Dude right. It's beautiful how clear he is coming across. It reminds me of a saying from Einstein that goes somewhat like "you know a subject when you can it explain it simply in few words". Anyway glad someone else thought the same thing. It is indeed rare man
Why is no one else wondering why spin up has higher energy..is it arbitrary convention? Why is spin up lower? It's the same electron with the same charge?
@@tyronethames2472 but you'd have to knkw that spin upmeans aligned with the field and down is not and notnvice versa..it's a matter of arbitrary convention then right?
"So you are watching, on the oscilloscope screen in real time, the measurement of the direction of a single nucleus and our ability to flip it at will every five seconds." Mind. Blown.
We can measure single photons and electrons. The magic happens in the fact we can measure it constantly and without fundamentally altering it for continuous use.
It looks a lot like ESR (ie., Electron-Spin Resonance) and 31P-NMR (ie., Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) to me - correct me if I'm wrong. ESR is so sensitive that single electron spin events are routinely detected; a single NMR spin-flip event is more impressive, but then again, this NMR event is detected through the ESR signal with its inherently super-dooper sensitivity.
"so you are are watching in real time the measurement of the direction of a single nucleus and our ability to flip it at will." That is my favorite part.
That was really good. Now I need a video that explains how to entangle several of these qubits together, one to explain how to implement quantum gates and one to explain Shor's algorithm. If anyone can make me understand these things, it's you. :)
Would it be possible for you to release all the video from this experiment that Prof. Morello was doing in the video? The raw video would be fine. I would like to see his whole description of the experiment.
Here's what you do, get any cylindrical object, paint it blue, get some plastic tubing and wires, connect them anywhere, get some hazard stickers,( bonus points for high voltage or radioactive), throw some dry ice it, have oscilloscopes in the background. SCIENCE
This is one of the best examples ever made on the basics of quantum computing I have seen. Well done, this should be mandatory watching for any info-sec course.
I had no idea there was such a crossover between nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum computing! I just love that science is so much about taking previous breakthroughs and applying them to something completely different
This dude is awesome! You can tell he’s really into his work and seems like he’d be someone you could really learn from as it appears he enjoys explaining it!
At the end of this six movies playlist I've got all I need to understand! Not only about Qubits of course! TH-cam should have a lot of guy like this explaining! Thank you very much!!!
Analogy for quantum computers; you could say a quantum computer is like a jumbo jet and a normal computer is a car, because a jumbo jet is really expensive, and not something you'd expect to see in every household. but this analogy isn't perfect because a jumbo jet can carry more people than a car (like 50x more), and can go further. A better analogy is that normal computers are cars, but quantum computers are space shuttles. The quantum computer can take you to space, your car's engine couldn't provide enough energy to take you to space (and obviously cars can't fly). But your space shuttle (quantum computer) isn't good at taking you to the shops, or to your friends house, where as a car is. But also a quantum computer is very expensive and not going to be in everyone's homes.
Computers costed absurd amounts of money in the early days. It wasn't until the process of manufacturing integrated circuits was nearly perfected that we got the home devices we all know and love today. I would argue that right now we are in the transistor stage for quantum computing. Scientists are dabbling around with the technology (just like how electrical engineers and mathematicians started to envision the early computers). I like to think that eventually new technology could eventually become affordable over time with enough innovation.
There are so many videos talking about quantum computers, but this is the only one I've found explaining how they work. There are only vague references in other videos about using spin and having 4 bits per qubit, but they never explain the "mechanics" behind it all. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you!
software programs runs sequentially, and quantum bits runs them all at just 1 time. its like the computer already generated an output even without input yet, so thats a no, software programs cant use qbits
When computers were first developed, people were using light bulbs to represent numbers. Each light bulb represented a number in Base 2. Light Bulb 1 = 1 (2^0) Light Bulb 2 = 2 (2^1) Light Bulb 3 = 8 (2^3) Light Bulb 4 = 16 (2^4)
If the light is "ON" we give it the color "White" or "W" (in binary On = 1) If the light is "OFF" we give it the color "Black" or "B" (in binary Off = 0)
During a brown out, the lights aren't quite on or off...they are dim. So now we can represent a number in Base 3. If the light is "ON" we give it the color "White" or "W" (in Base 3 On = 2) If the light is "DIM" we give it the color "Brown" or "D" (in Base 3 Dim = 1) If the light is "OFF" we give it the color "Black" or "B" (in Base 3 Off = 0)
Thank you for sharing your passion of science. I've got the same wonderful astonishements about physics, things that do not touch a lot of people like the roundest object on the earth but are somehow so important if you bring the curiosity further. I think you really share the excitement and it is totally linked to your view of education. It's good to see people like you !
This is still way above my ability to fully understand. I took quantum physics at RPI in 1979 and only grasped a fraction of what the professor was trying to convey. I was able to get a "B", since a lot of students felt the same way. This is amazing stuff!
Derek's recent video about quantum computer didn't mentioned how quibits work. I tried to find explanation but wasn't much successful untill i stumbled upon Derek's again. He's a wonderful person
I was looking for the engineering of a qubit because the current youtubers only talk about the physcis. I'm glad to see a video from 9 years ago explaining what I need :)
The only explanation of quantum computer that is understandable to public, although I don't understand it :'( Two points I surprised: 1. In 2000' some professors explained they will make quantum computers. At that time, it sounds like bluff to me. now It's real. amazing. 2. silicon is reused for quantum computer. 30 years effort for silicon transistor does not waste.
Best, Best, Best,Best, Best............ Video and Researcher with long hairs....... And that man how provides us such a knowledge full video thanks alot both of you.......
