1. Get rid of Conference Championships for more CFP and bowl game scheduling flexibility 2. Make CFP Quarterfinals home games 3. Rotate 2 NY6 Bowl Games annually to be CFP Semifinals games 4. Tier 3 bowl games (Holiday, Sun, etc.) becomes play-ins for tier 2 Bowl games (Pop-Tarts, Citrus) 5. Tier 2 bowl games becomes play-ins for non-CFP NY6 Bowl Games 6. CFP First Round Losers has auto-bid to tier 2 Bowl games 7. CFP Quarterfinals Losers has auto-bid to non-CFP NY6 Bowl Games Prestige is brought back to stand alone NY6 Bowl Games, Bowl games become relevant to program success, more CFP home games, teams have a second chance at meaningful post-season glory.
I think a bowl tournament could be fun. It wouldn't be part of the CFP as the natty would only be possible for the 12 best teams, but having a bowl tournament with an elimination bracket allows for teams that were snubbed from the CFP to try and prove a point. Winning or making a deep run in the bowl battle could increase team prestige and make the conmittee more likely to select that team next year.
The upcoming revenue sharing model could also impact the bowl season, specifically in terms of opt outs. If things go the way I keep hearing people theorize, revenue sharing could turn collegiate sports into collective bargaining units, and part of that collective bargain agreement could include a requirement to play in your postseason.
As a youngster (15) and a Gator fan since like 2013, I take bowl wins granted and very happy we win and just if we were mid in a season but yet make a bowl, im all in
I’m also a young Gator fan and we had a great time down in Tampa at the Gasparilla Bowl. The transfer window is a mess though and needs to be fixed for bowl season
I love how cbb does there in season tournaments like Maui invitational and players era etc… having bowl games in a tournament style with NIL prizes would be awesome to watch
When I played, we couldn't WAIT to see what free stuff and $$$ we'd get from the hosting bowl. It. Was a huge deal. The better the bowl, the better the swag and such. But, now even that part is diminished to an extent. But, we were mostly broke kids appreciating anything we got on top of the scholly. I also think they should gonback to a 1 year redshirt year for transfers. I thought it was lifted originally for covid, but it never went back. It must suck to not be able to build programs anymore as coaches. Now they are just putting together rosters year to year. This is especially in basketball.
For clause 5, maybe have the teams play a week before week 0 and not have it effect their record. This would ready the teams for the regular season. For example if lsu plays Baylor 2 weeks before they play Clemson they would be prepared and make the game more interesting to watch for a fan.
As a JMU fan, I really like some of these ideas... especially after we lost Cignetti to Indiana a couple weeks before our first bowl game ever, and the preceded to lose it (also reminder Cig still has yet to coach a bowl game). The NIT championship would be fun in my opinion, but only if they reserve it for G5 teams. Now you may say, oh what's the point, we might as well make another division. That's basically already what we have. G5 schools cannot consistently compete against P4 schools enough to warrant both G5 and P4 inclusion. If JMU could go into the playoffs and face a slate of teams like Tulane, Liberty, UNLV, USF, etc., over the course of multiple rounds, I, and I think many other G5 fans, would love that.
One thing they could do is remove conference affiliations from bowls and then do a live selection show with representatives from all of the available bowls selecting two teams from out of all of the available bowl eligible teams. The order bowls would select would be based on bowl payout. So bowls like the Alamo Bowl and the Citrus Bowl that have 8+ million dollar payouts would go first. That would lead to a lot of intrigue I think. It would be like selection Sunday for college basketball. Think of it this year. Imagine Alamo Bowl on the clock first up. You have the three 3 loss SEC teams on the board all claiming they should be in the playoff. Do they pick two to play each other? Or maybe no, maybe they take a Miami or shock with a different matchup. Maybe bowl game opts to take two red hot teams over teams with better records. Nobody knows where they're going. Fans would get into it.
1. Placing these players under contract would go a long way to eliminating most of the problems in college football. 2. College football has portal windows in December and April. Eliminate the December window. 3. Have fewer bowl games.
I think some of the coaches issues just need to be solved by binding coaches and universities to not making personnel moves until after the bowl game. I still don’t see the immediate need for a coach to leave for a job in week 11/12 or for a bowl eligible but underperforming coach to not be retained through that bowl game.
