I used to live next to one of the debated itineraries he maybe went through, and hiked it pretty regularly and let me tell you, crazy doesn’t even start to describe it!
And almost all of the elephants died in the process or fairly shortly after. Yes, technically he did get elephants over the alps. But he didn't actually have any elephants to use in the battles in italy.
It's always a pleasure to hear Dr. Elliott talk about history. You can hear his passion in his inflection! As a hobby historian, I would absolutely just love to have a conversation with him.
Getting a few Roman historians drunk and then asking all of them together when the Roman Empire fell is really, really funny. When they get worked up drop "You could argue it never truly fell." if there isn't anyone arguing that stance. Anyone that says history is boring has never watched a group of highly educated people get super worked up about long dead people and places.
I'm a (recently graduated) Historian and I can say there's nothing funnier than discussing "stupid" topics with my friends. Or when someone is in love with a certain historical character and the rest tries to get him/her mad hahaha
@@ikad5229 I once got a WW1 historian all kinds of fired up when I blamed WW1 on Bismarck's balance of power diplomacy and the horrendous web of treaties it spawned.
As a lifelong student of Roman history (literally - started when I read about Hannibal in a book in my dad's study when I was 6) I have to say your knowledge and passion shines through. You managed to teach me something I didn't know at all adjacent to the question you were answering, a real talent for sharing knowledge.
also Caesar was pronounced with a hard c in latin so the germanic kaiser is more phonetically simmilar to how Gaius Julius Caesar’s name was pronounced
@@lixloon I think I'll start spreading the claim that Yule was actually started as a Roman holiday to memorialize Yulius Caesar and pagans co-opted it. ;)
My best duty assignment while in the USAF was being stationed in Italy for 6 years (38 miles south of Rome: Latina)...traveled all over Italy: fantastic adventure....
The intelligence and curiosity behind these questions is hilarious when compared to the medieval video, where much of it boiled down to “why were medieval people dirty and stupid” 😆
Lmaoo I just came from the medieval video and was just thinking the exact same thing 😂 You can definitely tell the difference in prevailing attitudes towards ancient Romans and medieval communities
@@joshberkin5567 It has largely to do with views coming from the enlightenment era and from "whig" historians of the 19th century. The "new atheist" movement has played a big part in feeding those views nowadays. I'm an atheist myself, and a fan of Dawkins, Harris, etc., when they actually do what they do well, but I don't think that they know anything about the historical stuff that they like to talk about.
the key development that led to the fall of the republic were the Marian reforms in the army, when it went from being an amateur (though really effective) force of farmers serving part-time (and whose loyalty was to Rome) to being a professional force of full-time veterans whose only loyalty was to the general who paid them - after that, internecine war was inevitable.
I have a friend named Spartacus and he doesn't care much for the trend; he feels the name was cool before everyone wanted to be called Spartacus. Also have a friend named biggus dickus, but I forget his wife's name.
I think an important not for that last question is that it is not just the Emperor that gets huge benefits from being the Emperor, there are a whole bunch of people around him (or her once) that benefit from it. So even if an Emperor would've gotten "ideas", someone in his circle would've probably done something about it.
I miss people mentioning duumvirates when they explain triumvirates. Duumvirate was a very common form of government established by a democratic principle that the city would not be ruled by one man (despotes, tyrannos, basileus, rex) but by two men (from the aristocracy) elected for a term of a year. From there, the triumvirates differed in that they were three, and the time period and ellection were kind of left aside. Also the consulate was a duumvirate in Rome. And most of the Italian cities were ruled by two men (duumviri) elected from their own local senates. As well as in Greece there were archontes, two men to rule for the period of a year.
With the slave revolts, there were laws to suggested to make slaves have particular markings or clothing. These were rejected because as noted, the slaves would know who else was slaves and they could organize easier for a revolt. Probably a good representation of the Roman middle class is the comedy “A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum” which is based upon Roman comedies.
My question about rome was always this: Did Romans suffered same casualities during war on sickness as soldiers in middle ages? Since in almost every campaign or siege in middle ages, there were enormous loses on sickness in camps. But not so often its written about Roman campaigns or sieges. Did romans had lower casuality rates on this or they just did not mentioned it?
Overall very interesting and educational, although I wish there were more questions about Rome and not so many just about Julius Caesar, who I feel is his own topic.
Thank you for an informative and interesting video presented in an easily understood way. I would certainly enjoy more videos expanding on these themes.
13:42 actually Caesar was also pronounced like that ("Kaisar"). So unlike for example Tsar, actually the German title "Kaiser" ist pronounced very similar to the classic pronoinciation if Caesar.
There aren't really records from the Roman Kingdom as they were destroyed when the city was sacked in 390 BC, so that era is more legend than history. The story of the foundation of Rome is a myth as the archaeological evidence doesn't support the story and some classical scholars believe that Romulus wasn't even based on a historical figure but a character created for the myth based on the name of Rome. The reason the founding of Rome is said to be 753 BC is because a Roman scholar tried to determine the founding of the city, traced the records as far back as they could go, and when the records stopped, he used a reverse horoscope to get the date of founding. The settlements that grew to become Rome were around a lot earlier than that. In short, it doesn't really make sense to talk about the history of the Roman Kingdom because there isn't much by way of historical records. Just legends and archaeology.
