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Ocean Exploration Lab
United States
เข้าร่วมเมื่อ 18 ธ.ค. 2020
ESP32 based Local RTK Network
This video tutorial provides a guide on using the ESP32 XBee NTRIP Master to send RTCM correction data, NMEA sentences, and other commands over a local Wi-Fi network to and from GNSS modules. This differs from previous videos, where correction data was sent via a cloud-based NTRIP caster like RTK2Go or to a DePin service like ONOCOR for crypto mining. This tutorial includes step-by-step instructions for configuring the ESP32 XBee’s TCP/UDP socket and NTRIP caster functions to transmit data within a local network, eliminating the need for internet-based NTRIP servers. This tutorial uses the UNICORE UM890 modules to demonstrate the workflow, but any other GNSS module will work similarly.
Commands to set up base station:
FRESET (Factory reset to start with a blank sheet)
CONFIG SIGNALGROUP 2 (Enable the Largest number of bands for UM980)
CONFIG SIGNALGROUP 3 (Enable the Largest number of bands for UM982)
MODE BASE TIME 60 2 2.5 (Self-optimizing Base Station Mode)
MODE BASE Lat -Long Elevation
rtcm1005 30 (RTK base station antenna reference point coordinates)
rtcm1033 30 (Receiver and antenna description)
rtcm1077 1 (GPS correction data)
rtcm1087 1 (GLONASS correction data)
rtcm1097 1 (Galileo correction data)
rtcm1117 1 (QZSS correction data)
rtcm1127 1 (BeiDou correction data)
SAVECONFIG (Save Configuration into non-volatile memory)
Commands to set up rover:
FRESET (Factory reset to start with a blank sheet)
CONFIG SIGNALGROUP 2 (Enable the Largest number of bands for UM980)
CONFIG SIGNALGROUP 3 (Enable the Largest number of bands for UM982)
MODE ROVER UAV (best for moving rover)
MODE ROVER SURVEY (best for static surveying mode)
CONFIG RTK TIMEOUT 60 (maximum age of RTK data)
CONFIG RTK RELIABILITY 3 1( Set RTK reliability)
SAVECONFIG (Save Configuration into non-volatile memory)
Other Vidos in this Series:
RTK Playlist: th-cam.com/play/PLlxhE8mLdQdHq4C_DjIz_UhQR9dJWjFJM.html&si=E7PzqSZXqBDXVjPj
Intro to RTK Playlist: Achieve Centimeter Accurate GPS and Crypto Mining with Affordable Hardware:
th-cam.com/video/jqYMHWi4KoI/w-d-xo.html
Setting up a low-cost DIY RTK Base Station based on the UM980 module:
th-cam.com/video/hNGAsFLfFtI/w-d-xo.html
Setting up a UM982 GNSS Module as an RTK Rover:
th-cam.com/video/CfcMfGZBFmQ/w-d-xo.html
Low-Cost ESP32-based DIY RTK Base Station, NTRIP Server, and Crypto Miner:
th-cam.com/video/KGQ1xdwAq1A/w-d-xo.html
ESP32 based RTK Rover:
th-cam.com/video/0WFRUoyRmHE/w-d-xo.html
Low-Cost DIY Double Crypto Mining with ESP32-NTRIP-DUO:
th-cam.com/video/33Mu5EV7fOE/w-d-xo.html
Connecting an RGB LED to the ESP32 Xbee NTRIP Master
th-cam.com/video/3U-OxEzS_lw/w-d-xo.html
Useful Links:
esp32-ntrip-DUO on GitHub: github.com/incarvr6/esp32-ntrip-DUO
rtk2go.com: rtk2go.com/
RTK2go map: monitor.use-snip.com/?hostUrl=rtk2go.com&port=2101
RTK2go status: www.rtk2go.com:2101/SNIP::STATUS
ONOCOY DePin Project: www.onocoy.com/
RTK Direct: rtkdirect.com/
ESP32 on AliExpress: www.aliexpress.us/item/3256807009086106.html?spm=a2g0o.order_list.order_list_main.107.47651802UxWMnd&gatewayAdapt=glo2usa
Commands to set up base station:
FRESET (Factory reset to start with a blank sheet)
CONFIG SIGNALGROUP 2 (Enable the Largest number of bands for UM980)
CONFIG SIGNALGROUP 3 (Enable the Largest number of bands for UM982)
MODE BASE TIME 60 2 2.5 (Self-optimizing Base Station Mode)
MODE BASE Lat -Long Elevation
rtcm1005 30 (RTK base station antenna reference point coordinates)
rtcm1033 30 (Receiver and antenna description)