I’m 16 and I love old college football I remember my dad talking about 08 Florida or 2000s Boise state and I loved that and I still love bowl games I don’t want College to become the NFL
Each non-playoff bowl game should be between the winners of two play-in games. The play-in games could be played two weeks after conference championships, with the winners then playing in the bowl championship game close to New Years.
Sports itself just needs to start a fanstasy like pay system where you get paid how you play per game and season instead of these "contracts" that players lose motivation once they're paid. Either that or each contract needs to be able to take back what was paid when it's clear the player was only greedy
Maybe someone can confirm or correct this: it's my understanding that most, if not all bowl games, make money for the community. That's a good thing. I used to watch them all but opting out has ruined them. While the top tier players will likely never return to the games, maybe a good sizeable payout for each member of the winners of the game would entice some to play.
They have to figure out the transfer portal first. Too many players are forced to enter the transfer portal to ensure they can transfer before the spring semester and have a spot on the roster. Quite unfair for the players and the teams that made it to the playoffs.
@ agree, but also that put student that want to transfer in awkward position as they might not be able to finish all the paper work and registration for spring semester on time
I don’t agree with moving the bowl to next year. Every team wouldn’t be the same as they were in bowl season and the seniors who played on the bowl eligible team should get rewarded
I would like if they just completely separated the bowls from the playoff. Make the playoffs all at the higher seeds home stadium until the natty where it rotates between the traditional ny6 bowl games like normal but give those teams that missed out the opportunity to play in historic bowl games.
Well something I think they did backwards was making the 1st round playoff games just playoff games but making the 2nd round the new years 6 bowl games. If anything they should make the first round playoff games the December bowls no one watches anyway then the 2nd round playoff games are just playoff games. I think the teams that just got a bowl instead of a playoff spot would take it more serious if they was playing in the sugar bowl or the orange bowl than the pop tart bowl or the dukes mayo bowl
There's way too many bowl games to begin with. If anything, keep the 12-team Playoff with the 6 top bowl games (Rose, Sugar, etc). Then have the next highest 12 teams play in a NIT style tournament being played in a 11-bowl game schedule. Those that play in a NIT style tournament get rewarded with NIL money. Then get rid of the bowl games that are not part of either the Playoff or NIT.
How about dropping all conference affiliations to bowls? They could do that and then do a live CBB Selection Sunday type of show where representatives from every Bowl could select a matchup from the entire pool of bowl eligible teams. They could pick in order of Bowl payout from highest to lowest. Highest non-CFP Bowl payouts this year according to the online sources I could find... 1) Alamo Bowl 8.25 Mill 2) Citrus Bowl 8.22 Mill 3) Holiday Bowl 6.53 Mill 4) Reliaquest Bowl 6.4 Mill 5) Texas Bowl 6.4 Mill 6) Cheez-it Bowl 6.07 Mill 7) Pop Tarts Bowl 6.07 Mill 8) Music City Bowl 5.7 Mill 9) Gator Bowl 5.35 Mill 10) Mayo Bowl 4.78 Mill Imagine it this year. Alamo Bowl selecting the first matchup. You have three 3 loss SEC teams saying they should be in the CFP... does the Alamo Bowl select two and see who proves the talk? Or maybe they go off script of the rankings and select something like Miami vs Colorado to get Cam vs Shedeur. It would get people talking about bowls again.
I'm definitely into ideas 1-4 and 7 here. Those seem obvious. 6 - not sure. And I don't think I'm into 5. I don't think starting the season really counts as a 'bowl' at that point; it's just a non-conference game. Doesn't do it for me because I think bowls are about putting a bow on a season while the team who got there is still together - the last game for seniors, and (now) the last game for players entering the portal (if ideas #1-4 were implemented).
