The protein folding problem: a major conundrum of science: Ken Dill at TEDxSBU
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 4 พ.ค. 2024
- For 50 years, the "protein folding problem" has been a major mystery. How does a miniature string-like chemical -- the protein molecule - encode the functions of living organisms: how our muscles exert force, how our immune systems reject pathogens, how our eyes see our surroundings, how plants convert solar energy, and all the rest. Huge progress is being made. Moreover, these amazing nano-machines could play important roles in health and disease and commerce in the future.
In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TEDx event, TEDTalks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. These local, self-organized events are branded TEDx, where x = independently organized TED event. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events are self-organized.* (*Subject to certain rules and regulations)
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Ken Dill was one of my favorite professors at UCSF back in the 90s. Brilliant and gracious man.
Great guy! Did a postdoc with him back at UCSF. Ken's the relatively rare combination of a renowned researcher at the top of his field who is also a great guy.
The rest are what ??
@@NameCallingIsWeak …not such great guys, apparently.
Did you ever discuss evolution denial and intelligent design creationism with him? His emphatic use of the word "maxhine" seems to be rather bold as if he knows the subsequent "They must have a designer" refrain is a dead end. A the very least it was an oblivious slip up. I hope certainly hope HE doesn't believe they were designed by anything other than evo.
Could you provide an evolutionary mechanism that can “built” anything like?
@@clantigua1 mutation, recombination, gene/genome multiplication, sekection, drift...
Once one thing has been "built" it's damn near impossible to keep the protein, tissue, structure etc from springing an offshoot that is something else. Flowers are modified leaves. Limbs are modified fins. Horses and monkeys are modified mammals. The same protein that pit vipers like rattlesnakes use to see heat is the same protein that reacts in our taste buds when we eat wasabi.
It seems implausible that such incredible complexity could have somehow self-assembled as a result of time + matter + chance. Even the simplest form of life (a single-celled organism) has such mind-boggling complexity.
An excellent teacher: well paced and employs vivid metaphors and analogies.
Really cool video. I understand a lot more about proteins and why protein folding is important
Thanks for such an elegant reminder of where some real and fantastical opportunities lay
Thank you so much for such an interesting, fascinating and most educational lecture video!
I had hoped for more info on how protein folding worked
+Michael Bauers if you want to lear, start reading the best books about chemistry organic chemistry and biochemistry. its a lot of information to watch it all in videos jajajaja its hard man but you can do it :)
+Michael Bauers you can watch Arthur Horwich's video on youtube concerning "chaperone-assisted protein folding" when you get bored reading, he at least has some animations.
Abiogenesis is a Joke! This is laughable! Protein and RNA engineering! Yea... Highly manipulated unnatural protected lab conditions! Intelligent chemists are using Templates donor cells, and designed synthesis machines!
Douglas Axe....is the person you should be looking for...
They don't know.
Folding @ home now supports the Coronavirus! If you have a "Gaming Desktop.", please consider donating your processing power for the better of humanity!!
kgonepostl if you have a computer or laptop*
Frick laptops
I run it on a PC with a 5 plus year old quad core CPU
Is there a BOINC alternative?
@@projectjt3149 yes Rosetta@home is doing similar work but it only uses CPU. (I think it supports the work folding@home is doing)
world community grid is also going to do covid 19 research I believe...
beautiful talk, amazing, thank you!
I like this talk, Ken made the stuff easy to understand. TH-cam needs more talks like this.
wow, am moved. thank you sir for this amazing lecture
He did a great explanation even for those that do not understand biology
one of the most amazing things i've ever heard from!!!
Thankew for the show,it helped me to understand the fact up to a mark
marvelous!! thank you so much for the lecture!! 👍👍👍👍
Best TED talk I've seen.
Very interesting talk. I was hoping he would also address the "mystery" of just how amazingly quickly these complex proteins manage to fold themselves into the shapes they need/want to take on, and maybe how they do it, and how they "know" what shape to take on.
He can’t tell us because they don’t know / can only explain as complex design belies creation
This is why I don't have enough faith to be an atheist. Protein folding explanation for naturalists: magic.
@@rolandoaponte9062 It's not 'magic'. It's a process we don't understand but eventually will. Nothing to do with faith or any religion. I'm not anti-religion, some of the bests scientists in history were also members of various religions. The two are not mutually exclusive.
@@CaptApril123 It has everything to do with the necessity of a powerful CREATOR though.