This video deserves an update, since they now developed a so called flipflop Cubit, wich is controlled with electric current instead of a magnetic field. It would be fun to see the, what points in this video has changed now and why
Steven Rens there are actually many different ways to create qbits each with different pros and cons. really each of them could have their own entire video
@@h_3795 magnetic fields are not electric current. Only a rate of change of magnetic field will induce an electric current. You can have a magnetic field without current (just a current or moving charge always induces a magnetic field). They don't use a magnetic field but electric field in this method
OMG this episode needed to be a LONGER EPISODE , man i want to look more at the oscilliscope and the spin of the atom and the equipment , Infact now we have many gates Z, X ,Y and H gates would love to see how that shows on the oscilliscope and get explanations from that professor
i truly put as much effort as i can to understand what u guys are talking about and while watching the video i pretend to understand and nod my head but the moment when the video ends i have absolutely NO CLUE what i just watched haha
6:33 the password is written on the whiteboard. Maybe they are so confident that they'll succeed in having a fully working quantum computer soon that they say "aah passwords, encryption, all that is useless soon anyway, so I can just publish my password now." :p
So crazy, only after this video i could understand the practical side of making a quantum bit... All those videos on internet explaining only the theory were making me go from one side to another trying to understand how physically spins were flipped and how people control them. Great Work!
@kalibos paraphrase regarding reducing the number of steps to perform quicker calculations - from my perspective, you're actually increasing the number of steps by having the quantum bit and controlling the additional possible combinations (2*2) when thinking about it granularly. From my overall perspective though, you only require less computations, since there are more possible combinations in the quantum bit and therefore obtain quicker results.
Andrew Mann alright thanks, well it seems that those who are trying to make this kind of pc are having a lot of problems since they are struggling with it, i've seen a quantum pc prototipe being manufactured recently
+Andrew Mann lol, just because some guy said that they wouldnt be better than normal computers, doesnt mean it cant. Back in ye olde days when a computer was so big, it had to have its dedocated room, and power usage equivelent to that of a small town. But we could shrink the technology, which produced less heat, we add in a new clock that could generate fast pulses aaaaand you have a faster computer. Its like walking on 4s and saying that walking on 2 legs isnt better. We will find out in the future
Amazingly clear explanation! Bill Gates said "if you cant explain it in simple terms you don't understand it". Well prof. Morello clearly understands everything there is to know about it.
@@User-ws3jl Also about quantum mechanics as a whole - not an experiment. Meaning the fundamental principles can't easily be understood intuitively- it's a case of 'just shut up and calculate '
How did I not see this earlier? I watched literally every single Veritasium video and about 20 other videos "explaining" quantum computing. In none of them did I learn how quantum bits actually work (it's embedded in a transistor). This has been puzzling me for well over two years now - yeah, about as long as this video's been out...
Nice video, but it would be great to know a bit more. I mean especially for instance what kind of techinque they exactly use? Quantum annealing? I suspect that this quantum transistor works because of the tunneling effect, if so it's very important, and it should have been mentioned in the presentation. How am I supposed to understand the words 2:27 ''what you've created is a special quantum superposition... with a specific face between two superpositions''. I've always thought that the superposition exists only when there is no decoherence=no interactions=no measurements. As far as I know the superposition comes from Schrodingers equation which represents a quantum probability wave, and the only thing we can do with it is to collapse by observing, or if you prefer interact with it. I've really never thought there is a way to create a superposition, so I'm extremely confused right now. When we apply magnetic field to define, or flip electrons' spin theoretically the superposition should wash away. I thought we can take advantage of the superposition only without interacting with the quantum object, but what would be necessary is to have a several entangled let's say electrons, so that when we measure them we can store and use all of the informations which they carried. I really appreciate your, and Prof. Andrea work, because anyway it's still probably one of the best explanations I've come across.
All they are saying is they have something that they know is in a spin down state the magnetic pulse is used to bring it into a spin up state but if they alter the length of pulse then they can control the phase (angle) of the spin between up and down. The superposition is just the change in Angle added to the up or down spin.
If I understand correctly, the quantum superposition state is when the electron is on it's way changing from the spin up or spin down state. On the screen, since they're only changing from totally spin up to totally spin down, the superposition state is the transition line in between the two vibrating lines. The lines vibrate because even though the electrons are very stable, there's still little amounts of energy which cause them to slightly change their spin. source: 2:10-2:36, 3:51-4:10
The best way to learn is to find out where the closest center of particle (and other) physics is located and go for a tour. the people are almost all ways delighted when a young person wants to learn more. For me it was CERN in Switzerland and i got to visit the control rooms and the main halls. P.S. i learned alot and now can make sense of most of the particle physics news and i am still in high school.
sorry if this is a dumb question, but flipping upside down you're not getting much right? it's the intermediate state that matters, so you can encode more stuff into a qubit, also, how to represent a qubit? is the boch sphere the state of the art in representing qubits? thanks a great channel.
If you have two intanglet electrons and you can fully contrall the first ons spin state that meens you can convay instant meseges to the second one by measuring the fitst one spin state and by doing so be able to send meseges faster than the speed of light
@@50Lior No you can't send information faster than the speed of light. As soon as you alter the spin of one the entanglement is broken. It doesn't mean if you keep changing the state of one the other will flip accordingly. All it means is whatever state one is in the other is the opposite, but we don't know beforehand what state it is. If you force it into a date then the chances are 50 50.
If my understanding is correct, the exponential factor of the qbit will tackle exponentially growing algorithms. Every AI algorithm that has to resort to heuristics to prune search trees will no longer need to. The theoretical perfect chess game, for instance, would no longer be theoretical.
