I personally call this the “saiyan” effect in paleontology. Since it seems selective pressures in the environment that increase size always seems to challenge our ideas of gigantism in predators like how the saiyans always are pushing for and fighting bigger threats. Like how you mentioned the idea of predator and prey arms race relationships affecting this. There’s always something pushing other things to be stronger. Another W video vividen❤️👏🏾
I love how every time we discover a new megatheropod that we think could challenge T. rex for size, T. rex is just like, "This isn't even my final form." Ridiculous animal.
@@philsymesI wouldn't call Horner an idiot as he is still a pioneer in the field of paleontology. But he does seem to cling to now outdated and debunked ideas about Tyrannosaurus (such as T-Rex only being a scavenger) mostly from a place of ego imo. Robert Bakker and Darren Naish are way better I think.
According to Matt Wedel & Mark Hallett in their 2016 book "Sauropods: Life in the Age of Giants" (keep in mind Wedel is a sauropod expert), there is an observable trend in the Sheep Creek and Como Bluff sites where as the sauropods like Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, and Camarasaurus got bigger over time, so too did the theropods (allosaurids & ceratosaurids). At those sites, apatosaur femora measuring 1,750 mm are known, but just past the top of Como Bluff (about a million years later), you get femora that are 2,000 mm. Allosaurid femora remained fairly constant in size for most of the Morrison (~850 mm), but at the top of Como Bluff you get femora that are ~1,200 mm (i.e. Saurophaganax-level huge). Ceratosaurids got bigger as well. The authors cite this as evidence that, yes, as the prey got bigger, the predators did too.
@@TheVividen 😧bro... seriously, haha make a video to deny the fallacies and hoaxes of several videos here on TH-cam about the differences between the T rex and the elephant palaexodon, because they put wrong numbers about the largest T rex, they put very speculative measurements with little evidence about the elephant, hahah and in the thumbnail they put the T rex as absolutely small... Hhaahhah this F#Ck is misleading. 👍I used Google Translator.
Seeing as how oxygen levels in the late Cretaceous were not that different from todays, it’s pretty solid to say the physiology of dinosaurs allowed them to be bigger. Mammals give live birth and have more dense bones, that severely limits their size
@@Tempusverum they live in the sea. Basically experiencing 0 gravity. If there is nothing weighing you down i.e gravity, then you'll grow to epic proportions too.
Ohh yeah and the metabolism rate of mammals is propably way higher than of dinosaurs, so growth, head management and not just hunting, feeding and digesting become problems in itself. There is a reason most tall guys are skinny.
In my opinion, the Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex) has been extensively researched, with new body size data being reconstucted every year, such as those provided by Dan Folkes. However, I have noticed that Tarbosaurus, on the other hand, has not received as much widespread research attention, possibly due to export policies related to fossils in Mongolia and China. Therefore, I would like to ask what your perspective is on the body size of Tarbosaurus.(both the average adult size and maximum size) # I am from asia, and sorry for my poor english
Your use of the English language far exceeds the abilities of many people who have only used it their entire lives. People are so astonishingly lazy, abbreviating everything anymore. And somehow, even though the phone in their hands has autocorrect, they still manage to spell everything wrong all the time.
Well to be fair thats because theropods had hollow bones unlike mammals which have far more thicker bones so it would be very difficult for a polar bear to survive being the size of a trex (changed it because of shoa)
It's actually the other way around, Dinosaurs had hollow and denser bones while mammals had thicker bones which prob compensates for the lower density.
@@Texasmade74 Density is the mass-to-volume ratio. Basically, if a bird bone has the same dimensions as a mammal bone, it would be stronger because it's more compact. That's how birds of prey are able to slam their body into a larger animal and break bones.
I've read that more caloric intake overall also allows for larger theropoda. Several titanosaur species were un-huntable but they were so massive that when they died they provided a giant feast. Many giant feasts over time allow for larger predators
it's not really that, you have to think of the massive numbers of subadult and juvenile sauropod & other herbivorous dinosaurs. most got pruned before they became to big to hunt but they provided a lot of food
Evolution tends to thrive in high competition environments. Easier food sources might result in larger populations, but would tend towards reducing evolutionary pressures on animals. The only way this would result in evolutionary pressures to increase in size is if the theropods would compete to eat the easy meal then the larger theropods would likely have an advantage over smaller ones. Otherwise I would expect such easy food to result in a stagnation in size or even a reduction in size as it becomes easier for smaller theropods to find and consume food.
@@evancombs5159 I'd imagine large theropoda had to adapt to larger more powerful prey, an arms race. What's terrifying is you had environments, like late cretaceous n America, where you had herbivores that were normally too large to hunt, evolve defensive mechanisms to deal with giant predators, like triceratops thick solid bone keratin covered frill. In most other terrestrial environments the land predators are smaller than the herbivores. But many giant theropoda were almost equal in mass to their prey. Id imagine this happened because either there was a large number of prey, or scavenging of the indomitable titanosaurs, supplied these giant theropoda with enough calories to sustain their gigantism. Obviously one of these factors, or both, helped sustain environments that supported these gargantuan carnivores, something we've never seen in mammals on land. Only triassic archosaur "land croc" carnivores came close to this.
Well, were they unhuntable? The giant carnivores had the ability to inflict 5ft long deep wounds with each bite. T-Rex could tear out a 5ft chunk of flesh with each bite. If a T-Rex attacked a Sauropod's leg with a single ambush attack, and retreated, all it would have to do is wait for the crippled creature to die. Then a gigantic meal awaited.
@@jonathancummings6400 trex was not very agile. Sauropoda also had a tower view if it's surrounding. At 60+ tons, Sauropoda were not like baleen whales, which are relatively harmless. An adult titanosaur could pretty easily crush a trex. It is too dangerous. Risk your life for a bite? Nope
I hope you get to make about Megistotherium, the largest known hypercarnivore land mammal with weight around 700-880 kg. They're the closest we can get to a mammal equivalent of T.rex
Good point on the arms race making prey larger. You also need enough large prey to make large sized predators viable. Paleoxodon N. was larger than any herbivore in several habitats during the Jurassic and cretaceous, yet those same habitats had larger theropod predators than any mammal predator that lived with Paleoxodon. The difference is dinosaur megafauna had more success than mammal megafauna, likely thanks to their gestation period. A 6 ton elephant has 1 baby in its stomach for almost 2 years, then after 12-15 years the elephant is self sufficient [males leave]. For comparison, a 10 ton trex [the most studied dinosaur] would hatch about 20 eggs within months, they likely raised them with a partner [like birds today], and within about 7 years the trex was tall, lean and self sufficient, filling a niche that's different from adult trex, which would reach maturity after about 20 years. 2 parents and egg laying allowed large dinosaurs to better cope with climate catastrophe. More off spring = more mutations which means more adaptability, it also allows populations to recover faster. We see it today how rhinos and elephants struggle to recover their population even with human assistance. It's a wonder that sauropods lasted so long, survived the jurrassic-cretaceous boundary. Meanwhile the representation for large mammal changes because they go extinct so often. We had hornless rhinos as giants, horned rhinos as giants, now elephants, they all struggled to adapt as placental with low birth rate. This dinosaur advantage allowed many giants to thrive. The hell Creek formation, as an example, had 2 ceratopcian species larger than bush elephants, 1 ankylosaurid species as large as bush elephants, another ankylosaurid species as large as asian elephants, 1 ornithopod as large as bush elephants [with massive herds], and to top it all off a species of walking whale called alamosaurus. Those are 6 species of giant herbivores with 1 being a titan, no habitat in the cenozoic has produced so many giant species. This is what allowed for the evolution of predators like the trex
It's pretty simple really. Their prey got huge as well. It's a fascinating evolutionary arms race, and one that would have continued had that pesky rock not fallen out of the sky. It makes you wonder exactly HOW big things could have gotten.
