, no religion is created fully formed and unchanging.
@@nathanoliver9237 Islam is .. It's a stagnant muck pool
@@nathanoliver9237 Sikhism and Buddhism came from hinduism and it comes in sanatan dharma ( sub categories of hinduism)
Great video! Have you ever thought about making a video on Aristotelian-Thomist philosophy? It would be nice to see you venturing into it as well, since it is the philosophical system that Catholicism has been officially adopting since the Council of Trent.
Great video pretty accurate,big up my man
9:38 Vedas come from Weten that's a Dutch word? Like NO. Sanskrit is older than Dutch. And if it derives from Proto-Indo-European, you should say that instead.
Btw Proto-Indo-European is a hypothetically constructed language. So it's wrong make such bold claims about the etymology of Vedas.
One critique: namaste means "I bow to you" which is just a normal greeting in general, it doesn't necessarily mean that they are recognizing the divine in someone by saying it.
Other than that, solid video!
it does, in stotram and ashtakams we use it as 'i bow to u'
Honestly it's just a standard greeting like hello these days. No one is actually thinking "I see God in you" when they say namaste.
Namaste also means i bow to the divine soul within you
@@hrishabkumarsharma1355 Bro either people accept it or not, but the original meaning of Namaste will never change from ''I bow down to the divine in you''
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Joining hands before someone already means you are supreme polite, respectful and egoless before him.
Thanks for your work. You realy enhance my views... noice
And how you pronaunce rhe words, how are foreign for you ... very nice 👍
Fantastic video as always.
But the map at 2:29 is wrong due to course of the river depicted.
Yeah Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Daoism/Taoism, Confucianism, Wuism, Or And Shintoism all seemed to have less kinds of unnerving kinds of rulings to abide by or and be guided by compared to ones like Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Bahaism, Babism, Mandeism, Sumerianism, Druze, Yazidism, Or And Rastafarianism yeah
The Chapter 3 of Bhagvad gita itself is called as KARMA YOGA - the Yoga of Action.
Bhagvat gita, 3.35
śreyān sva-dharmo viguṇaḥ para-dharmāt svanuṣṭhitāt |
sva-dharme nidhanaṃ śreyaḥ para-dharmo bhayāvaḥ || 35 ||
B.G, 3:35 :- "Better is one's own duty, though devoid of merit, than the duty of another well-done. Better is death in one's own duty; the duty of another is fraught with fear."
(Some social justice warriors try to use this verse in a nefarious way of affirming the caste-system and validating inequality and discrimination.)
1000 years ago Rāmānujācārya (traditional vedic scholar) commented as follows:-
Commentary
Therefore Karma Yoga [one’s own natural duty] is better than Jñāna Yoga [the duty of another]. It is one's personal duty because it is natural and easy to perform, and even if defective, it is free from possibility of interruption and fall.
Jñāna Yoga (meditation on the ātman), on the other hand, though performed well for some time, constitutes an alien duty, as it is difficult to practice for one immersed in Material Nature. It is therefore subject to interruption and the possibility of error.
For a Karma Yogi - practicing his natural duty, even death without success in one birth does not matter. In the next birth, with the help of the experience already gained in this birth it will be possible to perform Karma Yoga without any impediments.
The whole message of the Gita is about pro-active engagement with intrinsic motivation.
Here the comparison is between one’s own natural duty which is Karma - yoga - i.e. working within the world in your capacity as a parent, educator, friend, colleague, consumer, CEO or driver and supporting your family and nurturing society etc., and
Jñāna Yoga (the alien path)- the pursuit of wisdom and meditation in isolation and renunciation. A path which is fraught with hardship and difficulties and from which one is likely to fall.
So in summary Krishna is advocating a path of proactive engagement with the society and the world as far superior to any attempt to renounce the world and become a sanyāsi as Arjuna is currently aspiring for.
Fans: Hey can you cover some modern history?
Hilbert: What time frame would you want me to cover?
Fans: Anything after WWII is cool?
Hilbert: Ok I'll do next week. 🤔
5:55 why do you have kyrgyz/mongolian symbol for Sky Father? Reference to Tengri?
Why do you call pontic stepp caspian?
I saved your videos to share with my friends and family.
Excellent and interesting. Full marks.