@@CaptApril123 Of course it is not magic, they have informational instructions that they execute coded into them by God, the limitless creator that all engineers copy and his mathematical signature is embedded in all matter, from the macro to the micro.
I love this lecture, explains what we know so nicely and succinctly
Rather, it humbly explains what we don't know.
Thanks a lot. The future will be much more exciting and fantastic.
amazing talk, hope this gets more views! let's share it guys
A good talk. Great for non-scientists.
Brilliant thank you wonderfully explained. Amazing we can function at all.
most cristal clear explaination for the more or less solved protein folding problem. thx for that :)
fantastic!
Es la primera vez que veo que las proteínas son planteadas como máquinas o como "nanomaquinas". Excelente charla.
This Ted talk was fascinating to me. Not only was it very interesting in itself, but it showed me a bigger picture.
A handful of people in the world are advancing humanity's knowledge in ways that could not only improve our individual lives, but could restore our planet to a safe equilibrium point. Some of these people work in science, some of them work in art, etc., but there seem to be very few of them. The rest of us have other jobs or things that keep us busy.
I need to adjust my life so that I am supporting people like this guy instead of doing nothing or even working against him by what I do and invest in. This life adjustment includes not only direct support where possible, but also by creating a more peaceful and loving environment among people so that people like this guy can do his work and so the rest of us can reach our potentials. For me, this means less TV, Facebook, and Avengers clips on TH-cam, more thoughtful participation and encouragement of others so they can be the best they can be.
I see so few reasons for hope when I read the news. This guy is a leader. He gives me the hope that if our society can survive the small-mindedness and selfishness of our current age, we may be able to save lives and our home by using the amazing gifts that God gave us. If we can't, well, we can see what's coming in the news.
You are one of those people , holistic science ting my g Monke poop
Great explanation of the power of proteins.
Thank you for the great lecture Sir!
Absolutely astounding, the things we're discovering about life! Wowwwwww
Very cool video, thank you Mr. Dill.
Amazing work by DeepMind !
That the human body exists at all, the complexities at the molecular level is just simply astounding. The more we find out, the more we see the design and engineering behind every minute detail.
We are made of nanobots! This kind of videos should be trending.
It’s hardly “new” , we’ve known all this for over 30-40 years.
Back when I was in engineering school, I was asked to give a presentation on nanotechnology. The implications of this technology is so profound, most people step back and ask: yeah, but how do we know this could ever work? Answer: because it is already working! Life is nanotechnology in action.
Ike Evans in reality it’s an matter of structure and function the product of nearly 4,000 million years of evolution.
I am absolutely obsessed with this, I study biochem, the best way I explain it is it's like engineering, but engineers make the blue print then make the machine, in biochemistry we have all these crazy incredible machines and now we are trying to find the blueprints!
Good talk, also the nanotechnology can learn a lot from the technology in our cells.
Thanks. Great lecture.
All the protine molecules in my bodys mind was just blown !
Silly me...I was expecting a seminar presentation about the protein folding conundrum.
It wasn't sufficient enough for u?
@@cjhepburn7406 Where's the conundrum and explanation for why it's a conundrum?
It would be interesting to get an explanition from him about the conundrum as well as an explanation from the deep mind team why they have been so successful. What have we learned in 2020? Did we learn anything at all besids now knowing that a machine learning can predict by 90% for quite globular protein domains. It also is not the fact that we know that the sequence determines the structure. We knew that before and did not need proof. I am afraid that the deep mind guys are just using this as an exercise to show off. Can they deliver some more scientific understanding? If not, can they at least improve the AI to go for the real hard question which is how a protein looks like when it is functionally working via multiple conformations and how it is inhibited by drug molecules.
When we say the protien folding conundrum are we referring to the random addition of novel proteins in biological systems via mutation(or rather lack thereof), or something else?
As I understand it, it is the inability of humans to properly and correctly model and "unpack" and reassemble proteins due to the absurd number of possible combinations and extraordinary complexity of the convoluted folds. The number of variables leads to ridiculously large exponential possibilities, only a tiny number of which produce viable outcomes. Feel free to correct as needed.
I worked as a secretary for Dr. Leo Mandelkern at FSU in the early 1980's. His school took the position that polymers were flexible because they had alternating rigid and amorphous segments at the molecular level. The opposing camp was the "folded chain" school. Apparently the latter group won out.
Very impressive and useful presentation ..
