Just caught this, my dad apprenticed under his father was also an electrician. He's a Glaswegian Scot, who educated himself up as an Electrical Engineer, who went on to become a lecturer in Physics and Mathematics and is my inspiration as well as my hero. Thankyou so much for giving me some warm and fuzzy niceness in reverie
A wonderful lecture, I don't think ive seen a live lecture with anywhere near as many complex demonstrations in one go; pulling them all off is extremely impressive.
@davidricketts7975 hey Dave! The song you chose for the "duet" was perfect. I'd just like to thank you for sharing your gift with the world, and more precisely, a very undereducated person like me. (Although, a bit less after this demonstration) Thanks. ~Dom.
Wow that's the most amazing lecture I've ever seen. I'm an electrical engineer working in power electronics. I wonder how many young people were inspired into a new career path from that? If so welcome and enjoy it.
It is only amazing if you ALREADY understand electrostatic theory- I couldn’t stick around for the whole video because it Sucks and he obviously didn’t rehearse to be sure the visual demonstrations would be successful. Huge fail imo.
@@soburnedout dont be so rude the ambient air humidity was high in London at that time, so think about it. He did better than you could do I am sure...
Thank you for writing out the name. I was really struggling to find it by description. I seen your comment and did a search using the name you provided and now I am able to learn a lot more about that affect. It is super cool.
@@Splarkszter I couldn't understand what he said well enough to spell it it turns out. There were no captions available where I watched it, so andy's post was a real life and time saver. I am grateful.
And yet it makes perfect sense. Plasma is conductive. If you can get it in a ring, it becomes a secondary of a transformer, and thus self heating due to induced current. I've never seen it, but as soon as i did, i was "kewl, the ionized plasma is a coil."
Great presentation. Thanks for allowing us to follow your demonstration! Love seeing things taken out of their museum cases and made to work again. I really feel this.
I normally listen to these to learn and fall asleep to and keep coming back until it’s done over a couple of nights. However, this was fantastic and I couldn’t stop watching. Absolutely amazing and by far one of my most favourite lectures in a long time, if not of all time. ❤️
i was watching another prof before this explaining Einstein equation and fell asleep. Woke up again when this is testing electricity. Tbh, I still have no idea what went on behind. The plasma and music are cool so what can we expect from these? im wondering if modern kids are still interested in science when the focus these days are on $, which is easier and cooler streaming short clips on tik tok, vs boomers who got involved bcoz they were motivated to improve lives and getting out of wars.
A couple of my grade school teachers would do demonstrations similar to some of these. I also had an incredibly good lecture in a chemistry class about why the scientific method was so important that I still remember today, over a decade later. That combined with a bunch of visits to science museums and presentations ended up making me get into a science related field. I'm really glad there are people like him keeping the art of demonstration alive!! There's absolutely no better way to learn anything, imo, than actually being able to see the process and effect in person.
As an electrician, I went to a house where lightning hit the TV antenna. It blew a hole in the tile roof. The TV coax had NO copper in it. Power points were blown off walls. 240 volt cables had NO copper in them. Just plastic spagetti.
My boss went home to get lunch just after a thunderstorm had been thru. Lightning had gone down his chimney, messed up his fireplace and hit his entertainment center. He said he was glad not to have been there, there was a lot of shrapnel.
@@smegheadGOAT Honestly, it gets weird at any large scales or density or temperatures or extreme curvature. But that's what makes it an interesting exploration that not ever ever gets boring.
That's a cool field to be in. It's unusual for me to run into a physicist in the wild, i always think it's a title reserved for neil degrasse Tyson or bill nye type people lol
I used to go to a good number of demonstrations similar to this, and of other sciences when I was young (90's, NYC, USA) and I always loved them. Found this channel a couple years ago, and just love watching these. I can't wait until I can bring my kid to some similar events, just a couple more years. Thanks for the fun demo!
What a stunning - dare I say, electric! - lecture this has been! I've enjoyed it all, and not gotten a thing done I'd planned to do while it was playing, LOL! Thank you, RI, for all you do!
I absolutely love these lectures.. and just because of Internet we can see these videos from home. Once Dr Jagadish Chandra Bose showed experiments there.. and Michelle Faraday and Nicola Tesla. I wish if I could watch them all.. I wish in near future, we will have the proper Generative AI technology so that Royal Institution can generate animation videos out of the trincripts of those old lectures.. it would be so damn cool.. Lots of love from India. ❤
I am nearly 70years and this has shown me some of things that I have read about and studied as I worked in very high voltage and current and plasma was all ways problem and the smell of ozone always brings back the lab memories of years ago
Research/theoretical/etc. Scientists truly deserve everything and all the support. The fact that they don't get it, and are often spitefully denied, yet still devote their lives and take the time to inform us all just proves all the more that they truly are the best of us.
ปีที่แล้ว +6
The Royal Institution keeps on rocking! Two centuries and still strong. Thank you.
Superb. - why the place isn't packed is baffling. The historical continuity (so many legendary scientists have lectured in this room) and the power of science to amaze and inspire makes the RI lecture series something everyone should be very proud of.
I've seen grapes used to induce plasma in a microwave. 😊Put a grape on a plate and place a glass over the top. Switch on microwave. The glass keeps the plasma contained. It was a while ago, so please forgive me if I've forgotten something.
@@AdamWest-qp3yp Look, I was making comment on the fact that their way of inducing plasma in the microwave appeared a little fiddly for them. And maybe they hadn't seen, or thought of, the simple grape. I'm happy for you that you can weld and seem to know more about plasma than most. But, your comments are coming across as condescending and off the subject I was discussing. I'm not here to argue with you, that's all.
Wonderful! I must confess though, when the demo started for the Tesla coil in the Faraday cage, I couldn't stop thinking, "Make it say 'Exterminate! Exterminate!' " Would've been the most remembered lecturer at RI since Dr. Who.
