How to Awaken & Enhance Your Analytical Problem-Solving Mind

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 19 พ.ค. 2024
  • Creativity. The side of the brain you use for problems where past experience just doesn't cut it (probably most of them). How do you train yourself to pump out new and useful ideas at ludicrous speed? Find out in this video!
    enjoy the word search, btw
    Sources (a formidable list this time):
    kids.frontiersin.org/articles...
    www.creativelive.com/blog/sci...
    dana.org/article/the-creative...
    caltechletters.org/science/wh...
    ideas.ted.com/3-science-based...
    www.verywellmind.com/how-to-b...
    www.tonyrobbins.com/business/...
    www.ceros.com/inspire/origina...
    Music (not in order, I will always be lazy):
    Local Forecast - Slower by Kevin MacLeod
    Link: incompetech.filmmusic.io/song...
    License: [yt dislikes this link, removed]
    Dreams by Bensound
    www.bensound.com
    Support by RFM - NCM: bit.ly/2xGHypM
    Sthlm Sunset by Ehrling
    • Ehrling - Sthlm Sunset
    (not exactly sure how to credit, the link is dead)
    Sunset On Terra by HYBRID V (Creative Commons License)
    creativecommons.org/licenses/...
    Support by RFM - NCM: bit.ly/2xGHypM
    Paradise by Ikson ( / ikson )
    Link: • Ikson - Paradise
    This Is For You (Prod. by Lukrembo)
    Link : • lukrembo - this is for...
    Timestamps
    00:00 Intro
    01:05 About me
    01:27 What is creative problem-solving?
    02:36 How does creativity work?
    06:25 The types of creativity (& usage)
    09:26 A live example - how I made this video
    10:35 How can we improve creativity?
    11:00 Improving creativity: short-term
    16:10 Improving creativity: long-term
    19:48 About IQ
    21:30 Conclusion
  • วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี

ความคิดเห็น • 215

  • @ColinGalen
    @ColinGalen  ปีที่แล้ว +130

    Okay, a clarification. What I meant by "studying for IQ tests" is not that you can increase your inherent intelligence that way - that, by definition, is a contradiction. Of course the score itself will be meaningless. All I wanted to say is that anything seemingly controlled by IQ - even the test that is specifically designed to measure IQ - can be offset with some hard work thrown in. I am claiming that it's good to live in denial, and I think it's reasonable to do so.

    • @kippe1221
      @kippe1221 ปีที่แล้ว +9

      trapped in this basement for six years xD

    • @kalmmonke5037
      @kalmmonke5037 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      iq limits potential rate of instances in pattern recognition , and in memory. measuring is for making sure people measure genetics potential, to measure if they shoudl make kids and who they should make them with. its also for choosing between potential candidates for a job , for having a product (liek sinurance), etc , when other more practical measures of qualification are equal between them

    • @BBWahoo
      @BBWahoo ปีที่แล้ว

      Basee

    • @Descart330
      @Descart330 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Ur IQ is what? A part of your brain with a fixed set of characteristics? i.e., efficiency in neuron development or something, or rate in which information travells, or the way neurons had developed to do fundamental things where some people's development had turned out better than others.

    • @rzl34
      @rzl34 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      even if iq fixed, as long as there is not an impairing deficit, it is possible to achieve unbeliveable efficiencies and knowledge; it is very important to set aside limiting beliefs; iq is only one very narrow statistic that cannot encompass anything else that accounts into success, skills, knowledge, mindsets.. In fact being too smart can be a massive impairment because it can lead to very rationally logical spirals of self-destructive or self-loathing ideas that can lead to depression or nihilism and somehow rationalize such states of mind, even though they are literally impacting their ability to live and are therefore fundamentally wrong. The only belief you should have is one that propells you forward towards a better life, no matter who rationalizes otherwise. This is why therapy exists, among other possibly extremely powerful states of mind depending on the person and how good they train themselves in it, such as religion, meditation, stoicism...

