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It certainly beats having to dig a hole by hand..

There are cheaper alternatives. If it is something you expect to do regularly as part of your work, then I recommend the AMS brand because you can add additional tools as needed.

@@quemahoning I think for a hobby.

Hi Albert, GPR can provide information about the terrace structure, but it doesn't detect small artifacts. You have to dig to know what is there. Each state as established methods. In Pennsylvania, we dig a test pit every 15 meters (50 feet) on a grid. We will use 5 meter intervals when trying to define the boundary of a site. A vibra core machine is good for doing soil sampling and analysis, but the core diameter is much too small to collect and assess the artifacts. The volume of soil is what matters. You need a test pit diameter of 50 cm (20 in) or more. My machined digs a 52 cm diameter hole. Test pits 50 cm in diameter is probably the average size required in each state.

@@quemahoning For that size of coring I agree. And perhaps vibs of 12 cm diameter would miss larger objects. At the same time: it would be interesting to have automtic robots with GPR and other tools simply going up and down fields for reconaissance.

@@quemahoning Furthermore, I would like to congratulate you with the briljant presentation. It would be interesting to analyse the articles on European hunter gatherers. I get the impression that in Europe there is a little too much emphazis on trade networks, where your explanation -long distance herd following- is the more likely one for much of the observed variation.

Wild ramps, a way to add flavor when salt is unavailable. They are common in western Pennsylvania.

These archaeology surveys are very expensive. Add up the wages for crew, travel, hotel rooms, per diem, and equipment and the numbers become shockingly large. There is an agreed-upon scope of work that is based on long-established guidelines for conducting archaeological excavations. If interested, the guidelines are freely available online. www.phmc.pa.gov/Preservation/Environmental-Review/Pages/Survey-Standards.aspx

It would be really cool to do archaeology in Mecca. That is way out of my budget and expertise. It would be an awesome city to visit.

Yes, I am ok. Just really busy with archaeology contract jobs. It is tough to earn a living and do videos simultaneously. Part of the problem has been a lack of professional video gear. A smartphone camera with a $20 tripod is a good way to start, but to do it right you need the gear. Good equipment is really expensive, but I'm in the process of solving this obstacle. I am working on several archaeology projects that include video production. One is being edited right now. Good stuff on Paleo and pre-Clovis is coming.

Just really busy with archaeology contract jobs. It is tough to earn a living and do videos simultaneously. I am working on several archaeology projects that include video production. One is being edited right now. Good stuff on Paleo and pre-Clovis is coming.

At least for the deep sites. Archaeologists are very conservative when it comes to field methods. It is taking time to get everyone on board with this new way of doing archaeology, but once they see it at work in the field, the machine sells itself. I have completed jobs in Pennsylvania and Virginia. Finding projects in Ohio, Maryland, and New York is my goal for this year. And Texas!

@@archaeologyx4988 Those of us carrying screens and shovels are watching...

I have no idea why it won't let you subscribe. I've never had that happen to me.

@@archaeologyx4988 YouiTube's algorithm

There is more to come. Video production takes a lot of time. It is tough to do while trying to earn a living.

In the eastern US, we don't have the massive flood scaring the Randall Carlson identifies out west. Yes, the river valleys, the Allegheny, Beaver, and Ohio in particular, received large volumes of glacial melt water. The outwash terraces are well mapped down these valleys. This melt water did not flood across the entire land mass, only the valley bottoms that extended south from the glacial front. Rivers like the Clarion, Kiskiminetas, and Monongahela in Pennsylvania never received glacial melt water. These rivers may have been undersized during the height of glacial due to a lack of effective precipitation. Remember though, the ices sheets had already retreated back into Canada when people of the Paleoindian period were living in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York.

Спасибо

That is what I thought. I built my first hand auger out of off-the-self steel. It didn't work. The cutting blades folded over and the arch twisted off. The AMS auger is made from hardened steel. It is not simply a metal pole. I tried some of the cheaper AMS copies and bent them as well. I would never buy anything other than an AMS hand auger, regardless of the price. I paid around $600 for my auger set in 2006. It was one of the best purchases I have ever made. This auger set has dug a lot of deep holes and has never failed me.

Every location on a flood plain is a location where the river used to be. The question is how long ago was the river in that location? There are portions of flood plains that have been stable since the end of the last ice age. It is those locations, down deep, where the potential for PaleoIndian sites exists. The Shawnee-Minisink site along the Delaware River is one example.

The regulatory requirement is to prove that there is nothing there. You can't do that without digging holes. If you are the developer paying for the archaeology survey, you are hoping that nothing is found.

I am sure they hope nothing is found. Just sucks all that work and nothing

I agree, it is down right un-American to use anything other than British units.

It wasn't the pull chord. Part of the pull cord reel broke. Your accounting is way off. The new saw cost $158. That is peanuts compared to the hourly cost of seven paid crew, hotel rooms, per diem, skid loader rental, and the race against approaching bad weather in the first week of January. So you think I should kill an entire work day running around looking for parts that I would most likely have to order online and wait days for delivery? I would have spent $500 if needed to be back up and running in an hour.

You said pull cord so that where I got my info. Did hear the pull cord reel broke.

You can't dig a 20-inch in diameter hole to a depth of 13 feet (4 meters) with a spade shovel. Traditionally we dig a 1 by 1 meter square (3.2 x3.2 ft) pit to a depth of 5 feet (1.52 meters). At 5 feet, we are stopped by OSHA safety regulations. In order to dig the pit deeper, all the surrounding squares must be dug down to 5 feet to create a step-back to prevent the walls from collapsing in on the workers and burying them. River sediments are soft. I know two archaeologists who were buried in a wall collapse. Fortunately, they survived, but they will never again ignore the OSHA safety requirements. To do so is dangerous and life-threatening. After digging the step-back, the center pit can be dug down an additional 5 feet for a total depth of 10 feet. From there you could did a smaller hole in the floor of the pit down to the 13-foot target depth. Let's do the math. That is nine squares dug down to the first 5 feet, which equals 460.8 cubic feet of soil to remove. Add another 5 feet to dig the center pit down to 10 feet, and the smaller 20-inch round hole to 13 feet, which totals to 460.8 + 51.2 + 6.5 = 518.5 cubic feet of soil dug with a shovel. The PaleoDigger machine digs a 20-inch diameter hole to 13 feet deep without any workers entering a dangerous hole. This equals 28.4 cubic feet of soil removed. If you were paying the bill for this work, which would you prefer?--two weeks digging 518.5 cubic feet of soil with a shovel, or half a day digging 28.4 cubic feet of soils with the PaleoDigger machine. This is what I call a no brainer.

Don't really care for Osha wither way.

So I do see what your saying and I see your point. You do end up digging deeper than I thought

True but they can still be found. Chances are low but I can happen. I never found projectiles as old as Paleo but found some sitting in a pile of landscaping stone that are thousands of years old & still intact.