As an EE undergrad this is by far the best video introducing and tying together chemistry and electron physics to explain conductors, insulators, and semiconductor properties, I cant wait for the future theory and fabrication videos!
I was completely befuddled by this topic when I studied EE in the 80s. With the advent of TH-cam, the easy availability of this kind of excellent material makes me so jealous of the generation currently learning this.
@@astemet it's on the border. We chemists study this to understand how molecules come together and how they can change. So extremely important for a chemist.
I'm literally crying rn. A free 32-minute video explained what my stupid teachers could not in whole semester. I can't thank enough. please continue this journey. WE NEED YOU
@@jkaryskycooBecause EE teachers are usually horrible at pedagogy and human skills. Many of them, at least most that that I have met in studying and working in 6 different Universities have been brilliant electronics engineers, but almost no teaching skills, or ability to deliver their message at the level of beginning students, who are missing all the required background information for a deep dive explanation using acronyms and industry standard shortcuts/jargon
This was more than just engaging, I actually placed this video into my "absolute gold" playlist! I did not expect to learn what it means for atoms to share electrons in a covalent bond from a video about how semiconductors work with respect to microelectronics. Easily one of my favourite videos watched in the last few months.
I just started reading “The Physics Behind Semiconductor Technology” by Albrecht Winnacker to start understanding semiconductors as a novice and I can tell you that your explanations helped me understand the concepts from the starting chapters a lot more. Specifically the band gaps, the book goes a little over my head when it reaches the calculus for each and every aspect. (need to relearn a lot of math) As a side note I was just shocked when I found out that band movement is where a light photon is absorbed or emitted and that translated to a led or solar cell. Thanks, keep it up, helps a lot!
This is the most useful explanation regarding seminonfucors. As an electronic engineer I had a clue how it works but, this is highly simplified and best explanation ever! 10/10 Great!
You managed to explain to me in just a half hour, what several years of physics and chemistry in school couldn't: how chemical bonds form, how molecules and atoms interact, and why metals conduct electricity while other materials don't. And of course how semiconductors work. I salute you, well done.
Slight nitpick: something tending towards zero in the manner described at 6:52 doesn't always mean the area under the curve will be finite. In this case it works out but that's not technically a guaranteed thing. The only thing you can say is that if it doesn't converge to zero that it won't be finite. Obviously this all is a simplification but maybe a statement about how in this case we know the area is finite instead of saying that we know it's finite because it tends to zero.
My father was professor of electrical and electronics at VJTI in Mumbai. As a child I watched him build radios with vacuum tubes where the grid voltage controlled the current. Transistor was invented in 1947-48. I was born in 48. Today I have a PhD in Mechanical. Recently I completed my first book on Science and Spirituality in Conversations with Pi. While reviewing atoms, liquids present a challenge. Your video and explanation of semiconductors is truly profound and fundamental. Quantum behavior should not be so mysterious. Your explanation transitioned my confusion to comprehension like a semiconductor from insulator to conductor. Many many thanks and as an Indian I bow at your feet in gratitude and fulfillment. 🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼
got my subscription in under a minute... "i'm working an intricate, cross-domain problem and all the existing information on the subject is unapproachable or vague/wrong in critical ways; here's what i actually needed to understand" is deeply relatable and the perspective that (imho) underlies the most engaging and inspiring educational content
Im a chemical physics senior, and this is the best explanation for MOT and explanation of conductivity I've seen (and I've seen many in my studies in both disciplines). Great job!!
@@projectsinflight I think it largely depends on the school you go to. I can confirm, some courses really do just teach you formulas and stuff without explaining them in more detail, unlike what you did here. And honestly, I can kind of see why. Being enthusiastic about your job and what you're doing goes a long way.
@@projectsinflightno cap there, fam. You just regurgitate Griffiths' books (with their respectives solutions manuals) and, bam, you is physicist. 😂😂😂😂 Here in Brazil instead of improving teaching standards and making use of animations and other AV technologies, when the best physics institutes were faced with a ratio of 50 freshmen to ~7 graduates over 4 years, they've just lowered the grading standards... The university ecosystem is dying. Thank heavens for people like you, who are passionate about hard stuff and are also talented and hardworking enough to make explanations of that calibre. Just brilliant
@@projectsinflight I sincerely wish it were. I went to 4 different universities-between my undergrad and graduate education-and, most of my good and bad experiences depended on how much the administrative and departmental staff micromanaged the instructiors on what and how they were allowed to teach. Now, it wasn't my major, but I did take just shy of 50 credit hours of interdependent chemistry and physics during my undergrad. And, until roughly 30(ish) minutes ago, I wouldn't have been able tell anyone how covalent bonds form or why they're so stable. So, from the bottom of my heart, thank you.
This video helps you understand semiconductor physics conceptually, not technically. You still have to learn the math and equations for particular materials, temperatures, etc. Have fun calculating electron mobility, diffusion lengths, intrinsic majority/minority carriers at different doping levels… and the list goes on 😂
This was such a clear explanation! You’ve clearly got deep hands-on knowledge about this stuff - thanks so much for taking the time to share it with such a detailed and entertaining video. The animations were great, too!
Awesome video and great animations! The switch between manim and hand drawn is a bit jarring, but does not subtract from the video quality. A bit of feedback if you want: - the E/r plot could do with constant axis labels - 25:40 the addition of more atoms to go from 1 to 2 to many could have been emphasized in the plot with the addition of more red dots on the x-axis. Would require animating in manim though. - 28:50 nitpicking: only Si has a band gap of ~1eV. Other materials have different band gaps and that makes them really really interesting sometimes. GaN chargers are common now and infrared cameras utilize Ge for example. - 29:40 interesting plot. I'll have to double check that note in the bottom left though ^^ I'll make a new comment for that. DOS plays a role! I think we can ignore the energy thickness of the conduction band though. - 31:20 I don't agree with that wording. The temperature has little to do with it. It's the shift in Fermi Energy that causes the change in conductivity. The relationship between temperature and conductivity is completely orthogonal to that. The later remark about cooling is correct, but the explanation before that is misleading. (e.g. the plot at 21:34 does not fit to the note about kT from the FD Equation. Yes, the kT comes from that, but the IV plot is unrelated to the kT) Overall great video and animation/drawing. Of course I already knew all of that, but having it visualized is awesome. I'm looking forward to the next one!