  • @Haridas991
    @Haridas991 ปีที่แล้ว +111

    I am so impressed with your presentation, your intelligence, your brilliance, your humour.
    You are an amazing teacher. I am 73 years old and its crazy that I am even listening to this.
    I have been studying the neural sciences for 12 years and must admit that I have never heard a more brilliant explanation.
    Just love it.

    • @briansalcedo8444
      @briansalcedo8444 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      As someone who likes the opinions of the more experienced i wanna say thanks for commenting. studying for these many years and complimenting this guy makes me feel like ive taken one of those long time lessons early

  • @liondevelops
    @liondevelops ปีที่แล้ว +108

    Ok bro, one thing I have to tell you, is that you are an amazing teacher. I hope you end up becoming a computer science professor or start selling courses or something. Your teaching style is so easy to understand as well as very entertaining. Thanks for these videos mate!

    • @38Tugay
      @38Tugay ปีที่แล้ว +3

      it is intuitive for logical thinkers. Majority of people would find this style corny or smthing

    • @sleeptonight2023
      @sleeptonight2023 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Yeah I think pretty much anything he does will be a profitable and more importantly will help mankind

  • @flyorfloat
    @flyorfloat ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I already kind of had a vague idea of some of the stuff in the video but the way you explained them with pictures and structure improved my understanding so much!

  • @shaikan0
    @shaikan0 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Dude, please post these kinds of videos more often. You truly have an amazing gift. Continue sharing your thoughts and wisdom.

  • @t6hp
    @t6hp ปีที่แล้ว +53

    - The video discusses how to awaken and enhance the analytical problem-solving mind through scientific understanding of creativity, and not through drug use.
    - The definition of creative problem solving is the ability to receive a task or problem and produce a creative solution that is new to you and useful in solving or addressing the problem.
    - There are three main parts of the brain that contribute to creativity: the generator, explorer, and filter.
    - The generator is an idea factory that generates a bunch of random ideas, both good and bad, that are given to the rest of the brain.
    - The explorer takes the ideas from the generator and explores them to see if they have any merit in solving the problem or if they can be learned from.
    - The filter filters out bad ideas from the generator before they reach the explorer.
    - Both the generator and the filter are mostly automatic, while the explorer is both manual and automatic.
    - There is a relationship between the conscious and unconscious parts of the brain, and understanding this relationship can make it easier to figure out how to improve creativity.
    - To improve creativity, one can practice generating ideas, exploring them, and filtering out bad ideas.

    • @nxjan
      @nxjan ปีที่แล้ว +1

      🙏🙏

    • @rishitasrivastava8257
      @rishitasrivastava8257 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Wow and this all happened in just a second

    • @FUTURE_XD
      @FUTURE_XD 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

      i use ai

  • @gobi7764
    @gobi7764 ปีที่แล้ว

    I am loving your recent videos, thank you for all the hardwork Colin!

  • @RicardoSilva-du8qc
    @RicardoSilva-du8qc ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I'm starting in the dev world and probably this video gonna help me alot, ty man. You're doing a great work for the one who seek this kind of content.

  • @rachitmakhija9703
    @rachitmakhija9703 ปีที่แล้ว +15

    Love this series. Please provide one practical example as well like in the field of maths. Thank you.

  • @scientificmaterialgworl1995
    @scientificmaterialgworl1995 ปีที่แล้ว +41

    Dude i just want you to know that your video on intuition was a game changer for me and it might be the only reason I'm able to save my grades. Thank you so much for your hard work!!!💗

    • @maamarfaroukbenbada
      @maamarfaroukbenbada ปีที่แล้ว +5

      I've also watched his video about intuition but my problem with these how-to's videos is that I never seem to know how to apply what they teach, can you give me an example on how you applied what he spoke about and how exactly you changed?