The best way to fix it is by ranking teams correctly so that we get the most even and exciting matchups possible. That is what is wrong. They use all of the incorrect things to rank teams. They use conference affiliation bias. Brand bias. Subjective "eye test". Talent rankings based on recruiting. Preconceived notions based on extremely flawed preseason and early season rankings. It's all of the wrong things. I'm begging the CFP committee to start ranking teams based on resume. It's amazing how when you rank teams based on resume you end up looking right. My ranking AFTER conference championship week and BEFORE the post season, look at this... 1) Oregon (-) 2) Georgia (-) 3) Ohio St (dog walked #8 Tennessee) 4) Texas (handled #16 Clemson) 5) Alabama (-) 6) Arizona St (-) 7) Boise St (-) 8) Tennessee (lost to #3 Ohio St) 9) BYU (dog walked unranked Colorado) 10) SMU (lost to #11 Penn St on the road) 11) Penn St (beat #10 SMU) 12) Notre Dame (dog walked #20 Indiana) 13) Ole Miss (-) 14) South Carolina (-) 15) Syracuse (beat Washington St) 16) Clemson (lost to #4 Texas) 17) Iowa St (beat #18 Miami by 1 point) 18) Miami (lost to #17 Iowa St by 1 point) 19) Army (dog walked unranked La Tech) 20) Indiana (lost to #12 Notre Dame) When you remove all bias in your rankings and rank based on the correct things (quality wins vs 10+ win teams THAT SEASON, record/quality/quantity vs bowl eligible, record/quality/quantity vs P4, use losses as deductions) it's kind of incredible how accurate the results become BECAUSE YOU FOUND THE CORRECT RANKINGS, you're basing things on actual results from the season, MERIT. Now if the CFP got the rankings correct like I have here... We would have had much more exciting and even bowl matchups... Citrus Bowl- 14 South Carolina vs 20 Indiana Alamo Bowl- 17 Iowa St vs unranked Colorado Pop Tarts Bowl- 12 Notre Dame vs 8-4 Big 12 team (Baylor/Kansas St/Texas Tech/TCU) Gator Bowl- 13 Ole Miss vs 18 Miami Reliaquest Bowl- Illinois vs Missouri Shock of all shocks we get better matchups up and down.
It's never going to happen. Bowl games = money for everyone involved. Fewer teams being eligible mean fewer bowl games and that = less money. They won't do that.
NIT gets bad viewership in basketball I don’t think it would do too well in CFB since the only people watching it are the fans of the teams that are in it, which is already the case with bowls
Who wants to pay NIL money for a retreating bowl system that is losing fans? If players don’t want to play in bowl games, who’s gonna stop them? What power does the NCAA really have over football? If I was really playing devil’s advocate, this would actually be the only argument I need. The truth is that the NCAA is so rocked by all of the last 6-7 years that they are completely flummoxed by any idea that they could even afford to take a bold step.
Ultimately, bowls never should’ve been a thing. For whatever reason, the powers that be some one hundred years ago decided it would be better to have random bowls than a national postseason. Had we gone in the tournament direction one hundred years ago, the sport would be at a much better place.
That will take forever. 64 team means the finalist has to play 6 games, which is a month and a half after the end of the Conference Championship game. By the time bowl season ends, it's almost February, and players can't transfer to another school as the spring semester starts in early-mid January.
@@isaachiltyhilty6804no, it’d be terrible for the NFL’s viewership. The health can be done. If you start right after conference championship week, most teams playing get a bye and the teams play up to conference championship week in the NFL (you could make the championship the same week as the pro bowl so that something’s happening). Overall, it’d be just like the NFL for the best teams and for the 8 best teams it’s 3 more weeks (finals may be a problem though).
Or or….hear me out. Alabama could figure out how not to lose to Oklahoma and not even score a touchdown. Poor Alabama-lost three games in the regular season, crushed its FCS competition in November and still was eliminated from a Tournament for a National Title-what more could Alabama do to earn a National Title-2024 team was no worse than any Alabama team that won a National Title!!!
Pop Tart Bowl should become the National Championship game
I think they should have fewer bowl and then have a televised selection show/ draft where rotating top bowls get to pick their teams live on air.
Do you mean 7 or 8 wins to gain entry to bowl games or other types of restrictions?
@shadowbadgercat 6 it’s always been 6
1. Get rid of Conference Championships for more CFP and bowl game scheduling flexibility
2. Make CFP Quarterfinals home games
3. Rotate 2 NY6 Bowl Games annually to be CFP Semifinals games
4. Tier 3 bowl games (Holiday, Sun, etc.) becomes play-ins for tier 2 Bowl games (Pop-Tarts, Citrus)
5. Tier 2 bowl games becomes play-ins for non-CFP NY6 Bowl Games
6. CFP First Round Losers has auto-bid to tier 2 Bowl games
7. CFP Quarterfinals Losers has auto-bid to non-CFP NY6 Bowl Games
Prestige is brought back to stand alone NY6 Bowl Games, Bowl games become relevant to program success, more CFP home games, teams have a second chance at meaningful post-season glory.