In another of your videos prof. Morello illustrated how an electron needs some energy to flip to an up position by comparing it to flipping a magnet from north to south. It was a great illustration and it made the difference between electron spin really understandable for non-physicists.
Best explanation of qbits storage Ive ever seen but it doesn't explain how that fits with the undefined state that I thought quantum computing was all about, or am I missing something?
If somebody dont understand the video it doesnt mean that he is stupid! It means that you need study what is magnetic field, microvawe vawes, conductive, idnduction, superposition and so on :D Its somethink when you want explain somebody how to use function in C while he dont know what variable is ;) Or explain how atoms move while that person dont know anythink about atom.
Yes, but you can't just explain everything at once, because the people who already know will get bored, and the ones who don't won't be able to handle everything at once
I guess I'll never understand quantum computing.... I don't see where quantum theory (uncertainty principle) comes into play here.... It seems he's merely removing all heat from a system and then manipulating certain properties of sub atomic particles. He's even measuring the states without changing them...
Well, a quantum superposition was created between the electron being in spin up and spin down. Electrons, when measured as they are here, can only exist in spin up or spin down, nothing in between. That's all quantum mechanics right there. Quantum theory isn't only about the "uncertainty principle" as you imply.
***** Sorry in advance, but you added one extra zero! it should be: 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
The guest claims to read the spin of a a single phosohorous nucleus? Really? a SINGLE nucleus? Are you sure? WHy I find this so hard to believe is that the energy, DELTA E, assosicated with that change is goinged to be SWAMPED so heavily by other background energy fluctuations in the environment. Is this guy really measuring wht he think he is? It is very hard to take such claims seriously.
Yes, we really measure a single nucleus. Your point is well taken: the temperature we work at (0.02 degrees above absolute zero) is still higher that the energy difference between the nuclear spin orientations. But the "trick" is that the nucleus couples to the environment very weakly. It takes several days for the nucleus to thermalize to the temperature of the silicon crystal it's embedded in. Therefore, over the timescale of the measurement (a fraction of a second), the nucleus effectively doesn't "know" what the temperature is. That's why we can play with it as we wish. However, we do need to make it interact with the electron, and the DELTA E of the electron does need to be larger than the temperature. But that's 2,000 times larger than that of the nucleus, so we can manage it.
Andrea Morello Thank you for the clarification. I still find it absolutely amazing that your gear is sensitive enough to pick out the signal (current) resulting from the loss of a single electron. When the elctron spins up and is removed, is it not then removed for good? Therefore is it not the case then that you can only flip the elctron into its up state once for that paricular crystal? I bet the answer is no, so can you explain how the positive phospohorous ion regains an electron? PS: If you are looking for grad/phd students, you got a volunteer here -I fnd this stuff so fascinating : )
IqbalHamid a-ha! You're right, the gear does not pick up the current resulting from the loss of a single electron. But, it picks up the current resulting from the shift in bias point of the transistor that results from the loss of the single electron. When the phosphorus atom loses its electron, it becomes a positive ion. The positive charge acts as an additional local voltage on the gate of the transistor. So we carefully tune the transistor in such a way that the voltage shift produced by the phosphorus ion is just enough to turn the current on. And then we measure the current, which is fairly large and easy to pick up. Don't be surprised by the fact that a single positive ion can turn on a transistor: it's only a charge +e, but it's placed at an extremely short distance (20 nanometres), so the voltage it produces is substantial. As for how the positive phosphorus regains its electron: it comes from the big sea of electrons flowing through the transistor nearby. There is a characteristic time it takes (on average) for the electron to leave, and for another one to come back. Notice that all my scientific work is free to download from a public archive. If you really want to know the details, they're all in here: arxiv.org/abs/1003.2679 arxiv.org/abs/1305.4481 arxiv.org/abs/1302.0047
Andrea Morello I think that kind of makes sense to me: 1. You are actually detecting a shift in the transistor bias point; and 2. your construction is on the scale of 10^(-8) metres (ie you are detecting the influence of phosphorous ion within that scale). So yes, I can appreciate how +e will be quite significant at that scale. Thank you for taking the time to provide to myself and other viewers, an insight into how it is possible to detect such nanoscopic influences and thanks also for the links. I look forward to taking a peek at your work, sometime. Cheers!
+Chris Bennett considering the whole field of nuclear energy generation hinges on neutrons existing, I'd say that we're fairly sure they exist. Maybe you meant Neutrinos, the subatomic particles, but even then we've already observed them in a way consistent with what is postulated about them.
+Chris Bennett Yeah, that is absolutely incorrect. Not only do we know that neutrons exist, we know their mass extremely accurately, we know their quark composition, we know their half-life in a vacuum, etc... The neutron has been known, for sure, to exist since the 1930's. If by "100% sure" you mean uncertainty of the "stoner," pseudo-solipsistic view of, "How can we know anything exists at ALL, man..." well then I can't argue with you, because that is not science my friend. That is philosophy.
MikiKiki I am as sure that protons exist as I am that the earth exists. If that comes in varying degrees for you, I can appreciate that, but saying that, "we're not even 100% sure that neutrons exist" is just spreading misinformation. Nuclear physics is already something that is not very well understood in the public. As a physics major, even I recognize my own ignorance on a great many things within physics. But this isn't some deep statement, it's just pure misinformation. It's no different from the anti-vaxxers or the flat liners. It's not deep, it's ignorant. While I can appreciate the desire for philosophy to integrate with science, there are plenty of branches of philosophy that just don't mesh with science: like solipsism for example.