@@lunatickoala I would argue it is nearly impossible for many ancient cities to determine when they were founded. A successful city usually grows out of a town, which came from a small settlement as you say. What eventually became Rome might've been around for many centuries before, maybe even millennia. It is crazy to think how long humanity has been around and how much has happened in that time. Not on a cosmic time scale of course.
@@Yvolve Definitely. It's impossible to truly comprehend just how long history is even on a civilizational timescale, let alone how long prehistoric, geological, cosmic timescales are. Troy famously has a lot of layers as they kept building over the old city, but Rome is similar and has even more layers. A couple of my favorite factlets are that Cleopatra lived closer to humanity landing on the moon (~2000 years after) than to the construction of the pyramids (~2500 years before), and that Tyrannosaurus rex lived closer to today (~67M years after) than to Stegosaurus (~80M years before).
I think a lot of it follows the narrative laid down by the Romans themselves, that they didn't truly come into their own until the founding of the Republic. I think it probably has to do with at least the last three Roman kings being Etruscans, whereas the patrician families who would later make up the senate generally made it a point to claim that their ancestry somehow related back to the Roman founding myth and/or divinity. The Julians, for example, claimed that the Julius they were named after was the son of Aeneas, meaning that they descended both directly from the goddess Venus, and that their family descended from the very precursors and founders of Roman civilization, rather than just italic barbarians. That aside, it's only after the fall of the Kingdom and the beginning of the Republic that Rome really becomes a major player on the world stage. The Kingdom was really more of a city state with a very limited sphere of influence.
I understand that he trying explain larger topics in a short amount of time while being accessible but I would dispute the characterization that Ancient Rome primarily viewed magic as the answer to illness. The Greek healing traditions heavily influenced and even developed in Rome. While those did contain spiritual elements (charms, chants, prayers) many of these had pragmatic/observable aspects ( eg say this prayer everyday for 7 days which about how long a viral infection lasts) and physical treatments included surgery. Additionally, it would be reductive say Romans did understand transmission and/or hygiene. Military regulations around it where strict. Bathing and fountains were kept accessible, sewer systems and latrines existed, and aqueducts survive today. Many ways Ancient Romans had better sanitation than early modern populations. Rome also had some the first hospitals. What they didn't have was germ theory, which is a relatively recent discovery. Most Roman physicians and healers believed in miasma ("bad air" from rotted organic material) which remained leading accepted cause illness until germ theory in the 1880s. This lead to a lot of contact transmission. From my point of view the Romans did fairly the info available to them.
True grit is great, and I'm sure this self-confidence was crucial, but there must have been some disparity in resources and capability which prevented Hannibal from converting his massive battle victories into victory in the war? Why didn't he capture Rome?
This is a really engaging video that I hope continues getting views for a long time...but important clarifications are needed that I just have to leave for future history students. * Elliot never says where "Augustus" comes from. He was Julius Caesar's great nephew and adopted son. He inherited Caesar's legacy in his will--including the family name. This let Gaius Octavius legally name himself Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian") and receive the loyalty of Caesar's many followers and soldiers. Augustus was granted as an additional honorific name in 27 BC and then became a name/title claimed by every Roman (and Western European) emperor since. * Caesar's rival in his civil war was Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"), pronounced POM-pee (pom-PAY is the buried city). 1:38 Patricians were only the oldest, most famous families in the Senate. The Senate over time came to include just as many wealthy Plebeian families. 3:00 'Magic' ideas didn't originate in the Roman republic. Much of southern Italy after c. 550 BC was colonized by settlers from Greece. They brought social practices such as those amulets and the evil eye with them, and over time they filtered into Roman culture just like Greek mythology did. 6:49 History Hit's producer made the dubious choice of listing the "Persian Wars" as lasting until AD 627--the end of the decades of wars between the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") empire and Sassanian Persia. Rome in the West was long gone by that point. 10:55 Dr. Elliot's answer about Roman grit is great, but it overlooks the crucial importance of Italian "allies" (socii). The secret to Rome never giving up was that all the other cities and tribes conquered in Italy became allies treaty-bound to produce support legions to Rome's legions, instead of paying tribute money. When Hannibal smashed Roman armies, he presumed that Italian allies would jump at the chance to revolt just as Carthage's conquered people did. But most allies, including all of Rome's oldest Italian conquests, stayed loyal. Being a part of the Roman war machine and trade network was not a bad deal, after all! 11:14 A great response, but Dr. Elliot forgot to mention Hannibal's famous crossing of the Alps with war elephants! According to sources, most died while a small number made it. It's also important to point out that the best war elephants originally came from India. Elephants native to North Africa were much smaller. War elephants were NOT the giant 'bush' elephants of sub-Saharan Africa, which are virtually impossible to tame or train as adults. 12:39 The "elephant" name legend is plausible but not most likely. Caesar was notorious for being sensitive about his thinning hair and was the butt of many jokes about balding that played on his name. It's most likely that Caesar (a name going back to very ancient Latin) had something to do with hair. 15:59 All citizens enrolled in a tribe and an order (based on property) could vote. Equestrians (rich business families who didn't qualify for Senatorial rank) dominated voting in the republic. Only the tightest elections came down to the votes of the lower orders. By 100 BC, a sizeable plurality of Rome's population were poor urban citizens without enough wealth to qualify for voting--they were known as the "proletarii" (maybe best translated as "babymakers"). 22:19 Lathrael7152 below gives a great response to the calendar question. In a nutshell, the calendar had long been badly out of line with the seasons. It was Caesar who had the power and intellect finally to fix it (and it remained relatively accurate all the way to c. AD 1500). The months who July and August were renamed after his assassination (as both he and Augustus were posthumously proclaimed by the Senate to be divine). 23:09 Caesar's assassins included only a few influential senators (such as Brutus). The rest were lower-tier men, some of whom had supported Caesar in his civil war. Feelings of jealousy and having their political careers blocked by Caesar seem to have driven many of these men. 24:47 Dr. Elliot's answer is funny but misses something important. Augustus claimed he was restoring the republic. He kept all the old offices and governing structures. Rome still had elections. The Senate still met and voted and held trials. However, Augustus quietly dominated everything through his followers. And ultimately, he still controlled all the legions and important provinces. Also, poor Russell Crowe and Derek Jacobi aren't responsible for the distortions of "Gladiator"--all the blame there goes to the movie's creator and director, Ridley Scott (who has proven ever since to have a dubious take on history!).
