Anatomy & Physiology (121) Blood Cells | Erythrocytes | RBC | properties of RBC | Red Blood Cells

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Erythrocytes, commonly known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the most abundant cell type in the blood and play a crucial role in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. The unique feature of RBC is the presence of a red, oxygen carrying pigment, the haemoglobin in their cytoplasm. The morphology of erythrocytes refers to their structure, shape, and appearance, which are critical for their proper function. Abnormal erythrocyte morphology can indicate various diseases or physiological conditions.
Below is a detailed look at their normal and abnormal morphology:
(01) Shape - Biconcave Disc: Normal erythrocytes are disc-shaped with a central concavity on both sides, giving them a biconcave structure. This increases the surface area for gas exchange and enhances flexibility.
(02) Size - RBC are smaller than WBC and their diameter is around 7 to 7.5 micrometres. Thickness is around ~2.0 µm
(03) Number - A healthy adult male and female have about 05 and 4.5 million RBC per cubic meter of blood, respectively
(04) Colour - The blood appears red in colour due to presence of red, oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin in RBC
(05) Structure - RBC are bounded by an elastic and semipermeable plasma membrane which is both strong and flexible and allows them to squeeze through narrow capillaries without rupturing.
(06) RBC lack nucleus - Mature erythrocytes in mammals lack nuclei, allowing more space for hemoglobin.
(07) Haemoglobin level - The average range of haemoglobin in male and female is 14 to 18g/dL and 12 to 15.5 g/dL respectively. Haemoglobin level is high in newborn (23g/dL) because they remain in the state of hypoxia, which serve as a potent stimulus for erythropoietin secretion.
(08) Haemoglobin is large, complex protein consisting of four molecules of globin protein joined to four pigmented iron containing complex called - haem. Each haem molecules contain 04 iron ions, each of which can combine reversibly with 01 molecule of oxygen.
(09) The average lifespan of RBC is about 120 days. The destruction of RBC (After 120 days) occurs mostly in the capillary of the spleen as they have thin lumen. Spleen is usually called graveyard of RBC.
Hemolysis is carried out by phagocytic reticuloendothelial cells mainly in the spleen, bone marrow and liver
The breakdown products of RBC are recycled as follows -
(01) By hemolysis they split haemoglobin into - globin and haem
(02) Globin is Brocken down into amino acid that can be reused for protein synthesis
(03) Iron is removed from the haem portion and returned to bone marrow for reuse in the synthesis of fresh haem
(04) Non-iron portion of haem is converted to biliverdin, a green pigment, which is almost converted to bilirubin
(05) Bilirubin enters the blood and is transported to the liver where it is excreted into bile. Used for digestion
(06) In the large intestine bacteria convert bilirubin into urobilirubin, most of it eliminated in faeces.
(07) This brown pigment is called - stercobilin which gives a characteristic colour to faeces.
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