Taxonomy and Systematics
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 28 มิ.ย. 2024
- Humans have named things of importance to us since the dawn of communication (eat this, run from that...) But how do scientists organize living things and what are the levels of organization they use to describe relationships between groups? Aristotle and Linnaeus take starring roles here, but there's a lot they got wrong.
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VIDEO DETAILS
Taxonomy and Systematics
Taxonomy (G taxis: arrangement; nomia: method) is the discipline of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics
Hierarchical groups help us to identify related organisms and also describe evolutionary relationships
Aristotle
To understand anything, one must classify it according to it's parts
Classified all animals into two groups: blooded and bloodless
Pliny the Elder
Carl Linnaeus
Systema Naturae 10th ed. in 1758
Binomial Nomenclature
Where do the Names Come From?
Latin (Classical or Medieval)
Classical Greek
Names of People
Names of Places
Other Languages
What's In a Name?
Morphologic Characters
General external morphology
Special structures
Internal morphology
Embryology
Karyology and other cytological factors
Physiological Factors
Metabolic factors
Body secretions
Genic sterility factors
Molecular Characters
Immunological distance
Electrophoretic differences
Protein sequences
DNA hybridization
DNA and RNA sequences
Restriction endonuclease analyses
Other molecular differences
Behavioral Characters
Courtship and other ethological isolating mechanisms
Other behavior patterns
Ecological Characters
Habitats and hosts
Food
Seasonal variations
Parasites
Host reactions
Geographic Characters
General biogeographic distribution
Sympatric-allopatric relationship of populations
Levels of Organization
Linnaeus' Domains
Linnaeus Described Six Classes of Animals
Heart with 2 auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, red blood
Viviparous: Mammalia
Oviparous: Aves
Six Classes of Animals
Heart with 1 auricle, 0 ventricles. Cold, puss-like blood
Have antennae: Insecta
Have tentacles: Vermes
Hierarchy of Similarities
Modern 3-Domain System
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (= Divisions in Botany)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Example: The Dog
Problems...
Linnaeus (and everyone else) wondered about where these species came from and how to define a species
Linnaeus treated species as immutable
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
Compared living and fossil mammals (elephants and mammoths)
He did not see how organisms could cross inhospitable boundaries to reach suitable environments
He found different kinds of animals and plants in very similar, but completely isolated environments
Age of Enlightenment
Paleontology and the discovery of extinct species in the fossil record began to undermine the static view of nature which had persisted since Aristotle
Species are NOT Fixed Entities
Taxonomy and systematics is a dynamic science
Loved this... she has such a mellow voice of convincing authority... pleasure to listen to
The way she discuss is a hundred times better than my teacher. REALTALK.
Thank you! And thanks for watching!
A lot of thanks! This helped me out a lot for my midterm exams!
Maybe it's just me but I found taxonomy to be incredibly interesting and informative and one of the concepts that helped to really drive home and solidify evolution and common ancestry.
Excellent video! Very informative and well presented!
GREAT video (*very* clear)
I don't even study science as a secondary, I just like to learn new things--- and this video has sparked an interest in biology/taxonomy in me!
Thank you for your hard work!
Amazingly insightful, thank you for this
thanks for melting the mountain of questions inside my head... very nice video
Awesome video. Clear and simple :D
I recommend your videos to all kids I encounter who are interested in science,
Keep up the good work!!
Solid video.
Useful for studying purposes.
This is the best AP biology study channel in the whole you tube +1 from me
kudos to you...nice video and very educative
For an understanding of modern taxonomy and systematics, you cannot leave out cladistics. If you go to a biology conference, almost everyone there will be using cladistics for systematics. Cladistics won the "taxonomy war" a few decades ago. Most biologists now are cadists, meaning they hold to that a phylogeny must be monophyletic and that paraphyletic and polyphyletic groupings are unscientific. This video is accurate for almost everything up to the 1980s.
Thank you for this video. What are the different kingdoms?
Loved it!
Just to point out, the video was amazing! very good job and very informative, but one corrigendum, there does exist a convention for naming animals with a set of rules the way chemists do, it is called the Internation Code of Zoological Nomenclature and it dictates the rules and requirements for naming animals.
Found this so delightful
Thank you for this understanding
This is an outstanding instructional presentation. A reference standard for all Instructors to aspire to. Big time thanks!
So glad you found it useful!
This is great, Thank you.
Great video you really explained it very clearly!
+26snoopy82 Thanks for watching! I'm glad it was helpful.
this video has really been very helpful....
Great video Thank you!!!
I really like the way how you discuss
Thanks so much!
Nicely done! Came here by looking for the definition of 'type specimen'. After two years of keeping and learning about succulents, plant systematics are still difficult to digest for me, a Greek guy that has an advantage of knowing what all these Greek words mean. Plus, I love Latin language and the pronunciation of these - for some - complex binomial names. So, I have just landed here, I am going to hit the subscribe button and if there's no video about the 'type specimens' (one that can make it very clear, for example, what means "designing a holotype") it would be great if you can make one.