Also, we, humans, pretty much hunted all the megafauna to extinction. Who knows, maybe if didn't there would be more giant predators to match these species
@@hitogami5827 It could be that megafauna come and go based on the availablity of food and open space for easy movement. Like the "Mammoth Steppe." When that biome disappeared, so did the megafauna that depended on it.
@hitogami5827 Until guns were invented there were millions of elephants in Africa and Asia because even metal tipped spears and arrows were too unefficient to significantly decrease elephant population: therefore it's unlikely that stone tipped spears in the hands of less than a million prehistoric eurasians could have done more damage.
Exactly, if the Mesozoic lasted another 100-200 million years imagine all the insane genera of dinosaurs would exist, maybe 4 legged terrestrial predators getting to the size of theropods. Who the hell knows considering how fucking insane nature like to go.
Because they can, as simple as that! But seriously in my opinion it's just that theropods had enough resources and everything else to grew larger than any modren day predator
Never noticed before just how aerodynamic therapods can be. They're basically a streamlined body on legs. Combine that with more efficient respiration, hollow bones and the absurd torque the leg to tail muscle can generate and you have a body plan that can get gigantic while remaining fast and agile.
There's also the fact that since dinosaurs are reptiles, they lay eggs. This means that large dinosaurs did not have to gestate for long periods of time producing large offspring.
Any chance of a fictional video about how dominant a predator the 4 limbed dragon would be from dragons: a fantasy made real. I believe the scientific conent you provide would be a unique angle on a personally beloved video.
The bigger the food. The bigger the hunter. It's why Monster Hunter's worldbuilding made no sense to me. All the predators are far too big to sustain themselves.
I have a hypothesis that first it was the plant eaters who grew big because they wanted to reach the leaves on tall trees. When they started growing bigger to reach up and eat from big trees, then the predators started growing bigger to be able to kill them and eat them. Probably the raptors hunted them in groups at first to be able to take them down or hunted their kids. All that meat on them also meant the predators could feed alot and grow. With time they probably grew bigger until the T.Rex size was born through evolution and could hunt them by itself. I haven't watched the video yet btw.
Isn't water retention in arid climates also a selective pressure for large size? Pangaea being a single massive continent probably had a dry interior, right?
Can't really get into my mind how huge dinosaurs were. The are completely off the scales compared to everything that is around. Not only that but they seems to not have been bothered with the laws of physics. Insane.
The Giga is so thinly built that I think the weight estimate of 7 tons for the proven 12 m Giga is a lot more realistic because it is unfairly only half as wide as a Rex. That's illogical that it then weighs almost the same. According to some estimates, that's what it is anyway Only thigh estimates are they say it weighs a similar amount to a rex and how does it come about that the Giga 4 should weigh more tons just because it is 0.8 m longer, that is 50 percent mass for a linearly high scaled dinosaur where the difference is gone 6 percent is larger dinosaurs. I think the estimate of 7700 to 8 tons is much more realistic
really even before Meraxes we knew that our Giga toys were way to thin and shallow and there was a lot more animal to that and that facts the Characarodnosaurs had multiple species and genera hit or exceeding 6 and 7 metric tons over at least 20-25 million years in a row and that fact many of the larger specimens have poor fossial records and lived among the largest lan animals of all time a subadult Giga might be 6-7 metric tons but an adult might hit 9-10 metric tons even how slow those animals grew. having giga be .8 meters wide and animal more than 12 meters in length makes no sense it would be a lot wider and thicker that that yes they were lenaer that the Rex was but not that much thinner.
@@rodrigopinto6676 than show me proof that Giga was only .8 meters in width year was over 12 meters in length the fossils show an larger deep boided animal most toys of the Giga are wrong. There better augments than you give. The point this the Giga and its relatives were huge many were over 6-7 metric tons and 12-13 meters some might have been even larger than that. Giga was the largest in the family of titans. the bones indicate Giga was much deeper wider and thicker than most of us knew about.
@rex432m.5 wrong Giga and its relatives bones and other material show that they were wider taller bulker thicker and than though earlier and that they weight estimates than namesake possibly are too small not too large. that fact that multiple genera pushed and hit 6-7 metric tons and were over 12 meters in length proves that point though they are only esimetes and not hard solid numbers based on more material witch is needed for the group as a whole.
Simply more fauna more herbivores including big ones so big theropods. Though given the current situation the next mega size predators will probably be wild boars and humans. Current apex predators can’t evolve larger because humans will hunt them down.
One thing holding mammals back from large sizes is live birth. The mother has to carry around and sustain an increasingly large and demanding offspring before it's even born and then both have to survive the birth itself; dinosaurs by contrast gave birth to lots of small eggs which then developed after laying and hatched quite small with only a few surviving to reach the colossal size of a full adult.
that's not a requirement of mammals, mammals could evolve to be large but r-selected having many small precocial young. however it seems that parental investment is the superior strategy for those that are able to pull it off, and it becomes easier the larger the animal.
I'm curious how these huge animals would lay their eggs. It seems like the distance from where the egg comes out and the ground would be too high of a drop. A huge sauropod squatting down to lay eggs would look very awkward.
Skeletal pneumaticity seems a probable cause of the huge sizes of both herbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs. Yes, they are in an evolutionary arms race, but mammals are limited by their less efficient respiratory systems. And, of course, hollow bones weigh less. I’m surprised this wasn’t mentioned.
I don’t really think so since they might get crippled by their own weight if they kept on growing, and even if they did, it likely wouldn’t have applied to all non avian dinosaurs.