rtcm1077 1 (GPS correction data)
rtcm1087 1 (GLONASS correction data)
rtcm1097 1 (Galileo correction data)
rtcm1117 1 (QZSS correction data)
rtcm1127 1 (BeiDou correction data)
SAVECONFIG (Save Configuration into non-volatile memory)
Commands to set up rover:
FRESET (Factory reset to start with a blank sheet)
CONFIG SIGNALGROUP 2 (Enable the Largest number of bands for UM980)
CONFIG SIGNALGROUP 3 (Enable the Largest number of bands for UM982)
MODE ROVER UAV (best for moving rover)
MODE ROVER SURVEY (best for static surveying mode)
CONFIG RTK TIMEOUT 60 (maximum age of RTK data)
CONFIG RTK RELIABILITY 3 1( Set RTK reliability)
SAVECONFIG (Save Configuration into non-volatile memory)
Other Vidos in this Series:
RTK Playlist: th-cam.com/play/PLlxhE8mLdQdHq4C_DjIz_UhQR9dJWjFJM.html&si=E7PzqSZXqBDXVjPj
Intro to RTK Playlist: Achieve Centimeter Accurate GPS and Crypto Mining with Affordable Hardware:
th-cam.com/video/jqYMHWi4KoI/w-d-xo.html
Setting up a low-cost DIY RTK Base Station based on the UM980 module:
th-cam.com/video/hNGAsFLfFtI/w-d-xo.html
Setting up a UM982 GNSS Module as an RTK Rover:
th-cam.com/video/CfcMfGZBFmQ/w-d-xo.html
Low-Cost ESP32-based DIY RTK Base Station, NTRIP Server, and Crypto Miner:
th-cam.com/video/KGQ1xdwAq1A/w-d-xo.html
ESP32 based RTK Rover:
th-cam.com/video/0WFRUoyRmHE/w-d-xo.html
Low-Cost DIY Double Crypto Mining with ESP32-NTRIP-DUO:
th-cam.com/video/33Mu5EV7fOE/w-d-xo.html
Connecting an RGB LED to the ESP32 Xbee NTRIP Master
th-cam.com/video/3U-OxEzS_lw/w-d-xo.html
Useful Links:
esp32-ntrip-DUO on GitHub: github.com/incarvr6/esp32-ntrip-DUO
rtk2go.com: rtk2go.com/
RTK2go map: monitor.use-snip.com/?hostUrl=rtk2go.com&port=2101
RTK2go status: www.rtk2go.com:2101/SNIP::STATUS
ONOCOY DePin Project: www.onocoy.com/
RTK Direct: rtkdirect.com/
ESP32 on AliExpress: www.aliexpress.us/item/3256807009086106.html?spm=a2g0o.order_list.order_list_main.107.47651802UxWMnd&gatewayAdapt=glo2usa
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Hi, thanks for share!❤ It is possible to use google map? How to configure it?
Not sure about Google Maps, but Google Earth is possible. I plan a video on it at some point.
@oceanexplorationlab is Google earth that are you using on your vídeos?
My works only if I change to Chinese language. It shows a error message about Google api. But I have no idea where to insert the api-key...?
hello friend Could you help me configure a receiver module to work directly on an agricultural GPS?
I do my best, but it isn't easy to troubleshoot remotely.
Thanks a lot for this very interesting vidéo, but is it possible to use the RtkToGo network instead of the base station ?
You can use it if someone reliably streams correction data to RTK2Go, but you must be within a 20-kilometer range.
Hi There, Thank you for creating these very valuable videos. I am from Canada and we are working on a project which requires centimeter level accuracy. I am trying to order a test kit. I need your advice please. I need a Base station which can connect to local wifi and a Rover which can connect to local wifi too. Looking at the options available to buy, I would need 2 sets of WRTK-982+ RTK-BOT-LTE-G and one GNSS Antenna. Is this enough to start a dev setup? Thanks in advance for your reply.
If you only want to set up a local network, you do not need LTE. However, you will need two antennas. You may also need a Wi-Fi access point if the distance is too great for a local hotspot connection between ESPs. There are so many options that it is impossible to give precise advice without knowing your exact needs. Good luck with your project!