So I checked the claim of the text at 29:40 and, yeah, no, lol. The concentration of electrons does not rise exponentially with increasing temperature. It's less than exponential. I made some plots and uploaded them to imgur. The album id is /a/tK77lKn I'll add the proper link as a reply to this comment, but TH-cam like to delete comments with links in them, so who knows if it will show up. Fingers crossed, hopefully youtube will not delete this comment again.
@@heisenberg2514 I'm curious what compelled you to write this comment. It's neither critizism nor agreement with my comment, and it doesn't add anything else to the discussion. So why write it? To express your opinion on why I find interesting? Also, two more things: - Before making a judgement on usefulness you should check the salaries of semiconductor physicists/chip designers/clean room engineers. - I'm not trying to flex my knowledge. I *am* flexing my knowledge
@@turun_ambartanen The conductivity most certainly does increase exponentially. It is the basis for the temperature variation of conductivity method of determining the band gap. It is not only electrons that contribute to semiconductor conductivity, but also holes.
This is one of the best - if not the best - explanation of semiconducting I have found . Your description of the splitting of energy levels into molecular bands is excellent, thank you!
I was worried at first that you were spending too much time covering concepts that were not needed for the explanation. But in the end, I was impressed with your explanation. There are things that I would do slightly differently, but overall, I thought you did a very good job of choosing which details to include and which details you could safely ignore. For context, I teach physics and cover this in my analog electronics course. (I have the advantage that my students already understand Quantum Mechanics and electron orbitals, though). As a teacher, I am always looking for new ways to explain things. While I can't use your video directly (I don't have the luxury of ignoring some of the things you can for my audience), I thoroughly enjoyed this video and I think that you are doing a good job with your audience. Keep up the good work.
Great video. You're explaining the things that I couldn't understand in my microelectronics engineering class 25 years ago. This was the fastest I have clicked the subscribe button in a long time. I only wish I could time-travel to when you had the whole series done.
I think this doesn't realise what power he has on his hands. Power of making a toddler's brain that of a genius. You are definitely making proud your parents sir. Bring on the next one ASAP. I'M dying for whole series of this. Never imagined myself being so enthusiast on this topic particularly.❤❤
Wow, what a satisfying explanation. I particularly appreciate how you began with a plasma, gradually introduced two atoms, and then expanded to incorporate numerous atoms, building structure step by step. Outstanding!
Me to building management: “By code microprocessor controlled elevators must be climate controlled” Building Management: “Why” Me: “The Fermi-Dirac Equation of course!” 31:22
I'm undergrad in physics teaching, and this explanation was phenomenal! I have just recently finished my introduction to modern physics classes, and i think you managed to share some very good intuition on the phenomena without being too much bound by the intrinsic maths. Please, keep going!
You are amazing man!! I thought i could never understand this topic in my life but you just prove me wrong. You deserve millions of followers and you will get them soon.
In 1989, I joined a research-team at Philips Research in Eindhoven, Netherlands, where I was assisting a Physics PhD-researcher on LED-lasers, meant for the CD-player and the advent of the DVD-player (researchers in another team conceived our first blue LED-laser then, although bound to a liquid nitrogen enclosure). I then learned about the theory of semi-conductors, but I don't remember that the course was as clear as this video. Since then, I forgot about it, but although I don't technically need this knowledge anymore, my mind craves for it. I have to admit, I'll have to see this video several times before it all comes back to me.
Excelleeeeent!!! I’m a Chem engineer doing a PhD in Bio molecular, and this video was wonderful!! Best introductory video. It should be shown to students before starting to get deeper into details! Can’t wait for future videos.
This is fantastic stuff. I have seen another video that explains fermi levels in semiconductors pretty well, but it started at the existence of bands; it didn't go back to energy levels, covalent bonding, and bonding/antibonding level splitting. This video has really filled in some key stuff for me. (I am a software engineer with a CS major/physics minor from 15 years ago, and a great interest in semiconductors which none of my courses ever quite filled in.) Thanks for the video!
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It's the best video about physics I’ve ever seen. You managed to show the equations in a way that somebody like me, who barely took math’s lessons at high school (and was a mess) can understand.
WAKE UP BABE NEW PROJECTSINFLIGHT VIDEO!!! But seriously, I'm loving this series. It's very beginner-friendly for those who want to get into this hobby or industry so I appreciate your work!
This video was so informative and so engaging. Texts like "no explodey" and "move pls?" cracked me up. Thank you for sharing this valuable explanation to us!
This video is straight up gold!🥇 You gained a Patreon, sir. And from the bottom of my heart: Thank you, sir! You just taught me stuff I have been searching for the understanding of in high school and university. This video truly connects and answers what's the cause for so much of the material taught in chemistry, physics etc. and what we see in the real world. I accidentally yelled out loud when the penny dropped 😅 Would love to see more like this! 😊
Great work. Had to watch it twice for the majority to sink in - no reflection on your efforts. Your animation is pretty good. I used to work with Flash animation in the "days of yore" so know how challenging it is to visualise stuff and then make it move :)
This helps me a LOT with learning chemistry. I started learning about chemical bonds and got to confusing videos about orbitals and spins... adn this is like a breath of fresh air.
Holy crap on a cracker! This is brilliant! There are some great videos out there explaining how semiconductors work, but they've all left me with a frustrating urge to understand the underlaying principles. And the textbook approach has always been out of reach for an armchair physicist like me. You, my dear sir, have my eternal gratitude! That mix of Minute physics and 3 blue 1 brown animation styles really showed the strengths and limitations of each of them. I have no idea how you could improve, but I have no doubt you will. Can't wait to see the next videos!
This is an absolute S tier explanation of not only quantum mechanics, but how and why those mechanics bridge the gap between the atomic and macroscopic levels. When the two protons merging dropped the hill below the ground state I literally let out a vocal "oh my god" completely involuntarily. These kinds of topics are so far reaching in their subject matter, that even when I put serious work into researching and talking with my professors, it's very hard to walk away with an understanding that is holistic. In most situations people only explain the mechanics as they directly relate to the subject matter their teaching. My professor's explanation of semiconductors was more from a classical mechanics perspective since it was an introductory class and he just needed us to understand diodes well enough to put LEDs in our circuits. I can't tell you how much of a relief it is to finally find some explanations that actually answer more questions that they raise. Thank you so much for this video!