In late Roman Republic you could be of senatorial class and be plebeian. For example Marius, Pompeius, Cicero and Cato were plebeian. Conflict of orders had ended long before and one of the consuls always had to be a plebeian. Patricians still held some important priesthoods however, and had more prestige and weight in voting (everyone didn’t have equal vote and it was also first past post). But patricians also were unable to come tribute if the plebs which was very powerful
Someone who made the Roman Republic society pyramid did misspell what is written in the orange portion. It’s supposed to be Free Men. Freedmen is the one below (spelled right). He said the category above the former slaves are for those born free
This is so interesting, but I'm surprised Dr. Elliott is still using "BC" for dates. Historians now use "BCE" for Before the Common Era, and instead of "AD" use CE denoting the common era. Otherwise this was a pleasure to listen to, as he obviously loves his subject, and it makes you enthusiastic too. I would like to hear more from him.
Thank you for using AD and BC. The masterminds that laid the ground work for the calendar we use today deserve to be honored regardless of one’s religious beliefs.
That's hilariously ironic considering the guy who decided it did so specifically because he disliked the old calander honoring someone who had persucted people of his religious beliefs.
I whole heartedly agree about Julius Caesar being the best example of a military leader in history! He was bold, smart, and brave. His tactical maneuvers and decisions before, after, and during the heat of battle were astounding! His politics, though often underhanded, were calculating and were often justified by the outcome. He was never one to order someone else to do what he was not willing to do himself, and was always there when the "S" hit the fan! He was a total egomaniac, BUT, he never treated the people beneath him (even if it was in his own mind lol) poorly. I am torn as to wether I would like hanging out with the man, or would think of him as a jerk, but there is no denying his achievements. Alexander the Great is probably my number two, but, he never had to operate on so many levels, with such chaotic conditions. Alexander had only to win a battle to continue his conquest, Caesar had to be 3 moves ahead with everything he did just to survive!
22:53 the Julian Calendar introduced the first modern calendar to the western world, the old Roman one varied from 355 to 378! Only after the Julian was it possible to fix correctly and consistently the dates for the seasons, solstices, with all the implications for agricultural and navigation activities.
Very enjoyable and informative, I just wanted check if the date of your 3rd Punic war correct it seemed to come before the first two Punic wars dates ?
Caesar was the Pontificus Maximus, who was responsible for keeping up the Roman calendar because it was a lunar calendar and they knew it drifted. This was usually done every couple years and they’d just add days to bring it into sync. But Caesar was in Gaul for 6 years, then fighting Pompey all over the place and landing in Egypt for a year with cleopatra. When he finally got back to Rome the calendar was well and truly fucked so he remade it using a solar calendar like the Egyptians used.
I think Ceasar was very bright and competent, I accept him being a candidate for greatest general of all time, but Alexander, Hannibal, Scipio, Ceasar's right hand man Labienus, Augustus's Agrippa, Aurelion and Genghis's right hand man Subutai, Napoleon and his marshal Davout are all candidates for that too.
Labienus is seriously overrated in internet these days. No military historian I have red rates him terribly highly. He was the one who led the cavalry at Pharsallus which lost the battle and told Pompeius that Caesar’s men were demoralized for example. He caused his side to loose at Munda to Caesar with his troop movements causing misplaced panic. He never held completely independent command anyway so can’t be judged on same category as the other generals you mentioned. Either Caesar, Pompeius, Scipio (not the famous one), or Gnaeus Pompeius jr had the command in the forces Labieunus fought. I mean Labieus certainly is competent and better than Scipio, Pompeii’s jr, Cassius and Brutus (and maybe Antonius) but he never showed any real brilliance, made several critical mistakes and lacked his own high command.