    • @mgbakoremmanuel8222
      @mgbakoremmanuel8222 ปีที่แล้ว

      Me too

  • @zman0894
    @zman0894 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I love watching videos like this while I’m high, and I am so high right now but so intrigued by your videos! Thank you, kind sir! 😎👍🏼

  • @dazh894
    @dazh894 ปีที่แล้ว +18

    Another great video Colin! These are more important than ever with all of the layoffs sweeping tech right now. One question: how do you balance whether to go deep on an idea or explore a new one? I struggle with this especially when figuring out the optimal solution to a problem, e.g. I'll have a O(nlogn) but I'm not sure whether I should push for the O(n) or if it's even possible.

  • @venusisalwaysabove
    @venusisalwaysabove ปีที่แล้ว

    filter can be really a sabotage for one's mind. Amazing content as always , THANKS !

  • @H3XED_OwO
    @H3XED_OwO ปีที่แล้ว +145

    I'm a simple man: new Colin Galen video = I click on the video

  • @eshaannilekar3851
    @eshaannilekar3851 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Hey Colin ,like usse vids !
    Keep posting more abt exercising and improving brain power, learning how to learn, and general smartness..
    Very imp topics but no one talks abt it

  • @shakilkhan4306
    @shakilkhan4306 ปีที่แล้ว +16

    Please continue live with one shots...
    specially for beginners...
    prefix sum, dealing with Frequency, two pointers and many useful tools of problem solving...
    Thanks

  • @satjeet
    @satjeet ปีที่แล้ว +2

    The brain is super flexible. We have to squeeze it while we can❤

  • @sergeyt4282
    @sergeyt4282 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    I think you should do more of this, Colin.
    Cause when I look at the problem, my mind is just blank.
    Like, take 2Sum - if you know the approach, you'll solve it. But if you don't and never done anything similar - get out of here.

  • @davedkukis
    @davedkukis ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Colin, thanks for the amazing content. I learned a lot!
    I wish you made more content on similar topics!
    Does anyone know more channels that discuss similar topics? Colin has great videos on these, but I watched them all and am still hungry.
    Or maybe someone could recommend a book or other source to learn?

  • @learncode5110
    @learncode5110 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks for sharing such valuable content please bring more on such topic like [Critical, creative thinking?, how to learn fast? reataintion of information, how to become smart? etc ]

  • @GFC1337
    @GFC1337 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great video Colin. Can you please make a video of you doing a leetcode contest? I would absolutely love to see that kind of content. The weekly contest is every Saturday at 9:30 pm est

  • @OscarRendon
    @OscarRendon ปีที่แล้ว

    Loving the brainy approach in most of your videos!

  • @lorena.c
    @lorena.c ปีที่แล้ว +13

    I literally take notes on your videos

  • @ginkgoteki
    @ginkgoteki ปีที่แล้ว +1

    thinking about thinking is so cool, thank you!

  • @COGONFX
    @COGONFX 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thank you bro, God bless this helped alot

  • @satjeet
    @satjeet ปีที่แล้ว

    Greats videos.🎉 taking notes.

  • @yeckio4805
    @yeckio4805 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    hey Colin it would be nice if you make a video on what u find out while researching IQ in the future :)

  • @whitehornwindchime6838
    @whitehornwindchime6838 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    thank you so much

  • @CarlosSanchez-de9kt
    @CarlosSanchez-de9kt ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks collin! Subscribed !

  • @sleeptonight2023
    @sleeptonight2023 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you

  • @bmwe46lover65
    @bmwe46lover65 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great content

  • @dystopianpalace9778
    @dystopianpalace9778 11 วันที่ผ่านมา

    In short:
    better past info + more experience + more inspiration -> creative solution
    problem + iteration + feedback --> relevant ideas
    more relevant ideas + hit-and-trial -> more correct ideas

  • @aviralarpan7350
    @aviralarpan7350 ปีที่แล้ว

    Can u please make a video on how to get better at implementation (including debugging, particularly when testcases aren't visible)?