In Faraday's first experimental demonstration (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal transformer).[citation needed] Based on his understanding of electromagnets, he expected that, when current started to flow in one wire, a sort of wave would travel through the ring and cause some electrical effect on the opposite side. He plugged one wire into a galvanometer, and watched it as he connected the other wire to a battery. He saw a transient current, which he called a "wave of electricity", when he connected the wire to the battery and another when he disconnected it.[7] This induction was due to the change in magnetic flux that occurred when the battery was connected and disconnected.[2] Within two months, Faraday found several other manifestations of electromagnetic induction. For example, he saw transient currents when he quickly slid a bar magnet in and out of a coil of wires, and he generated a steady (DC) current by rotating a copper disk near the bar magnet with a sliding electrical lead ("Faraday's disk").[8] Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force. However, scientists at the time widely rejected his theoretical ideas, mainly because they were not formulated mathematically.[9] An exception was James Clerk Maxwell, who used Faraday's ideas as the basis of his quantitative electromagnetic theory.[9][10][11] In Maxwell's model, the time varying aspect of electromagnetic induction is expressed as a differential equation, which Oliver Heaviside referred to as Faraday's law even though it is slightly different from Faraday's original formulation and does not describe motional emf. Heaviside's version (see Maxwell-Faraday equation below) is the form recognized today in the group of equations known as Maxwell's equations. In 1834 Heinrich Lenz formulated the law named after him to describe the "flux through the circuit". Lenz's law gives the direction of the induced emf and current resulting from electromagnetic induction.
Fun fact: When Faraday demonstrated electricity to parliament, he was asked, "What good is it?" Faraday answered, "I don't know, but within a generation, you will be taxing it."
Very impressive lecture and demonstration. I have one correction though. The Tesla coil demo was not 1,000,000 volts. It was perhaps 200,000 to 300,000 volts. Tesla coils work by discharging many times per second. Each discharge creates a plasma trail. The next discharge follows the previous plasma trail. The path thus continues to grow until the power supplied is exceeded. This is what allows a Tesla coil discharge to be many times the length predicted from a simple air breakdown calculation.
Aircraft fly through storms and make contact with lightning strikes. The fuselage or metal skin of an aircraft is acting as a Faraday cage. Passengers and crew are safe during lightning strikes because of this
I have to say i nearly switched this off with the charge blue and red sensors not working here and there, but like a good film with a twist i was hooked after a while. Good show and fascinating. Thank you
Isn't it a cool time when it's possible to have seen one of the highlights of a Royal Institution lecture (the plasma toroid) in some other science youtuber videos before it was showcased there?
When they started playing music with the Tesla coil, I immediately thought in my head what the scene would look like if Nikola Tesla was sitting there for the demonstration. I imagine he would be sitting there with an embarrassed/modest smile on his face, probably shaking his head just a little bit at the demonstration. This talk speaks about quite a few very interesting, and very informational things about electrical influence while also talking about the magnetic part of the equations. I love, and sometimes miss, my good old school days. The days where a teacher of a subject, biology for example, would do a presentation for us in the classroom, complete with various props, models, samples, etc. All we would have to do is pay attention and afterwards we'd answer 10 or 20 questions to prove we were paying attention. It was an easy, and often entertaining day for us. Damn I miss those days! I hate being old!!!!
if nasa had shown you the same demonstration you would say its all lies of magic and voodoo ..funny thing i just now heard the speaker say this demo is not well known proving he is a great big liar fooling you into believing all this info is completely new and never before demonstrated as public info as he is suggesting ...when in fact is one of the main attractions of the museum of science and industry of Chicago Illinois for 85 years witness by over 190,000,000 people who have seen the demo with there own eyes ..isnt it nice how history is being constantly changed to protect the guilty who are all liars to the public until the unknowing are dead way before their time , like all that is happening now
Wonderful words closing. I have been fascinated by faraday & maxwell and their interactions including the role the royal institution played throughout that era of discovery. This embodied so much of the lectures and demonstrations I've read about that blew the minds of those who witnessed them so long ago. Really great all around.
An excellent progression through voltage and time periods. Keep in mind that the LAST thing Dr. Tesla would have ever thought about using the Tesla Coil for is creating music.! He did use plasma lighting as shown in the spherical demonstrations in the 1891 HPHF lectures; and predict that it would in the future be optimized and miniaturized chemically to work at very low voltages, which is what is now developed & implemented as LED lighting which indeed obsoleted the plasma vacuum of the fluorescent tube which he brought forth back then..
LEDs don't emit light because of plasma. They are "Solid state" devices. (i.e. semiconductors not vacuum tubes) Tesla didn't invent the use of phosphorus coated rarefied gas tubes for lighting, but he invented powering the tubes "wirelessly" using a nearby Tesla coil.
55:55 That's what filming a CRT TV image looked like. 58:43 The toroid wiggles like water in a just put-down bucket. Will it settle down after time like the water? 1:06:35 I wonder, did Mr Tesla know this, and did he somehow play music?
It was a great show. The plasma toroid is a fairly new high voltage demo and getting one up and running takes some work. One minor quibble. The one milion volts on the Tesla coil is most certainly inaccurate. Tesla coils act in a pulse mode as he mentions. During the on cycle there are lots of positive and negative voltage swings. The first swing ionizes a short channel of air. The next swing uses that already ionized channel to go a bit longer. Over the course of the pulse there are a lot of these swings, each extending the spark channel length. So the final spark is much longer than a single spark. I'd guess based on the size of the coil that the actual voltage is nearer to a 100kV. Still an impressive volatge. Cheers.