The Optimates were absolutely just as radical as the Populares. And Caesar was the better politician, but definitely wasn't the better general. They're equals at best, and Pompey has a more impressive military career. And Pompey absolutely could not have defended Rome with the 13th Legion on their doorstep. Leaving was the right option. Staying would have ended the civil war on the spot.
FSA: Fellow of SAL(Society of Antiquaries of London, founded 1701). Only about 3300 members can call themselves their name+FSA, mostly historians and archeologists. I googled it so you won't have to :) @1:29 "Roman society was very very stratified." whereas today we only have two classes: FSA and NB(nobody) :) @3:18 anti-evil eye beads are so widespread in Turkey, even aircraft have them. @8:00 The date of the Third Punic Wars was blurred because it's harmful to young pepople. Finally, Caesar was great because not only was he a great military commander, but he also promoted social reform.
![⭐️( ลอยกระทง 2024 ) Ver. แดนซ์ Remix BY [ ดีเจกิต รีมิกซ์ ]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/rMWOLhgXUHc/mqdefault.jpg)
Hannibal crossing the alps with his war elephants seem like the craziest military maneuver in history to me
I used to live next to one of the debated itineraries he maybe went through, and hiked it pretty regularly and let me tell you, crazy doesn’t even start to describe it!
And almost all of the elephants died in the process or fairly shortly after.
Yes, technically he did get elephants over the alps. But he didn't actually have any elephants to use in the battles in italy.
To me it seems like a wildly stupid move. Theres no way he should have succeeded 😂
The definition of so crazy it can work
Bears and bees sent into tunnels the enemy was digging is something I think of regularly.
It's always a pleasure to hear Dr. Elliott talk about history. You can hear his passion in his inflection! As a hobby historian, I would absolutely just love to have a conversation with him.
He's a blast!
His Latin pronunciation could be better, and unfortunately he keeps perpetuating the fuller/blood groove myth. However he certainly knows his dates!
Lmao wonder what your credentials are @markphipps6101
I'd talk about Roman history anytime any place : P
just don't ask him about runnels on swords!
Getting a few Roman historians drunk and then asking all of them together when the Roman Empire fell is really, really funny. When they get worked up drop "You could argue it never truly fell." if there isn't anyone arguing that stance.
Anyone that says history is boring has never watched a group of highly educated people get super worked up about long dead people and places.
Is there anything interesting left?
@@joseelempecinao89Oh my dear god, you don´t know historians!
I'm a (recently graduated) Historian and I can say there's nothing funnier than discussing "stupid" topics with my friends. Or when someone is in love with a certain historical character and the rest tries to get him/her mad hahaha
@@ikad5229 I once got a WW1 historian all kinds of fired up when I blamed WW1 on Bismarck's balance of power diplomacy and the horrendous web of treaties it spawned.
@@bateman2112 I won't admit *publicly* that we get worked up pretty quickly!
As a lifelong student of Roman history (literally - started when I read about Hannibal in a book in my dad's study when I was 6) I have to say your knowledge and passion shines through. You managed to teach me something I didn't know at all adjacent to the question you were answering, a real talent for sharing knowledge.
Never heard the etymology of "Caesar" before. That's amazing.
It's probably not true. The Punic word for elephant is "pil". The etymology of "Caesar" is extremely contentious.
also Caesar was pronounced with a hard c in latin so the germanic kaiser is more phonetically simmilar to how Gaius Julius Caesar’s name was pronounced
Also the "J" in Julius is pronounced as a "Y" in Latin.
@@lixloon I think I'll start spreading the claim that Yule was actually started as a Roman holiday to memorialize Yulius Caesar and pagans co-opted it. ;)
Guy-az Yuliuz Kaizar
I'm a simple man, I see Ancient Rome, I click!!
Me too...
This one had some really great questions. Credit to whoever picked these questions. Those are the exact questions I was asking in my head.
“I came, I saw, I clicked.”
You must if you copied an old and unoriginal comment 😂
@@balabanasireti Ancient Rome became so great because they copied the best if other cultures. So yes...
Simon was very interesting, thank you. Please bring him back for more.
We will!
My best duty assignment while in the USAF was being stationed in Italy for 6 years (38 miles south of Rome: Latina)...traveled all over Italy: fantastic adventure....
The intelligence and curiosity behind these questions is hilarious when compared to the medieval video, where much of it boiled down to “why were medieval people dirty and stupid” 😆
Lmaoo I just came from the medieval video and was just thinking the exact same thing 😂
You can definitely tell the difference in prevailing attitudes towards ancient Romans and medieval communities
@@zknight4481why is that you think
If you ever want to be humbled by people from medieval times, go to a castle or cathedral and look up
Why did medieval people have pointy shoes...
@@joshberkin5567 It has largely to do with views coming from the enlightenment era and from "whig" historians of the 19th century. The "new atheist" movement has played a big part in feeding those views nowadays. I'm an atheist myself, and a fan of Dawkins, Harris, etc., when they actually do what they do well, but I don't think that they know anything about the historical stuff that they like to talk about.
the key development that led to the fall of the republic were the Marian reforms in the army, when it went from being an amateur (though really effective) force of farmers serving part-time (and whose loyalty was to Rome) to being a professional force of full-time veterans whose only loyalty was to the general who paid them - after that, internecine war was inevitable.