Thank you for clearing this out, this video is very helpful. If my understanding is accurate, both electrons and the nucleus are typically found in their lowest energy states. To transition an electron to an excited state, the nucleus must first be stimulated. This stimulation can be accomplished through the use of two distinct frequencies, specifically two microwave antennas (Fn and Fe). When it comes to retrieving data, the voltage from the transistors' Drain is crucial for reading. In a way, this concept bears a fair resemblance to the principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
@blazerider, you are wrong. Transistors actually have theoretically infinite number of states, it is just that we are only used to using the "on/off" interpretation. I am sure you know that a transistor is a form of amplifier, most have at least some linear range. I believe what the other poster meant was an interpretation where certain output voltages represent various states. The world adopted the binary digital paradigm and that is what everyone is used to, but you could use another.
Hi. I really enjoyed the video and wanted to thank you for the quality of the content, although I'd really like to know how do they use the properties of qbits to build a hardware and how do the algorithms work in this computer? please make a video about this too
Now I know how to force the electron and the atom to have spin up or down. But how can you get a superposition of both? And how can you get entaglement between several qubits?
When he said where ya gonna find a lot of pure Si28, i was immediately reminded of the Kg sphere video, and boi it felt so satisfying when he did the same.
To Veritasium and Professor Andrea Morello: If I’ve understood what was presented here, then there is no quantum superposition, because the 1 electron has only 1 spin at any 1 time. Instead, using magnetism, the 1 electron’s spin is being redirected to 1 desired direction at 1 desired time. Please correct me if I’m wrong.
By utilizing qubits rather than bits, you're not "speeding up" the operations per unit of time you're able to do, but rather reducing the number of steps needed to reach the result. -Paraphrased from Prof. Morello The following is my own (very possibly wrong) interpretation: since qubits exist in a superposition of 1, 0, and both until measured, exponentially more operations can be performed at once. When the operations are done and the results are in, you make a measurement and get your answer
0:19 .. qubits take advantage of superposition not to reduce the number of steps but to process multiple steps in parallel. If you need to visit two hundred houses you can do it one at a time in 200 steps. You can do it two at time(parallel processing) in 100 steps.
It’s really rare you see a really smart person explain things so clear while he already knows it.
Dude right. It's beautiful how clear he is coming across. It reminds me of a saying from Einstein that goes somewhat like "you know a subject when you can it explain it simply in few words". Anyway glad someone else thought the same thing. It is indeed rare man
@@diegocontreras2717 am i a creature
Why is no one else wondering why spin up has higher energy..is it arbitrary convention? Why is spin up lower? It's the same electron with the same charge?
@@leif1075 it's because of the large external magnetic field. It takes different energy to be lined up with versus against the field
@@tyronethames2472 but you'd have to knkw that spin upmeans aligned with the field and down is not and notnvice versa..it's a matter of arbitrary convention then right?
"So you are watching, on the oscilloscope screen in real time, the measurement of the direction of a single nucleus and our ability to flip it at will every five seconds."
Mind. Blown.
I am astounded they were able to measure to that degree of precision a single electrons spin and the Nucleus... mind blown.
We can measure single photons and electrons. The magic happens in the fact we can measure it constantly and without fundamentally altering it for continuous use.
Greetings
It looks a lot like ESR (ie., Electron-Spin Resonance) and 31P-NMR (ie., Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) to me - correct me if I'm wrong.
ESR is so sensitive that single electron spin events are routinely detected; a single NMR spin-flip event is more impressive, but then again, this NMR event is detected through the ESR signal with its inherently super-dooper sensitivity.
the mind blown part is that we are trying use it to write information.
I’d be mind blown if we prove that there are strings.
Andrea Morello's voice and explanations
Yep!
damn what accent is that.
Hihihi sounds Italian
Hihihi 100% sure Italian, I can tell it because I’m Italian as well and many people from Italy speak English with this accent.
the "bing" gets me every time XD
GalacticGamer 2013 humor
GalacticGamer 0:42
i read your comment just as derek said "bing!"
bing
😂
"so you are are watching in real time the measurement of the direction of a single nucleus and our ability to flip it at will." That is my favorite part.
mine too
gave me the the chills
that guy has a classical crazy scientist accent
And I respect that :)
italian!
@@erban1990 Very recognizably Italian, indeed
Mamma mia, it's a me, a quantum bita.
@@niksa28 ah ah stereotypes are so funny. especially towards those cooler than you : )
That was really good. Now I need a video that explains how to entangle several of these qubits together, one to explain how to implement quantum gates and one to explain Shor's algorithm. If anyone can make me understand these things, it's you. :)
Hugely educational video, thank you! That Silicon-28 coincidence is an amazing blessing to the Quantum Computing effort!
Would it be possible for you to release all the video from this experiment that Prof. Morello was doing in the video? The raw video would be fine. I would like to see his whole description of the experiment.
Eber Junior I second that
research.unsw.edu.au/people/professor-andrea-morello
You can fidn the videos in the bottom in the videos section
@@finnmckinlay Watching this video was like taking my Semiconductor physics class for my electrical engineering degree all over again XD
@Strawberry Dobreva here's a cookie
Here's what you do, get any cylindrical object, paint it blue, get some plastic tubing and wires, connect them anywhere, get some hazard stickers,( bonus points for high voltage or radioactive), throw some dry ice it, have oscilloscopes in the background. SCIENCE
This is one of the best examples ever made on the basics of quantum computing I have seen. Well done, this should be mandatory watching for any info-sec course.
I had no idea there was such a crossover between nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum computing! I just love that science is so much about taking previous breakthroughs and applying them to something completely different
This dude is awesome! You can tell he’s really into his work and seems like he’d be someone you could really learn from as it appears he enjoys explaining it!