Historical Timeline of Religion❤
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It’s cool as a Naruto fan how much religious inspiration from Hinduism was used in the show
Many thanks for great interesting video👍
Historical Timeline of Religion❤
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39.00 kind funny since verses from the Gita were found carved on pillars during the existance of indo Greek kindoms so it is older than the classical period.
Nice try. But as often with all non Asians, you look Hinduism from Abraham religion lens.
Hinduism is seeker's journey. You can he equally Hindu if you don't believe in any god or books.. Hinduism requires research, it's not easy as Islam or Christianity
I'd love to see the history of Pakistan and how Islam was used as a sword to claim that land from India.
@Aryan Thakur You are absolutely correct my friend. Never let the world forget this truth.
Even Afghanistan was part of this, though India is a newer term. Afghanistan was the land of Hindus, but they did a genocide. Hence, their mountain range called as Hindu Kush, meaning "Hindu Killer"
@@chan_for It means Mound of the Dead.
Not hindu killer. But i understand what u mean
Excellent explanation. Good research. There were a few errors, but that is okay. Overall, you have put in lot of effort.
I enjoy this video very much. I learned a lot.
The cow being sacred strikes me as maybe being older but it’s sanctity manifesting differently. On the steppe the cow was your source of life and wealth and I seem to remember cows suckling humans reflected this mentality in myth, and so as a result of their special status they’re the preferred sacrifice, “give the Gods your best animal” kind of thing.
Then, as sedentarization in India made their society more peaceful, this branch of the Indo Europeans may have come to see their relationship with the Gods less as a tax-based ruler-vassal relationship, but kept the idea of cows as being important. This cows go from being sacred in the way an Aztec human sacrifice victim was a holy person to being sacred in a more classic “never harm a cow” sense.
As other livestock that are better suited to the smaller spaces sedentary people live in became more common to keep they too might render slaughtering cattle less necessary for survival. Of course the “wild” Indo Europeans would have to kill the cow anyway or risk dying, so the idea of killing them is normal, but to a settled Hindu that idea is less important but the idea of the ow as important, life sustaining, and sacred, remains,
Yeah cows are sacred in all Indo-European branches, which makes sense for a pastoral culture.
Horses are more sacred than cows in the steppes
@@SR-mv2mf Horses are important, but the Indo Europeans were more focused on cattle herding than Turks & Mongols, so the cow would be the main source of food & this is reflected in IE cultures' myths, the horse is the hero's companion, the cow is the sacred sustainer or source of life.
IM actually a muslim living in a Hindu neigbour in Pakistan and they are really cool and friendly
No one cares about pakistan
@@user-uj2tk2tv3z Dude , you don't need to be so condescending.
And you call yourselve a Hindu.
Smh.
You're a disgrace to all Indians and Hindus.
@@user-uj2tk2tv3z i care
Please do more generalized stuff, like religion, society and economy!
I don't know where you got my old profile picture to base the archer off but I demand royalties :v
Are you going to do a video on Jainism in the future?
Historical Timeline of Religion❤
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Title: The History and Religion of Hinduism
Me: Ah shit! Here we go again.
Indian comments: *Stonks*
You're statements about worship of Shiva Linga are not only incorrect but destructive in the information provided to those watching. The Linga is not a penis, its atrocious for you to suggest so. Linga literally means "The Form". It is a pillar of light and it allows us to look beyond the physical form of all things in exsistence to their true nature, that includes God and us as well.
British actually used and exploited the cast divide in their 'Divide and Rule' strategy but all the history were also written by the british at the time so they wrote themselves as the people who brought "Enlightenment to the heathens"
Another error
The social system as we call caste system today wasn't suppose to be based on ones birth. As far as I know, it doesn't say that in the original texts. It was suppose to be based on one's interests, One's path to moksha through dharma one chooses. People later turned it into an oppressive social evil as we known as caste system. So when Krishna says be on your path doesn't mean be in you born caste. It means follow the dharma you chose.
Another one,
Shiva has only one Consort, Others are her Avatars.
18:30-19:45 This is a perfect way of explaining what ego death while on psychedelics is like I guess.
I only did psychedelics several years after recording this so I was explaining this before having experienced it - though you're certainly right that they can make you realise this.