I feel like your comment deserves more likes. I find this very informative; thank you!
@@lornarettig3215 thank you for saying so - it's nice to be appreciated
Resisting the urge to make a Roman Empire joke
(No way actually Google)😮
You have the Economy for that. Give in to those urges.
wth the actual google account commented on this video and it only has 3 likes
Huh, didn't even know Google had an official TH-cam account. Anyways please don't forget your old motto and have a nice day
Crazy
Get a job fr 🙄
This was a fantastic piece. Dr. Elliott is a wonderful speaker of history. He should do more things like this.
I’m Spartacus and so is my wife, thank you Monty Python.
He's not my king, i didn't vote for him.
To be fair, I am Spartacus... and Jesus! This was my TED talk. Thank you.
I have a friend named Spartacus and he doesn't care much for the trend; he feels the name was cool before everyone wanted to be called Spartacus.
Also have a friend named biggus dickus, but I forget his wife's name.
No I'm Simon Elliott!
@@kevinmi42 Incontinentia.
Incontinentia Buttocks.
The orange tier of the pyramid graphic at 1:45 should say "Freemen" not "Freedmen". Only the dark red tier is "Freedmen."
It's editing mistakes
Also the date when they put vote Garibaldi is 1848 and not 1948
Find yourself someone who talks about you as enthusiastically as this guy talks about Julius Caesar
I love how Rome and Carthage just absolutely hated each other for centuries
That part about the evil eye must be the origin of what we call in italy " malocchio "?
I think an important not for that last question is that it is not just the Emperor that gets huge benefits from being the Emperor, there are a whole bunch of people around him (or her once) that benefit from it. So even if an Emperor would've gotten "ideas", someone in his circle would've probably done something about it.
Who the hell thought that adding random pieces of loud music over the voice of the historian is a good idea?!
This was very insightful. Thank you!
"Never gave in"? Aye, us north of the river Clyde, in Scotland, are still waiting for them...Bring it on! ✊️😁👍
Pffgghhhhhh so true lol
You gave in to speaking English as you are now
@tom_demarco Did wae aye? Ken wit ah mean? See, we speak Scots AND English.
Weird way to brag about not being worth conquering, but you do you 🤣
@@danlorett2184 Just a wee joke we have between our English brothers and sisters, and us. We welcome all people.
I miss people mentioning duumvirates when they explain triumvirates. Duumvirate was a very common form of government established by a democratic principle that the city would not be ruled by one man (despotes, tyrannos, basileus, rex) but by two men (from the aristocracy) elected for a term of a year. From there, the triumvirates differed in that they were three, and the time period and ellection were kind of left aside.
Also the consulate was a duumvirate in Rome. And most of the Italian cities were ruled by two men (duumviri) elected from their own local senates. As well as in Greece there were archontes, two men to rule for the period of a year.
"Why on Earth would you give it up?"
To grow cabbages, of course. Just ask my boy Diocletian.
"If only you saw the majestic cabbages I was growing back home, you too would give up the pursuit of worldly power" - Diocletian, cabbage farmer
With the slave revolts, there were laws to suggested to make slaves have particular markings or clothing. These were rejected because as noted, the slaves would know who else was slaves and they could organize easier for a revolt.
Probably a good representation of the Roman middle class is the comedy “A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum” which is based upon Roman comedies.
9:47 that Hannibal statue looks like my next door neighbor Brad. Just put a Budweiser in his hand.
0:07 "Why would you give it up?"
Me: To save my life
That's not how a men's world operates. You're more of a Cleopatra type of gal.. which ended up the same way.
@@ZeZeBatata69cleopatra lived in different believes that caesar. She her life didn't need saving, she would have continued in the afterlife
@@ZeZeBatata69 A very simple minded answer. Men value their lives as well and many have gone into exile for it.
Great video!!! in my opinion among the main rivals of Rome there are the Samnites who have almost ended the hegemony of Rome
Livy's fan, I guess 😊
My question about rome was always this: Did Romans suffered same casualities during war on sickness as soldiers in middle ages? Since in almost every campaign or siege in middle ages, there were enormous loses on sickness in camps. But not so often its written about Roman campaigns or sieges. Did romans had lower casuality rates on this or they just did not mentioned it?
Absolutely they were similar.
Very interesting...excellent delivery of information ...comprehensive and comprehensible..well done
Overall very interesting and educational, although I wish there were more questions about Rome and not so many just about Julius Caesar, who I feel is his own topic.
Very interesting !
And I love to listen to Dr. Simon Elliott.
Excellent presentation - good grasp of facts and well presented!
Cheers!
More things to think about when I'm trying to get to sleep.
Very informative, quick and to the point. Interesting thought/theory on the names Caesar, Kaiser and Tsar. Good presentation Dr Simon E.
Its not a theory cuz kaiser and tsar meant "Caeser". And, as you know, "Caeser", in the imperial age, meant "Emperor"
Thank you for an informative and interesting video presented in an easily understood way. I would certainly enjoy more videos expanding on these themes.
13:42 actually Caesar was also pronounced like that ("Kaisar"). So unlike for example Tsar, actually the German title "Kaiser" ist pronounced very similar to the classic pronoinciation if Caesar.