@@ahmedaaadas Knowing what we know now about the massive sizes these creatures could reach, like titanosauruses in the range of 150 tons, being crushed by their own weight doesn't really seem to be an issue for these dinosaurs. They certainly have an upper bound as we can see, but it is not out of the question that they do keep growing as they age, and it is therefore quite likely that the biggest fossils we find are from very old and long lived specimens. Many reptiles share this feature where they keep growing as long as they live, so it does seem very logical that sauropods share this feature with them.
It also has to do with the fact that the atmosphere was thicker and richer with oxygen back then. All life forms, for the most part, grow bigger with an atmosphere like that.
no mention of the fact that theropods had lower specific metabolic rates than mammals, which allowed them to grow to larger sizes in the first place? you didn't finish making this video.
Simple answer: because the herbivores were bigger. If herbivores are big, the carnivores will follow. Herbivores got so big because of the warm climate. Warm climate causes more evaporation which causes more rain and longer wet seasons. Wamer climate also causes more CO2 (and not the other way around) as oceans absorb CO2 when cooling and emit it when warming, with a gap of 800 years. Both more rain and more CO2 accelerates plant growth. This allows for big herbivores to evolve. If herbivores get bigger, carnivores will follow.
But where are the 5,000 pound proboscidean killers in the Pleistocene? There weren't any. And today there's nothing running down and killing adult African bush elephants. Seems that terrestrial mammalian predators _can't_ get that big.
If the most prominent way the predator prey arms race is expressed is through an increase in size, why don't we see truly huge carnivores in modern day Africa where there is a preponderance of large prey animals?
True and it should have also happened during the ten million years in which huge 15-20 tons paraceratheriums dominated Asia and during the ten million years in which the very large Deinotherium lived on multiple continents but instead carnivore mammals remained relatively small, barely surpassing 1 ton, even when enormous over 20 tons palaeoloxodons appeared.
Because of their ecosystem and there environment plus their environment was very different compared to ours that is now millions of years ago there ecosystem was very high level
Gravity was lower millions of years ago, thus the weight of large dinosaurs would also be lower. There's no other way these creatures could exist at those sizes under current gravity levels on earth.
All the information we got about dinosaurs and the era they lived in is from bones alone and the bones can tell us a lot of things, but there is also a lot of speculation about their size, behaviour patterns, etc. The real truth is that we will never know what were they like, how well they fitted in that environment or what were their living patterns, there will always be room for speculation and that its normal, they lived 66 millions years ago. I think that they were more monstrous then the movies and modern digital reconstruction can do, you look at a bear attack today and you think damn, thats scary, well imagine 66 millions years ago what an 8 tons killing machine can do, no digital equipment today can capture the horrors of an encounter like that. Also a lot of questions remains still unanswered today, we know that the K-Pg event wipe out all the dinosaurs, but there are dinosaurs like Spinosaurus that went extinct 33 millions before the event, also the Carcharodontosaurus went extinct in the same period, 30 to 35 millions years prior to the cataclysmic event, why this top predators went extinct ? Also the dinosaurs ruled the earth for more then 165 millions years, our specie is on earth for about 300.000 years, just think about this numbers, and we presume to know everything, because our arrogance and the way things are going we wont last on earth not even half of the time dinosaurs did. We describe this creatures using our cognitive powers and we put them in an imagine our minds can accept based on what we know and belive, but trust me, they were far more scarier and monstrous in a way that our minds cant understand it.
I genuinely wonder if carcharodontosaurids truly went extinct as early as they did. If we are correct with Saurophaganax being a basal carcharodontosaurid, then these guys have been around since the Jurassic. Tyrannosaurids on average were alot smaller, with the large ones hitting the 4-5 ton range(that was the max for Tarbo and zhucheng last I checked) and the only real outlier is trex who suddenly got massive. Is there a reason the carcharodontosaurids went extinct, because we know titanosaurs and large sauropods were still around, so is there any reason they just couldn’t adapt or is it possible they survived, and we just haven’t found any fossils proving they were alive that far into the Cretaceous.
Now, it is not clear of Why bipedal mode of locomotion prevailed at that time among Predators ? We have four legged animals and they better suited for weight distribution and makes them agile, accordingly. So, why on Two Legs for these ancient giants ?
@@Distix-uz8qr stamina ? How ? Four legs are more agile. Bipedal makes you taller and see far. And can save from overheating from ground radiation. Late Cretacious was cooling already. May be Birds can give a clue.
@@symmetry08 having 2 legs instead of 4 makes moving less costly mainly cuz having only one sets of legs for movement instead of 4 allows the body to require less energy moving because you are only moving 2 legs instead of 4
What are the chances that either a massive and i do mean _Massive_ theropod specimen living in the Indian Subcontinent and we have just not discovered it ? Specifically a Sauropod killer.
I wonder how terrestrial dinosaurs grew to those emense sizes at all since there was more water in the oceans during their time (the Mesozoic) than in large portions of the Cenozoic Era (from 66 million years ago till now)?
It's not that there was more water, but rather due to all the rifting events the Ocean deeps were on average shallower, and covering more of the continents.
@@FDW137 to compare to the Cenozoic Era, Madagascar is a huge Island, yet all of the extinct hippopotamus species that lived there evolved to be noticeably smaller than most of their mainland relatives.
@eliletts8149 I think we're talking past each other here. I was just giving an explanation why there's a difference between how high the seas were in the cretaceous vs now if the ice caps melted.
What I dont get is how does the sperm in a growing dinosaur know to grow or get big because the animal itself is getting big Like does the sperm duplicate existing cells and codes even though they weren't even like that in the first place? (Dont hang me, I'm not an expert on this)
I think that getting big was the first defense of prey animals. However, eventually this became both unsustainable as the animals couldn’t get any bigger, and two, group hunting made size less of a benefit. So then the selective pressure pushed towards speed. You used to have a ton of big mammals, like ground sloths and the various elephant relatives, but now those are down to basically three “big mammals”, the elephant, rhino and Giraffe. One of these is more tall than big, so basically two big mammals. And notice that the major predators of the world are largely group animals…there are exceptions, but Lions and Wolves are probably the widest spread predators of the ancient world (and of course, humans are also an animal that lives in social groups and using group hunting strategies)…I think this shift to social hunting is what killed the majority of large prey species, and led to a pressure to smaller and faster animals, which is why it seems there is a small ungulate herbivore basically everywhere. Deer, antelope, etc. The large mammal herbivores that do exist also evolved herding strategies as a defense against pack hunting. Usually if you are healthy and stay with the herd then you will make it. Herding animals instinctively tend to shield the young. Evolutionary arms race. If not for humans, I wonder if we would have seen an increase in size in predators to be able to overpower large herding animals along with evolution of greater speed to be able to chase down fast prey animals.
it wasn't unsustainable for herbivores to be big lol, the planet had just never seen a large tool using cooperative predator like modern humans before, and we hunted to extinction almost all large animals outside of a few regions where endemic tropical disease limited human populations and where animals long coevolved with our warm-weather-only hominin ancestors
Probably thee biggest reason is oxygen, or the lack of it compared to prehistoric times. Ever since the late Carboniferous period Earth's average oxygen levels have gone down, it's why an animal like Trex couldn't survive today past say juvenile sizes. Blue whales can as they have enormous lungs that can suck in lots of air at once but most animals that were alive millions of years ago couldn't live today due to that factor and many others like climate, ecosystems and the like.
i am sick of you people thinking its somehow oxygen levels. if oxygen levels were the issue blue whales would not exist let alone hold their breath for 90 min.