At the end of this six movies playlist I've got all I need to understand! Not only about Qubits of course!
TH-cam should have a lot of guy like this explaining! Thank you very much!!!
Excellent video, now I can go and start building my Quantum computer in my basement ;-)
There are a lot of ways to get it...
Theorically
You can use one through IBMQ. Just search for Qiskit, their programming language
Analogy for quantum computers; you could say a quantum computer is like a jumbo jet and a normal computer is a car, because a jumbo jet is really expensive, and not something you'd expect to see in every household. but this analogy isn't perfect because a jumbo jet can carry more people than a car (like 50x more), and can go further.
A better analogy is that normal computers are cars, but quantum computers are space shuttles. The quantum computer can take you to space, your car's engine couldn't provide enough energy to take you to space (and obviously cars can't fly). But your space shuttle (quantum computer) isn't good at taking you to the shops, or to your friends house, where as a car is. But also a quantum computer is very expensive and not going to be in everyone's homes.
Computers costed absurd amounts of money in the early days. It wasn't until the process of manufacturing integrated circuits was nearly perfected that we got the home devices we all know and love today. I would argue that right now we are in the transistor stage for quantum computing. Scientists are dabbling around with the technology (just like how electrical engineers and mathematicians started to envision the early computers). I like to think that eventually new technology could eventually become affordable over time with enough innovation.
There are so many videos talking about quantum computers, but this is the only one I've found explaining how they work. There are only vague references in other videos about using spin and having 4 bits per qubit, but they never explain the "mechanics" behind it all. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you!
but can it run crisis on low settings?
it can run crysis 9999999 at full settings multiple times simultaneously
Ashish Kumar you must be fun at parties
+zaid wadi yea v wil find out as soon as i get invited to 1 :p
actually it cannot
software programs runs sequentially, and quantum bits runs them all at just 1 time. its like the computer already generated an output even without input yet, so thats a no, software programs cant use qbits
When computers were first developed, people were using light bulbs to represent numbers. Each light bulb represented a number in Base 2.
Light Bulb 1 = 1 (2^0)
Light Bulb 2 = 2 (2^1)
Light Bulb 3 = 8 (2^3)
Light Bulb 4 = 16 (2^4)
If the light is "ON" we give it the color "White" or "W" (in binary On = 1)
If the light is "OFF" we give it the color "Black" or "B" (in binary Off = 0)
During a brown out, the lights aren't quite on or off...they are dim.
So now we can represent a number in Base 3.
If the light is "ON" we give it the color "White" or "W" (in Base 3 On = 2)
If the light is "DIM" we give it the color "Brown" or "D" (in Base 3 Dim = 1)
If the light is "OFF" we give it the color "Black" or "B" (in Base 3 Off = 0)
Designing an electrical switch that is reliably DIM has not been easy.
The CUBIT may be that DIM switch that engineers have been looking for.
Don't know if you are joking or explaining quantum computing for dummies!
Those calculators were made before the bulb. Even before electron current was fully understood.
Thank you for sharing your passion of science. I've got the same wonderful astonishements about physics, things that do not touch a lot of people like the roundest object on the earth but are somehow so important if you bring the curiosity further. I think you really share the excitement and it is totally linked to your view of education. It's good to see people like you !
This is still way above my ability to fully understand. I took quantum physics at RPI in 1979 and only grasped a fraction of what the professor was trying to convey. I was able to get a "B", since a lot of students felt the same way. This is amazing stuff!
excellent video. you just made me understand how a quantum bit actually works in practice. thank you!
awesome stuff. i love when the theory meets engineering
this is soooooo amazing i think this just sparked my interest in quantum computer. Thank you Derek :)
Please do more of these excellent explanations on Quantum Phys.
Thank you for not being rude when replying. It's always nice on youtube when others aren't complaining about a comment.
Derek's recent video about quantum computer didn't mentioned how quibits work. I tried to find explanation but wasn't much successful untill i stumbled upon Derek's again. He's a wonderful person
wish i didn't start a research paper for course work on quantum computing
Starting seems 2b the tough part
One of the clearest explanations on Quantum computing I've seen so far. For the first time I sort of grasped the concept.
I was looking for the engineering of a qubit because the current youtubers only talk about the physcis. I'm glad to see a video from 9 years ago explaining what I need :)
this was 10 years ago!! unbelievable 🤯🤯
Ikr, the quality is so high.
The only explanation of quantum computer that is understandable to public, although I don't understand it :'(
Two points I surprised:
1. In 2000' some professors explained they will make quantum computers. At that time, it sounds like bluff to me. now It's real. amazing.
2. silicon is reused for quantum computer. 30 years effort for silicon transistor does not waste.
No one on TH-cam explained QC the practical way u did. Thanks a lot
Best, Best, Best,Best, Best............
Video and Researcher with long hairs.......
And that man how provides us
such a knowledge full video thanks alot both of you.......
This is really a great lecture, fascinating how smart people can be!
"No waste in science" -- no it's because it's Australia and research here relies on using bent coat hangers due to lack of funding
@Strawberry Dobreva huh?
This video deserves an update, since they now developed a so called flipflop Cubit, wich is controlled with electric current instead of a magnetic field. It would be fun to see the, what points in this video has changed now and why
Steven Rens there are actually many different ways to create qbits each with different pros and cons. really each of them could have their own entire video
Magnetic fields are electric currents
@@h_3795 he meant they are using electric signals to orient electric dipole instead of magnetic field to orient magnetic dipole
@@h_3795 magnetic fields are not electric current. Only a rate of change of magnetic field will induce an electric current. You can have a magnetic field without current (just a current or moving charge always induces a magnetic field).