@@historywithhilbert146 weren’t the vedic cultures supposed to be on that Soma shit?? ;)
Hindo-norse
The Hindu metrics of time (Kaala Vyavahara) can be summarized as below:
• a Lipta (लिप्ता) is approximately 0.4 seconds
• a Vighati (विघटि) is 60 Liptas, or approximately 24 seconds
• a Ghadika (घटि) is 60 Vighatis, or approximately 24 minutes
• a Muhurta is equal to 2 Ghadikas, or approximately 48 minutes
• a Nakshatra ahoratram (नक्षत्र अहोरत्रम्) or sidereal day is exactly equal to 30 Muhurtas (Note: A day is considered to begin and end at sunrise, not midnight.)
An alternate system described in the Vishnu Purana Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III is as follows:
100 Truti = 1 Tatpara
30 Tatpara = 1 Nimesha
15 Nimeshas = 1 Kásht́há
30 Kásht́hás = 1 Kalá
30 Kalás = 1 Kṣaṇa
12 Kṣaṇa = 1 Muhúrtta
30 Muhúrttas = 1 day (24 hours)
30 days = 1 month
6 months = 1 Ayana
2 Ayanas = 1 year or one day (day + night) of the gods
Small units of time used in the Vedas
• a Trasarenu is the combination of 6 celestial atoms.
• a Truti is the time needed to integrate 3 Trasarenus, or 1/1687.5th of a second.
• a Vedha is 100 Trutis.
• a Lava is 3 Vedhas.
• a Nimesha is 3 Lavas, or a blink.
• a Kshanas is 3 Nimeshas.
• a Kashthas is 5 Kshanas, or about 8 seconds.
• a Laghu is 15 Kashthas, or about 2 minutes.
15 Laghus make one Nadika, which is also called a danda. This equals the time before water overflows in a six-pala-weight [fourteen ounce] pot of copper, in which a hole is bored with a gold probe weighing four masha and measuring four fingers long. The pot is then placed on water for calculation.
2 Dandas make one Muhurta.
6 or 7 Dandas make one Yamah, or 1/4th of a day or night.
4 Praharas or 4 Yamas are in each day or each night.
LUNAR METRICS
a tithi (also spelled thithi ) or lunar day is defined as the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the sun to increase by 12°. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours.
a paksa (also paksha) or lunar fortnight consists of 15 tithis
a masa or lunar month (approximately 29.5 days) is divided into 2 pakshas: the one between new moon and full moon is called gaura (bright) or shukla paksha; the one between full moon and new moon krishna paksha
a ritu is 2 masa
an ayanam is 3 rituhs
a year is 2 Aayanas
TROPICAL METRICS
a Yaama (याम) = 1/4th of a day(light) or night [ = 7½ Ghatis (घटि) = 3¾ Muhurtas (मुहूर्त) = 3 Horas (होरा) ]
4 Yaamas 1 half of the day (either day or night)
8 Yaamas 1 day (day + night)
an Ahoratram is a tropical day (Note: A day is considered to begin and end at sunrise, not midnight.)
Reckoning of time among other entities
Reckoning of time amongst the pitrs.
1 human day = 1/30 day of the pitrs
30 days of human is 1 month of human = 1 day of the pitrs
12 months of human = 1 year of the pitrs
The lifespan of the pitrs is 100 years of the pitrs (= 3,600 human years)
Reckoning of time amongst the Devas.
1 human year = 1 day of the Devas.
30 days of the Devas = 1 month of the Devas.
12 months of the Devas = 1 year of the Devas
The lifespan of the Devas is 100 years of the Devas (= 36,000 human years)
The Vishnu Purana Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III explains the above as follows:
2 Ayanas (six month periods, see above) = 1 year or one day (day + night) of the devas
360 days of the devas = 1 year of the devas
12,000 years of the devas = 4 Yugas
Reckoning of time for Brahma.
12,000 years of the Devas = 1 day of Brahma (4320,000,000 human years). This day is divided into 10, 000 parts called charanas.
The charanas are divided as follows:
The Four Yugas
4 charanas (1,728,000 solar years) Satya Yuga
3 charanas(1,296,000 solar years) Treta Yuga
2 charanas(864,000 solar years) Dwapara Yuga
1 charanas(432,000 solar years) Kali Yuga
The cycle repeats itself so altogether there are 1000 cycles of yugas in one day of Brahma.