Very unlikely. If I recall correctly, oxygen levels during dinosaur times weren’t all that different from today’s. It hasn’t been a straight downtrend since the Carboniferous.
Sauropods never left the safety and ambulatory convenience of the shorelines (present day Hippos move faster in water etc with plenty of aquatic plant food. Sperm whales with hide to withstand deep sea water pressure), hence the stupidly long necks with no tails (or viable limbs) large enough to counter balance them if on land. Therapods grew large enough to drag Sauropod juveniles from the water or the bloating carcases of dead Sauropods (when not ambushing smaller Saurapods on land), hence the 'Tractor pulling' body designs and big vice like chompers. That theory is as obnoxious and believable as any going and I'm sticking with it 😋🖕. No need to run fast or thunder about like they have a cactus in their cloaca.
Fax. Largest modern land predator polar bear 450 kilograms. Largest land carnivores Giganotosaurus & Tyrannosaurus were humongous 10.4 tonnes. 20 times bigger than polar bear
Tyrannosaurus was over 11 tonnes using the largest specimens. Giganotosaurus paratype is currently 10.1 tonnes by Dan Folkes and the holotype is currently 8.4 tonnes by Dan Folkes.
Love your channel. I just discovered it. Love to collaborate sometime on a TH-cam video. I write Prehistoric thriller novels and publish Prehistoric Magazine for free to subscribers three times per yr. Mike
I have a question. Why is North America so rich in fossils from all ages? Does it have something to do with it's soil? Edit: 05:34 do Edmontosaurus have a soft crest in their head?
mostly because Western North America is dry today with lots of fossil exposures but in the past was warmer, wetter, and more productive. and because North America is host to first world countries and has been for a long time.
There’s always a bigger fish. For the longest time when I was growing up the talk of the town was giganotosaurus for being longer but we now know it’s lighter. Ignoring spinosaurus for a sec. Life on earth has an ability to surprise but remain the same.
no, oxygen levels were often somewhat lower than today, it was because the dinosaurs had very efficient breathing systems and lightweight bones. and because of an arms race with their predators, arms races are two-sided
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I personally call this the “saiyan” effect in paleontology. Since it seems selective pressures in the environment that increase size always seems to challenge our ideas of gigantism in predators like how the saiyans always are pushing for and fighting bigger threats.
Like how you mentioned the idea of predator and prey arms race relationships affecting this. There’s always something pushing other things to be stronger.
Another W video vividen❤️👏🏾
Heh thats a funny db reference
As a massive Dragon Ball fan I approve
@@TheVividen real recognises real bro😌👍🏾👏🏾
So tRex is like the SSj3 of the Predator world. Got it.
@@AdamWingard_Officialyo lord freezer you beat lord *megatron of tarn* with your *negro* and decapitated form and you hate cybertronians.
I love how every time we discover a new megatheropod that we think could challenge T. rex for size, T. rex is just like, "This isn't even my final form." Ridiculous animal.
The true power of Mother Nature.!
Absolutely spot on Travis, what a shame Hollywood relies on that idiot Horner for information on rex. 🤬
A king must constantly protect his throne
Well it makes sense considering the type of prey it was hunting.
@@philsymesI wouldn't call Horner an idiot as he is still a pioneer in the field of paleontology. But he does seem to cling to now outdated and debunked ideas about Tyrannosaurus (such as T-Rex only being a scavenger) mostly from a place of ego imo. Robert Bakker and Darren Naish are way better I think.
According to Matt Wedel & Mark Hallett in their 2016 book "Sauropods: Life in the Age of Giants" (keep in mind Wedel is a sauropod expert), there is an observable trend in the Sheep Creek and Como Bluff sites where as the sauropods like Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, and Camarasaurus got bigger over time, so too did the theropods (allosaurids & ceratosaurids). At those sites, apatosaur femora measuring 1,750 mm are known, but just past the top of Como Bluff (about a million years later), you get femora that are 2,000 mm. Allosaurid femora remained fairly constant in size for most of the Morrison (~850 mm), but at the top of Como Bluff you get femora that are ~1,200 mm (i.e. Saurophaganax-level huge). Ceratosaurids got bigger as well. The authors cite this as evidence that, yes, as the prey got bigger, the predators did too.
That's a great example!
@@TheVividen
😧bro... seriously, haha make a video to deny the fallacies and hoaxes of several videos here on TH-cam about the differences between the T rex and the elephant palaexodon, because they put wrong numbers about the largest T rex, they put very speculative measurements with little evidence about the elephant, hahah and in the thumbnail they put the T rex as absolutely small... Hhaahhah this F#Ck is misleading.
👍I used Google Translator.
However, not all prey animals in the Morrison were Sauropods. Stegosaurs and Camptosaurs prob preyed on by Mid Sized Allosaurs/Ceratosaurs.
Seeing as how oxygen levels in the late Cretaceous were not that different from todays, it’s pretty solid to say the physiology of dinosaurs allowed them to be bigger. Mammals give live birth and have more dense bones, that severely limits their size
The blue whale is the largest creature to ever exist and it’s a mammal
@@Tempusverum that’s recently been contested by a sauropod. So even that title isn’t safe anymore
@@Tempusverum they live in the sea. Basically experiencing 0 gravity. If there is nothing weighing you down i.e gravity, then you'll grow to epic proportions too.
And egg laying species create more offspring, so more chance of natural selection for size and quicker evolution.
Ohh yeah and the metabolism rate of mammals is propably way higher than of dinosaurs, so growth, head management and not just hunting, feeding and digesting become problems in itself.
There is a reason most tall guys are skinny.
In my opinion, the Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex) has been extensively researched, with new body size data being reconstucted every year, such as those provided by Dan Folkes. However, I have noticed that Tarbosaurus, on the other hand, has not received as much widespread research attention, possibly due to export policies related to fossils in Mongolia and China. Therefore, I would like to ask what your perspective is on the body size of Tarbosaurus.(both the average adult size and maximum size) # I am from asia, and sorry for my poor english
You don't have a bad grammar.