  • @solimandriyan6488
    @solimandriyan6488 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I think you should do home teaching for youngsters or children to inspired "curiosity" in their brain 👍

  • @nighwargallogrifuvap
    @nighwargallogrifuvap ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Next video idea: debate thinking process, critical thinking?

  • @farazmirza6048
    @farazmirza6048 ปีที่แล้ว

    Again, perfect timing, before the USACO contest.

  • @gothikhouse
    @gothikhouse 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I love your videos and the way you think so much! It would be really cool if you talked with Benjamin Keep. He's a learning researcher.

  • @0xvector850
    @0xvector850 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Hello colin, curious to what your thoughts about AI taking the jobs of programmers soon? Can you make a video about thos?

  • @jacksparr0w300
    @jacksparr0w300 ปีที่แล้ว

    Really great video!!

  • @keerthivasan9548
    @keerthivasan9548 ปีที่แล้ว

    Bro do a video classification of dp problems in leetcode according to their patterns like this problem goes into dp with memorization, this goes into matrix chain multiplication, this is decision dp, I don't know any other common patterns but i sure you know
    There are about 490 problems on leetcode tagged dynamic programming you can do a speedrun of those by just mention related patterns .It' ll be helpful for beginners to practice related pattern go together

  • @ndiagacxsse
    @ndiagacxsse ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Knowledge this early in morning 😮

  • @isidoraaxis6179
    @isidoraaxis6179 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    You remind me of Tom Riddle (hp6), love ur way of thinking and explaining 🙌🏻💪🏽

    • @isidoraaxis6179
      @isidoraaxis6179 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@idontknow6265 the voice mainly, and also the facial structure

  • @je4a301
    @je4a301 8 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    You would be a great college professor

  • @bhupendranath2010
    @bhupendranath2010 ปีที่แล้ว

    I love it absolutely !!!

  • @ithinklikeawesome
    @ithinklikeawesome ปีที่แล้ว

    1:01 OH MY GOD. I saw what you did there, you absolute mad lad.

  • @toddboothbee1361
    @toddboothbee1361 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I tend to remember future experiences, a definite advantage. I think encouraging people to remember past experiences is unnecessarily limiting.

  • @duyngo2370
    @duyngo2370 ปีที่แล้ว

    nice one

  • @professerlongjohn2913
    @professerlongjohn2913 ปีที่แล้ว

    Colin’s out here with the stoicism

  • @OmarAhmed-jo1cf
    @OmarAhmed-jo1cf ปีที่แล้ว

    Bro I have been thinking exactly as you are and created a project management language just to manage this problem , lets get in contact ! .

  • @nxjan
    @nxjan ปีที่แล้ว

    amazing video :) i agree

  • @zhiychen1626
    @zhiychen1626 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Short term: write all thoughts down
    Long term: practice more

  • @LucasSoares-ek6bx
    @LucasSoares-ek6bx 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    come back colin you are awesome we love you!!!!!!!!!!

  • @dosaiba5294
    @dosaiba5294 ปีที่แล้ว

    Every one of your videos is a banger

  • @ngocbao2436
    @ngocbao2436 ปีที่แล้ว

    Love your vids

  • @EvertVorster
    @EvertVorster ปีที่แล้ว +1

    You are a pretty good motivational speaker.... so if that competitive programming does not work out, there is something else for you to do. And, thanks for these great videos.

  • @hinduGigaChad951
    @hinduGigaChad951 ปีที่แล้ว

    Mr. Colin Yoda Galen is back!!!!!!!

  • @MeLLiFLuOuSViDeOs
    @MeLLiFLuOuSViDeOs 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thanks

  • @Aadithya006
    @Aadithya006 ปีที่แล้ว

    Start a C++ coding series !!! (this video too was great )

  • @user-op1iq9nm2o
    @user-op1iq9nm2o ปีที่แล้ว

    Yo. Great video. Thanks a bunch. Can't wait for the caring video🥵

  • @lorenzomizushal3980
    @lorenzomizushal3980 ปีที่แล้ว

    All good...in theory.