I would like to present to you another electrical device: - The device consists of two capacitors: C1 and C2. - Each capacitor has two plates. In C1, these are named C1-1 and C1-2, while in C2, they are C2-1 and C2-2. - C1-2 and C2-2 act as electrets and are electrically isolated from the rest of the circuit. - C1-2 presents a positive voltage field to C1-1, and C2-2 presents a negative voltage field to C2-1. - To rearrange the plates, C1-2 and C2-2 are mounted on a rotor, allowing them to be exchanged from side to side - C1-1 and C2-1 are electrically connected through a load of arbitrary resistance and are mounted as stators in the system - When the rotor is at 0 degrees rotation, the capacitor plates are as close to each other as possible, when the rotor is at 90 degrees rotation the capacitor plates on the rotor are equidistant to the capacitor plates on the stator - the rotor plates are charged and then electrically isolated to act as electrets during opperation - the stator plates are charges and discharges passively based on which rotor plate they are nearest to If I start with 100 joules of energy and I rotate the rotor to 90 degrees using that energy and I lose 5 joules to friction, then I can store 95 joules of energy as potential energy and electrical potential energy between the rotor and the capacitor plates. Since the energy is being stored as electrical potential energy, a current will flow through the load until the charges on plates C1-1 and C2-1 are equal, the electrical potential energy stored will be equal to the potential energy we stored in the rotor 95 joules. Once the charges on C1-1 and C2-1 are equal, the system is at it's point of highest energy and the rotor is resting in at unstable balance point, tipping the rotor to 91 degrees causes the charges to rebalance to reflect the change in the exposed voltage field. Now C2-1 starts to accumulate the opposite charge as C1-2 and C1-1 starts accumulate the opposite charge as C2-2. This causes electrostatic attraction to increase between the plates and to torque the plate forward towards 180 degrees rotation. This effect releases the potential energy that we initially stored on the rotor. When we stored the energy, we said we lost 5 joules to friction, so we're going to lose 5 joules to friction again when we release the potential energy, meaning we will get 90 joules of potential energy back as kinetic energy once we complete 180 degrees in rotation. At the same time, while we are releasing the potential energy, the magnitude of charge on C1-1 and C2-2 is increasing to reflect the new geometry of teh system. 95 joules of electrical energy will have to flow from C1-1 to C2-1 again in order to release the stored potential energy. So all in all, in this case with the energy values presented: - You will store and release potential energy on the rotor to complete a 180 degree rotation - You will store and release 100 joules of energy with a 10% loss on retrieval - You will cause 190 joules of energy to flow from C1-1 to C2-1 in order to store and release this potential energy
Right around 23:00, lovely, cyclic induction through rotation. Kinetic relationships, according to mass? 😊.. or charged orbiting energies?.. with stability issues according to state?
The problem is that humidity is the bane of static electricity demonstrations, and London in the summer is normally quite humid, add to that a room full of people exhaling water vapour and you have seen the result, it's not something he can control.
Convinced me far more than any PowerPoint show would have. Simple equipment which I could relate to, steel plates, copper, foil and realistic experiments which didn’t always quite work out - but I could still understand the ideas behind it.
This looked cool but I'm having major difficulty following his explanations! Sometimes he mixes things up or the experiment isn't working for him so there isn't a clear cause and effect. He also explains the paths of the charges without enough context. Oh well, it looked neat but unfortunately I think he just confused me more than I already was.
Exactly my thought, although I am only at half time. But I don't expect it to get better. The waving with the two polarity checkers (red and blue LED) makes me spin trying to get it. I started to read the comments, and I thought they were written for another video. It seems to me, hearing the reaction at the exploding house ( 30:40 ), that there's a high satisfaction at the visual effects, and that people vote for the excitement more than the physics.
experiments can be 100% accurate all the time specially with electricity. he tried his best and maybe this wasnt for beginners he just demonstrated how theory works. if u dont have prior knowledge to what he is doing, it will be confusing.
Ok. Fair enough. High voltage is a lot like the weather. Many things are not in good control. Air humidity just to name one. Many others, experiments do not always work out as foreseen. But you must admit the lecturer covered many things and did many demo's in only an hour.There's no way he could be more complete or maybe more accurate for this lecture.
Maybe the FPS of the cameras? With the naked eye may not see that, kindof like how helicopter blades make a trick on the eye, or when you used to video record an old cathode ray television with and old camera it would look strange.
As my physics teacher said (about show experiments): If it moves it's biology, if there's an reaction it's chemistry and if nothing happens it's physics! 😂 Very good show, I liked it really much. Thank you!
51:50 You are not seeing electrons, but rather ions. The so-called "vacuum" is just a *partial vacuum* with high voltage AC jumping over a greater distance with the aid of ionized gas molecules. This arc probably gets started randomly from ionizing high energy radiation particles passing through the chamber. [The point is that low pressure gas does not block an arc as easily as does high pressure gas.]
I made a tesla coil a many years ago and it put out streamers ( sparks/lightning bolts) that could reach out to 12-14 feet, so basiclly it was developing 3-4 million volts.... see my icon pic for the coil, the top of it was 9.75 feet from the ground and the spark in that picture hit the ground in a wide arc
Outstanding demonstration!! Names like Tesla and Faraday are all but lost among the masses today. We owe our lavish, and by comparison, lazy life styles to people like Tesla, Faraday, Newton, Hughes, and many others whom often suffered from mental illness. I often wonder what names will be remembered in the next century, and how much peoples lives will change by then. Awesome lecture.... Thanks!
Looks like there's gonna be lots of demonstrations with this one. That's always a hit for the kids - which is important for getting them excited about science and learning. Thanks David, thanks RI.
Great video, but parts of it weren't clear. E.g., @2:00 - why does "friction" remove electrons? Do the electrons from both atoms touch each other? No, that's not possible. Electrons are either point particles or clouds. Either way, nothing "touches." Even wikipedia doesn't explain why it works, it says, "Rubbing two materials against each other can lead to charge transfer, either electrons or ions." That's obvious, but what force causes electrons to leave one object for another? That's what's mysterious to me. Until I know that, I can't really appreciate all that follows.
whimshurst is simply a series of electroporuses(electropori), from the law 'when you reduce the capacitance of a charged capacitor, the voltage will increase proportionally.' exciting stuff!
I don't know if anyone noticed, with the "house experiment" around 30:30 when the spark is jumping to the house, you can see a bit of EM force moving a wire on the bottom left side of the house 😁 Wonderful presentation! Thank you kindly :)
Reminds me of visits to Pittsburgh's Buhl Planetarium in the 1960s, where I first saw a large Tesla Coil in action. Also at Buhl (mid 1970s), experienced my first Laser light shows. After that, it was Physics & Electronics for me. Fun stuff!
34:06 *Laughs in Drummer* 36:35 He had it for a few measures. I love these seminars even as an adult. It makes me feel like there is still wonder in the world to be found.
Remember:the water in the air goes through ,4 Changes One being energy,this is the foundation of youth,that and keep a big Magnet field,the greater the strength,and long life , ground to air, blue Flame 🎉 he's Great
The First [in recorded history] Structured Water Device ? The Copper gave it away, almost immediately after he mentioned "the coppers only for looks". I'm sure we can all think of something else that Copper is Real Good 4. Let's "Jump" ahead to the Star-Ship Coils section for further observation.