@@oceanexplorationlab Thanks for the reply. Does it mean that the 982 module has a wifi chip that can connect it to any regular access point? I ended up ordering two 982s and 2 antennas. Going through the rest of your videos. Thanks again for the quick reply and saving us a bit of $!
No, the Wi-Fi is provided by the ESP32.
Hello, I have a problem. Everything goes well until you connect the GPS module, then ESP32 starts to go into a restart loop and loses all settings, returning to factory settings. Has anyone had this?
Odd! Maybe insufficient power?
Thank you, this was the most informative video about the setup of an RTK i could find with the UM982 Module!
Great to hear!
Hi, can you give me the instructions and installation files for the ESP duo Ntrip server? I went to Github but couldn't find the download location.
I suggest you use the link in the description and follow the steps outlined in the video. There Is no easier way.
Thank you very much, you really helped me set up UM980 as I need. There is an interesting topic - how about starting communication between the base and the rover using LoRa E32? I think it is very interesting.
Yes, many people indicated an interest in using LoRa. It is on my to-do list. Thanks for the suggestion.
Me ajudou bastante, eu nunca tinha usado esse módulo, quando chegou achei que não pegava sinal. Obrigado.
Glad to hear it helped
Thank you very much!
You're welcome!
hI, I have bought this um982 from aliexpress through another country( its on its way) as its very expensive here in india, need to attach Lora with or without esp32, as seen in another video with zed F9p board, how could you attach one... pls help. thanks in advance.
Once your UM982 arrives, you can set it up to send NMEA sentences via UART. After that, you should be able to use the same techniques shown in the video for the ZED-F9P to attach a LoRa module
@oceanexplorationlab thank you for responding, I would like you to help in the setup, incase I have difficulties in software installing ( as I am not a geek)
Olá amigo! É possível gravar os dados da base e enviar correções para rover usando rádio lora usando Esp32. De forma off-line ?
I don't see why not. RTK bandwidth is low enough to allow for LoRa translated by ChatGPT to Portuguese: Não vejo por que não. A largura de banda do RTK é baixa o suficiente para permitir o uso de LoRa.
Super Videoserie! Hat mir sehr geholfen. Ich bin schon auf die Vermessung der Stationsantenne gespannt!
Vielleicht wird das ein Weihnachtsgeschenk.
@@oceanexplorationlab jaaaa :) die unterschiedlichen Systeme WGS84 und ETRS89 machen mir Kopfzerbrechen...der UM980 kann nur WGS84, oder?
Very usefull video for sure !! One thing is, when you setup the Ntrip caster, you're basically creating a server that listens to a port(not to be confused with the Ntrip actual server like RTK2go), and requests to this caster is designed to come from the internet from rover clients or the like. So I guess you have you internet router configured with a port-forward to the caster IP/port, but you didn't mention this(so I'm just guessing that you do)... My question really is, how does this Ntrip Caster/Server/client differ from the Socket server/client... are Rovers requesting connection data, or are they more like multicasted and then the clients subscribe to that stream ? difference would maybe be that the Base station/caster would not see clients when in caster-mode, and it will in socket-mode ?? sry for this long comment.
You are correct; the NTRIP Caster mode of the XBee is not a traditional NTRIP caster like RTK2Go. As I understand it, it differs from a socket server by filtering certain messages (e.g., GNGGA is only sent every 30 seconds) to save on bandwidth. It is useful if you want to stay within your local network (I don’t use port forwarding). If you want to receive your correction data via the internet, I would certainly use RTK2Go or similar.
@@oceanexplorationlab Thanks for this VERY fast answer :-) Think I'm going to provide some RTK services using RTK2GO, because i think this is cool, but also mine some crypto, at the same time. But, Quick questions though : 1: as it seemed to me that you said the UM980 was best suited for Base-station applications, but will this UM980 chip work with the Ntrip Duo config ? 2: dependent on answer in Q1: If i get a UM982 to use Ntrip Duo configuration for dual operations (ONOCOY/RTK2GO), does this then also require a two antenna setup ?
Yes, the UM980 will work with XBee-Duo. You are simply sending the same information to two NTRIP casters. There is no advantage to using the UM982 as a base-only disadvantages. Once you have your RTK2Go up and running, let me know the name of the mountpoint so I can include it in my list.