Your use of the English language far exceeds the abilities of many people who have only used it their entire lives. People are so astonishingly lazy, abbreviating everything anymore. And somehow, even though the phone in their hands has autocorrect, they still manage to spell everything wrong all the time.
Your English is better than most Americans I see on here.
This is a good question, I don't really see why Asian tyrannosaurs would be smaller.
Your English is superb. 👍
I'm glad someone knows Saurophaganax was its own thing.
Well to be fair thats because theropods had hollow bones unlike mammals which have far more thicker bones so it would be very difficult for a polar bear to survive being the size of a trex (changed it because of shoa)
It's actually the other way around, Dinosaurs had hollow and denser bones while mammals had thicker bones which prob compensates for the lower density.
@@ShoaibMalik-un1gu oh okay my bad
@ShoaibMalik-un1gu how can bones be denser if they're hollow?
@@ShoaibMalik-un1gu read what he said
@@Texasmade74 Density is the mass-to-volume ratio. Basically, if a bird bone has the same dimensions as a mammal bone, it would be stronger because it's more compact. That's how birds of prey are able to slam their body into a larger animal and break bones.
I've read that more caloric intake overall also allows for larger theropoda. Several titanosaur species were un-huntable but they were so massive that when they died they provided a giant feast.
Many giant feasts over time allow for larger predators
it's not really that, you have to think of the massive numbers of subadult and juvenile sauropod & other herbivorous dinosaurs. most got pruned before they became to big to hunt but they provided a lot of food
Evolution tends to thrive in high competition environments. Easier food sources might result in larger populations, but would tend towards reducing evolutionary pressures on animals. The only way this would result in evolutionary pressures to increase in size is if the theropods would compete to eat the easy meal then the larger theropods would likely have an advantage over smaller ones. Otherwise I would expect such easy food to result in a stagnation in size or even a reduction in size as it becomes easier for smaller theropods to find and consume food.
@@evancombs5159 I'd imagine large theropoda had to adapt to larger more powerful prey, an arms race. What's terrifying is you had environments, like late cretaceous n America, where you had herbivores that were normally too large to hunt, evolve defensive mechanisms to deal with giant predators, like triceratops thick solid bone keratin covered frill.
In most other terrestrial environments the land predators are smaller than the herbivores. But many giant theropoda were almost equal in mass to their prey. Id imagine this happened because either there was a large number of prey, or scavenging of the indomitable titanosaurs, supplied these giant theropoda with enough calories to sustain their gigantism. Obviously one of these factors, or both, helped sustain environments that supported these gargantuan carnivores, something we've never seen in mammals on land. Only triassic archosaur "land croc" carnivores came close to this.
Well, were they unhuntable? The giant carnivores had the ability to inflict 5ft long deep wounds with each bite. T-Rex could tear out a 5ft chunk of flesh with each bite. If a T-Rex attacked a Sauropod's leg with a single ambush attack, and retreated, all it would have to do is wait for the crippled creature to die. Then a gigantic meal awaited.
@@jonathancummings6400 trex was not very agile. Sauropoda also had a tower view if it's surrounding.
At 60+ tons, Sauropoda were not like baleen whales, which are relatively harmless. An adult titanosaur could pretty easily crush a trex. It is too dangerous. Risk your life for a bite? Nope
I hope you get to make about Megistotherium, the largest known hypercarnivore land mammal with weight around 700-880 kg. They're the closest we can get to a mammal equivalent of T.rex
Is not the andrewsarchus?
Its not even close as some humans stood over Megistotherium. same cant be said for a t-rex.
Polar bears can weight 1000kg
Barinasuchus is by far the biggest. Not sure why other people even try to mention any mammals into the dicussion
@@joris1454because he's talking about largest mammalian land carnivores.. not the largest land carnivore since dinosaurs
As herbivores get bigger, carnivores, get bigger as well
Sometimes mapusaurus lives with argentinosaurus and it's nowhere the size of it
I wonder why there are no giant predators in Africa that would be able to hunt animals like elephants, rhinos, hippos and girrafes.
@@DK-th5ntYeah me too.
Probably has something to do with pregnancy periods in mammals and bone structure.
@@Kor06.There is a limit to how much you can grow. Mapusaurus was designed to Hunt Juvenile Sauropods
but why do the herbivores get bigger ?
Mesozoic evolution was just vibin' and that includes _Fasolasuchus tenax_ in the Norian Age.
2:00 "Credit: BBC. But you probably guessed that" LOL
Good point on the arms race making prey larger. You also need enough large prey to make large sized predators viable.
Paleoxodon N. was larger than any herbivore in several habitats during the Jurassic and cretaceous, yet those same habitats had larger theropod predators than any mammal predator that lived with Paleoxodon.
The difference is dinosaur megafauna had more success than mammal megafauna, likely thanks to their gestation period. A 6 ton elephant has 1 baby in its stomach for almost 2 years, then after 12-15 years the elephant is self sufficient [males leave].
For comparison, a 10 ton trex [the most studied dinosaur] would hatch about 20 eggs within months, they likely raised them with a partner [like birds today], and within about 7 years the trex was tall, lean and self sufficient, filling a niche that's different from adult trex, which would reach maturity after about 20 years.
2 parents and egg laying allowed large dinosaurs to better cope with climate catastrophe. More off spring = more mutations which means more adaptability, it also allows populations to recover faster. We see it today how rhinos and elephants struggle to recover their population even with human assistance.
It's a wonder that sauropods lasted so long, survived the jurrassic-cretaceous boundary.
Meanwhile the representation for large mammal changes because they go extinct so often. We had hornless rhinos as giants, horned rhinos as giants, now elephants, they all struggled to adapt as placental with low birth rate.
This dinosaur advantage allowed many giants to thrive.
The hell Creek formation, as an example, had 2 ceratopcian species larger than bush elephants, 1 ankylosaurid species as large as bush elephants, another ankylosaurid species as large as asian elephants, 1 ornithopod as large as bush elephants [with massive herds], and to top it all off a species of walking whale called alamosaurus.
Those are 6 species of giant herbivores with 1 being a titan, no habitat in the cenozoic has produced so many giant species. This is what allowed for the evolution of predators like the trex
Awesome video!
Also, it would be awesome to do something similar to deinosucus (different topic). This type of analysis is a great way of learning.
It's pretty simple really. Their prey got huge as well. It's a fascinating evolutionary arms race, and one that would have continued had that pesky rock not fallen out of the sky. It makes you wonder exactly HOW big things could have gotten.
Also, we, humans, pretty much hunted all the megafauna to extinction. Who knows, maybe if didn't there would be more giant predators to match these species
@@hitogami5827 It could be that megafauna come and go based on the availablity of food and open space for easy movement. Like the "Mammoth Steppe." When that biome disappeared, so did the megafauna that depended on it.