Kaesar.
There is no I
At 8:28, it kind of sounds like you're validating Asterix. Thank you, that's all I need to know about Roman history.
Superb stuff - many thanks indeed 👍🏼
0:49 Why isn't the Roman Kingdom (c. 703 BC to c. 509 BC) considered part of "the world of Rome"?
There aren't really records from the Roman Kingdom as they were destroyed when the city was sacked in 390 BC, so that era is more legend than history. The story of the foundation of Rome is a myth as the archaeological evidence doesn't support the story and some classical scholars believe that Romulus wasn't even based on a historical figure but a character created for the myth based on the name of Rome. The reason the founding of Rome is said to be 753 BC is because a Roman scholar tried to determine the founding of the city, traced the records as far back as they could go, and when the records stopped, he used a reverse horoscope to get the date of founding. The settlements that grew to become Rome were around a lot earlier than that.
In short, it doesn't really make sense to talk about the history of the Roman Kingdom because there isn't much by way of historical records. Just legends and archaeology.
@@lunatickoala I would argue it is nearly impossible for many ancient cities to determine when they were founded. A successful city usually grows out of a town, which came from a small settlement as you say. What eventually became Rome might've been around for many centuries before, maybe even millennia.
It is crazy to think how long humanity has been around and how much has happened in that time. Not on a cosmic time scale of course.
@@Yvolve Definitely. It's impossible to truly comprehend just how long history is even on a civilizational timescale, let alone how long prehistoric, geological, cosmic timescales are.
Troy famously has a lot of layers as they kept building over the old city, but Rome is similar and has even more layers.
A couple of my favorite factlets are that Cleopatra lived closer to humanity landing on the moon (~2000 years after) than to the construction of the pyramids (~2500 years before), and that Tyrannosaurus rex lived closer to today (~67M years after) than to Stegosaurus (~80M years before).
I think a lot of it follows the narrative laid down by the Romans themselves, that they didn't truly come into their own until the founding of the Republic. I think it probably has to do with at least the last three Roman kings being Etruscans, whereas the patrician families who would later make up the senate generally made it a point to claim that their ancestry somehow related back to the Roman founding myth and/or divinity. The Julians, for example, claimed that the Julius they were named after was the son of Aeneas, meaning that they descended both directly from the goddess Venus, and that their family descended from the very precursors and founders of Roman civilization, rather than just italic barbarians.
That aside, it's only after the fall of the Kingdom and the beginning of the Republic that Rome really becomes a major player on the world stage. The Kingdom was really more of a city state with a very limited sphere of influence.
I understand that he trying explain larger topics in a short amount of time while being accessible but I would dispute the characterization that Ancient Rome primarily viewed magic as the answer to illness. The Greek healing traditions heavily influenced and even developed in Rome. While those did contain spiritual elements (charms, chants, prayers) many of these had pragmatic/observable aspects ( eg say this prayer everyday for 7 days which about how long a viral infection lasts) and physical treatments included surgery. Additionally, it would be reductive say Romans did understand transmission and/or hygiene. Military regulations around it where strict. Bathing and fountains were kept accessible, sewer systems and latrines existed, and aqueducts survive today. Many ways Ancient Romans had better sanitation than early modern populations. Rome also had some the first hospitals. What they didn't have was germ theory, which is a relatively recent discovery. Most Roman physicians and healers believed in miasma ("bad air" from rotted organic material) which remained leading accepted cause illness until germ theory in the 1880s. This lead to a lot of contact transmission. From my point of view the Romans did fairly the info available to them.
Learned a lot from this, thanks!
Was hoping for a question about Diocletian and the Tetrarchy
Pyrrhus was from Epirus, the Southern part of which lies in modern Greece, and the Northern part in Albania.
Nice work on editing and graphics cause let’s be honest if not for that I couldn’t keep up lol 😆
Brilliant, no other word to describe this.
True grit is great, and I'm sure this self-confidence was crucial, but there must have been some disparity in resources and capability which prevented Hannibal from converting his massive battle victories into victory in the war? Why didn't he capture Rome?
Love this, more of this please
Very enjoyable.
This is a really engaging video that I hope continues getting views for a long time...but important clarifications are needed that I just have to leave for future history students.
* Elliot never says where "Augustus" comes from. He was Julius Caesar's great nephew and adopted son. He inherited Caesar's legacy in his will--including the family name. This let Gaius Octavius legally name himself Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian") and receive the loyalty of Caesar's many followers and soldiers. Augustus was granted as an additional honorific name in 27 BC and then became a name/title claimed by every Roman (and Western European) emperor since.
* Caesar's rival in his civil war was Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"), pronounced POM-pee (pom-PAY is the buried city).
1:38 Patricians were only the oldest, most famous families in the Senate. The Senate over time came to include just as many wealthy Plebeian families.
3:00 'Magic' ideas didn't originate in the Roman republic. Much of southern Italy after c. 550 BC was colonized by settlers from Greece. They brought social practices such as those amulets and the evil eye with them, and over time they filtered into Roman culture just like Greek mythology did.