Question for materialists: if everything can be reduced to protons/neutrons/electrons or even there more rudimentary parts like quantum particles , how do these things work together to produce self replicating biological systems? How did cells start communicating together to create more and more complex and diverse systems that all work in a symbiotic fashion?
Well really we can go back in time quite far. If you "climb down" the tree of life, and focus on some bacteria, you can see some very primitive systems. We have a good idea of what LUCA, the last universal common ancestor, might have looked like. Getting from free floating chemicals to LUCA is trickier. The main hypothesis is the "RNA world", because we know that RNA can fold itself (like proteins) and 'reproduce'. You put the right sequence of RNA in water (rich with the building blocks for RNA) and it makes more of itself, all on its own. This raises some other question (some of which we can answer, some of which we can't), but so far that's the main idea.
While the intricate system may seem miraculous, though, I assure you there's no major problems to life emerging on its own. Like, we sort of see how it might have happened, with no major no-no telling us this is impossible.
Tom Fillot I think we should just be honest and say that we have no idea how life emerged from non-life. Science can’t even artificially produce a single cell, even though we have all of the building blocks and blueprint necessary to do so. And even if science can eventually artificially produce complex biological organisms, that would only show that it was necessary for a conscious, intelligent agent to be involved in the process. Science isn’t even close to establishing how abiogenesis can occur in a controlled environment, let alone an uncontrolled one.
@@mrb532 Saying we don't know something yet is a cop out argument. Had you used the same cavalier proposition about how genetic information was stored in cells before 1952, you would have been refuted in time to blush. So drop that kind of argument. We are learning machines above all else. If it can be learned we will learn it. If you deny that basic truth then you have missed a very important glaring truth about what's going on around you. Science always gives us more knowledge and better control over nature. It's the law
daniel letterman I’ve seen a short documentary involving those guys who were studying E8, but I didn’t see how that relates to biology. Care to explain?
If you run Game of Life long enough, you'd get the Mona LIsa. Exactly because the rules are simple and strict, and applied over an arbitralily large amount of time with no boundaries, we get the pieces to form the enviroinments that would not let anything happen any other way but the way it did happened. The rules do not adjust just pecause that piece of the canvas looks more complex than the other one. The dots move on the barren plane using the same rules they use in a crowded one. Except in a crowded one they have no choice BUT to form a pattern that would resemble some abstract meaning to someone, there are no moves left to go anywhere else.
I think, what he meant was outside part of inner and matrix of mitochondria. Since ATP synthase is found only in mitochondria inner membrane. @7:33
And chloroplast also(during light reactions)
i'm sure he meant that but dumbed it down for a general audience
so amazing
We love tedx. I've always wondered protein folding problem.
There is a tiny tunnel like structure in the cell, a mini factory of about 1 million atoms that does the folding of proteins and we still don't know how it does that. Pretty amazing nano engineering and folks think it was all an accident - seriously?
In my humble opinion anyone that hasn't been indoctrinated into believing metaphysical naturalism can only be awed. And declare that there must be an intelligent designer. May be not those exact words, but you get my point.
@daniel letterman *" It is a result of ...."* Your claim is an untested, unproven and unprovable hypothesis, Daniel. There is nothing wrong with formulating hypotheses, of course. But it is wrong to state them as though they have been tested and proven when they have not been.
Bruce, proteins fold themselves, and there is no mystery to it. Atoms are electromagnetic entities. They attract and repel each other. Van der Waals attractions, hydrophobic effects, hydrogen and ionic bonds, these forces cause local folding of the polymer and eventually produce the final conformation of the protein.
Ribosomes - you must be talking about ribosomes - synthesize the polypeptide chain, which then folds itself. This synthesis is quite well understood and has been described in great detail. The issue here is that you want biochemistry not to make sense, because the less sense it makes the stronger your faith becomes.
*"...proteins fold themselves, and there is no mystery to it."* I will give you this, Kevin. You have chutzpah, stating a materialist assumption as though it were fact. All anyone has to do is to Google _protein folding problem_ to see that the subject is both mysterious and much more complex than your post suggests. But I understand. Because there is so little in the way of evidence for the Neo-Darwinian hypothesis, bluff and bluster are all that is left.
@@kevinmathewson4272 so what is the function of Ribosome structures in the cell ? According to what I learned over 40 years ago, the Ribosome is where the translation and assembly of proteins takes place wgich, we now know today, includes the start of the folding process along with chaperone molecules to assist and another special set that degrades misfolded proteins.