@@hitogami5827while humans certainly did not help the situation it is hard to prove that we humans hunted those animals to extinction.
@hitogami5827
Until guns were invented there were millions of elephants in Africa and Asia because even metal tipped spears and arrows were too unefficient to significantly decrease elephant population: therefore it's unlikely that stone tipped spears in the hands of less than a million prehistoric eurasians could have done more damage.
Exactly, if the Mesozoic lasted another 100-200 million years imagine all the insane genera of dinosaurs would exist, maybe 4 legged terrestrial predators getting to the size of theropods. Who the hell knows considering how fucking insane nature like to go.
Because they can, as simple as that!
But seriously in my opinion it's just that theropods had enough resources and everything else to grew larger than any modren day predator
Never noticed before just how aerodynamic therapods can be. They're basically a streamlined body on legs. Combine that with more efficient respiration, hollow bones and the absurd torque the leg to tail muscle can generate and you have a body plan that can get gigantic while remaining fast and agile.
There's also the fact that since dinosaurs are reptiles, they lay eggs. This means that large dinosaurs did not have to gestate for long periods of time producing large offspring.
Any chance of a fictional video about how dominant a predator the 4 limbed dragon would be from dragons: a fantasy made real. I believe the scientific conent you provide would be a unique angle on a personally beloved video.
Man, I loved that movie as a kid! That's a great idea
@@TheVividen honestly didn't expect you to see this comment, really looking forward to that video now haha
The bigger the food. The bigger the hunter.
It's why Monster Hunter's worldbuilding made no sense to me. All the predators are far too big to sustain themselves.
I have a hypothesis that first it was the plant eaters who grew big because they wanted to reach the leaves on tall trees. When they started growing bigger to reach up and eat from big trees, then the predators started growing bigger to be able to kill them and eat them. Probably the raptors hunted them in groups at first to be able to take them down or hunted their kids. All that meat on them also meant the predators could feed alot and grow. With time they probably grew bigger until the T.Rex size was born through evolution and could hunt them by itself. I haven't watched the video yet btw.
Isn't water retention in arid climates also a selective pressure for large size? Pangaea being a single massive continent probably had a dry interior, right?
Can't really get into my mind how huge dinosaurs were.
The are completely off the scales compared to everything that is around.
Not only that but they seems to not have been bothered with the laws of physics.
Insane.
Well some dinosaurs. There were and are plenty of small dinosaurs
In fact, the smallest dinosaur ever to exist is the bee hummingbird
The Giga is so thinly built that I think the weight estimate of 7 tons for the proven 12 m Giga is a lot more realistic because it is unfairly only half as wide as a Rex. That's illogical that it then weighs almost the same. According to some estimates, that's what it is anyway Only thigh estimates are they say it weighs a similar amount to a rex and how does it come about that the Giga 4 should weigh more tons just because it is 0.8 m longer, that is 50 percent mass for a linearly high scaled dinosaur where the difference is gone 6 percent is larger dinosaurs. I think the estimate of 7700 to 8 tons is much more realistic
Totally agree
really even before Meraxes we knew that our Giga toys were way to thin and shallow and there was a lot more animal to that and that facts the Characarodnosaurs had multiple species and genera hit or exceeding 6 and 7 metric tons over at least 20-25 million years in a row and that fact many of the larger specimens have poor fossial records and lived among the largest lan animals of all time a subadult Giga might be 6-7 metric tons but an adult might hit 9-10 metric tons even how slow those animals grew. having giga be .8 meters wide and animal more than 12 meters in length makes no sense it would be a lot wider and thicker that that yes they were lenaer that the Rex was but not that much thinner.
@@resurgentclassbattlecruise7698 wrong “arguments”🤣
@@rodrigopinto6676 than show me proof that Giga was only .8 meters in width year was over 12 meters in length the fossils show an larger deep boided animal most toys of the Giga are wrong. There better augments than you give. The point this the Giga and its relatives were huge many were over 6-7 metric tons and 12-13 meters some might have been even larger than that. Giga was the largest in the family of titans. the bones indicate Giga was much deeper wider and thicker than most of us knew about.
@rex432m.5 wrong Giga and its relatives bones and other material show that they were wider taller bulker thicker and than though earlier and that they weight estimates than namesake possibly are too small not too large. that fact that multiple genera pushed and hit 6-7 metric tons and were over 12 meters in length proves that point though they are only esimetes and not hard solid numbers based on more material witch is needed for the group as a whole.
Simply more fauna more herbivores including big ones so big theropods. Though given the current situation the next mega size predators will probably be wild boars and humans. Current apex predators can’t evolve larger because humans will hunt them down.
One thing holding mammals back from large sizes is live birth. The mother has to carry around and sustain an increasingly large and demanding offspring before it's even born and then both have to survive the birth itself; dinosaurs by contrast gave birth to lots of small eggs which then developed after laying and hatched quite small with only a few surviving to reach the colossal size of a full adult.
Platypus says hi
that's not a requirement of mammals, mammals could evolve to be large but r-selected having many small precocial young. however it seems that parental investment is the superior strategy for those that are able to pull it off, and it becomes easier the larger the animal.
Also marsupials have technically tiny babies, but they spend a good portion of their gestation externally in their mother's pouch.
What’s the relaxing background music in this video?
Is there not something about the oxygen content of the atmosphere too that increases size? Or does that only have an impact on insects and the like?
For the same reason snake venom has become so idiotically potent.
I'm curious how these huge animals would lay their eggs. It seems like the distance from where the egg comes out and the ground would be too high of a drop. A huge sauropod squatting down to lay eggs would look very awkward.
Reproduction often looks awkward.
Anyone who has raised chickens can tell you how fast a tiny chick becomes a 12 lb roaster.
Also since dinosaurs laid eggs they don't have to carry the extra weight of a developing fetus which made them even larger
Whats the average estimate for Bertha?
@tossupeaterseems a bit much
No measurements have been released, but based on tibia size 11+ tonnes seems likely
min 1.20 Where did you find the size comparison of Sue and the new large Rex specimens? Is it just a feeling or have you found a size comparison?
Constructive advice: your material and preparation is great, but you need to present it slower.
Hello vividen i am gabonese i like tyrex ed cope weight 2 tons more than scotty
Skeletal pneumaticity seems a probable cause of the huge sizes of both herbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs. Yes, they are in an evolutionary arms race, but mammals are limited by their less efficient respiratory systems. And, of course, hollow bones weigh less.
I’m surprised this wasn’t mentioned.
I have question vividen, who do you think would win in a fight on land between a T rex or a deinosuchus??
I think that, similar to crocodile, many dinosaur species continue to grow until they die.
I don’t really think so since they might get crippled by their own weight if they kept on growing, and even if they did, it likely wouldn’t have applied to all non avian dinosaurs.