I think a bowl tournament could be fun. It wouldn't be part of the CFP as the natty would only be possible for the 12 best teams, but having a bowl tournament with an elimination bracket allows for teams that were snubbed from the CFP to try and prove a point. Winning or making a deep run in the bowl battle could increase team prestige and make the conmittee more likely to select that team next year.
I'm 40 and growing up before I became an adult I would watch almost all bowl games
The upcoming revenue sharing model could also impact the bowl season, specifically in terms of opt outs. If things go the way I keep hearing people theorize, revenue sharing could turn collegiate sports into collective bargaining units, and part of that collective bargain agreement could include a requirement to play in your postseason.
I love the bowls because there's enough of them that I get to see all sorts of different teams competing
As a youngster (15) and a Gator fan since like 2013, I take bowl wins granted and very happy we win and just if we were mid in a season but yet make a bowl, im all in
I’m also a young Gator fan and we had a great time down in Tampa at the Gasparilla Bowl. The transfer window is a mess though and needs to be fixed for bowl season
Just win…there…it’s fixed…🤠🤘🏼
I love bowl games and I’m a youngster
I love how cbb does there in season tournaments like Maui invitational and players era etc… having bowl games in a tournament style with NIL prizes would be awesome to watch
NEW YEARS Day used to be nuts in the 90s . theyd have 4 big bowl games on at the same time. kinda crazy
usually about 10 games total
When I played, we couldn't WAIT to see what free stuff and $$$ we'd get from the hosting bowl. It. Was a huge deal. The better the bowl, the better the swag and such. But, now even that part is diminished to an extent. But, we were mostly broke kids appreciating anything we got on top of the scholly.
I also think they should gonback to a 1 year redshirt year for transfers. I thought it was lifted originally for covid, but it never went back. It must suck to not be able to build programs anymore as coaches. Now they are just putting together rosters year to year. This is especially in basketball.
For clause 5, maybe have the teams play a week before week 0 and not have it effect their record. This would ready the teams for the regular season. For example if lsu plays Baylor 2 weeks before they play Clemson they would be prepared and make the game more interesting to watch for a fan.
Its too close to the regular season because injuries
Hate this no offense, players getting hurt in a game that litterally doesn't matter at all would be devastating.
As a JMU fan, I really like some of these ideas... especially after we lost Cignetti to Indiana a couple weeks before our first bowl game ever, and the preceded to lose it (also reminder Cig still has yet to coach a bowl game). The NIT championship would be fun in my opinion, but only if they reserve it for G5 teams. Now you may say, oh what's the point, we might as well make another division. That's basically already what we have. G5 schools cannot consistently compete against P4 schools enough to warrant both G5 and P4 inclusion. If JMU could go into the playoffs and face a slate of teams like Tulane, Liberty, UNLV, USF, etc., over the course of multiple rounds, I, and I think many other G5 fans, would love that.
One thing they could do is remove conference affiliations from bowls and then do a live selection show with representatives from all of the available bowls selecting two teams from out of all of the available bowl eligible teams. The order bowls would select would be based on bowl payout. So bowls like the Alamo Bowl and the Citrus Bowl that have 8+ million dollar payouts would go first. That would lead to a lot of intrigue I think. It would be like selection Sunday for college basketball. Think of it this year. Imagine Alamo Bowl on the clock first up. You have the three 3 loss SEC teams on the board all claiming they should be in the playoff. Do they pick two to play each other? Or maybe no, maybe they take a Miami or shock with a different matchup. Maybe bowl game opts to take two red hot teams over teams with better records. Nobody knows where they're going. Fans would get into it.
It’s sad to see bowl games being less important even as a fan who started watching in 2015
Yeah it is sad
@ especially since there have been so many great games
1. Placing these players under contract would go a long way to eliminating most of the problems in college football.
2. College football has portal windows in December and April. Eliminate the December window.
3. Have fewer bowl games.
I think some of the coaches issues just need to be solved by binding coaches and universities to not making personnel moves until after the bowl game. I still don’t see the immediate need for a coach to leave for a job in week 11/12 or for a bowl eligible but underperforming coach to not be retained through that bowl game.