They don't use a magnetic field but electric field in this method
Philip Merewood well yeah I know I thought I’d keep my sentence simple
OMG this episode needed to be a LONGER EPISODE , man i want to look more at the oscilliscope and the spin of the atom and the equipment , Infact now we have many gates Z, X ,Y and H gates would love to see how that shows on the oscilliscope and get explanations from that professor
i truly put as much effort as i can to understand what u guys are talking about and while watching the video i pretend to understand and nod my head but the moment when the video ends i have absolutely NO CLUE what i just watched haha
We're livin' in the future. And this video was produced in 2013!
6:33 the password is written on the whiteboard. Maybe they are so confident that they'll succeed in having a fully working quantum computer soon that they say "aah passwords, encryption, all that is useless soon anyway, so I can just publish my password now." :p
So crazy, only after this video i could understand the practical side of making a quantum bit... All those videos on internet explaining only the theory were making me go from one side to another trying to understand how physically spins were flipped and how people control them. Great Work!
@kalibos paraphrase regarding reducing the number of steps to perform quicker calculations - from my perspective, you're actually increasing the number of steps by having the quantum bit and controlling the additional possible combinations (2*2) when thinking about it granularly. From my overall perspective though, you only require less computations, since there are more possible combinations in the quantum bit and therefore obtain quicker results.
5:18 my head can't take it any more. It's enough of science for today.
Can we get a moment of silence for how amazing the Doc's flow is?! Like that's legendary.!
Oh, thank You. Everyone is talking about quantum computing, and You just enlightened us !
Seems that quantum CPUs would be much more vulnerable to magnetic interference?
+Milan V Not if you protect them?
Andrew Mann alright thanks, well it seems that those who are trying to make this kind of pc are having a lot of problems since they are struggling with it, i've seen a quantum pc prototipe being manufactured recently
Andrew Mann Yeah but they will have their use
I guess i frogot p in pc means personal lol
+Andrew Mann lol, just because some guy said that they wouldnt be better than normal computers, doesnt mean it cant. Back in ye olde days when a computer was so big, it had to have its dedocated room, and power usage equivelent to that of a small town. But we could shrink the technology, which produced less heat, we add in a new clock that could generate fast pulses aaaaand you have a faster computer. Its like walking on 4s and saying that walking on 2 legs isnt better.
We will find out in the future
Amazingly clear explanation!
Bill Gates said "if you cant explain it in simple terms you don't understand it". Well prof. Morello clearly understands everything there is to know about it.
@@User-ws3jl Also about quantum mechanics as a whole - not an experiment. Meaning the fundamental principles can't easily be understood intuitively- it's a case of 'just shut up and calculate '
That last trivia of silicon isotope reuse was cherry on cake.
How did I not see this earlier? I watched literally every single Veritasium video and about 20 other videos "explaining" quantum computing. In none of them did I learn how quantum bits actually work (it's embedded in a transistor). This has been puzzling me for well over two years now - yeah, about as long as this video's been out...
But how do you create an entangled state between two of these qbits?
Aeroscience
Ask china
So...the nucleus' spin acts similarly to a p-n gate and the responding electron's spin is the qubit value? Or am I totally missing how this works?
+Ace Goat Basically
Its Odysuss Cool. Thanks!
The nucleus itself is the qubit. We are just using electron's spin to read that qubit's information.
Ah, I think I had it backwards then.
Nice video, but it would be great to know a bit more. I mean especially for instance what kind of techinque they exactly use? Quantum annealing? I suspect that this quantum transistor works because of the tunneling effect, if so it's very important, and it should have been mentioned in the presentation. How am I supposed to understand the words 2:27 ''what you've created is a special quantum superposition... with a specific face between two superpositions''.
I've always thought that the superposition exists only when there is no decoherence=no interactions=no measurements. As far as I know the superposition comes from Schrodingers equation which represents a quantum probability wave, and the only thing we can do with it is to collapse by observing, or if you prefer interact with it. I've really never thought there is a way to create a superposition, so I'm extremely confused right now.
When we apply magnetic field to define, or flip electrons' spin theoretically the superposition should wash away. I thought we can take advantage of the superposition only without interacting with the quantum object, but what would be necessary is to have a several entangled let's say electrons, so that when we measure them we can store and use all of the informations which they carried.
I really appreciate your, and Prof. Andrea work, because anyway it's still probably one of the best explanations I've come across.
All they are saying is they have something that they know is in a spin down state the magnetic pulse is used to bring it into a spin up state but if they alter the length of pulse then they can control the phase (angle) of the spin between up and down. The superposition is just the change in Angle added to the up or down spin.
If I understand correctly, the quantum superposition state is when the electron is on it's way changing from the spin up or spin down state.
On the screen, since they're only changing from totally spin up to totally spin down, the superposition state is the transition line in between the two vibrating lines. The lines vibrate because even though the electrons are very stable, there's still little amounts of energy which cause them to slightly change their spin.
source:
2:10-2:36, 3:51-4:10
Eu sou do Brasil e eu amo esse canal, obrigado por divulgar esse tipo de conteúdo!
Esse canal realmente é muito excelente e educativo.
When can we expect the next installment of this series?
Finally... A clear explanation for a fool like me :)
As an electron, I can confirm that I'm usually in the spin-down state.
The best way to learn is to find out where the closest center of particle (and other) physics is located and go for a tour. the people are almost all ways delighted when a young person wants to learn more. For me it was CERN in Switzerland and i got to visit the control rooms and the main halls. P.S. i learned alot and now can make sense of most of the particle physics news and i am still in high school.
sorry if this is a dumb question, but flipping upside down you're not getting much right? it's the intermediate state that matters, so you can encode more stuff into a qubit, also, how to represent a qubit? is the boch sphere the state of the art in representing qubits? thanks a great channel.