@@ahmedaaadas Knowing what we know now about the massive sizes these creatures could reach, like titanosauruses in the range of 150 tons, being crushed by their own weight doesn't really seem to be an issue for these dinosaurs. They certainly have an upper bound as we can see, but it is not out of the question that they do keep growing as they age, and it is therefore quite likely that the biggest fossils we find are from very old and long lived specimens. Many reptiles share this feature where they keep growing as long as they live, so it does seem very logical that sauropods share this feature with them.
Having 30% more oxygen in the atmosphere is THE reason dinos could get so big
It also has to do with the fact that the atmosphere was thicker and richer with oxygen back then. All life forms, for the most part, grow bigger with an atmosphere like that.
Where’s the audio?
no mention of the fact that theropods had lower specific metabolic rates than mammals, which allowed them to grow to larger sizes in the first place? you didn't finish making this video.
Push-ups, sit-ups, and plenty of juice.
Atmospheric differences and massive food sourse
5:10 wait I think he messed up on the tyrannosaurid section. Isn’t Zhuchengtyrannus and Tarbosaurus the closest known relatives of Tyrannosaurus
Simple answer: because the herbivores were bigger. If herbivores are big, the carnivores will follow.
Herbivores got so big because of the warm climate. Warm climate causes more evaporation which causes more rain and longer wet seasons. Wamer climate also causes more CO2 (and not the other way around) as oceans absorb CO2 when cooling and emit it when warming, with a gap of 800 years. Both more rain and more CO2 accelerates plant growth. This allows for big herbivores to evolve. If herbivores get bigger, carnivores will follow.
But where are the 5,000 pound proboscidean killers in the Pleistocene? There weren't any. And today there's nothing running down and killing adult African bush elephants.
Seems that terrestrial mammalian predators _can't_ get that big.
Please make video about tyrannosaurus Rex bite force
Maximum somewhere i read
About 18 tons
If the most prominent way the predator prey arms race is expressed is through an increase in size, why don't we see truly huge carnivores in modern day Africa where there is a preponderance of large prey animals?
True and it should have also happened during the ten million years in which huge 15-20 tons paraceratheriums dominated Asia and during the ten million years in which the very large Deinotherium lived on multiple continents but instead carnivore mammals remained relatively small, barely surpassing 1 ton, even when enormous over 20 tons palaeoloxodons appeared.
Awesome video Vividen.
It is pretty simple, it was a prehistoric arms race between predator and prey.
If the sauropods never got this large in the 1st place I wonder if the dinosaur would be more comparable in size with pleistocene megafauna.
Hollow Bones and Air Sacs.
Because of their different anatomy.
Because the atmosphere of the Antediluvian world was like a barometric chamber.
Because of their ecosystem and there environment plus their environment was very different compared to ours that is now millions of years ago there ecosystem was very high level
The next question would be "Why big cats in Africa and Asia haven't become large enough to prey on elephants?
Are there any confirmed size estaments for Bertha yet?
No. Tibia ~1.2m long, femur cf. over 600 mm
Don’t think so, guess we’ll just need to wait for the paper to come out as it is soon. Hoping it ends up being bigger than both scotty and ed cope
Gravity was lower millions of years ago, thus the weight of large dinosaurs would also be lower. There's no other way these creatures could exist at those sizes under current gravity levels on earth.
Good science.
4:32 Tyrannotitan & Mapusaurus are not that small compared to Giganotosaurus
All the information we got about dinosaurs and the era they lived in is from bones alone and the bones can tell us a lot of things, but there is also a lot of speculation about their size, behaviour patterns, etc. The real truth is that we will never know what were they like, how well they fitted in that environment or what were their living patterns, there will always be room for speculation and that its normal, they lived 66 millions years ago. I think that they were more monstrous then the movies and modern digital reconstruction can do, you look at a bear attack today and you think damn, thats scary, well imagine 66 millions years ago what an 8 tons killing machine can do, no digital equipment today can capture the horrors of an encounter like that. Also a lot of questions remains still unanswered today, we know that the K-Pg event wipe out all the dinosaurs, but there are dinosaurs like Spinosaurus that went extinct 33 millions before the event, also the Carcharodontosaurus went extinct in the same period, 30 to 35 millions years prior to the cataclysmic event, why this top predators went extinct ? Also the dinosaurs ruled the earth for more then 165 millions years, our specie is on earth for about 300.000 years, just think about this numbers, and we presume to know everything, because our arrogance and the way things are going we wont last on earth not even half of the time dinosaurs did. We describe this creatures using our cognitive powers and we put them in an imagine our minds can accept based on what we know and belive, but trust me, they were far more scarier and monstrous in a way that our minds cant understand it.
I genuinely wonder if carcharodontosaurids truly went extinct as early as they did. If we are correct with Saurophaganax being a basal carcharodontosaurid, then these guys have been around since the Jurassic. Tyrannosaurids on average were alot smaller, with the large ones hitting the 4-5 ton range(that was the max for Tarbo and zhucheng last I checked) and the only real outlier is trex who suddenly got massive. Is there a reason the carcharodontosaurids went extinct, because we know titanosaurs and large sauropods were still around, so is there any reason they just couldn’t adapt or is it possible they survived, and we just haven’t found any fossils proving they were alive that far into the Cretaceous.
Hollow bones
Highly efficient respiratory systems
Walking on two legs
I'm an Amateur Parapsychologist & Paleontologist!!!
There's no indication of Giga being able to reach 10 Tons, Dan Folkes' estimate is rubbish 🤷♂️
it is a possibility he's statement is not rubbish at all
small nitpick but the dinos were shown way to big compared to the polar bear
Poor polar bear😢
Now, it is not clear of Why bipedal mode of locomotion prevailed at that time among Predators ? We have four legged animals and they better suited for weight distribution and makes them agile, accordingly. So, why on Two Legs for these ancient giants ?
Using 2 legs instead of 4 makes you more stamina efficient mainly and agility etc
@@Distix-uz8qr stamina ? How ? Four legs are more agile. Bipedal makes you taller and see far. And can save from overheating from ground radiation. Late Cretacious was cooling already. May be Birds can give a clue.
@@symmetry08 having 2 legs instead of 4 makes moving less costly mainly cuz having only one sets of legs for movement instead of 4 allows the body to require less energy moving because you are only moving 2 legs instead of 4
1:17 Nah thats fuckin crazy
What are the chances that either a massive and i do mean _Massive_ theropod specimen living in the Indian Subcontinent and we have just not discovered it ? Specifically a Sauropod killer.
"You're not gonna be able to hunt a 30 tonne animal without a slew of adaptations for that purpose."
Human: "My character casts gun."
I wonder how terrestrial dinosaurs grew to those emense sizes at all since there was more water in the oceans during their time (the Mesozoic) than in large portions of the Cenozoic Era (from 66 million years ago till now)?