Great stuff! As a math-illiterate biologist, it might be nice to have the core point to remember (like at ~25 min) before and after the mathematical explanations, to help track why things are important. Also, I wonder if you and maybe AlphaPhoenix could come up with some fancy hydraulic or mechanic representation for any of these principles!
This is such a concise and eloquent explanation of semiconductor physics! Right now, I'm watching a CalTech lecture series on analog circuit design on TH-cam, and it begins with semiconductor physics. This video really solidified my understanding of the material in the first lectures, and as I continue watching that lecture series, I will use these videos as supplemental material. Thank you so much!
A nice explanation of band theory in laymans terms. I'm a PhD semiconductor physics and in 40 years have not come across such a clear and concise explanation as this. Keep up the good work.
It's a great explanation, I haven't touched MOT for years, and your one video just refreshed a lot of memories !! Keep doing great work ! Content like these prepare the next generation of enthusiasts.
I absolutely loved how you blured the picture to depict that it's fast! Great animation! Finally someone who talks about what does the interaction between atoms/molecules look like, not just "calculating energy". I'm looking forward for the future videos about this topic
This is a seriously good overview of the basic principles behind atomic energy, chemical bonding, and semiconductor physics. This is literally years of education compressed into a 32:41 video … well done!
I am an A-level physics student, and I have to say, you explained the key concepts better than my textbooks! I highly appreciate your dedication into making this video. Keep up the good work ❤
I'm seriously impressed with this video. I'm very science literate, but with relatively little math education and this video did a fantastic job of describing and illustrating the relationships between the objects modelled by the equations. When I took up electronics as a hobby I spent a lot of time looking at plots in semiconductor data sheets and I now recognize the shapes of those plots in the graphs and understand much more what they mean. Your illustrations are clear and your animations to-the-point and non-distracting. Please keep up the work!
Wow! I’m from Italy and I’m studying ee. When I was attending semiconductor physics I was very annoyed because my teacher wasn’t very good explaining these concepts. So I’ve learned most of the things by myself and they are incredibly amazing. Never thought this subject could be so good! But I still had a “hole🤣” on the first part and you explained it perfectly! I think I will be taking notes from this video.. one of the best that I’ve ever seen so far on yt
Material Science and Physics bro here. Very well explained - textbook examples and summary + more! People are so afraid to talk about QM even with Molecular Orbital Theory so this is just a 10/10 by making it understandable
Excellent, I really appreciate these clearer explanations. Many moons ago, I bought a Semiconductor Physics by Szu and never could master it; just too-deep, too-fast. Keep it up! Thanks!
Absolutely amazing video! Can't wait for the next video. I've had a tough time getting a proper intuition of semiconductors since many explanations are either oversimplified or too complicated. But your video(and likely your next video too) are perfect
As somebody in school this and your most recent video have me ready to change my major, and the life changing power of chat-gpt brings prescience to this industry and it’s power to change the world.
I learnt most of these things in my high school classes. Although i understood all of it, i was never able to tie it all together and picture why do semiconductors and transistors work the way they do. The animation was great and the narration, crisp. Keep up the good work and looking forwards to more videos like these!
Nice video, I am waiting for the next one now. A suggestion: don't be scared of adding more technical explanations, and maths details. People may get scared but the explanation will be able to dive deeper in the imagination using harder math.
@projectsinflight This video is a splendid explanation and I haven't seen one that does it quite as clearly and as well as you have. The part that I most appreciated was how you explained how the orbitals have to split when molecules combine and how this causes the band gaps to be formed. Please continue to make these videos and I hope your channel grows because you are doing a great job
Today I have watched 5 hours of semiconductor lectures from my university and at 18:26 everything finally clicked. It was the missing piece that took me from being able to merely copy the equations, to actually understanding them. Sure I have been exposed to far more info than whats available in this video, so there was just a tiny gap left in my knowledge left to fill in, but oh how wonderfull it felt to finally understand the CONDUCTION part of a semiconductor. If I ever meet any students who want to take a course in semiconductors, I will tell them that they MUST watch your videos before the start of the semester. You provide the context that the lectures miss!
this is one of the best explainers i've ever watched about anything. you took an incredibly dense topic and boiled it down extraordinarily succinctly, and now i have a whole new appreciation for semiconductors. thank you so much!
I'm not even finished with this video and I already subscribed. I am not bad with math and physics compared to most people I guess but I'm terrible compared to anyone who focused on either for their college studies. I watch a lot of these videos that actually focus on the math because I'm trying to get better, but it always seems like channels are either focused on people who don't want to bother with the math at all or people who have already studied it for years. So either way I don't usually get a better understanding of things. Your explanations and visualizations are the perfect balance though. Everything is clear and still getting into the details of the equations. Maybe you are just hitting my personal level of understanding by luck but you are definitely right where I need. I truly appreciate this and can't wait to watch more of your channel!
What an amazing video and easy to digest explanation, even if you don't fully understamd everything in it, it gives enough context to fully grasp the topic advertised! Great work, and thanks!
Beautiful explanation, with just enough information to tie a lot of different chemistry and physics concepts together into something that makes sense as a whole. This is the first time bonding energy and the resulting energy bands has really made sense to me. Thank you!
As someone with a BSEE and a chosen career of circuit design I moved to Silicon Valley in the late 1970's and worked on designing EPROM and then EEPROM memory chips, predecessors to what people know as Flash memory today. While quantum mechanics wasn't well understood by normal engineers at the time I think if we'd had media like this to talk about and understand we would have built better chips. Thanks for putting in the effort to do this.
Great explanations. Further beyond any specialized university in the world on quantum mechanics. Encouraging people to understand is the highest donation in education. Congratulations and keep forward. Modestly, thank You. Alex
PLEASE keep making videos like this, i know how hard it is to learn basics or even mid tier stuff of any subject if you don't know what are the topics to know, keep the good work!
this is a very good video on the topic that scares most of the students or even professors, while it takes more lecture hours to deeply get into what is being taught, this 30 mins video was the best intuitive, mathematical and practical it can get for the Semiconductors. Great Work sir!