Pretty intense 'collection' of activities that also have a 'checking and correcting' function built in.
When I see complexity on this scale happening in the nano-sphere, I have to credit an intelligence for the coding needed to manage the operations.
I am a management systems trainer so when extreme functionality is seen, I know a mind was involved - don't you?
Who's here after the DeepMind news. Age of wonders!
I came to this video after watching DeepMind AlphaFold2 video! My sister has ALS and this could be huge there. I’m praying...
And now with the Folding@Home program for us at home to help the simulation process quicken. With so many disease
They're gonna put to work on fusion now too
These developments have always existed. Time is a construct. Golgi apparatus.
Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell?
Very educative indeed
Great talk!
This may be the most informative talk that I have ever attended on the subject of proteins.
in ultimate analysis could these solution methods of CASP DeepMind/AlphaFold be extended to estimate the shape/fenotype of the organism given its dna say ?
thanks you !!!
Very informative!
I feel like shape and geometry can only be part of the explenation, I would think that distribution of electric charge/potential in proteins must be important for their function as well
When I present this topic (in my opinion, better than this), I say that proteins depend on two related ideas: shape and functional groups. The shape is critical (and in part dictated by the functional groups of the side chains, which he depicted as the red beads early on). But, the important result of the shape is to hold specific functional groups, with their specific chemistries, in the right place to do some job. So...I would say I agree with you.
And I thought we could only statistically model probabilities of finding where atoms are. You know, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle? And these biologists locate atoms with ease. I guess cross-discipline thinking is not allowed in science these days. My belief is that there are way too many assumptions being made. Life is a gift. The purpose of the Universe is to produce us (humans).
@@CandidDate quantum physics refers to atomic particles, not atoms. IE, electrons, protons, neutrons and their components. Hope that may contribute.
@@hippopotamus6765 but the charges, hence the forces between the "particles" is precisely known?
@@CandidDate the charges and positions of subatomic particles don't need to be known to understand the "big picture" of biomolecules. We biologists know that the atoms are there and that they work together, but we don't really care about the subatomic properties because they hardly matter at this scale
I've always been curious about how do chemical reactions in cells translate to the mechanical movement of a muscle.. but I never found an explanation that doesn't consist of highly advanced biochemistry texts..
Heres a simple answer I am, muscle cells have more mitochondria, power houses that convert our food and O2 to energy in the form of rechargeable ATP " batteries". Then they are catapulted all over to the cells machines and viola, movement. the spent batteries return to whence they came and are recharged. Hope that is simple enough.
I highly recommend Hank Green's "Crash Course: Human Physiology" videos to answer your questions; he does a good job of explaining the process and the animations make it easy to understand. I would start from the beginning with all the "action potential" and nervous system stuff to understand the chemical reactions and electrical signals that go on in the cells, then move onto the muscular system videos.
super cool thank-you.
How wonderful micro mechanism is working in our body !
When I started studying Biotechnology in 1973 in my PG course in Food Technology, I realised it but after advancement in Science and Technology, our understanding is expanding very fast.
How wonderful human Brain is to understand and make progress in science and technology !!!
At present Micro (Bio) and Macro (Universe) field discoveries ane so wonderful ..
Misleading title. He barely talked about the protein conundrum problem, which is that the odds of a protein folding correctly is 1 /1E164
That comparison of protein machinery with industrial machineries was great. If we can focus on improving real scale machines, we can also focus on improving the quality of protein machinery preventing degradation link to many diseases!
Marvelous!!
Very interesting!
Holy mother of god, this is amazing.
I don't think they can scale up to big machines. Like a flea can jump so high but an elephant can't. These proteins are using free energy that is only available at the atomic level. Anyhow, that's how it seems to me. And I wanted to know more about the folding itself. But a great video to help me understand. I wonder also can we get used to the shapes, become familiar with them as tools and machines. I can't visualise strings doing anything so if that picture could be fixed it'd be great.
How about an ATP station where you exchange your engine's used up ATD for a full tank of ATP.