It's not that there was more water, but rather due to all the rifting events the Ocean deeps were on average shallower, and covering more of the continents.
@@FDW137 to compare to the Cenozoic Era, Madagascar is a huge Island, yet all of the extinct hippopotamus species that lived there evolved to be noticeably smaller than most of their mainland relatives.
@eliletts8149 I think we're talking past each other here. I was just giving an explanation why there's a difference between how high the seas were in the cretaceous vs now if the ice caps melted.
@@FDW137 fair enough.
❤
What I dont get is how does the sperm in a growing dinosaur know to grow or get big because the animal itself is getting big
Like does the sperm duplicate existing cells and codes even though they weren't even like that in the first place?
(Dont hang me, I'm not an expert on this)
Why is Jupiter so big?
Because it's cool
History requires written sources. Pre-history is before writing was invented.
W video but cacrhar is now bigger than tyranotitan?
Food supply period
Why didn't a predator evolve to hunt modern elephants and rhinos.
Can you do a bertha video
I will, once the paper comes out!
@@TheVividen Alr I hope Bertha is at least 12 tons
The 770kg is an average male a big male can go to 1 tons💀
But how do we know if B-rex identified as female even?
Because herbovore in time dino is big so they need big body to defeat it
I think that getting big was the first defense of prey animals. However, eventually this became both unsustainable as the animals couldn’t get any bigger, and two, group hunting made size less of a benefit. So then the selective pressure pushed towards speed.
You used to have a ton of big mammals, like ground sloths and the various elephant relatives, but now those are down to basically three “big mammals”, the elephant, rhino and Giraffe. One of these is more tall than big, so basically two big mammals. And notice that the major predators of the world are largely group animals…there are exceptions, but Lions and Wolves are probably the widest spread predators of the ancient world (and of course, humans are also an animal that lives in social groups and using group hunting strategies)…I think this shift to social hunting is what killed the majority of large prey species, and led to a pressure to smaller and faster animals, which is why it seems there is a small ungulate herbivore basically everywhere. Deer, antelope, etc.
The large mammal herbivores that do exist also evolved herding strategies as a defense against pack hunting. Usually if you are healthy and stay with the herd then you will make it. Herding animals instinctively tend to shield the young.
Evolutionary arms race. If not for humans, I wonder if we would have seen an increase in size in predators to be able to overpower large herding animals along with evolution of greater speed to be able to chase down fast prey animals.
it wasn't unsustainable for herbivores to be big lol, the planet had just never seen a large tool using cooperative predator like modern humans before, and we hunted to extinction almost all large animals outside of a few regions where endemic tropical disease limited human populations and where animals long coevolved with our warm-weather-only hominin ancestors
Probably thee biggest reason is oxygen, or the lack of it compared to prehistoric times. Ever since the late Carboniferous period Earth's average oxygen levels have gone down, it's why an animal like Trex couldn't survive today past say juvenile sizes. Blue whales can as they have enormous lungs that can suck in lots of air at once but most animals that were alive millions of years ago couldn't live today due to that factor and many others like climate, ecosystems and the like.
i am sick of you people thinking its somehow oxygen levels. if oxygen levels were the issue blue whales would not exist let alone hold their breath for 90 min.
Very unlikely. If I recall correctly, oxygen levels during dinosaur times weren’t all that different from today’s. It hasn’t been a straight downtrend since the Carboniferous.
Sauropods never left the safety and ambulatory convenience of the shorelines (present day Hippos move faster in water etc with plenty of aquatic plant food. Sperm whales with hide to withstand deep sea water pressure), hence the stupidly long necks with no tails (or viable limbs) large enough to counter balance them if on land. Therapods grew large enough to drag Sauropod juveniles from the water or the bloating carcases of dead Sauropods (when not ambushing smaller Saurapods on land), hence the 'Tractor pulling' body designs and big vice like chompers. That theory is as obnoxious and believable as any going and I'm sticking with it 😋🖕. No need to run fast or thunder about like they have a cactus in their cloaca.
ONE HUNDRED PUSH-UPS, ONE HUNDRED SIT UPS, ONE HUNDRED SQUATS, THEN A 10 KILOMETER RUN, EVERY SINGLE DAY!
Thats how they did it
Fax. Largest modern land predator polar bear 450 kilograms. Largest land carnivores Giganotosaurus & Tyrannosaurus were humongous 10.4 tonnes. 20 times bigger than polar bear
Tyrannosaurus was over 11 tonnes using the largest specimens. Giganotosaurus paratype is currently 10.1 tonnes by Dan Folkes and the holotype is currently 8.4 tonnes by Dan Folkes.
450-500 kg avg
... good sized ones are 600-700 kg
@@Tyrannosaurus_rex. Ik that 10.1 tonnes
@@Bangladeshstudentleague2310you knew already?
the heaviest polar bear ever weighed a ton
So basicly nature is hypergamious.
Love your channel. I just discovered it. Love to collaborate sometime on a TH-cam video. I write Prehistoric thriller novels and publish Prehistoric Magazine for free to subscribers three times per yr. Mike
dinosaurs are huge but still very small compared to B747-8, A380, and AN 225. the largest and heaviest aircrafts.
CO2 levels
Can you answer me If you can
What do you think about lambrolobator? The t rex
Lamborlobator is a meme haha
I have a question. Why is North America so rich in fossils from all ages? Does it have something to do with it's soil?
Edit: 05:34 do Edmontosaurus have a soft crest in their head?
@tossupeaterThank you for informing me about Edmontosaurus.
I feel like part of the reason we have so many fossils is just because that is where we dig a lot. I'm sure there are others too.
mostly because Western North America is dry today with lots of fossil exposures but in the past was warmer, wetter, and more productive. and because North America is host to first world countries and has been for a long time.
It’s because they tend to mate pretty frequently, hence why they were so big. Wait, was that not what you were referring to?
How Fat is Finn
is it possibile that their was a undiscovered terrestrial therapod that was bigger than tyrannosaurus?
Possible, but it won't be much bigger.
Absolutely
Idk
There’s always a bigger fish. For the longest time when I was growing up the talk of the town was giganotosaurus for being longer but we now know it’s lighter.
Ignoring spinosaurus for a sec. Life on earth has an ability to surprise but remain the same.
@@TheVividenI actually learned about giganotosaurus not being that big in comparison to T. rex from you btw dude. Great content
You don't say why the herbivores grew to such massive sizes in the first place. Was it due to far more oxygen in the atmosphere than there is now?
no, oxygen levels were often somewhat lower than today, it was because the dinosaurs had very efficient breathing systems and lightweight bones. and because of an arms race with their predators, arms races are two-sided
blue whales exist. use your fucking brain