This video is amazing, really. I remember "learning" about conoducting band theory in my first chemistry class but neither of us really understood it. The way you explained every concept leading to understanding energy bands is amazing, thank you very mucho for that. Great work!
This is absolutely amazing! I have been struggling so hard in my semiconductor physics class and watching this video really helped me grasp alot of the math heavy concepts! Thank you and I cannot wait for more videos on this topic!
oh my, i came here to learn about the peculiar nature of semiconductors. instead i got a full revision on the MOT and how energy band gaps actually work. your video was absolutely amazing to watch , and if you say this was your 1st time animating, it was incredible and added so much to your explanation. please keep making quality videos like these!!!
Dude, I hold a degree in Electronics Engineering and I feel that having seen this video when I was still undergraduate would have saved me a ton of hours of study. This video has clarified a lot of stuff that remained a mystery to me even today. Thank you!
This is one of best video tutorials explaining how material work since I learn the basic stuff 25 years ago since working for high energy physics in London related to CERN project and the OU studies on semiconductor materials. The quantum is very well presented here. Thank you.
Amazing, explanation of some amazing physics. What’s more amazing than the physics? That this was your 1st attempt at animation. Sure it was simple but never less than it had to be. Excited for the rest of the series! Thank you!
Making my own voltage controlled oscillator design for a diy synth project meant learning how to make an exponential converter using transistor properties. Of course it was all black magic to me so rather than copying blindly i played around on a breadboard and tweaked values until things worked. This is the first time i actually have am even basic understanding of what it was that circuit actually does. Absolutely loved the animations and that was the easiest to understand explanation I've seen. Thanks!
This is a great video. I've watched plenty of explanations on youtube and sat through a few lectures in my undergrad and graduate education on semiconductor physics but this is the first time I feel like I actually have a grasp on where the bandgap concept comes from. I am definitely one of those engineers you mention who do not understand the underlying semiconductor physics haha.
Very good. Looking at the comments here a month on shows you hit a homer. The depth is quite good (the more QFT the better) and you do an excellent job on the visuals. Yes, please do more.
Am to poor to support other than the like button. BRAVO ! Very well done !! Am retired but think many could benefit from a watch or two or three of this video. Worked in semi from the mid 70's and cannot tell you how many folks don't understand this. THANK YOU
40+ years EE and this is the first time I understand the actual mechanism behind the "T" in those equations. Palm-on-face! You even explained leakage current as a bonus! I'd give this video 50 thumbs-up if I could! -Matt
Oh my God the Semiconductor class I just took as an EE undergrad makes more sense now. It was really cool seeing the Fermi function and the Shockley Equation appear here. That was nice. And you did mention that you're working on a Fermi Function video. REALLY looking forward to that. It's one of the things that kinda confused me, since a Fermi Function of an intrinsic semiconductor indicating that the probability you can find an electron at that specific energy level being 50% does not intuitively make sense to me. I hope you can also address the confusions I have in that video. Good luck!
I've taken several classes in Quantum Mechanics, including one involving crystal lattices/semiconductors (the "inverse lattice", "Brillouin zones," etc.). Although there is quite a bit more that can be said, this video *truly* gets the main points right.
I appreciate the hard work put into this and taking the time out of your own interests to share your perspective. This is an intuitive description. Looking forward to seeing what else you describe.
As an EE undergrad this is by far the best video introducing and tying together chemistry and electron physics to explain conductors, insulators, and semiconductor properties, I cant wait for the future theory and fabrication videos!
As an EE and physics grad I totally agree. This is a great primer for solid state physics. I can’t wait for the next one.
I was completely befuddled by this topic when I studied EE in the 80s. With the advent of TH-cam, the easy availability of this kind of excellent material makes me so jealous of the generation currently learning this.
What is EE these days ?
I had an article published in EE back in 1986.
Guessing the Meaning has changed, significantly.
@@aga5897Do you mean to ask about EE as in electrical engineering?
As a Material Scientist/Engineer undergrad I compleatly agree
As a chemist I can congratulate on explaining basics MOT better and more intuitively than most chemistry courses.
that means a lot to me :)
i fully agree. i still remember first learning it in uni and it was so confusing lol. this presentation made it much much clearer imo
Its chemistry?
@@astemet it's on the border. We chemists study this to understand how molecules come together and how they can change. So extremely important for a chemist.
@@projectsinflight now I finally understand why my PC won't turn on if I've left the window in the office open over night...
I'm literally crying rn. A free 32-minute video explained what my stupid teachers could not in whole semester. I can't thank enough. please continue this journey. WE NEED YOU
i appreciate it. hope i can be of further help in the future:)
Maybe you weren't ready to hear it and maybe your teachers helped build a foundation for you to learn from this video. Why blame your teachers?
@@jkaryskycoo Because it's more comfortable than blaming himself.
I myself must use several views on a subject to understand. But your view is Awesome!
@@jkaryskycooBecause EE teachers are usually horrible at pedagogy and human skills. Many of them, at least most that that I have met in studying and working in 6 different Universities have been brilliant electronics engineers, but almost no teaching skills, or ability to deliver their message at the level of beginning students, who are missing all the required background information for a deep dive explanation using acronyms and industry standard shortcuts/jargon
Great explanations. And if that's your first time animating you're a natural.
i appreciate the words of encouragement. it was an interesting project:)
The animation skips the math in numbers which always throws me off.. graphs i can get though
Its not every day where you encounter a video or article that can give you a really good intuition on how a complicated subject works. Good job!
Thank you for watching!
This was more than just engaging, I actually placed this video into my "absolute gold" playlist! I did not expect to learn what it means for atoms to share electrons in a covalent bond from a video about how semiconductors work with respect to microelectronics. Easily one of my favourite videos watched in the last few months.