I’m 16 and I love old college football I remember my dad talking about 08 Florida or 2000s Boise state and I loved that and I still love bowl games I don’t want College to become the NFL
Each non-playoff bowl game should be between the winners of two play-in games. The play-in games could be played two weeks after conference championships, with the winners then playing in the bowl championship game close to New Years.
Sports itself just needs to start a fanstasy like pay system where you get paid how you play per game and season instead of these "contracts" that players lose motivation once they're paid. Either that or each contract needs to be able to take back what was paid when it's clear the player was only greedy
Maybe someone can confirm or correct this: it's my understanding that most, if not all bowl games, make money for the community. That's a good thing. I used to watch them all but opting out has ruined them. While the top tier players will likely never return to the games, maybe a good sizeable payout for each member of the winners of the game would entice some to play.
They have to figure out the transfer portal first. Too many players are forced to enter the transfer portal to ensure they can transfer before the spring semester and have a spot on the roster. Quite unfair for the players and the teams that made it to the playoffs.
Transfer portal shouldn’t open until after the Natty imo
@ agree, but also that put student that want to transfer in awkward position as they might not be able to finish all the paper work and registration for spring semester on time
There should be a tornement for all the group of 5 teams and the Naty goes back to the 4 team system
I don’t agree with moving the bowl to next year. Every team wouldn’t be the same as they were in bowl season and the seniors who played on the bowl eligible team should get rewarded
I would like if they just completely separated the bowls from the playoff. Make the playoffs all at the higher seeds home stadium until the natty where it rotates between the traditional ny6 bowl games like normal but give those teams that missed out the opportunity to play in historic bowl games.
my father and my family has raved about byu for football like the 1996 season or the 1984 natty season
Well something I think they did backwards was making the 1st round playoff games just playoff games but making the 2nd round the new years 6 bowl games.
If anything they should make the first round playoff games the December bowls no one watches anyway then the 2nd round playoff games are just playoff games. I think the teams that just got a bowl instead of a playoff spot would take it more serious if they was playing in the sugar bowl or the orange bowl than the pop tart bowl or the dukes mayo bowl
There's way too many bowl games to begin with. If anything, keep the 12-team Playoff with the 6 top bowl games (Rose, Sugar, etc). Then have the next highest 12 teams play in a NIT style tournament being played in a 11-bowl game schedule. Those that play in a NIT style tournament get rewarded with NIL money. Then get rid of the bowl games that are not part of either the Playoff or NIT.
How about dropping all conference affiliations to bowls? They could do that and then do a live CBB Selection Sunday type of show where representatives from every Bowl could select a matchup from the entire pool of bowl eligible teams. They could pick in order of Bowl payout from highest to lowest.
Highest non-CFP Bowl payouts this year according to the online sources I could find...
1) Alamo Bowl 8.25 Mill
2) Citrus Bowl 8.22 Mill
3) Holiday Bowl 6.53 Mill
4) Reliaquest Bowl 6.4 Mill
5) Texas Bowl 6.4 Mill
6) Cheez-it Bowl 6.07 Mill
7) Pop Tarts Bowl 6.07 Mill
8) Music City Bowl 5.7 Mill
9) Gator Bowl 5.35 Mill
10) Mayo Bowl 4.78 Mill
Imagine it this year. Alamo Bowl selecting the first matchup. You have three 3 loss SEC teams saying they should be in the CFP... does the Alamo Bowl select two and see who proves the talk? Or maybe they go off script of the rankings and select something like Miami vs Colorado to get Cam vs Shedeur. It would get people talking about bowls again.
I'm definitely into ideas 1-4 and 7 here. Those seem obvious. 6 - not sure. And I don't think I'm into 5. I don't think starting the season really counts as a 'bowl' at that point; it's just a non-conference game. Doesn't do it for me because I think bowls are about putting a bow on a season while the team who got there is still together - the last game for seniors, and (now) the last game for players entering the portal (if ideas #1-4 were implemented).
The best way to fix it is by ranking teams correctly so that we get the most even and exciting matchups possible.
That is what is wrong. They use all of the incorrect things to rank teams. They use conference affiliation bias. Brand bias. Subjective "eye test". Talent rankings based on recruiting. Preconceived notions based on extremely flawed preseason and early season rankings. It's all of the wrong things.