Hehe I was thinking the same thing. Scaling this up may very well be impossible. It seems a big benefit to using shapes and highly specialized utility is that you don't have to put in much initial energy or effort. Brownian motion is extremely vital to most of these micro machines and that practically doesn't exist in larger systems.
just find something that acts like a molecule? these things don't or can't exist can they? things like square cubed law, or even scaling up quantum behaviour doesn't work. By scaling up a protein motor, what is he suggesting? it would probably end up with a plain old electromagnetic motor wouldn't it? @@frankytoad12
@@KenJackson_US don't see how that's any different to petrol
@@gabrielpauna62, if someone actually did scale up a molecular machine to the size of a car engine, it wouldn't burn petrol or gasoline. It would need ATP. However, as has been noted, it's probably impossible to actually scale it up that far. As the song says, that was just a dream.
abundant knowledge. Hats off Sir.
Yes he knows what is there; but either clueless or dishonest about its origin.
Since this was very simple presentation let's add a bit more complexity. Check yourself the amino acid side groups. Some of them them have the acidic COOH (or COO-) others the NH+. Therefore, without the guidance of a ribosome there will be no chain of 150 amino acids, but rather branched structures. This gives a few extra zeroes to the exponent. On the other hand some amino acids can be swapped in the target protein fold without a change in the structure, but mathematically this has been an unsolvable problem so far since it's not always near the active site(s) where the protein destabilizes.
NOTE: there are more amino acids than what forms the life and there's still this assumption of just peptide bonds forming AND the reaction stability (in neutral water solution w/o ions) is not taken into account = no hydrolysis of the N-C=O. There is more, but this is high school level chemistry.
Great lecture and very well explained. Ken did not mention that molecular machines are irreducibly complex, meaning you can not remove any part of the machine without rendering the machine useless. This in turn is a big conundrum for evolution, as it means they could not have evolved, as all pieces must have been assembled together since the beginning in order for the machine to be functional.
Logical fallacy.
Physics work differently in a dramatic way on the nano scale at which these protein machines operate. The knowledge of how these protein machines fold and operate is fascinating, but trying apply their behavior to macro-scale machines ignores important differences in the way physics works on the macro scale. Perhaps dispelling the common myth that science should create microscopic robots to "repair" the body by talking about how this is in fact actually the science of designing protein machines would have been a better conclusion than replacing electric vehicles with artificial biological vehicles for example.
We have used biological vehicles for millennia: Horses, Oxen, etc. They are no match for metal machinery in 99% of cases.
Well he's sort of wrong because batteries run similiar to an electron transport chain, and nanowire bacteria can be used to use subtrates such as aspartate or sugar to dump electrons at the anode..
He didn't say how we might macrosize the principles of natural machines. He just said their intricacy and efficiency might guide our future thinking when we finally get the rules (such as protein folding) behind us. A machine that repairs itself and reproduces itself is far different than what we are doing in industry today. But nature's invention is not unblemished either. It comes with pain and death. So we have to pick up where mom left off and leave the world a better place than we found it. Right?
Great talk. The question I didn't hear mentioned is whether these "machines" are more efficient than our mechanical machines.
They are, by quite a lot! The most efficient machines in the known Universe!
Thank u all very much
So the sequence is specific for function, but also is the shape.... DNA code provides precise instructions for each protein's aminoacid sequence. How do they miss the DESIGNER, when the design is so evident. Are protein machines the only machines in the universe that emerged by chance, even though we see they work in integrated systems that if altered the stop working?
abuesur in dna we can see mechanisms that support evolution
So because no one can explain what motivated atoms and molecules to come together and, over time, develop working mechanical systems, it must have been created by an omnipotent entity. Earth and the life on it were bound to exist eventually. Being a part of this improbable experience doesn't make it any more unique than the incredible things happening throughout the rest of the Universe. I'd rather not spend my life in existential turmoil. There doesn't _need_ to be a reason for any of it.
So sad that creationists stick their snouts into real science.
Still pushing "god of the gaps". The problem, for them, is that the gaps get smaller all the time.
Except for the 3 billion years this is a brilliant presentation.
He has to appeal to Darwinism at least once to keep out of trouble.
what do you mean?
Some interesting info.
Remarkable.
Little did he know that only 7 years later Alphafold 2 made a breakthrough in this matter.
wow it has been 5 years since ted has done a real science show...this must have been the last.
The metaphors this brilliant man is dropping make this a top notch talk. Very very informative!
Here after watching The Expanse, completely fascinated by the idea of the protomolecule
The protein folding "Problem," that the odds against it are 1 in 10^164. So, in quadrillions of years, with the whole universe consisting of "cosmic soup," it would never, ever, ever happen.