6:32 i know the beauty of silicon :)
Every women ever
If you have two intanglet electrons and you can fully contrall the first ons spin state that meens you can convay instant meseges to the second one by measuring the fitst one spin state and by doing so be able to send meseges faster than the speed of light
@@50Lior No you can't send information faster than the speed of light.
As soon as you alter the spin of one the entanglement is broken.
It doesn't mean if you keep changing the state of one the other will flip accordingly.
All it means is whatever state one is in the other is the opposite, but we don't know beforehand what state it is. If you force it into a date then the chances are 50 50.
I would like to be presented a few examples of algorithms that benefit from quantum computers.
If my understanding is correct, the exponential factor of the qbit will tackle exponentially growing algorithms. Every AI algorithm that has to resort to heuristics to prune search trees will no longer need to. The theoretical perfect chess game, for instance, would no longer be theoretical.
Colbert Philippe Traveling salesman problem solved in an instant, for any given data set.
Colbert Philippe problems with 2^n complexity like generating all subsets of a given set
Amazingly simplified explanation of qubit.
Great fun! Thanks for this explanation of how to detect electron spin on a phosphorous atom in a silicon transistor.
apparently they've just created the first quantum logic gates this week, and they have a process to mass produce them.
+Seth Apex where did you read that?
+arisoda your mom
In another of your videos prof. Morello illustrated how an electron needs some energy to flip to an up position by comparing it to flipping a magnet from north to south. It was a great illustration and it made the difference between electron spin really understandable for non-physicists.
Best explanation of qbits storage Ive ever seen but it doesn't explain how that fits with the undefined state that I thought quantum computing was all about, or am I missing something?
"bla bla bla.... spin, ¡BING!"
6:10 he fall in love with Prof. Morello :D Check out his eyes :D
+raffa1983 Thats falling in love with science
+raffa1983 How could you not fall in love with him?
I have no idea what you are talking about... but yet I cant stop watching...
If somebody dont understand the video it doesnt mean that he is stupid! It means that you need study what is magnetic field, microvawe vawes, conductive, idnduction, superposition and so on :D Its somethink when you want explain somebody how to use function in C while he dont know what variable is ;) Or explain how atoms move while that person dont know anythink about atom.
Alois Tomek true
yea, you need to get those knowledge at the back of your head, like how it's common sense to think if you jump you'll fall back on ground
Yes, but you can't just explain everything at once, because the people who already know will get bored, and the ones who don't won't be able to handle everything at once
I guess I'll never understand quantum computing.... I don't see where quantum theory (uncertainty principle) comes into play here.... It seems he's merely removing all heat from a system and then manipulating certain properties of sub atomic particles. He's even measuring the states without changing them...
Well, a quantum superposition was created between the electron being in spin up and spin down. Electrons, when measured as they are here, can only exist in spin up or spin down, nothing in between. That's all quantum mechanics right there. Quantum theory isn't only about the "uncertainty principle" as you imply.
kmm so it's basically veritasium's electron-cat
***** Sorry in advance, but you added one extra zero! it should be:
100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
***** Are you the guy with long hair in the previous quantum video? lol
Great explanation btw
Great success to you Sir
RUN!!! That man is LOKI..
Totally unrelated but: I just saw your channel on a commercial and I got all excited :)
Very helpful. Excellent understanding of not only the basic physics involved but the challenged that remain.
My brain fried even tho my iq is 145
That's because IQ isn't quantum. It's relative. :D
Lol well not my brain! xD
@@whats0my0agenda xD
The guest claims to read the spin of a a single phosohorous nucleus? Really? a SINGLE nucleus? Are you sure? WHy I find this so hard to believe is that the energy, DELTA E, assosicated with that change is goinged to be SWAMPED so heavily by other background energy fluctuations in the environment. Is this guy really measuring wht he think he is? It is very hard to take such claims seriously.
If you cool the environment sufficiently, the background noise will be small enough to negate.
Yes, we really measure a single nucleus. Your point is well taken: the temperature we work at (0.02 degrees above absolute zero) is still higher that the energy difference between the nuclear spin orientations. But the "trick" is that the nucleus couples to the environment very weakly. It takes several days for the nucleus to thermalize to the temperature of the silicon crystal it's embedded in. Therefore, over the timescale of the measurement (a fraction of a second), the nucleus effectively doesn't "know" what the temperature is. That's why we can play with it as we wish. However, we do need to make it interact with the electron, and the DELTA E of the electron does need to be larger than the temperature. But that's 2,000 times larger than that of the nucleus, so we can manage it.
Andrea Morello
Thank you for the clarification. I still find it absolutely amazing that your gear is sensitive enough to pick out the signal (current) resulting from the loss of a single electron. When the elctron spins up and is removed, is it not then removed for good? Therefore is it not the case then that you can only flip the elctron into its up state once for that paricular crystal? I bet the answer is no, so can you explain how the positive phospohorous ion regains an electron? PS: If you are looking for grad/phd students, you got a volunteer here -I fnd this stuff so fascinating : )
IqbalHamid a-ha! You're right, the gear does not pick up the current resulting from the loss of a single electron. But, it picks up the current resulting from the shift in bias point of the transistor that results from the loss of the single electron. When the phosphorus atom loses its electron, it becomes a positive ion. The positive charge acts as an additional local voltage on the gate of the transistor. So we carefully tune the transistor in such a way that the voltage shift produced by the phosphorus ion is just enough to turn the current on. And then we measure the current, which is fairly large and easy to pick up. Don't be surprised by the fact that a single positive ion can turn on a transistor: it's only a charge +e, but it's placed at an extremely short distance (20 nanometres), so the voltage it produces is substantial. As for how the positive phosphorus regains its electron: it comes from the big sea of electrons flowing through the transistor nearby. There is a characteristic time it takes (on average) for the electron to leave, and for another one to come back.