  • @user-jc8eg7qs6q
    @user-jc8eg7qs6q ปีที่แล้ว +1

    love that

  • @damnengineering26
    @damnengineering26 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Bro you should write a book on this.

  • @sheeish3645
    @sheeish3645 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Although I really like this video, there's still this one question that've been lingering in my mind since I've seen this video: How do you know that the unconscious mind generates garbage ideas when there's no proof that they do (referring to the filtering out of the bad ideas, like it is possible that your unconscious DOES generate great ideas but every now and then messes up)

  • @bluwng
    @bluwng 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    You have the best addiction, I need that addiction.

  • @tnsaturday
    @tnsaturday 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    You were obviously high when recording this video!

  • @dimabirenbaum9200
    @dimabirenbaum9200 8 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    -- The video stresses the importance of developing analytical problem-solving skills through understanding creativity rather than relying on drugs.
    -- Creative problem-solving is generating innovative and valuable solutions for tasks or problems.
    -- The brain's creativity process involves three main parts: the generator, explorer, and filter.
    *** [The generator] functions as an idea factory, producing good and bad ideas for the rest of the brain to consider.
    *** [The explorer] evaluates the ideas from the generator to determine their potential value in solving the problem.
    *** [The filter] screens out unfavorable ideas from the generator before they reach the explorer.
    -- The generator and filter primarily operate automatically, while the explorer involves manual and automatic processes.
    -- Understanding the relationship between the brain's conscious and unconscious parts helps enhance creativity.
    -- To boost creativity, individuals can practice generating ideas, exploring them, and effectively filtering out undesirable ones.

  • @murrik
    @murrik ปีที่แล้ว

    -Schakels in “omdat” verkorten, naar de uiteindelijke, je doet iets hier omdat je daarme dit wil bereiken en daarmee dat andere etc etc en dat doe je uiteindelijk voor een bepaald doel, maar haal de schakels er tussen weg, en denk en herinner het uiteindelijke doel
    -Drawing, making it 3d, dont make it too big, verbally saying what you see, look at parts, ad parts gradually, practice taking less and less time
    Generator part and explorer part, filter between them but you might control it, past info an experience help choses the info that is more elaborate and relevant and more correct
    When procrastinating, hink of the nice experiences it might give, and bad ones if you Dont. So hoe nice if you do and how bad if you dont. Five types of innovative/Creativity thinking to get the ball rolling: aesthetic thinking, inspirational thinking, divergent thinking, convergent thinking lateral thinking. Divergent and convergent are most common wats to foster that. More stuck, more relax the filter
    9:30
    -Quote: Bad news for many people: you Can learn and improve

  • @matheussantiago6246
    @matheussantiago6246 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    My notes:
    Step 1 - do drugs
    Step 2 - yes

  • @ahmadsofwan4069
    @ahmadsofwan4069 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great! Finally some impressive content!!

  • @greenleaf870
    @greenleaf870 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Great video. Can you put out a video on how to increase typing speed while programming?

    • @mr.deeds_
      @mr.deeds_ ปีที่แล้ว

      - Learn the available keyboard shortcuts for your programming language.
      - Train your typing speed in "Monkeytype".

  • @BlazeFlarerEclipse
    @BlazeFlarerEclipse 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I laugh at the joke “and now you feel my pain”.
    XD

    • @RinsletArisaEclipse
      @RinsletArisaEclipse 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

      too much pain indeed.

    • @BlazeFlarerEclipse
      @BlazeFlarerEclipse 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@RinsletArisaEclipse
      Speaking of writing about jokes, hashtag relatable.

  • @reportpoison.shark.1326
    @reportpoison.shark.1326 ปีที่แล้ว

    Can anyone tell me the whole summary of this 22 min video..I would be really thankful

  • @bluwng
    @bluwng 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I just subscribed

  • @solaris413
    @solaris413 ปีที่แล้ว

    did you took inspiration from Nor's blog?