One cycle of the above four yugas is one mahayuga (4.32 billion solar years)
A manvantara consists of 71 mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Each Manvantara is ruled by a Manu.
After each manvantara follows one Sandhi Kala of the same duration as a Krita Yuga (1,728,000 = 4 Charana). (It is said that during a Sandhi Kala, the entire earth is submerged in water.)
A kalpa consists of a period of 1,728,000 solar years called Adi Sandhi, followed by 14 manvantaras and Sandhi Kalas.
A day of Brahma equals
(14 times 71 mahayugas) + (15 x 4 Charanas)
= 994 mahayugas + (60 Charanas)
= 994 mahayugas + (6 x 10) Charanas
= 994 mahayugas + 6 mahayugas
= 1000 mahayugas
as is confirmed by the Gita statement
"sahasra-yuga paryantam ahar-yad brahmano viduH",
meaning, a day of brahma is of 1000 (maha-)yugas. Thus a day of Brahma, kalpa, is of duration: 4.32 billion solar years. Two kalpas constitute a day and night of Brahma
30 days of Brahma = 1 month of Brahma (259,200,000,000 human years)
12 months of Brahma = 1 year of Brahma (3,110,400,000,000 human years)
25 years of Brahma = 1 kalpa (77,760,000,000,000 human years)
2 kalpas = 1 parardha (155,520,000,000,000 human years)
2 parardhas = 100 years of Brahma, the lifespan of Brahma (311,040,000,000,000 human years)
The Vishnu Purana Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III explains the above as follows:
360 days of the gods = 1 year of the gods
12,000 years of the gods = 4 Yugas
1,000 sets of 4 Yugas = a day of Brahmá
50 years of Brahma = 1 Pararddham
100 years of Brahma = 1 Param
4,000 + 400 + 400 = 4,800 years = 1 Krita Yuga
3,000 + 300 + 300 = 3,600 years = 1 Tretá Yuga
2,000 + 200 + 200 = 2,400 years = 1 Dwápara Yuga
1,000 + 100 + 100 = 1,200 years = 1 Kali Yuga
Alternately, the reigns of 7 Rishis, Indra and Manu = 1 Manwantara = 71x12,000+A (A is not given) = 852,000 years of the gods+A (A is not given)
14 Manwantaras = a day of Brahmá
VEDIC TIME UNITS GREATER THAN A KALPA
Ancient vedic cosmology takes into account handful of time spans which are even greater than one Kalpa or a day of Brahma. One such unit is a "Maha-Kalpa" which is composed of 36000 such days of Brahma. One Maha-Kalpa is considered as the lifetime of Brahma. There are time units which are larger than one Maha-Kalpa. The largest of them has been calculated as several quadrillions of human years. This precise and massive calculations indicate one important aspect of vedic time system, that, whenever the term "Infinity" has been mentioned in Vedas, it does not indicate something very large. Instead, it appears that the term is meant to refer its literal synonym itself.
A very difficult topic to cover considering the many gods and goddesses and their ability to reincarnate into different forms sometimes animals, sometimes semi-humans, sometimes into different supreme beings as they move about in an almost fairy-tale like events and adventures.
On the whole, quite interesting coverage. Thank you.
Hinduism has one supreme God bro
Finally for the first time ever some TH-camr has used the correct map of India
Can you do a video on Sikhism in Afghanistan?
Shiva is worshiped all over India - infact shiva's residence is believed to be on mount kailash ( which is in tibet)
Vishnu on the other hand has been visting earth through different avatars (rama,krishna,Buddha etc) and his last avatar (kalki) is yet to arrive
If someone decides to make movie on hinduism ....it can very much compete with marvel movies..in terms of multiverse stories
In Hinduism, birth based caste is a colonial superstitious system, however Varna was the original one, in Varna there was no upper or lower, people chose the work of which they are qualified for and according to Bhagavad Gita, anyone can be a Brahmin (Teacher, Scholar profession), Shatriya (Warrior, Army profession), Vaishya (Trader, Business profession), Shudra (Other social workers) based on as per their skills, knowledge, and capabilities:
🔹In Bhagavad Gita 4:13, Krishna says that he created different Varnas (Profession) on the basis of one's Karma (Activity) and Guna (Quality).