Gotta fix those sensors. Static electricity just doesn't want to hang around, and I'm afraid flashy lights don't really impress me like a calibrated static meter reading would.
I believed in static electricity until I saw this video! And I suppose it is necessary to have musical Tesla Coils to keep an audience awake. Bad luck about the humidity, maybe this should be re-recorded on a dry summers day.
Very nice demo! The atmosphere was too "wet" in the room for the static demos work well. One thing I still don't have clear in my mind is why the tesla coil spark doesn't jump directly through the shortest path to the bottom of the apparatus.
I think the distance from the top hat capacitor to the grounded Faraday cage was shorter than the distance to the base of the coil - so the discharge took the path of lowest resistance.
Actually, that’s the deceptive part about the coils. while it looks like a single long arc. It’s not. The discharge occurs over multiple cycles. The initial breakdown starts a plasma channel, the next “break’ moves it a bit more, and the next, and so on. You should have noticed that they put a breakout point on the toroid pointing at the cage (which if you look at the bottom you will see is connected to the ground of the TC). That forced the discharge to occur at that point - it’s more fun to let it build up before discharging, but you never know which way it is going to go. The coils in this demo use solid state components to do the switching - a relatively new (as in the last 15 years or so since IGBT devices started handling the massive currents involved) - before that Tesla used a spark gap - which happens to be the same thing I used in my coil. I managed to get 2 meter streamers out of mine- but I doubt it was more than 700KV or so. I have pictures somewhere showing the ‘banjo’ effect where the heat of the plasma causes the discharge to rise - on a long exposure you can clearly see that it’s multiple discharges rising “slowly” for values of slow.
I'm just in the process of doing some building work here in lightning-rich thailand and I have some 2 meter copper clad rods with Faraday spikes on the top to install at over roof height, in my design I am using a complete connected metal frame in rebar/cement called a UFER GROUND, this ensures the best low impedance earth path and a good lightning path, part of essential building design often overlooked in the tropics where you can get hundreds of strokes per minute at times in monsoon weather and very poor system grounds as well.
48:3648:3948:4148:5249:4350:08 there it itin the grand gallery into the kings chamb 51:05 sealed the queens chamber is the door but don’t open the gate if we have crossed the surface of the black hole
Just FYI, especially if you have kids If your microwave has a front window of the type seen here and it breaks down, you can place the window around 15 mm to 25 mm above a normal mirror and create an infinity picture displaying multiple reflected images of any single item you choose to place between the two. Cool project for kids during the school holidays.
![BOWKYLION - วิงวอน (ex-change) [Official MV]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/cLdnZWDaO-w/mqdefault.jpg)
Just caught this, my dad apprenticed under his father was also an electrician. He's a Glaswegian Scot, who educated himself up as an Electrical Engineer, who went on to become a lecturer in Physics and Mathematics and is my inspiration as well as my hero. Thankyou so much for giving me some warm and fuzzy niceness in reverie
Never known a Glaswegian not to be a Scot but hey.
A wonderful lecture, I don't think ive seen a live lecture with anywhere near as many complex demonstrations in one go; pulling them all off is extremely impressive.
Thanks for comment. Greatly appreciated the support!
Like an Andrew Szydlo lecture but with electricity. And not as frenetic.😊
The fact he got each one to work as well as he did is amazing.
@@davidricketts7975 those vacuum seals though, you maybe need some softer gaskets under that jar. Excellent demonstrations!
@davidricketts7975 hey Dave! The song you chose for the "duet" was perfect.
I'd just like to thank you for sharing your gift with the world, and more precisely, a very undereducated person like me. (Although, a bit less after this demonstration) Thanks.
~Dom.
Wow that's the most amazing lecture I've ever seen. I'm an electrical engineer working in power electronics. I wonder how many young people were inspired into a new career path from that? If so welcome and enjoy it.
1:40 1:40 1:40 1:40 😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢😢
It is only amazing if you ALREADY understand electrostatic theory- I couldn’t stick around for the whole video because it Sucks and he obviously didn’t rehearse to be sure the visual demonstrations would be successful. Huge fail imo.
Really? The most amazing you've ever seen?
@@soburnedout dont be so rude the ambient air humidity was high in London at that time, so think about it. He did better than you could do I am sure...
What is your job
What a show! The plasma toroid was the most extraordinary thing. I'm flabbergasted.
Thank you for writing out the name. I was really struggling to find it by description. I seen your comment and did a search using the name you provided and now I am able to learn a lot more about that affect. It is super cool.
@@TheRadioAteMyTVHe said the name, you could have enabled captions too.
@@Splarkszter I couldn't understand what he said well enough to spell it it turns out. There were no captions available where I watched it, so andy's post was a real life and time saver. I am grateful.
The tea candle probably doesn't work well because they have metal plate holding the wick.
Try a birthday candle.
And yet it makes perfect sense. Plasma is conductive. If you can get it in a ring, it becomes a secondary of a transformer, and thus self heating due to induced current. I've never seen it, but as soon as i did, i was "kewl, the ionized plasma is a coil."
Great presentation. Thanks for allowing us to follow your demonstration! Love seeing things taken out of their museum cases and made to work again. I really feel this.
"it's a precious antique"
*BLOWS IT UP*
man I love science
I normally listen to these to learn and fall asleep to and keep coming back until it’s done over a couple of nights. However, this was fantastic and I couldn’t stop watching. Absolutely amazing and by far one of my most favourite lectures in a long time, if not of all time. ❤️
Haha. Just had that very same experience.
Likewise
i was watching another prof before this explaining Einstein equation and fell asleep. Woke up again when this is testing electricity. Tbh, I still have no idea what went on behind. The plasma and music are cool so what can we expect from these? im wondering if modern kids are still interested in science when the focus these days are on $, which is easier and cooler streaming short clips on tik tok, vs boomers who got involved bcoz they were motivated to improve lives and getting out of wars.
A couple of my grade school teachers would do demonstrations similar to some of these. I also had an incredibly good lecture in a chemistry class about why the scientific method was so important that I still remember today, over a decade later.