@@oceanexplorationlab will do... now I will finally get to the ordering of the hardware... still have a long road to travel from here, but FUN !
@@oceanexplorationlab I could only order the UM982(WITMOTION WTRTK GNSS GPS-RTK module UM982) from the trusted sellers on aliexpress, so I went with that, and also the ESP32 Wroom like in your BOM... I hope you get kickback from me using your link btw. Now all I can do is wait a month... hehe.
Ein herzliches Vielen Dank aus der Heimat 👍🙏
Dankeschön
Update the files for esp32 s3 dev board
I tried and failed :-(
Thank you so much for another awesome video. I have been watching your RTK playlist and want to thank you for sharing your knowledge with us. You definitely got my wheels spinning thinking about the ideas where I could use this.
Awesome, thank you!
Thank you for uploading very good information. It helps a lot in my work. Thank you.
Glad it was helpful!
I get: " Data received, but not in RTCM3 format" from onocoy, what it means to you?
maybe you are only sending the NMEA but not the RTCM data? Did you configure your Station with: rtcm1005 COM2 30 RTK base station antenna reference point (ARP) coordinates) rtcm1033 COM2 30 Receiver and antenna description rtcm1077 COM2 1 GPS MSM7 (GPS correction data) rtcm1087 COM2 1 GLONASS MSM7 rtcm1097 COM2 1 Galileo MSM7 rtcm1117 COM2 1 QZSS MSM7 rtcm1127 COM2 1 BeiDou MSM7 SAVECONFIG Save Configuration into non-volatile memory (NVM) ?
@@oceanexplorationlab Thank you for your attention. This is the config and message is not present now, so I guess all is fine. Good luck wit your projects, and more energy to publish them!
Great series! I've been able to set up for both Onocoy and RTK2GO. Thanks for posting!
Fantastic! Do you mind sharing the name of your RTK2Go stations so I can include it in the list of stations resulting from this series? This is for a future video I am planning. Thanks!
@@oceanexplorationlab My station is ChezBlackRTK01 in Queen Creek, Arizona
@@oceanexplorationlab My RTK2Go station is ChezBlackRTK01 out of Queen Creek, Arizona. Also, do you have a recommendation on ESP32 boards? I'm using a generic one and while it works, it seems to drop WiFI quite often and requires a hard reset to start up again. Also, it's got an internal antenna that gets VERY poor connection even while in the same room as the router.
Your statin is added to my list. As for the ESP module, I suggest a ESP32-WROOM module with external antenna and USB-C like: www.aliexpress.us/item/3256806087645524.html?spm=a2g0o.productlist.main.109.668d33970iww2U&algo_pvid=c2c766d1-1931-4244-87d1-25e17ac4eb0b&algo_exp_id=c2c766d1-1931-4244-87d1-25e17ac4eb0b-54&pdp_npi=4%40dis%21USD%214.21%213.16%21%21%2130.42%2122.81%21%402103011017331761899805362e95b1%2112000036562388230%21sea%21US%214222747334%21X&curPageLogUid=Gn3dhBjgwNNw&utparam-url=scene%3Asearch%7Cquery_from%3A
This was very informative and super fast. Thanks from Colorado.
Glad you enjoyed it!
I’m missing something…..how is the accurate position of your base station antenna calculated and where do you set the ‘actual’ antenna position?
In the tutorial, I use the Self-Optimizing Base Station Mode. You can read about it in the Commands and Logs Reference Book available at en.unicore.com/. Basically, it averages the position over a set time and uses it as the location if the station is not moved by more than a specified distance. You can also provide the coordinates using the Fixed Base Station with Precise Coordinates option. I plan to make a video on this.
@ thank you
thank u so much !!
Welcome!
Cool! Thanks for your help. Can it store raw observations? For that you need storage, but esp32 wroom dont have it actually ... Maybe it will be better to use rasberry?
Sure, you can do this. Personally, I stream data to a PC for storage using the ESP. This will be in an upcoming video.
@oceanexplorationlab i see. Does any android app can work with it? Work with PC isnt comfortable in the field. Thanks!
There may be. Also, the ESP32 can be configured as a Bluetooth bridge: www.ardusimple.com/ble-bridge-firmware-update/ . This may be better suited for field work.