I really appreciate the compliment!
can you make the idea of an absolute gold playlist is genius idk why I havent done that
I will be watching it
based on your playlist, I'd like to recommend Kay Lack for good videos on a couple algorithms :)
I just started reading “The Physics Behind Semiconductor Technology” by Albrecht Winnacker to start understanding semiconductors as a novice and I can tell you that your explanations helped me understand the concepts from the starting chapters a lot more. Specifically the band gaps, the book goes a little over my head when it reaches the calculus for each and every aspect. (need to relearn a lot of math)
As a side note I was just shocked when I found out that band movement is where a light photon is absorbed or emitted and that translated to a led or solar cell.
Thanks, keep it up, helps a lot!
i really appreciate it :)
This is the most useful explanation regarding seminonfucors. As an electronic engineer I had a clue how it works but, this is highly simplified and best explanation ever!
10/10
Great!
You managed to explain to me in just a half hour, what several years of physics and chemistry in school couldn't: how chemical bonds form, how molecules and atoms interact, and why metals conduct electricity while other materials don't. And of course how semiconductors work. I salute you, well done.
Slight nitpick: something tending towards zero in the manner described at 6:52 doesn't always mean the area under the curve will be finite.
In this case it works out but that's not technically a guaranteed thing. The only thing you can say is that if it doesn't converge to zero that it won't be finite.
Obviously this all is a simplification but maybe a statement about how in this case we know the area is finite instead of saying that we know it's finite because it tends to zero.
This is insanely good. Doesn't just explain this topic really well, but explains the Physics E/M underneath better than usual too.
My father was professor of electrical and electronics at VJTI in Mumbai. As a child I watched him build radios with vacuum tubes where the grid voltage controlled the current. Transistor was invented in 1947-48. I was born in 48.
Today I have a PhD in Mechanical. Recently I completed my first book on Science and Spirituality in Conversations with Pi.
While reviewing atoms, liquids present a challenge. Your video and explanation of semiconductors is truly profound and fundamental. Quantum behavior should not be so mysterious. Your explanation transitioned my confusion to comprehension like a semiconductor from insulator to conductor.
Many many thanks and as an Indian I bow at your feet in gratitude and fulfillment. 🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼
Pauli principle: This town is just big enough for two of us!
got my subscription in under a minute... "i'm working an intricate, cross-domain problem and all the existing information on the subject is unapproachable or vague/wrong in critical ways; here's what i actually needed to understand" is deeply relatable and the perspective that (imho) underlies the most engaging and inspiring educational content
As an EE I love how this video merges things I studied in like 3-4 subjects into 1 cohesive explanation
Great explanation. I finally understand what a bandgap is
thanks! i appreciate the compliment
It's the distance between the cleanest and smelliest members of the band;-).
Im a chemical physics senior, and this is the best explanation for MOT and explanation of conductivity I've seen (and I've seen many in my studies in both disciplines). Great job!!
I learn more from this video than 3 years in school learning electron physics. Thanks.
i appreciate the compliment!
though i do hope this is somewhat hyperbolic ;)
@@projectsinflight I think it largely depends on the school you go to. I can confirm, some courses really do just teach you formulas and stuff without explaining them in more detail, unlike what you did here. And honestly, I can kind of see why. Being enthusiastic about your job and what you're doing goes a long way.
@@projectsinflightno cap there, fam. You just regurgitate Griffiths' books (with their respectives solutions manuals) and, bam, you is physicist. 😂😂😂😂 Here in Brazil instead of improving teaching standards and making use of animations and other AV technologies, when the best physics institutes were faced with a ratio of 50 freshmen to ~7 graduates over 4 years, they've just lowered the grading standards... The university ecosystem is dying. Thank heavens for people like you, who are passionate about hard stuff and are also talented and hardworking enough to make explanations of that calibre. Just brilliant
@@projectsinflight I sincerely wish it were.
I went to 4 different universities-between my undergrad and graduate education-and, most of my good and bad experiences depended on how much the administrative and departmental staff micromanaged the instructiors on what and how they were allowed to teach.
Now, it wasn't my major, but I did take just shy of 50 credit hours of interdependent chemistry and physics during my undergrad. And, until roughly 30(ish) minutes ago, I wouldn't have been able tell anyone how covalent bonds form or why they're so stable.
So, from the bottom of my heart, thank you.
This video helps you understand semiconductor physics conceptually, not technically. You still have to learn the math and equations for particular materials, temperatures, etc. Have fun calculating electron mobility, diffusion lengths, intrinsic majority/minority carriers at different doping levels… and the list goes on 😂
This was such a clear explanation! You’ve clearly got deep hands-on knowledge about this stuff - thanks so much for taking the time to share it with such a detailed and entertaining video. The animations were great, too!
thank you, i really appreciate it
Awesome video and great animations! The switch between manim and hand drawn is a bit jarring, but does not subtract from the video quality.
A bit of feedback if you want:
- the E/r plot could do with constant axis labels
- 25:40 the addition of more atoms to go from 1 to 2 to many could have been emphasized in the plot with the addition of more red dots on the x-axis. Would require animating in manim though.
- 28:50 nitpicking: only Si has a band gap of ~1eV. Other materials have different band gaps and that makes them really really interesting sometimes. GaN chargers are common now and infrared cameras utilize Ge for example.
- 29:40 interesting plot. I'll have to double check that note in the bottom left though ^^
I'll make a new comment for that. DOS plays a role! I think we can ignore the energy thickness of the conduction band though.
- 31:20 I don't agree with that wording. The temperature has little to do with it. It's the shift in Fermi Energy that causes the change in conductivity. The relationship between temperature and conductivity is completely orthogonal to that. The later remark about cooling is correct, but the explanation before that is misleading. (e.g. the plot at 21:34 does not fit to the note about kT from the FD Equation. Yes, the kT comes from that, but the IV plot is unrelated to the kT)
Overall great video and animation/drawing. Of course I already knew all of that, but having it visualized is awesome. I'm looking forward to the next one!
So I checked the claim of the text at 29:40 and, yeah, no, lol. The concentration of electrons does not rise exponentially with increasing temperature. It's less than exponential.
I made some plots and uploaded them to imgur. The album id is /a/tK77lKn
I'll add the proper link as a reply to this comment, but TH-cam like to delete comments with links in them, so who knows if it will show up.