That combined with a bunch of visits to science museums and presentations ended up making me get into a science related field.
I'm really glad there are people like him keeping the art of demonstration alive!! There's absolutely no better way to learn anything, imo, than actually being able to see the process and effect in person.
As an electrician, I went to a house where lightning hit the TV antenna. It blew a hole in the tile roof. The TV coax had NO copper in it. Power points were blown off walls. 240 volt cables had NO copper in them. Just plastic spagetti.
My boss went home to get lunch just after a thunderstorm had been thru. Lightning had gone down his chimney, messed up his fireplace and hit his entertainment center. He said he was glad not to have been there, there was a lot of shrapnel.
I mainly do theoretical physics, but this demonstration - filled presentation was exceptional. Good reminder that physics actually "works"! 👍
Works, until you get to Quantum, then it gets weird.
@@smegheadGOAT Honestly, it gets weird at any large scales or density or temperatures or extreme curvature. But that's what makes it an interesting exploration that not ever ever gets boring.
That's a cool field to be in. It's unusual for me to run into a physicist in the wild, i always think it's a title reserved for neil degrasse Tyson or bill nye type people lol
@@ctdieselnut neither of those two are proper scientists :) I like both, but they are science communicators.
It's Christmas every day with RI lectures, very nostalgic even though they are current.
Thank-you. It's great to see some of the original equipment being used in demonstrations. Much appreciated! 🙂👍
I used to go to a good number of demonstrations similar to this, and of other sciences when I was young (90's, NYC, USA) and I always loved them. Found this channel a couple years ago, and just love watching these. I can't wait until I can bring my kid to some similar events, just a couple more years. Thanks for the fun demo!
Royal Institution, I wish you’d tested the mic and audio before the lecture-his mic is so active that sounds like it was placed up the speaker’s nose.
Thank you very much professor David Ricketts
Ricketts, fixed it for ya 😊
@@whirledpeas3477 I am so dyslexic. thank you
@@JamesGittins-d6n I see what you did there 😉
What a stunning - dare I say, electric! - lecture this has been! I've enjoyed it all, and not gotten a thing done I'd planned to do while it was playing, LOL! Thank you, RI, for all you do!
i like him, my teacher had no clue about this stuff..
This is the kind of content TH-cam was made for. How cool!
I absolutely love these lectures.. and just because of Internet we can see these videos from home.
Once Dr Jagadish Chandra Bose showed experiments there.. and Michelle Faraday and Nicola Tesla. I wish if I could watch them all..
I wish in near future, we will have the proper Generative AI technology so that Royal Institution can generate animation videos out of the trincripts of those old lectures.. it would be so damn cool..
Lots of love from India. ❤
I am nearly 70years and this has shown me some of things that I have read about and studied as I worked in very high voltage and current and plasma was all ways problem and the smell of ozone always brings back the lab memories of years ago
I didn't catch it, if it was there [buried in the tons of information shared], but fluorescent tubes are plasma devices.
Research/theoretical/etc. Scientists truly deserve everything and all the support. The fact that they don't get it, and are often spitefully denied, yet still devote their lives and take the time to inform us all just proves all the more that they truly are the best of us.
The Royal Institution keeps on rocking! Two centuries and still strong. Thank you.
Is this the "how not to do a demo" demo? If so it was a complete success. (-:
Superb. - why the place isn't packed is baffling. The historical continuity (so many legendary scientists have lectured in this room) and the power of science to amaze and inspire makes the RI lecture series something everyone should be very proud of.
Maybe depends on time of day. Could be a lot of potential attendees were busy with work or school when this took place.
Always a treat. The RI never disappoints.
It is amazing that he got this many experiments working as well as they did.
I've seen grapes used to induce plasma in a microwave. 😊Put a grape on a plate and place a glass over the top. Switch on microwave. The glass keeps the plasma contained. It was a while ago, so please forgive me if I've forgotten something.
Ok? Bro, I induce plasma with an arc hotter than the surface of the sun every time I tig weld.
@@AdamWest-qp3yp In a microwave? Wow!
@@LMde20 sure a microwave has metal I can weld. and yes I can take a beaker right now and make grape plasma in a microwave, it’s called hit start
@@AdamWest-qp3yp Look, I was making comment on the fact that their way of inducing plasma in the microwave appeared a little fiddly for them. And maybe they hadn't seen, or thought of, the simple grape. I'm happy for you that you can weld and seem to know more about plasma than most. But, your comments are coming across as condescending and off the subject I was discussing. I'm not here to argue with you, that's all.
@@AdamWest-qp3ypwow, you’re so cool
from start to end, chills down my spine. what a great lecture, must be cherished, must be shared.
Wonderful! I must confess though, when the demo started for the Tesla coil in the Faraday cage, I couldn't stop thinking, "Make it say 'Exterminate! Exterminate!' " Would've been the most remembered lecturer at RI since Dr. Who.
In Faraday's first experimental demonstration (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal transformer).[citation needed] Based on his understanding of electromagnets, he expected that, when current started to flow in one wire, a sort of wave would travel through the ring and cause some electrical effect on the opposite side. He plugged one wire into a galvanometer, and watched it as he connected the other wire to a battery. He saw a transient current, which he called a "wave of electricity", when he connected the wire to the battery and another when he disconnected it.[7] This induction was due to the change in magnetic flux that occurred when the battery was connected and disconnected.[2] Within two months, Faraday found several other manifestations of electromagnetic induction. For example, he saw transient currents when he quickly slid a bar magnet in and out of a coil of wires, and he generated a steady (DC) current by rotating a copper disk near the bar magnet with a sliding electrical lead ("Faraday's disk").[8]
Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force. However, scientists at the time widely rejected his theoretical ideas, mainly because they were not formulated mathematically.[9] An exception was James Clerk Maxwell, who used Faraday's ideas as the basis of his quantitative electromagnetic theory.[9][10][11] In Maxwell's model, the time varying aspect of electromagnetic induction is expressed as a differential equation, which Oliver Heaviside referred to as Faraday's law even though it is slightly different from Faraday's original formulation and does not describe motional emf. Heaviside's version (see Maxwell-Faraday equation below) is the form recognized today in the group of equations known as Maxwell's equations.