Should this work also with esp32 s3 ? After the flashing there is no wi-fi visible for me..
No, the binary is compiled for ESP32-WROOM. It will not work with any other ESP version
So basically we don't need traditional Antena
I am not sure what you mean. You need a multiband antenna.
Can I use ESP32-S3?
code is only compiled for ESP32-WROOM - sorry
@@oceanexplorationlabis there any difference? Tnx!
Yes, different versions of ESP are not compatible.
Im interested in adding imu to um980😅 is there any possibility the tutorial will appear on thst topic ?
Given that the Xbee is written in the Espressif IDF, I currently don't know how to edit the code to incorporate an IMU. Certainly, one could use a second microcontroller, but this would not be a very elegant solution. Long story short, I hope that at some point I find the time to familiarize myself with the IDF to modify the code and incorporate custom features, but I wouldn't hold my berth.
@oceanexplorationlab I was thinking, if um981 can export IMU raw data, um980 should be able to do it too with external IMU but no idea how too 😂
If you are thinking of raw data, including things like Carrier Phase Measurements, you are in luck! I plan to make a video about this soon. The IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit, I suppose) threw me off.
Can "XBee ESP32" be used as NTRIP CASTER CORS server?
The ESP32 does not have enough processing power to support sending and receiving RTCM correction data from multiple devices simultaneously. However, you can connect a single GNSS base station to the ESP32 via UART, and the XBee's NTRIP caster function can distribute this data to several clients over a local network. For building a CORS station, it’s more practical to use free NTRIP caster services like RTK2Go and only use the XBee as a NTRIP server function.
Can "XBee ESP32" be used as NTRIP CASTER CORS server?
The ESP32 does not have enough processing power to support sending and receiving RTCM correction data from multiple devices simultaneously. However, you can connect a single GNSS base station to the ESP32 via UART, and the XBee's NTRIP caster function can distribute this data to several clients over a local network. For building a CORS station, it’s more practical to use free NTRIP caster services like RTK2Go and only use the XBee as a NTRIP server function.
@@oceanexplorationlab Got it, thank you
thank you so much!!
You're welcome!
Have you received any onocoy token?
sure, ~5.5 BONO a day per statin which will eventually convert to ONO or so they say.
@oceanexplorationlab then how to register our device to them and any external outdoor antenna needed?
Yes, you need an external antenna with a good view of the sky. Please check out my other videos for detailed instructions. th-cam.com/play/PLlxhE8mLdQdHq4C_DjIz_UhQR9dJWjFJM.html
@@oceanexplorationlab thanks 👍
How did you set the name of your station in rtk2go? It was created automatically for me
rtk2go and onocoy display data only for three constellations. There is no data for the GAL constellation, although UPrecise has data
I don't have a database in the SNIP list, although the rtk2go website has a database and it's active.
You should explain how you configured Qgis to use the UM982 as a GPS device. That is useful.
Thanks to you rtk2go DR_TODOROV base station is up! I watched your work with pen and paper! THANK YOU!
It's a good video sir. It's easy to understand.
Thanks!
Thank you for the nice series. Is it possible to buy a cheaper antenna for WTRTK-980/82? If yes, which one do you recommend?
I have not tried but it should be possible with some loss of accuracy
@@oceanexplorationlab The reason I asked that this antenna (in your video) is good for base station but for rover (say a bike or any small vehicle ) it is not suitable.
@@IamGPSGuy True, they are too big for mobile applications. I have smaller antennas but haven't tried them yet. This is on my to-do list
hello, thanks for the great video, I have a question have you tried the UM980 module with Galileo HAS? I wanted to use a Pixhawk 2 black cube to have PPP-RTK corrections. Thanks in advance
I have and it works. I plan to do a video on it soon
great stuff, thank you. It resulted in MountPt wegenstetten_1.
2:24.😀 you definitely saved me a lot of time - and managed to draw the big picture, giving those essential pointers that help(ed) me understanding a bit how everything is connected, plus tons of very useful practical tips. Thank you.
Great to hear!
Nice series. One important question: Can I log the raw data (pseudoranges and Doppler measurements) using the GNSS module that you used? The reason I asked because I have my own algorithm to compute position and velocity and I want to use the raw measurements.
Yes, you can. The OBSVMA command is used to output raw data. I will go into the details in an upcoming video.
@oceanexplorationlab looking forward to it.