🔹Bhagavad Gita 5:18 "The truly learned, with the eyes of divine knowledge, see with equal vision a Brahmin, a cow, an elephant, a dog, and a dog-eater"
🔹Bhagavad Gita 9:29 "I am equally disposed to all living entities: there is neither friend nor foe to Me: but those who with living sentiments render divotional service unto Me, such persons are in Me and I am in them."
🔹Bhagavad Gita 18:41 "The duties of the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras are distributed in accordance with their guṇas (quality) and not by birth."
Caste is an English term derived from the Spanish term 'Casta' which stands for 'Breed' or 'lineage'.
During earlier times Caste use to be Varna (Profession) and based on Guna (Quality) and not merely just by birth, I can give instances from the ancient times, where a so-called modern day "lower caste" moved to "upper caste", e.g. Guru Valmiki, Kabir Das was from a shudra family but became a brahmin based on merit, etc
and btw Ravana, his younger brother Kumbhakarna all were Brahmins knowledgeable person from Northern India but because of their notorious activities all were punished by Rama (believed to be an OBC if we abide by today's caste categorization).
Lastly, you have to understand the British motive behind imposing caste:
The Caucasians (Europeans) created Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda, Africa, to divide and control the native population, and for this reason, the Rwanda Genocide occurred.
The same attempts and inequalities Europeans also tried to create amongst Indians by separating Northern India and Southern India into "Aryans" VS "Dravidians" and further dividing Hinduism into 3,000 castes and 25,000 sub-castes.
Read about Herbert Hope Risley who created casteism, racism in Indian society by one's facial features and skin color, and Bishop Robert Caldwell who propagated the "Aryan Invasion" in Southern India to convert "Dravidians" into Christianity.
Also the book 'Castes of Mind' by Nicholas Dirks
"If you have a lot of Tamas, then you are Belgian" :-D
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Whats the joke?
@@complexaltruist Hilbert is from neighboring The Netherlands and is subtly casting some shade on their rival Belgium.
For a more serious look at this issue, watch his series on Belgian independence.
Very informative video. And it all shows again how we westerners are so deeply connected to people all over the world.
I have a Kuridsh comrade and sometimes I can understand certain words of his tongue because thet reminds me of words in other European or my own native (Dutch) language. Small for example is picuk which resembles piccolo, petit. Someone who is respectable is called rezdar and the narcis flower is called nergez.
I'd love to research how branches of certain words in Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Farsi and the different diealects of Kurdi (Sorani, Kermanji, Badini) end up in Indo-European languages, but I have no idea where or how to begin. Could you @History With Hilbert reccommend literature on the subject? Much obliged.
In the Indian Sub-Continent, we use a lot of words with Perso-Arabic origins.
"Hindustani" language during the British era, got split into Urdu (more Perso-Arabic words) and Hindi (more Sanskrit words)
But these two languages are "colloquially" the same language
For example, "Nargis" is a very common word in Urdu, and also the name of a very famous Bollywood actress
@@VibhavOswal That's very interesting! I always thought that Urdu and Hindi weren't mutually intelligible, but that is in fact not true? And Nargis is the same flower? (Beautiful name for a woman too by the way).
It's seen more often in history that language is abused for social or political goals (for instamce to distinguish between upper- and lower class or jargon as a way to set a professional incrowd apart from outcasts).
People have this natural tendency to distinguish between 'us' and 'them,' but I have found that language can also bring people together. To my mind nothing is as precious as learning another language, as I feel it opens an entirely different world and other ways of looking/experiencing things.
In that respect I hope we all will speak the same international language one day. As long as it isn't Chinese. Imagine having to master 5000 different characters! Other than that, I'm certain each language has its own cultural pearls hidden for those willing to master it.
Nice work, very interesting
Hi Hilbert,
Best overall description of Hinduism I have ever heard. For some years I have been studying Hinduism and learning meditation online as taught by Advaita Vedanta monk Swami Tadatmananda New Jersey. Thank you.
Please do one on the ancient wisemen of India -the Rishis.