6:49 History Hit's producer made the dubious choice of listing the "Persian Wars" as lasting until AD 627--the end of the decades of wars between the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") empire and Sassanian Persia. Rome in the West was long gone by that point.
10:55 Dr. Elliot's answer about Roman grit is great, but it overlooks the crucial importance of Italian "allies" (socii). The secret to Rome never giving up was that all the other cities and tribes conquered in Italy became allies treaty-bound to produce support legions to Rome's legions, instead of paying tribute money. When Hannibal smashed Roman armies, he presumed that Italian allies would jump at the chance to revolt just as Carthage's conquered people did. But most allies, including all of Rome's oldest Italian conquests, stayed loyal. Being a part of the Roman war machine and trade network was not a bad deal, after all!
11:14 A great response, but Dr. Elliot forgot to mention Hannibal's famous crossing of the Alps with war elephants! According to sources, most died while a small number made it. It's also important to point out that the best war elephants originally came from India. Elephants native to North Africa were much smaller. War elephants were NOT the giant 'bush' elephants of sub-Saharan Africa, which are virtually impossible to tame or train as adults.
12:39 The "elephant" name legend is plausible but not most likely. Caesar was notorious for being sensitive about his thinning hair and was the butt of many jokes about balding that played on his name. It's most likely that Caesar (a name going back to very ancient Latin) had something to do with hair.
15:59 All citizens enrolled in a tribe and an order (based on property) could vote. Equestrians (rich business families who didn't qualify for Senatorial rank) dominated voting in the republic. Only the tightest elections came down to the votes of the lower orders. By 100 BC, a sizeable plurality of Rome's population were poor urban citizens without enough wealth to qualify for voting--they were known as the "proletarii" (maybe best translated as "babymakers").
22:19 Lathrael7152 below gives a great response to the calendar question. In a nutshell, the calendar had long been badly out of line with the seasons. It was Caesar who had the power and intellect finally to fix it (and it remained relatively accurate all the way to c. AD 1500). The months who July and August were renamed after his assassination (as both he and Augustus were posthumously proclaimed by the Senate to be divine).
23:09 Caesar's assassins included only a few influential senators (such as Brutus). The rest were lower-tier men, some of whom had supported Caesar in his civil war. Feelings of jealousy and having their political careers blocked by Caesar seem to have driven many of these men.
24:47 Dr. Elliot's answer is funny but misses something important. Augustus claimed he was restoring the republic. He kept all the old offices and governing structures. Rome still had elections. The Senate still met and voted and held trials. However, Augustus quietly dominated everything through his followers. And ultimately, he still controlled all the legions and important provinces.
Also, poor Russell Crowe and Derek Jacobi aren't responsible for the distortions of "Gladiator"--all the blame there goes to the movie's creator and director, Ridley Scott (who has proven ever since to have a dubious take on history!).
In late Roman Republic you could be of senatorial class and be plebeian. For example Marius, Pompeius, Cicero and Cato were plebeian. Conflict of orders had ended long before and one of the consuls always had to be a plebeian. Patricians still held some important priesthoods however, and had more prestige and weight in voting (everyone didn’t have equal vote and it was also first past post). But patricians also were unable to come tribute if the plebs which was very powerful
There are other etymologies for Caesar. Probably, it derived from caesius meaning bluish-grey eyes.
Excellent. Looking forward to seeing SImon at the Battles Through History Show!
Someone who made the Roman Republic society pyramid did misspell what is written in the orange portion. It’s supposed to be Free Men. Freedmen is the one below (spelled right). He said the category above the former slaves are for those born free
“And on that bombshell” classic reference 😂
I'd love to see Simon comment on excerpts from the HBO Rome tv show
Awesome bit of history!
Realy interesting. Thank you.
Interesting about the bad air quality causing eye issues. Must’ve been tough for contact lens wearers.
Wish I could go back in time and see what Roman life was like
I would recommend going to Pompeii and Herculaneum. In Herculaneum there are entire villas that have been preserved.
I would love to visit for a day but soon as I have a #2 calling I'm heading back to my time!
@@tenzinalexander whats wrong with a stick smh
@@Virgil191 they used sponges and they share it!
Same
This is so interesting, but I'm surprised Dr. Elliott is still using "BC" for dates. Historians now use "BCE" for Before the Common Era, and instead of "AD" use CE denoting the common era. Otherwise this was a pleasure to listen to, as he obviously loves his subject, and it makes you enthusiastic too. I would like to hear more from him.
The wars mentioned at 21:30 have nothing to do with what Dr. Elliot is mentioning 😅
Can ancient Egypt be next please?
This was great
Thank you for using AD and BC. The masterminds that laid the ground work for the calendar we use today deserve to be honored regardless of one’s religious beliefs.
Hear! Hear!
Nah.
@@alamunez low i.q take and response. Educate yourself on history.
That's hilariously ironic considering the guy who decided it did so specifically because he disliked the old calander honoring someone who had persucted people of his religious beliefs.
Anyone else think of John Cleese in Life of Brian with the graffiti... "Romanes eunt domus" 😂 16:57
This was marvellous.
Um, why are the dates for the Third Punic War blurred out (8:00)? Was the timeframe listed somehow offensive, violating TH-cam's policies, lol?