In 1834 Heinrich Lenz formulated the law named after him to describe the "flux through the circuit". Lenz's law gives the direction of the induced emf and current resulting from electromagnetic induction.
Fun fact: When Faraday demonstrated electricity to parliament, he was asked, "What good is it?"
Faraday answered, "I don't know, but within a generation, you will be taxing it."
@@friendlyone2706boy ain't that the truth.
Thanks
@@friendlyone2706 🤣👍YEEOWZA
The pioneers that have been in that lecture theatre is amazing, must be a great buzz to be involved in that.
Their audio engineer setting up the mic so that you can hear EVERY breath he takes is insane.
These videos are very poorly produced, but they have good info
Very impressive lecture and demonstration. I have one correction though. The Tesla coil demo was not 1,000,000 volts. It was perhaps 200,000 to 300,000 volts. Tesla coils work by discharging many times per second. Each discharge creates a plasma trail. The next discharge follows the previous plasma trail. The path thus continues to grow until the power supplied is exceeded. This is what allows a Tesla coil discharge to be many times the length predicted from a simple air breakdown calculation.
Aircraft fly through storms and make contact with lightning strikes.
The fuselage or metal skin of an aircraft is acting as a Faraday cage.
Passengers and crew are safe during lightning strikes because of this
Amazing, beautiful, splendid.
Thank you all involved in making this happen.
I have to say i nearly switched this off with the charge blue and red sensors not working here and there, but like a good film with a twist i was hooked after a while. Good show and fascinating. Thank you
Isn't it a cool time when it's possible to have seen one of the highlights of a Royal Institution lecture (the plasma toroid) in some other science youtuber videos before it was showcased there?
I'm sure Prof Ricketts is a very nice person, but if I met him there's no way I'm shaking hands with him ;)
He is, but not as shocking in person.😊
He's never going let you down, never going to run around and hurt you. You've been Ricketts Rolled.
Ricketts electrifying. Sparks might fly ...
When they started playing music with the Tesla coil, I immediately thought in my head what the scene would look like if Nikola Tesla was sitting there for the demonstration. I imagine he would be sitting there with an embarrassed/modest smile on his face, probably shaking his head just a little bit at the demonstration. This talk speaks about quite a few very interesting, and very informational things about electrical influence while also talking about the magnetic part of the equations. I love, and sometimes miss, my good old school days. The days where a teacher of a subject, biology for example, would do a presentation for us in the classroom, complete with various props, models, samples, etc. All we would have to do is pay attention and afterwards we'd answer 10 or 20 questions to prove we were paying attention. It was an easy, and often entertaining day for us. Damn I miss those days! I hate being old!!!!
Tesla gave his lecture at the RI right there 130 years ago.
if nasa had shown you the same demonstration you would say its all lies of magic and voodoo ..funny thing i just now heard the speaker say this demo is not well known proving he is a great big liar fooling you into believing all this info is completely new and never before demonstrated as public info as he is suggesting ...when in fact is one of the main attractions of the museum of science and industry of Chicago Illinois for 85 years witness by over 190,000,000 people who have seen the demo with there own eyes ..isnt it nice how history is being constantly changed to protect the guilty who are all liars to the public until the unknowing are dead way before their time , like all that is happening now
Have them crank up the thermostat to warm up the room. This’ll lower the RELATIVE humidity, and sparks should behave as expected.
Wonderful words closing. I have been fascinated by faraday & maxwell and their interactions including the role the royal institution played throughout that era of discovery. This embodied so much of the lectures and demonstrations I've read about that blew the minds of those who witnessed them so long ago. Really great all around.
An excellent progression through voltage and time periods.
Keep in mind that the LAST thing Dr. Tesla would have ever thought about using the Tesla Coil for is creating music.!
He did use plasma lighting as shown in the spherical demonstrations in the 1891 HPHF lectures; and predict that it would in the future be optimized and miniaturized chemically to work at very low voltages, which is what is now developed & implemented as LED lighting which indeed obsoleted the plasma vacuum of the fluorescent tube which he brought forth back then..
LEDs don't emit light because of plasma. They are "Solid state" devices. (i.e. semiconductors not vacuum tubes)
Tesla didn't invent the use of phosphorus coated rarefied gas tubes for lighting, but he invented powering the tubes "wirelessly" using a nearby Tesla coil.
55:55 That's what filming a CRT TV image looked like.
58:43 The toroid wiggles like water in a just put-down bucket. Will it settle down after time like the water?
1:06:35 I wonder, did Mr Tesla know this, and did he somehow play music?
I don't believe that pulse width modulation was invented until after Tesla died.
It was a great show. The plasma toroid is a fairly new high voltage demo and getting one up and running takes some work.
One minor quibble. The one milion volts on the Tesla coil is most certainly inaccurate. Tesla coils act in a pulse mode as he mentions.
During the on cycle there are lots of positive and negative voltage swings. The first swing ionizes a short channel of air. The next
swing uses that already ionized channel to go a bit longer. Over the course of the pulse there are a lot of these swings, each extending the
spark channel length. So the final spark is much longer than a single spark. I'd guess based on the size of the coil that the actual voltage is
nearer to a 100kV. Still an impressive volatge.
Cheers.
pyroelectric generators was new to me till today followed by this presentation to reinforce the concept basics as a bonus
I would like to present to you another electrical device:
- The device consists of two capacitors: C1 and C2.
- Each capacitor has two plates. In C1, these are named C1-1 and C1-2, while in C2, they are C2-1 and C2-2.
- C1-2 and C2-2 act as electrets and are electrically isolated from the rest of the circuit.
- C1-2 presents a positive voltage field to C1-1, and C2-2 presents a negative voltage field to C2-1.