Fingers crossed, hopefully youtube will not delete this comment again.
@@turun_ambartanen Bro is trying to flex his useless knowledge in comment section.
@@heisenberg2514 I'm curious what compelled you to write this comment. It's neither critizism nor agreement with my comment, and it doesn't add anything else to the discussion. So why write it? To express your opinion on why I find interesting?
Also, two more things:
- Before making a judgement on usefulness you should check the salaries of semiconductor physicists/chip designers/clean room engineers.
- I'm not trying to flex my knowledge. I *am* flexing my knowledge
@@turun_ambartanen The conductivity most certainly does increase exponentially. It is the basis for the temperature variation of conductivity method of determining the band gap. It is not only electrons that contribute to semiconductor conductivity, but also holes.
Best explanation of why exactly processors have to be kept cool 👍
AND at a minimum temperature to work too.
I'm curious now if we super cool a transistor if it can still work or if it will stay open?
Extremely informative and good video. Loved the animations, drawings and graphs
thank you! i am doing my best
This is one of the best - if not the best - explanation of semiconducting I have found . Your description of the splitting of energy levels into molecular bands is excellent, thank you!
I was worried at first that you were spending too much time covering concepts that were not needed for the explanation. But in the end, I was impressed with your explanation. There are things that I would do slightly differently, but overall, I thought you did a very good job of choosing which details to include and which details you could safely ignore.
For context, I teach physics and cover this in my analog electronics course. (I have the advantage that my students already understand Quantum Mechanics and electron orbitals, though).
As a teacher, I am always looking for new ways to explain things. While I can't use your video directly (I don't have the luxury of ignoring some of the things you can for my audience), I thoroughly enjoyed this video and I think that you are doing a good job with your audience.
Keep up the good work.
I appreciate the compliments!
Great video. You're explaining the things that I couldn't understand in my microelectronics engineering class 25 years ago. This was the fastest I have clicked the subscribe button in a long time. I only wish I could time-travel to when you had the whole series done.
I appreciate it! Thanks for the sub
I think this doesn't realise what power he has on his hands.
Power of making a toddler's brain that of a genius.
You are definitely making proud your parents sir.
Bring on the next one ASAP.
I'M dying for whole series of this.
Never imagined myself being so enthusiast on this topic particularly.❤❤
bro this is so well paced and ilustrated, I don't remember ever watching a physics/math video so relatively complicated, and yet very easy to follow
Wow, what a satisfying explanation. I particularly appreciate how you began with a plasma, gradually introduced two atoms, and then expanded to incorporate numerous atoms, building structure step by step. Outstanding!
Me to building management:
“By code microprocessor controlled elevators must be climate controlled”
Building Management: “Why”
Me: “The Fermi-Dirac Equation of course!” 31:22
I'm undergrad in physics teaching, and this explanation was phenomenal! I have just recently finished my introduction to modern physics classes, and i think you managed to share some very good intuition on the phenomena without being too much bound by the intrinsic maths. Please, keep going!
You are amazing man!! I thought i could never understand this topic in my life but you just prove me wrong. You deserve millions of followers and you will get them soon.
thank you for your support:)
In 1989, I joined a research-team at Philips Research in Eindhoven, Netherlands, where I was assisting a Physics PhD-researcher on LED-lasers, meant for the CD-player and the advent of the DVD-player (researchers in another team conceived our first blue LED-laser then, although bound to a liquid nitrogen enclosure). I then learned about the theory of semi-conductors, but I don't remember that the course was as clear as this video. Since then, I forgot about it, but although I don't technically need this knowledge anymore, my mind craves for it. I have to admit, I'll have to see this video several times before it all comes back to me.
Excelleeeeent!!! I’m a Chem engineer doing a PhD in Bio molecular, and this video was wonderful!! Best introductory video. It should be shown to students before starting to get deeper into details!
Can’t wait for future videos.
Beautifully done. This helped me bridge the band gap of a lot of segmented knowledge I have on not only transistors but also Quantum Physics.
This is fantastic stuff. I have seen another video that explains fermi levels in semiconductors pretty well, but it started at the existence of bands; it didn't go back to energy levels, covalent bonding, and bonding/antibonding level splitting. This video has really filled in some key stuff for me. (I am a software engineer with a CS major/physics minor from 15 years ago, and a great interest in semiconductors which none of my courses ever quite filled in.) Thanks for the video!
It's the best video about physics I’ve ever seen. You managed to show the equations in a way that somebody like me, who barely took math’s lessons at high school (and was a mess) can understand.
WAKE UP BABE NEW PROJECTSINFLIGHT VIDEO!!! But seriously, I'm loving this series. It's very beginner-friendly for those who want to get into this hobby or industry so I appreciate your work!
i appreciate the compliment:)
This video was so informative and so engaging. Texts like "no explodey" and "move pls?" cracked me up. Thank you for sharing this valuable explanation to us!
This video is straight up gold!🥇
You gained a Patreon, sir.
And from the bottom of my heart: Thank you, sir! You just taught me stuff I have been searching for the understanding of in high school and university. This video truly connects and answers what's the cause for so much of the material taught in chemistry, physics etc. and what we see in the real world.
I accidentally yelled out loud when the penny dropped 😅
Would love to see more like this! 😊
Great video, most people who cover this either go too deep or not deep enough but you managed to strike the perfect balance, well done.
Great work. Had to watch it twice for the majority to sink in - no reflection on your efforts. Your animation is pretty good. I used to work with Flash animation in the "days of yore" so know how challenging it is to visualise stuff and then make it move :)
thank you- i really appreciate your thoughts
This helps me a LOT with learning chemistry. I started learning about chemical bonds and got to confusing videos about orbitals and spins... adn this is like a breath of fresh air.
Holy crap on a cracker! This is brilliant! There are some great videos out there explaining how semiconductors work, but they've all left me with a frustrating urge to understand the underlaying principles. And the textbook approach has always been out of reach for an armchair physicist like me. You, my dear sir, have my eternal gratitude!
That mix of Minute physics and 3 blue 1 brown animation styles really showed the strengths and limitations of each of them. I have no idea how you could improve, but I have no doubt you will. Can't wait to see the next videos!