Believing in Santa Clause is more rational and closer to reality than believing in atheism.
+Marco Alvarez The beauty of atheism is you don't have to _believe_ in anything. And I can find more evidence of Santa Clause's existence in any christmas stocking than I can find evidence for the existence of god.
@@cold_static atheism itself is a belief
@@charmander777 - No, it's not, unless you are a hardliner, it's just the realization that "God" is nowhere to be seen and that all "holy revelations" and "prophecies" are in strong disagreement with REALITY. Atheism at least soft atheism is definitely scientific realism and nothing else.
@@LuisAldamiz lol. Wrong. Atheism is a belief. The belief that there is no God.
And I thought that proteins are called machines as a metaphor for chemical reactions in a "messy soup of molecules"...They actually are like real mechanical machines :D
Oh absolutely.
Ubaby Soup is what Darwin saw when he looked at a cell. Now we know better, but his theory persists. I don’t see how
@@jeffross8676
"I don’t see how"
That is because you don't know anything. Life IS a messy soup of chemicals. Still. It is distinctly unlike anything a competent designer would create.
Read this book to see just how messy and undesigned the chemistry of life is.
Herding Hemingway's Cats: Understanding how Our Genes Work
Book by Kat Arney
Ethelred Hardrede
Ethelred Hardrede I didn’t say life is a messy soup. It is what Darwin saw when he looked through a microscope. Watch a video by Stephen C. Meyer and see what you learn. Apparently this guy was over you head
@@jeffross8676
Oh are you trying to claim THIS video is over my head? Its not and it does not support anything Creationism. Its about the way proteins fold. Unlike Meyer, Dill knows that life has been around for billions of years, he says so in the video.
Oddly I found a link to this video on one the Discovery Asylum's many fake science sites. He does NOT support them at all. Meyer is part of that dishonest organization.
Ethelred Hardrede
I love his book on statistical thermodynamics: Molecular driving forces
Brilliant. Fundamental machines. Whose the designer, and how impressive is how water makes this happen electrostatically.
WOW What a Beautiful Complicated Design, these impossible impossibility's of chance....
I feel like the title was misleading. I was thinking that he was going to mention more on protein finding and what we can do with it or why it can be a "problem". Instead we just got a lecture on what proteins are, how they work, and the fact that it might be cool to check out how proteins work like machines and make real world machines work like them.
This is so amazing. How can anyone possibly believe this happened by chance?
Hi Peeta Bird. I find your hypothesis that that complicated structures can come out of simple parts by chance an amazing claim. It is definitely not what we observe in the universe but rather things decaying from complicated to simpler forms.
As some who does have cystic fibrosis and has struggled with it since birth, I can’t tell you how my life has changed because Trikafta, a modular drug that binds to the CFTR protein that doesn’t fold correctly due to the mutation I have. I have dived into the world of genetics because of CF. My God it is absolutely fascinating. I can finally breath, I no longer have mounds of salt on my skin after I exercise and I no longer cough like I’m dying in the mornings when I wake up. A big shout out to Vertex and it’s scientists, y’all the real MVP.
I came to this from a parallel path, wondering if it might provide clarity regarding Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, which is, as I understand, primarily due to the misfolding of Antitrypsin proteins. Although it was never mentioned, this talk really helped with explaining in general what is going on. I echo your shout out to the researchers. And thanks for this presentation.
TH-cam recommend this to me. In 2020
Because it was in the news recently that DeepMind can do it in a couple of hours instead of years to find the folding structure.
Ha! Right? Me too. 7 years old.
Wait!
Did anybody notice that he confused kinesin and myosin?
The way a protein folds is primarily determined by whether the individual amino acids in the chain are mostly hydrophobic or hydrophilic (aka polar or non-polar, or most simply whether it repels or attracts water molecules). I appreciate his enthusiasm, but can't help but think it would be hard to put those principles into effect on a macro scale. But hey, more power to him if he can figure it out.
I’ve always used the analogy of a popcorn garland, but I guess a string of multicolored pearls works just as well.
I think he makes a mistake saying that proteins do not rely on electro-magets. If that is the case then by what mechanism are the Amino Acids bonding together if not electro-magnetically?
If I remember correctly, it depends on what different amino acids you have in a given chain. Some of them make ion bonds, and I'm not sure if they can be classified under electromagnetic force.