- To rearrange the plates, C1-2 and C2-2 are mounted on a rotor, allowing them to be exchanged from side to side
- C1-1 and C2-1 are electrically connected through a load of arbitrary resistance and are mounted as stators in the system
- When the rotor is at 0 degrees rotation, the capacitor plates are as close to each other as possible, when the rotor is at 90 degrees rotation the capacitor plates on the rotor are equidistant to the capacitor plates on the stator
- the rotor plates are charged and then electrically isolated to act as electrets during opperation
- the stator plates are charges and discharges passively based on which rotor plate they are nearest to
If I start with 100 joules of energy and I rotate the rotor to 90 degrees using that energy and I lose 5 joules to friction, then I can store 95 joules of energy as potential energy and electrical potential energy between the rotor and the capacitor plates. Since the energy is being stored as electrical potential energy, a current will flow through the load until the charges on plates C1-1 and C2-1 are equal, the electrical potential energy stored will be equal to the potential energy we stored in the rotor 95 joules. Once the charges on C1-1 and C2-1 are equal, the system is at it's point of highest energy and the rotor is resting in at unstable balance point, tipping the rotor to 91 degrees causes the charges to rebalance to reflect the change in the exposed voltage field. Now C2-1 starts to accumulate the opposite charge as C1-2 and C1-1 starts accumulate the opposite charge as C2-2. This causes electrostatic attraction to increase between the plates and to torque the plate forward towards 180 degrees rotation.
This effect releases the potential energy that we initially stored on the rotor. When we stored the energy, we said we lost 5 joules to friction, so we're going to lose 5 joules to friction again when we release the potential energy, meaning we will get 90 joules of potential energy back as kinetic energy once we complete 180 degrees in rotation. At the same time, while we are releasing the potential energy, the magnitude of charge on C1-1 and C2-2 is increasing to reflect the new geometry of teh system. 95 joules of electrical energy will have to flow from C1-1 to C2-1 again in order to release the stored potential energy.
So all in all, in this case with the energy values presented:
- You will store and release potential energy on the rotor to complete a 180 degree rotation
- You will store and release 100 joules of energy with a 10% loss on retrieval
- You will cause 190 joules of energy to flow from C1-1 to C2-1 in order to store and release this potential energy
Right around 23:00, lovely, cyclic induction through rotation. Kinetic relationships, according to mass? 😊.. or charged orbiting energies?.. with stability issues according to state?
Should test the demonstration a bit better in-situ. :) Otherwise it's not convincing anyone, the wands were pressed all over the place to reset etc.
The problem is that humidity is the bane of static electricity demonstrations, and London in the summer is normally quite humid, add to that a room full of people exhaling water vapour and you have seen the result, it's not something he can control.
@@steve1 That's true indeed, but maybe in that case you could think of different experiments that are not depended on the weather?
I would say he definitely still succeeded in conveying every bit of information, even with the handicap of sensitive sensors.
Convinced me far more than any PowerPoint show would have. Simple equipment which I could relate to, steel plates, copper, foil and realistic experiments which didn’t always quite work out - but I could still understand the ideas behind it.
This is why nobody invites you to parties 😃
Wow, this lecture was a high stress deal for that man...
This looked cool but I'm having major difficulty following his explanations! Sometimes he mixes things up or the experiment isn't working for him so there isn't a clear cause and effect. He also explains the paths of the charges without enough context. Oh well, it looked neat but unfortunately I think he just confused me more than I already was.
Exactly my thought, although I am only at half time. But I don't expect it to get better. The waving with the two polarity checkers (red and blue LED) makes me spin trying to get it. I started to read the comments, and I thought they were written for another video. It seems to me, hearing the reaction at the exploding house ( 30:40 ), that there's a high satisfaction at the visual effects, and that people vote for the excitement more than the physics.
Yeah, with all due respect, this is perfect fuel for the science skeptics.
experiments can be 100% accurate all the time specially with electricity. he tried his best and maybe this wasnt for beginners he just demonstrated how theory works. if u dont have prior knowledge to what he is doing, it will be confusing.
Yep, now how is electicity induced ? He had rub the rod with friction first to create the charge. I don't follow this guy
Ok. Fair enough. High voltage is a lot like the weather. Many things are not in good control. Air humidity just to name one. Many others, experiments do not always work out as foreseen. But you must admit the lecturer covered many things and did many demo's in only an hour.There's no way he could be more complete or maybe more accurate for this lecture.
at 00:59:55 the "line of plasma" shown in slow motion forms a kind of "dots" (wow :-)) ). How this behaviour is created ?
Maybe the FPS of the cameras? With the naked eye may not see that, kindof like how helicopter blades make a trick on the eye, or when you used to video record an old cathode ray television with and old camera it would look strange.
I have never in my life seen a talk where the visuals just refused to cooperate in such a bad way
Not dry enough in the room, guest were comfy, low voltage experiments not so much.
High humidity is bad for static electricity. Too low of humidity causes static electricity to go wild
As my physics teacher said (about show experiments): If it moves it's biology, if there's an reaction it's chemistry and if nothing happens it's physics! 😂
Very good show, I liked it really much. Thank you!
@@Christian-lh7uxis the birds moving during the wimshurst demo biology then?
@@juggerswood that's right! 😜
Finally, physics for toddlers. Thank you 😊
Receiving multiple mild shocks while demonstrate static charge on a damp day is dedication.
51:50 You are not seeing electrons, but rather ions. The so-called "vacuum" is just a *partial vacuum* with high voltage AC jumping over a greater distance with the aid of ionized gas molecules. This arc probably gets started randomly from ionizing high energy radiation particles passing through the chamber.
[The point is that low pressure gas does not block an arc as easily as does high pressure gas.]
Muito obrigado pela ótima aula!
E um Feliz Ano Novo 🎉🎉🎉
I made a tesla coil a many years ago and it put out streamers ( sparks/lightning bolts) that could reach out to 12-14 feet, so basiclly it was developing 3-4 million volts.... see my icon pic for the coil, the top of it was 9.75 feet from the ground and the spark in that picture hit the ground in a wide arc
Outstanding demonstration!! Names like Tesla and Faraday are all but lost among the masses today. We owe our lavish, and by comparison, lazy life styles to people like Tesla, Faraday, Newton, Hughes, and many others whom often suffered from mental illness. I often wonder what names will be remembered in the next century, and how much peoples lives will change by then. Awesome lecture.... Thanks!
I've found that a crinkle cut pickle works better than a grape. It gives off a purple light.
Looks like there's gonna be lots of demonstrations with this one. That's always a hit for the kids - which is important for getting them excited about science and learning.
Thanks David, thanks RI.
Absolutely fabulous: Thank you. Greetings from Poland.
the brilliant flow of demonstrations is chronologically thorough, however, this presentation still needs more quality assurance.