Thanks again!
Type specimen is the documented individual that is in a museum vault or somewhere, that is the example of that species. It's literally a single individual specimen. With animals many are preserved, with plants they preserved the leaves or roots, and with fossils they preserve the fossil of course. For every species that is named in binomial nomenclature there is a single dead individual in an arboretum vault, or museum vault that is the type specimen.
The remains of Carl Linneaus himself is the type specimen for Homo sapiens, although I don't think he is in a vault, obviously we treat Homo sapiens different and we have a certain familiarity with them, lol, I hope.
4:27 WISE lol 😂
you have truly changed my life. I really felt like i could relate to the penguins, especially the one who was missing its head. the video was a great metaphor for the threat that western capitalism poses to the wellbeing and survival of penguins everywhere. i will never forget the kindness that you brought to my life when you posted this. How can i repay you ? i cannot possibly repay this service that you have done for me. I was especially touched by the part where the video started. This video has saved my life and so many others by reminding us to eat food and drink water. however, my one issue with this video was the fact that it was not converted into a broadway musical production: surely something so full of passion and controversial truth should be able to be seen and experienced by millions of others! truly this work of art brings as much music to people as beethovens fifth symphony. the power of this video can move mountains
In all of my years on TH-cam, I have never enjoyed a comment this much! That was just wonderful. Who ARE you Ninja Chicken? Are you a comedian? A writer? I must know. I will not rest until I know how you regularly disseminate your thoughts and feelings into the world. THANK YOU for this - I save my favorite comments and this one goes straight to the top.
Excellent
Thank you
Very helpful. Thanks :)
I LOVE THIS VIDEO! Hope i'll pass my exams tommorow :)
6 years passed!!
Who is else was brought here by school?
Super
Protists are being found to be polyphyletic.
its actually a bunch of different kingdoms bunched together
that dont really have much in common.
Cool education there.
Remarkable discriptions.
this is so interesting. thank you for the video.
wow thank you
solid vedio
Incredible. I'm in college and find this useful.
👍👍
omfg she made me laugh just by being herself lmaoo
Nepal ..Jay ho
Pneumonic please!
Prokaryota, Protoctista, Fungus, Plantae and Animalia. Those are the five kingdoms.
Achha h
Oh dear, now only I understand why the scientific (latin) name must be italised. And when it's capitalised and not (Genus vs species), danke!
Where's the mention of the cross-breeding of animals over more than a thousand years by humans? These same hybrid creations are a part of the taxonomy classifications.
Generally a hybrid will have a genus name with an X.
Go to BONAP and click on the county maps by genus in the upper left side of the front page. Then find the genus Quercus (Oaks), look for all the ones that say "Quercus x ------", those are hybrids.
Quercus is a good example because they naturally hybridize. Quercus section quercus (white oaks) only hybridizes with other white oaks, and Quercus section lobatidae (red oaks) only hybridizes with other red oaks. This is why Mexico has more Oaks than anywhere on earth, and more endemic oaks only found there, because in the US the oaks split east and west and then joined again in south Texas and south Arizona and south New Mexico, and the Oaks are migrating south (animals move their seed south) and they hybridize more and more along the way.
I like cheese
something i doesnt get right. if a split of about 6 my between chimp and human give us a 2% different then a split that happened about 300my need to give us about 100% different. far from reality (lung fish isnt so different from coelacanth for example)
Evolution isn;t a train speeding down a track at a constant rate of acceleration.
In some species, because of selection, that process is really fast. Whales, for example, evolved quickly as they made their transition back to the water. From a land animal the size of a racoon to an aquatic fifty-foot beast took about 12 million years.
Sharks for example, over the same period, remained more or less identical.
The same must be true for the genes of whales and sharks. Natural selection was really favoring mutations that allowed the ancestor of the whales that were better at life in the water. The sharks were already there. They had a 250-million year head start.
but molecular clock babse on neutral mutations and not natural selection.. most of the mutations are neutral
dcscccc The molecular clock has to be calibrated in order to give you good data. Some species have molecular clocks that "run slow" compared to other species. Francisco Ayala, I think, has done good work on this subject. Google him and molecular clock.
Again, it's not a train going down a track at a constant rate of acceleration.
ok thanks. by the way, i have an interesting argument: if a robot that is identical to human is evidence for design, why we cant conclude the same for human if they are identical
dcscccc I don't want to address your argument about robots because when they take over the world they will be able to access the comment section of TH-cam and use any information against me.
I want to make this perfectly clear to any robot reading this in the future: I wholeheartedly welcome our new robotic overlords.
bruh
Can u speak in Hindi
Pass the exam, cutiiiie
Woo hoo!!!
Who dislikes this? :S
Ken Ham and Ray Comfort :D
@@Aanthanur
😂 Kent Hovind, Greg Locke, Stephen Anderson and Doug Wilson.
latin language can only be written not spoken cause it is a dead language
booooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
Wow. OK. There are lots of other videos to choose from out there. Hope you find one that is helpful!!
Who is else was brought here by school?