Amino acids are bound by peptide bonds which are a type of covalent bond, meaning that there is sharing of electrons between the atoms (Carbon and Nitrogen in this case). Proteins don't rely on electromagnets because electromagnets produce magnetic fields based on changing electric currents. I think you're mistaking electromagnetic forces for ionic forces which are attractions between a positive and negative ion. These do not have magnetic character (in most cases). Hope this helps!
I think it can be classified as electrochemical behavior, namely by hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis, which attract and detract molecular bonds, forming new peptide chains to polypeptides to proteins. Kinetic energy is another form of energy used for movement made possible via cellular respiration, along with thermal energy from thermoregulation.
Jonathan Kuriakose ionic forces are electrostatic attractions though...really all bonds are. Only difference is the degree when you get down to technicalities
Thank you so much for this explanation Sean!
It's difficult to see how Brownian Motors (the mechanism by which these molecular machines work) will be able to be "scaled up."
Christopher Stanley
aren't the muscles you use to walk a scaled up version of brownian motors?
Of course they can do useful things, and ultimately you're right. But the thing that bothered me about what he said was at about 16min he says "we've already seen them work on the small scales[implying *not* on the large scale], we just need to scale them up"...as if he wants to make a giant thermal ratchet. I probably should have realized that he was talking about what you were saying.
Christopher Stanley Trouble is, the energy efficiency of those motors are structurally poor (few %, if i remember well). So we we want to use them in a "dumb" way, like a electric motor is dumb, it's not worth it. The non-dumb way is called...an animal
molecular motors are actually highly efficient
Christopher Stanley - I agree. Brownian motion is adequate to power tiny molecular machines. But to power a car (for example), we need MUCH MORE energy that can be provided by Brownian motion.
This talk is incredibly compelling. To think that the minuscule scale of micro-biology can be upscaled to daily life is mindboggling. This is a fascinating idea. Of course, we are at least decades away from realization, perhaps centuries from realization is foreboding. I certainly hope someone will help with money to pursue this issue. I guess that would only be the US government or a college or an individual. This idea m9ght be the most incredible and beneficial idea to the human race that has ever been discussed.
This is exactly how healthcare ought to be modeled; based in genomics and individual health plans that provide for optimal functioning. Each healthcare plan, instead of only being "gold, silver, bronze.." would need to (for lack of better analogy) be further specified by form (what is the right shape of this health plan for Mr.Smith?), material, types of connection (primary care, ancillary care, preventative health) all based upon not just medical and social history, but genomic history.
I wish he could explain how these bio machines evolved from a single molecule,, that would be interesting.
He would never go there and no bio chemist knows, though the odd one will throw his tuppence worth, given they are even worth that.
Jorge Leon not a single molecular but from geochemistry driven by chemical gradients. We are slowly understand the early steps in abiogenesis and have advanced our knowledge considerably from where is was in the 1960s.
There is quite a body of published peer reviewed research in this field.
@@ralphgoreham3516 So right. They don't know.
Efe Ariaroo not knowing how it happened is great. That’s a whole big frontier for people to ponder and study from now until many years into the future. Heck, there are whole new fields of study that have come into existence just in this generation that were beyond comprehension last generation.
That’s great for the advancement of humanity.
They cant, because they'd have to explain how the information contained in DNA got there at the same time as the protein molecule there to read it.
AND, for a real leap of FAITH, it all came about by accident in a primordial pool over hundreds of thousands of years.
This also explains prions protein reproduction as the prions protein has a more stable or stronger microelectrocymatic frequency and the normal protein adopts it especially in the context of water memory.
This video was from 7 years ago and today we now have the folding problem solved. I wonder where we’ll be in another 7 years 🤔
protein folding is madd lit SON what you mean its the GOOD GOOD PURPLE GANG FOR LIFE WE THE PURPLEEST PURPLE SCHOOL SHOUTOUT TO MR B FOR BEIN MAD CHILL AND TEACHING ABOUT CELLZ AND BODY PARTS HES MADDD CHILL HE SHOULD BE A SCIENCE PROFESSOR LIKE CMON HE SHOULD BE STACKIN MILLIONS BOIIIIIIIII
why did you do this
If anyone is interested the membrane protein at 10:28 is an Aquaporin
I'm intrigued with the idea. I'm no scientist. But I think of 2 obstacles on a macro level: friction and the effect of gravity on heavier masses. How do you get around these two problems with folding machines on a macro level?
I came tooooo late, this video was already here in 2013!! Excited, also a bit concerned...