I'm begging the CFP committee to start ranking teams based on resume.
It's amazing how when you rank teams based on resume you end up looking right.
My ranking AFTER conference championship week and BEFORE the post season, look at this...
1) Oregon (-)
2) Georgia (-)
3) Ohio St (dog walked #8 Tennessee)
4) Texas (handled #16 Clemson)
5) Alabama (-)
6) Arizona St (-)
7) Boise St (-)
8) Tennessee (lost to #3 Ohio St)
9) BYU (dog walked unranked Colorado)
10) SMU (lost to #11 Penn St on the road)
11) Penn St (beat #10 SMU)
12) Notre Dame (dog walked #20 Indiana)
13) Ole Miss (-)
14) South Carolina (-)
15) Syracuse (beat Washington St)
16) Clemson (lost to #4 Texas)
17) Iowa St (beat #18 Miami by 1 point)
18) Miami (lost to #17 Iowa St by 1 point)
19) Army (dog walked unranked La Tech)
20) Indiana (lost to #12 Notre Dame)
When you remove all bias in your rankings and rank based on the correct things (quality wins vs 10+ win teams THAT SEASON, record/quality/quantity vs bowl eligible, record/quality/quantity vs P4, use losses as deductions) it's kind of incredible how accurate the results become BECAUSE YOU FOUND THE CORRECT RANKINGS, you're basing things on actual results from the season, MERIT.
Now if the CFP got the rankings correct like I have here... We would have had much more exciting and even bowl matchups...
Citrus Bowl- 14 South Carolina vs 20 Indiana
Alamo Bowl- 17 Iowa St vs unranked Colorado
Pop Tarts Bowl- 12 Notre Dame vs 8-4 Big 12 team (Baylor/Kansas St/Texas Tech/TCU)
Gator Bowl- 13 Ole Miss vs 18 Miami
Reliaquest Bowl- Illinois vs Missouri
Shock of all shocks we get better matchups up and down.
The other thing they absolutely have to do is move the winter transfer portal window.
There are too many little bowls with 6-6 or 7-5 teams playing.
Definitely raise the bowl game win requirement. It’s so watered down. No one cares about games with 6-6 teams.
It's never going to happen. Bowl games = money for everyone involved. Fewer teams being eligible mean fewer bowl games and that = less money. They won't do that.
@ until people stop tuning in
NIT gets bad viewership in basketball I don’t think it would do too well in CFB since the only people watching it are the fans of the teams that are in it, which is already the case with bowls
Who wants to pay NIL money for a retreating bowl system that is losing fans?
If players don’t want to play in bowl games, who’s gonna stop them?
What power does the NCAA really have over football? If I was really playing devil’s advocate, this would actually be the only argument I need. The truth is that the NCAA is so rocked by all of the last 6-7 years that they are completely flummoxed by any idea that they could even afford to take a bold step.
First four ideas: good
Last theee ideas: not so much.
The last three are radical haha
Ultimately, bowls never should’ve been a thing. For whatever reason, the powers that be some one hundred years ago decided it would be better to have random bowls than a national postseason. Had we gone in the tournament direction one hundred years ago, the sport would be at a much better place.
the cfp needs to just shrink back down to 4 teams maybe 6 + moving the transfer window and maybe adding nil incentives
just make one big tournament, march madness style, like 64 teams
No that'd be terrible for player health
That will take forever. 64 team means the finalist has to play 6 games, which is a month and a half after the end of the Conference Championship game. By the time bowl season ends, it's almost February, and players can't transfer to another school as the spring semester starts in early-mid January.
@@isaachiltyhilty6804no, it’d be terrible for the NFL’s viewership. The health can be done. If you start right after conference championship week, most teams playing get a bye and the teams play up to conference championship week in the NFL (you could make the championship the same week as the pro bowl so that something’s happening). Overall, it’d be just like the NFL for the best teams and for the 8 best teams it’s 3 more weeks (finals may be a problem though).
Or or….hear me out. Alabama could figure out how not to lose to Oklahoma and not even score a touchdown. Poor Alabama-lost three games in the regular season, crushed its FCS competition in November and still was eliminated from a Tournament for a National Title-what more could Alabama do to earn a National Title-2024 team was no worse than any Alabama team that won a National Title!!!
Make bowl week week 0