This is an absolute S tier explanation of not only quantum mechanics, but how and why those mechanics bridge the gap between the atomic and macroscopic levels. When the two protons merging dropped the hill below the ground state I literally let out a vocal "oh my god" completely involuntarily.
These kinds of topics are so far reaching in their subject matter, that even when I put serious work into researching and talking with my professors, it's very hard to walk away with an understanding that is holistic. In most situations people only explain the mechanics as they directly relate to the subject matter their teaching. My professor's explanation of semiconductors was more from a classical mechanics perspective since it was an introductory class and he just needed us to understand diodes well enough to put LEDs in our circuits.
I can't tell you how much of a relief it is to finally find some explanations that actually answer more questions that they raise. Thank you so much for this video!
Great stuff! As a math-illiterate biologist, it might be nice to have the core point to remember (like at ~25 min) before and after the mathematical explanations, to help track why things are important.
Also, I wonder if you and maybe AlphaPhoenix could come up with some fancy hydraulic or mechanic representation for any of these principles!
This is such a concise and eloquent explanation of semiconductor physics! Right now, I'm watching a CalTech lecture series on analog circuit design on TH-cam, and it begins with semiconductor physics. This video really solidified my understanding of the material in the first lectures, and as I continue watching that lecture series, I will use these videos as supplemental material. Thank you so much!
Yeahhhhh finaly man
i know right- took me a lot longer than i expected
A nice explanation of band theory in laymans terms. I'm a PhD semiconductor physics and in 40 years have not come across such a clear and concise explanation as this. Keep up the good work.
that means a lot coming from someone with that much experience in the field :)
My mouth stuck open in surprise for the entire video. It’s a very simple intuitive and interactive video I ever seen on the topic.
Thanks! I put a lot of effort into it!
It's a great explanation, I haven't touched MOT for years, and your one video just refreshed a lot of memories !! Keep doing great work ! Content like these prepare the next generation of enthusiasts.
thank you! i worked very hard on it
WOW!
You just combined every detail and every subject about semiconductors into one whole video and I THANK YOU FOR THAT!
I absolutely loved how you blured the picture to depict that it's fast! Great animation!
Finally someone who talks about what does the interaction between atoms/molecules look like, not just "calculating energy". I'm looking forward for the future videos about this topic
This is a seriously good overview of the basic principles behind atomic energy, chemical bonding, and semiconductor physics. This is literally years of education compressed into a 32:41 video … well done!
thank you for the compliment:)
Not only did you explain semiconductors, but (for me at least), you solved the whole chemistry and half of the physics, too. Thank you, sir!
thank you :)
@@projectsinflightnow i know the secret behind covalent bond is there more thing to know ?
I am an A-level physics student, and I have to say, you explained the key concepts better than my textbooks! I highly appreciate your dedication into making this video. Keep up the good work ❤
I'm seriously impressed with this video. I'm very science literate, but with relatively little math education and this video did a fantastic job of describing and illustrating the relationships between the objects modelled by the equations. When I took up electronics as a hobby I spent a lot of time looking at plots in semiconductor data sheets and I now recognize the shapes of those plots in the graphs and understand much more what they mean. Your illustrations are clear and your animations to-the-point and non-distracting. Please keep up the work!
This is one hell of a good quality video. You explain quantum physics so well, and I can not wait for your next video! Keep it up!!!
i really appreciate it. thank you for the compliment:)
Wow! I’m from Italy and I’m studying ee. When I was attending semiconductor physics I was very annoyed because my teacher wasn’t very good explaining these concepts. So I’ve learned most of the things by myself and they are incredibly amazing. Never thought this subject could be so good! But I still had a “hole🤣” on the first part and you explained it perfectly!
I think I will be taking notes from this video.. one of the best that I’ve ever seen so far on yt
Thank! Just a tiny denation to exprees my appreciation. This is a really good and clean veido. Hope to see more. : )
I got through 90% of this video before I realized you were explaining semiconductors and not superconductors. I enjoyed it regardless.
Material Science and Physics bro here. Very well explained - textbook examples and summary + more! People are so afraid to talk about QM even with Molecular Orbital Theory so this is just a 10/10 by making it understandable
thank you for the support!
Excellent, I really appreciate these clearer explanations.
Many moons ago, I bought a Semiconductor Physics by Szu and never could master it; just too-deep, too-fast.
Keep it up!
Thanks!
Absolutely amazing video! Can't wait for the next video. I've had a tough time getting a proper intuition of semiconductors since many explanations are either oversimplified or too complicated. But your video(and likely your next video too) are perfect
As somebody in school this and your most recent video have me ready to change my major, and the life changing power of chat-gpt brings prescience to this industry and it’s power to change the world.
I learnt most of these things in my high school classes. Although i understood all of it, i was never able to tie it all together and picture why do semiconductors and transistors work the way they do. The animation was great and the narration, crisp. Keep up the good work and looking forwards to more videos like these!
thank you for the compliment:)
Nice video, I am waiting for the next one now. A suggestion: don't be scared of adding more technical explanations, and maths details. People may get scared but the explanation will be able to dive deeper in the imagination using harder math.
@projectsinflight This video is a splendid explanation and I haven't seen one that does it quite as clearly and as well as you have. The part that I most appreciated was how you explained how the orbitals have to split when molecules combine and how this causes the band gaps to be formed. Please continue to make these videos and I hope your channel grows because you are doing a great job
Today I have watched 5 hours of semiconductor lectures from my university and at 18:26 everything finally clicked.
It was the missing piece that took me from being able to merely copy the equations, to actually understanding them. Sure I have been exposed to far more info than whats available in this video, so there was just a tiny gap left in my knowledge left to fill in, but oh how wonderfull it felt to finally understand the CONDUCTION part of a semiconductor.
If I ever meet any students who want to take a course in semiconductors, I will tell them that they MUST watch your videos before the start of the semester. You provide the context that the lectures miss!
You think you could send me some of the lecture videos so I could self study?
@@elvissalcinovic9711 Unfortunately you would need a login at the University of Oslo :/
this is one of the best explainers i've ever watched about anything. you took an incredibly dense topic and boiled it down extraordinarily succinctly, and now i have a whole new appreciation for semiconductors. thank you so much!