They were probably wrong but didn’t notice until the video was up
5:55
Yes.
We Romans enjoy "huge tracts of land". 😉
Very informative, thank you.
I whole heartedly agree about Julius Caesar being the best example of a military leader in history! He was bold, smart, and brave. His tactical maneuvers and decisions before, after, and during the heat of battle were astounding! His politics, though often underhanded, were calculating and were often justified by the outcome. He was never one to order someone else to do what he was not willing to do himself, and was always there when the "S" hit the fan! He was a total egomaniac, BUT, he never treated the people beneath him (even if it was in his own mind lol) poorly. I am torn as to wether I would like hanging out with the man, or would think of him as a jerk, but there is no denying his achievements. Alexander the Great is probably my number two, but, he never had to operate on so many levels, with such chaotic conditions. Alexander had only to win a battle to continue his conquest, Caesar had to be 3 moves ahead with everything he did just to survive!
Caesar meaning elephant in Punic is news to me. Source?
Also, Cannae isn’t pronounced Cane-uh.
Romans have nothing on Greeks but their culture had a huge impact on Europ
22:53 the Julian Calendar introduced the first modern calendar to the western world, the old Roman one varied from 355 to 378! Only after the Julian was it possible to fix correctly and consistently the dates for the seasons, solstices, with all the implications for agricultural and navigation activities.
I don't know this man, but I love this man!
I enjoyed this, thanks
That question on Caesar’s name killed me… I cackled so hard my sister who was watching Paris Olympics gave me a pointed look… 😂😂😂😂😂
You didn't mention Caesar being Pontif Maximus.
Love these and never heard that hypothesis of Caesar
@5:56 - I'm just saying that I've heard "huge tracts of land" somewhere else...
Loved this. Really interesting.
If the Republic is the "First" third then what was the period of Kings?
I did, thanks - really enjoyed this.
Very enjoyable and informative, I just wanted check if the date of your 3rd Punic war correct it seemed to come before the first two Punic wars dates ?
Its bc. We are counting the years backwards until we reach 0, the birth of Jesus. So it is correct
The cantabrian wars were among the bloodiest and are hardly ever mentioned, always overlooked...
That is a very good question
Loved it!!
Never realised that Derek Jacobi was in Gladiator.
Which is quite hilarious.
They were willing to absorb different cultures and give them conditional citizenship. Hence huge man power was available.
The #TimelineOfMankind project thanks you.
Well done.
Caesar was the Pontificus Maximus, who was responsible for keeping up the Roman calendar because it was a lunar calendar and they knew it drifted. This was usually done every couple years and they’d just add days to bring it into sync. But Caesar was in Gaul for 6 years, then fighting Pompey all over the place and landing in Egypt for a year with cleopatra. When he finally got back to Rome the calendar was well and truly fucked so he remade it using a solar calendar like the Egyptians used.
I think Ceasar was very bright and competent, I accept him being a candidate for greatest general of all time, but Alexander, Hannibal, Scipio, Ceasar's right hand man Labienus, Augustus's Agrippa, Aurelion and Genghis's right hand man Subutai, Napoleon and his marshal Davout are all candidates for that too.
Labienus is seriously overrated in internet these days. No military historian I have red rates him terribly highly. He was the one who led the cavalry at Pharsallus which lost the battle and told Pompeius that Caesar’s men were demoralized for example. He caused his side to loose at Munda to Caesar with his troop movements causing misplaced panic. He never held completely independent command anyway so can’t be judged on same category as the other generals you mentioned. Either Caesar, Pompeius, Scipio (not the famous one), or Gnaeus Pompeius jr had the command in the forces Labieunus fought.
I mean Labieus certainly is competent and better than Scipio, Pompeii’s jr, Cassius and Brutus (and maybe Antonius) but he never showed any real brilliance, made several critical mistakes and lacked his own high command.
An elephant is a majestic creature. Huge, strong, and bright. Adult elephant bull is the strongest land animal on the planet.
After hearing where Ceasar's name came from I really hope that the pronunciation in fallout new vegas was deliberate
14:42 "sound like the gulls in finding nemo mine, mine, mine, mine"
Always a good day when HH drops a video.
The Aqueducts?
The Optimates were absolutely just as radical as the Populares.
And Caesar was the better politician, but definitely wasn't the better general. They're equals at best, and Pompey has a more impressive military career.
And Pompey absolutely could not have defended Rome with the 13th Legion on their doorstep. Leaving was the right option. Staying would have ended the civil war on the spot.
You have probably seen this one. I believe it was in a video with Mary Beard: "vote for (name), his grandmother likes him". Roman snark.
FSA: Fellow of SAL(Society of Antiquaries of London, founded 1701). Only about 3300 members can call themselves their name+FSA, mostly historians and archeologists.
I googled it so you won't have to :)
@1:29 "Roman society was very very stratified." whereas today we only have two classes: FSA and NB(nobody) :)
@3:18 anti-evil eye beads are so widespread in Turkey, even aircraft have them.
@8:00 The date of the Third Punic Wars was blurred because it's harmful to young pepople.
Finally, Caesar was great because not only was he a great military commander, but he also promoted social reform.