Have you tried hardware connection between um980, esp32 and bno055 then bno055 can measure tilt and um980 gives position antenna to esp32 if you use survey pole esp32 can get data from both and calculate the pole position not antenna, this is what google gimme and copilot say
What do you think, which data transfer between the base station and the rover is better: Lora, LTE, Esp32 (wi-fi)
It all depends on the range you need. If the WiFi range is long enough, it is the easiest to implement with no need for additional hardware. This is coming up in one of my videos soon. Obviously, LTE has the longest range but requires a paid plan
Hi, thank you for the tutorial! I am working on setting up my UM982 by following your guide, however I am running into an issue while trying to connect to an Ntrip client. I've chosen a mount point on RTK2go and inputted the host and port info, and entered a valid email address and put in none as my password per the instructions on RTK2go. However, I am always receiving the same error when I try to connect: "Input: NtripClient.log Creation failed". I was wondering if you may know what is causing this issue? This hardware is fairly new to me, so any advice would be greatly appreciated! Many thanks.
Hi, i have created a log folder in installation folder and restart with "execute as administrator"
Will other types of esp32 like s2 or c6 work?
No, currently the firmware is only compiled for the original ESP32-WROOM. It is an open-source project, and hopefully, somebody will modify the code so it can be compiled for other variants. But until then, we are stuck with the ESP32-WROOM modules.
I've set up a UM980 base station and a UM982 rover by following your videos. Thanks so much! Unfortunately, my rover doesn't seem to be using RTK. I'm not getting the second solid blue light that you show in the video, and logs coming from running GPGGA 1 show that my GPS quality is 2, differential GPS. It looks like it should be 4 or 5 for RTK. I also checked RTKSTATUS 1, and it looks like I'm getting a 0 value for 'Calculate status' which indicates no differential data. Just to confirm, my rover's accuracy is still hovering in the 2-5m range. I'm not sure if something could be misconfigured?
This is a tough problem to diagnose from a distance. Do you have the RX and TX LEDs connected? If not, I suggest you do so and see if data is sent from the ESP to the UM98X.
@@oceanexplorationlab For some reason my previous reply disappeared. Darn TH-cam. For ease of trying things out, both my base and rover are connect to my laptop and connected to separate sessions of UPrecise. My base station seems to be working fine, as I see it in RTK2Go with mountpoint 'pacifica'. I even tried the next nearest station 'Tiburon-0001' on the rover and no luck. It seems that there is some issue getting the correction data from UPrecise to the receiver, although the RTCM Input and Output sections are set up like yours in this video. I now notice that an error appears in the data stream when I connect (although everything is green): $command,ICY 200 OK,response: PARSING FAILD NO MATCHING FUNC ICY*76
If I understand you correctly, you are getting the response: "$command, ICY 200 OK, response: PARSING FAILED NO MATCHING FUNC ICY*76" from the rover module. If this is the case, something is wrong because the rover should only receive RTCM data, which is binary, and should only appear in the RTCM monitor, not in the 'Data Stream' window. Make sure you set the output port in the RTCM monitor to the same port your receiver is connected to. This is easy to miss and will produce the results (minus the error message) you are describing.
@@oceanexplorationlab Yes, that error appears only when I first connect to the RTCM data stream. It looks like ICY 200 OK is the first message sent from the NTRIP Caster, which is somehow making it to the Data Stream panel. I have confirmed that the RTCM Output COM port is set correctly to the same port my receiver is connected to. I'm at a loss here. Maybe my issue is a newer version of UPrecise?
I just tested it with the newest version of UP, and it works fine for me. Maybe try using two different PCs? Also, do you see the binary data stream in the RTCM monitor on the rover-facing UP instance?
Cool
thanks
did I understand correctly, 2 esp boards are needed, one for the base station, the second for the rover? Also, there must be wi-fi coverage on the rover to receive data from the base station?
Yes, that's correct-in the configuration I'm currently exploring, you need two ESP boards: one for the base station and another for the rover. The base sends RTK correction data to the rover, so there does need to be a stable connection between the base and the rover. However, there are other options to send telemetry data besides WiFi, such as using LoRa, cellular modules, or Bluetooth, depending on your specific use case and range requirements.
@@oceanexplorationlab what about ppp?
PPP only needs a single setup as it does not rely on a base station. This is coming up. Subscribe if you don't want don't miss the video.