This was exactly what I was looking for, an overview of the band gap to get a better mental picture of it. And it was amazing, well done!
last year physics student here, amazing work explaining such complex topics in a didactic and understandable manner, love your videos, great work!!
I'm not even finished with this video and I already subscribed.
I am not bad with math and physics compared to most people I guess but I'm terrible compared to anyone who focused on either for their college studies. I watch a lot of these videos that actually focus on the math because I'm trying to get better, but it always seems like channels are either focused on people who don't want to bother with the math at all or people who have already studied it for years. So either way I don't usually get a better understanding of things.
Your explanations and visualizations are the perfect balance though. Everything is clear and still getting into the details of the equations. Maybe you are just hitting my personal level of understanding by luck but you are definitely right where I need. I truly appreciate this and can't wait to watch more of your channel!
What an amazing video and easy to digest explanation, even if you don't fully understamd everything in it, it gives enough context to fully grasp the topic advertised!
Great work, and thanks!
Beautiful explanation, with just enough information to tie a lot of different chemistry and physics concepts together into something that makes sense as a whole. This is the first time bonding energy and the resulting energy bands has really made sense to me. Thank you!
As someone with a BSEE and a chosen career of circuit design I moved to Silicon Valley in the late 1970's and worked on designing EPROM and then EEPROM memory chips, predecessors to what people know as Flash memory today. While quantum mechanics wasn't well understood by normal engineers at the time I think if we'd had media like this to talk about and understand we would have built better chips.
Thanks for putting in the effort to do this.
Great explanations. Further beyond any specialized university in the world on quantum mechanics. Encouraging people to understand is the highest donation in education. Congratulations and keep forward. Modestly, thank You. Alex
PLEASE keep making videos like this, i know how hard it is to learn basics or even mid tier stuff of any subject if you don't know what are the topics to know, keep the good work!
this is a very good video on the topic that scares most of the students or even professors, while it takes more lecture hours to deeply get into what is being taught, this 30 mins video was the best intuitive, mathematical and practical it can get for the Semiconductors. Great Work sir!
Excellent. Concise. Best short explanation of electron superposition I've seen on youtube.
This video is amazing, really. I remember "learning" about conoducting band theory in my first chemistry class but neither of us really understood it. The way you explained every concept leading to understanding energy bands is amazing, thank you very mucho for that. Great work!
This is absolutely amazing! I have been struggling so hard in my semiconductor physics class and watching this video really helped me grasp alot of the math heavy concepts! Thank you and I cannot wait for more videos on this topic!
oh my, i came here to learn about the peculiar nature of semiconductors. instead i got a full revision on the MOT and how energy band gaps actually work. your video was absolutely amazing to watch , and if you say this was your 1st time animating, it was incredible and added so much to your explanation. please keep making quality videos like these!!!
Dude, I hold a degree in Electronics Engineering and I feel that having seen this video when I was still undergraduate would have saved me a ton of hours of study. This video has clarified a lot of stuff that remained a mystery to me even today. Thank you!
I like how you took it step by step with pure, easy to understand logical statements and did your best to simplify. I'm sharing this, awesome job.
This is one of best video tutorials explaining how material work since I learn the basic stuff 25 years ago since working for high energy physics in London related to CERN project and the OU studies on semiconductor materials. The quantum is very well presented here. Thank you.
This is by far the greatest thing I've ever come across on TH-cam. 🤯 You nailed it man 🙌
Amazing, explanation of some amazing physics. What’s more amazing than the physics? That this was your 1st attempt at animation. Sure it was simple but never less than it had to be. Excited for the rest of the series! Thank you!
Making my own voltage controlled oscillator design for a diy synth project meant learning how to make an exponential converter using transistor properties. Of course it was all black magic to me so rather than copying blindly i played around on a breadboard and tweaked values until things worked.
This is the first time i actually have am even basic understanding of what it was that circuit actually does.
Absolutely loved the animations and that was the easiest to understand explanation I've seen.
Thanks!
This is a great video. I've watched plenty of explanations on youtube and sat through a few lectures in my undergrad and graduate education on semiconductor physics but this is the first time I feel like I actually have a grasp on where the bandgap concept comes from. I am definitely one of those engineers you mention who do not understand the underlying semiconductor physics haha.
Coming from a physics/computer science double major, this is one of my new fav videos on youtube. Ur amazing!
You deserve a Nobel prize for explaining this so well!! Congratulations
Very good. Looking at the comments here a month on shows you hit a homer. The depth is quite good (the more QFT the better) and you do an excellent job on the visuals. Yes, please do more.
I'm eating through the all series and I'm just loving it more and more. Thank you
Am to poor to support other than the like button. BRAVO ! Very well done !! Am retired but think many could benefit from a watch or two or three of this video. Worked in semi from the mid 70's and cannot tell you how many folks don't understand this. THANK YOU
No worries! I appreciate everyone who takes the time to watch!
40+ years EE and this is the first time I understand the actual mechanism behind the "T" in those equations. Palm-on-face! You even explained leakage current as a bonus! I'd give this video 50 thumbs-up if I could!
-Matt
Oh my God the Semiconductor class I just took as an EE undergrad makes more sense now. It was really cool seeing the Fermi function and the Shockley Equation appear here. That was nice.
And you did mention that you're working on a Fermi Function video. REALLY looking forward to that. It's one of the things that kinda confused me, since a Fermi Function of an intrinsic semiconductor indicating that the probability you can find an electron at that specific energy level being 50% does not intuitively make sense to me. I hope you can also address the confusions I have in that video. Good luck!
wow this is such a good video. thank you! keep making the series, please. the animation was solid, wouldn't have guessed it's your first.
I've taken several classes in Quantum Mechanics, including one involving crystal lattices/semiconductors (the "inverse lattice", "Brillouin zones," etc.). Although there is quite a bit more that can be said, this video *truly* gets the main points right.
Amazing video! Finally tied a bunch of seemingly unrelated stuff I've learned during chem and physics courses into one coherent picture.
I appreciate the hard work put into this and taking the time out of your own interests to share your perspective. This is an intuitive description. Looking forward to seeing what else you describe.