Yep, needs a layer of polish.
Info graphic about the weather, relative humidity and pollen count on the day of this lecture would be helpful.
yea and all the people in the room exhaling moisture couldn't be helping either
Great video, but parts of it weren't clear. E.g., @2:00 - why does "friction" remove electrons? Do the electrons from both atoms touch each other? No, that's not possible. Electrons are either point particles or clouds. Either way, nothing "touches." Even wikipedia doesn't explain why it works, it says, "Rubbing two materials against each other can lead to charge transfer, either electrons or ions." That's obvious, but what force causes electrons to leave one object for another? That's what's mysterious to me. Until I know that, I can't really appreciate all that follows.
whimshurst is simply a series of electroporuses(electropori), from the law 'when you reduce the capacitance of a charged capacitor, the voltage will increase proportionally.' exciting stuff!
I love R.I. lectures !❤
I am a fan from Canada😊
Thank you
AC/DC’s Thunderstruck nailed it. Amazing idea for the Tesla coil duet. 😁🙌🏻
I saw this Faraday demo of the Skin principle demonstrated about 25 yrs ago at the New England Museum of Science. Way cool!
The coil is called "Rühmkorff" (rhyme-corf) after Heinrich Rühmkorff who invented it.
I don't know if anyone noticed, with the "house experiment" around 30:30 when the spark is jumping to the house, you can see a bit of EM force moving a wire on the bottom left side of the house 😁
Wonderful presentation! Thank you kindly :)
Arguably one of the best lectures on this channel! Powerpoint slides can never beat actual practical demos seen before your very eyes!
Marvelous scientific demonstration thank you so much for shearing your big knowledge.
Fantastic in 2023, some of that must have been Mind Blowing in the late 1800's.
Of the best RI presentations!
Our sponsor word for today is "goof"... I'm surprised this guy, being so goof prone, has not wound up in the ER every time he does a demo...
Loved this presentation. Thank you all for this.
Your plasma toroid looked great, David!
Ewwewew!! Just found this YT channel with this vid. LOVE IT! My engineer brain is going to love binging every episode!
i love this video
Reminds me of visits to Pittsburgh's Buhl Planetarium in the 1960s, where I first saw a large Tesla Coil in action. Also at Buhl (mid 1970s), experienced my first Laser light shows. After that, it was Physics & Electronics for me. Fun stuff!
Thanks for adding actual captions for the Deaf
34:06
*Laughs in Drummer*
36:35
He had it for a few measures.
I love these seminars even as an adult. It makes me feel like there is still wonder in the world to be found.
58:35 DAVID IS PONDERING THE ORB 👉🔮👈
The most techno version of "Thunderstruck" I have ever heard! 😍
Remember:the water in the air goes through ,4 Changes
One being energy,this is the foundation of youth,that and keep a big Magnet field,the greater the strength,and long life , ground to air, blue Flame 🎉 he's Great
The First [in recorded history] Structured Water Device ? The Copper gave it away, almost immediately after he mentioned "the coppers only for looks". I'm sure we can all think of something else that Copper is Real Good 4. Let's "Jump" ahead to the Star-Ship Coils section for further observation.
lovely presentation, absolutely lovely. thank you!
Gotta fix those sensors. Static electricity just doesn't want to hang around, and I'm afraid flashy lights don't really impress me like a calibrated static meter reading would.
+1
Really interesting demonstrations
I admire his ability to talk to crowds wile the example presentations keep going awry.
He and Andrew Szydlo are good at that
I believed in static electricity until I saw this video! And I suppose it is necessary to have musical Tesla Coils to keep an audience awake. Bad luck about the humidity, maybe this should be re-recorded on a dry summers day.
Very energetic presentation 👏
30:55 the way the house explodes is excellent demonstration to show how dangerous lightning 🌩️ is
Very nice demo! The atmosphere was too "wet" in the room for the static demos work well. One thing I still don't have clear in my mind is why the tesla coil spark doesn't jump directly through the shortest path to the bottom of the apparatus.
I think the distance from the top hat capacitor to the grounded Faraday cage was shorter than the distance to the base of the coil - so the discharge took the path of lowest resistance.
Actually, that’s the deceptive part about the coils. while it looks like a single long arc. It’s not. The discharge occurs over multiple cycles. The initial breakdown starts a plasma channel, the next “break’ moves it a bit more, and the next, and so on. You should have noticed that they put a breakout point on the toroid pointing at the cage (which if you look at the bottom you will see is connected to the ground of the TC). That forced the discharge to occur at that point - it’s more fun to let it build up before discharging, but you never know which way it is going to go. The coils in this demo use solid state components to do the switching - a relatively new (as in the last 15 years or so since IGBT devices started handling the massive currents involved) - before that Tesla used a spark gap - which happens to be the same thing I used in my coil. I managed to get 2 meter streamers out of mine- but I doubt it was more than 700KV or so. I have pictures somewhere showing the ‘banjo’ effect where the heat of the plasma causes the discharge to rise - on a long exposure you can clearly see that it’s multiple discharges rising “slowly” for values of slow.
I'm just in the process of doing some building work here in lightning-rich thailand and I have some 2 meter copper clad rods with Faraday spikes on the top to install at over roof height, in my design I am using a complete connected metal frame in rebar/cement called a UFER GROUND, this ensures the best low impedance earth path and a good lightning path, part of essential building design often overlooked in the tropics where you can get hundreds of strokes per minute at times in monsoon weather and very poor system grounds as well.
48:36 48:39 48:41 48:52 49:43 50:08 there it itin the grand gallery into the kings chamb 51:05 sealed the queens chamber is the door but don’t open the gate if we have crossed the surface of the black hole
Totally awesome demos and explanations.
“Two men aggressively rub their pipes”
Just FYI, especially if you have kids
If your microwave has a front window of the type seen here and it breaks down, you can place the window around 15 mm to 25 mm above a normal mirror and create an infinity picture displaying multiple reflected images of any single item you choose to place between the two.
Cool project for kids during the school holidays.
Yet another brilliant show from the RI, and what a great lecturer. And playing Thunderstruck by ACDC on Tesla coils was just icing on the cake.
Good choice too ! 🤣
found this last night great video thanks for sharing