  • @averagers_assemble
    @averagers_assemble ปีที่แล้ว +1

    So is this Nile Red's brother? That does computer programming? How many of them are there?

  • @akrmfahem
    @akrmfahem ปีที่แล้ว

    topic stream for binary search ?

  • @je4a301
    @je4a301 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    one thing I don't understand: in the video of unlocking your intuition, you define insight as part of slow brain, being deep reflective thought. Here, you define insight as ideas suddenly appearing out of nowhere (unconscious generation), based on past information but creating something new.
    don't those definitions contradict themselves?

  • @CrEaToRAndy
    @CrEaToRAndy 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    "help ive been trapped in this basement for six years" 😱😂

  • @codingmaster008
    @codingmaster008 ปีที่แล้ว

    Forgtiing cp these day

  • @brandonWilliams-yr4re
    @brandonWilliams-yr4re 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Where are you? Please post more bro

  • @jassykat
    @jassykat 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Weed helps you relax and focus on the present moment, allowing your brain to forget about everything else and focus solely on the task at hand. That's why it helps you come up with many ideas and interesting thoughts. The brain focuses on something and doesn't let it go. It's like getting in the flow but better. That's basically it.

  • @thefuckingpearl
    @thefuckingpearl 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    You are the most beautiful man I've ever seen 😭

  • @patrikkarlsson9523
    @patrikkarlsson9523 ปีที่แล้ว

    Subbed 🔔

  • @audreymcknight
    @audreymcknight ปีที่แล้ว

    I am only here to acknowledge the pannenkoek reference.

  • @musabkartal
    @musabkartal ปีที่แล้ว +1

    these videos are not the kind u can just sit and watch, i literally need to take a few pages of notes to get the idea fully

    • @pocketblue
      @pocketblue ปีที่แล้ว

      makes me wonder how many people are actually benefitting from all these videos

  • @kidredglow2060
    @kidredglow2060 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    brain inprovement

  • @stop4204
    @stop4204 ปีที่แล้ว

    I love you so much

  • @hvsalza4068
    @hvsalza4068 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I'd disagree drugs really improve creativity performance. I'd have to look into mentioned studies, but it seems really wrong. Every rubbish idea seems mind blowing when you high. Except for that I liked your video again, thanks man.

  • @arhamjain959
    @arhamjain959 ปีที่แล้ว

    I first saw 5 years, now it says ive been stuck in this basement for 6 yrs. His joking conscious brain is wayy to smart at filtering ideas.

  • @goldencookie5456
    @goldencookie5456 ปีที่แล้ว

    Please make a video about ChatGPT

  • @yash1152
    @yash1152 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    1:00 the footnote at bottom lol

  • @danisob3633
    @danisob3633 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    3:57 i think my filter is dumping all the good ideas cause i have none
    12:49 short time (restart your pc) -------------------------------------------> long time (restart your pc)
    these are my 3 jokes, i tried

  • @giantessmaria
    @giantessmaria 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    this explains a lot about my relationship. My girlfriend doesn't have that "filter"😳

  • @viniciusporto6088
    @viniciusporto6088 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    "Help i've been trapped in this basement for six years"
    "Yes i reused the joke"

  • @okechukwuanudokem2060
    @okechukwuanudokem2060 ปีที่แล้ว

    i've notice you and justin song are pretty similar in beliefs

  • @Heisenberg-bt4em
    @Heisenberg-bt4em ปีที่แล้ว

    first 2 seconds and something in my pants Awaken , nice hair bro

  • @aadig5711
    @aadig5711 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Bro you went to my high school wtf

  • @venusisalwaysabove
    @venusisalwaysabove ปีที่แล้ว

    man i like your content , but you should have a framed art picture or smth on that white wall . feels like you are in a white bright dry IDE , love you though !

  • @damightypotato
    @damightypotato ปีที่แล้ว

    5:25 "yesireusedthejoke"

  • @user-jv2ns6vk2q
    @user-jv2ns6vk2q 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    5:25 u can see ive been trapped for 6 yrs O_O