Notice that all my scientific work is free to download from a public archive. If you really want to know the details, they're all in here:
arxiv.org/abs/1003.2679
arxiv.org/abs/1305.4481
arxiv.org/abs/1302.0047
Andrea Morello I think that kind of makes sense to me:
1. You are actually detecting a shift in the transistor bias point; and
2. your construction is on the scale of 10^(-8) metres (ie you are detecting the influence of phosphorous ion within that scale). So yes, I can appreciate how +e will be quite significant at that scale.
Thank you for taking the time to provide to myself and other viewers, an insight into how it is possible to detect such nanoscopic influences and thanks also for the links. I look forward to taking a peek at your work, sometime. Cheers!
Fun fact: We're not even 100% sure if neutrons even exist.
+Frol Zapolsky neutrons is in every atom
+Chris Bennett considering the whole field of nuclear energy generation hinges on neutrons existing, I'd say that we're fairly sure they exist. Maybe you meant Neutrinos, the subatomic particles, but even then we've already observed them in a way consistent with what is postulated about them.
+Chris Bennett Yeah, that is absolutely incorrect. Not only do we know that neutrons exist, we know their mass extremely accurately, we know their quark composition, we know their half-life in a vacuum, etc...
The neutron has been known, for sure, to exist since the 1930's.
If by "100% sure" you mean uncertainty of the "stoner," pseudo-solipsistic view of, "How can we know anything exists at ALL, man..." well then I can't argue with you, because that is not science my friend. That is philosophy.
+Nathan Klassen science and philosophy are starting to combine. Ask Kurzweil.
MikiKiki I am as sure that protons exist as I am that the earth exists. If that comes in varying degrees for you, I can appreciate that, but saying that, "we're not even 100% sure that neutrons exist" is just spreading misinformation.
Nuclear physics is already something that is not very well understood in the public. As a physics major, even I recognize my own ignorance on a great many things within physics. But this isn't some deep statement, it's just pure misinformation. It's no different from the anti-vaxxers or the flat liners. It's not deep, it's ignorant.
While I can appreciate the desire for philosophy to integrate with science, there are plenty of branches of philosophy that just don't mesh with science: like solipsism for example.
Thank you for clearing this out, this video is very helpful. If my understanding is accurate, both electrons and the nucleus are typically found in their lowest energy states. To transition an electron to an excited state, the nucleus must first be stimulated. This stimulation can be accomplished through the use of two distinct frequencies, specifically two microwave antennas (Fn and Fe). When it comes to retrieving data, the voltage from the transistors' Drain is crucial for reading.
In a way, this concept bears a fair resemblance to the principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
@blazerider, you are wrong. Transistors actually have theoretically infinite number of states, it is just that we are only used to using the "on/off" interpretation. I am sure you know that a transistor is a form of amplifier, most have at least some linear range. I believe what the other poster meant was an interpretation where certain output voltages represent various states. The world adopted the binary digital paradigm and that is what everyone is used to, but you could use another.
I would like to see this updated. Very good Thanks.
The explanation is very clear. Just a few minutes, great.
Hi. I really enjoyed the video and wanted to thank you for the quality of the content, although I'd really like to know how do they use the properties of qbits to build a hardware and how do the algorithms work in this computer? please make a video about this too
Jesus imagine how much more interesting school would be if they taught this kind of stuff
They do...at post-graduate level.
Now I know how to force the electron and the atom to have spin up or down.
But how can you get a superposition of both?
And how can you get entaglement between several qubits?
When he said where ya gonna find a lot of pure Si28, i was immediately reminded of the Kg sphere video, and boi it felt so satisfying when he did the same.
To Veritasium and Professor Andrea Morello: If I’ve understood what was presented here, then there is no quantum superposition, because the 1 electron has only 1 spin at any 1 time. Instead, using magnetism, the 1 electron’s spin is being redirected to 1 desired direction at 1 desired time. Please correct me if I’m wrong.
I can't help but mimick your smug smile when you present these insights.
Just two minutes in and it's already insane. We can control the direction a single electron is spinning... How crazy is that??
This video is SO GOOD that I would like to buy something from audible.com.
Best video I've watched this year. This is such a simple and beautiful explanation and practical application of qubits. Wow
By utilizing qubits rather than bits, you're not "speeding up" the operations per unit of time you're able to do, but rather reducing the number of steps needed to reach the result. -Paraphrased from Prof. Morello
The following is my own (very possibly wrong) interpretation: since qubits exist in a superposition of 1, 0, and both until measured, exponentially more operations can be performed at once. When the operations are done and the results are in, you make a measurement and get your answer
The silicon-28 callback was really cool.
Congratulations on a very lucid explanation of an incredibly esoteric subject.
Awesome video!....this is the explanation I was looking for; many questions were answered.
Thank you so much
You and the prof Are the first ones makes me Realize it as they only speak
0:19 .. qubits take advantage of superposition not to reduce the number of steps but to process multiple steps in parallel. If you need to visit two hundred houses you can do it one at a time in 200 steps. You can do it two at time(parallel processing) in 100 steps.
The way the guy explaining his work smiles is soooo cute
4:09 "spin UP electron" that smile 😁
Watched it twice to understand but was worth it.....LOVE YOU QUANTUM PEOPLE...!!