What is the ORIGIN of all MASS in the Universe? Physics of symmetry breaking
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 17 พ.ค. 2024
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REFERENCES:
What is Symmetry?: • Is Symmetry Fundamenta...
Higgs mechanism: • How 2 Fundamental Forc...
Quantum Field Theory: • QFT: What is the unive...
Strong Force mechanism: • Why Don't Protons Fly ...
Visualizing quantum fields: • What Is A Particle? A ...
Research Papers on Chiral symmetry breaking:
tinyurl.com/2khglb9g
tinyurl.com/2m73bymc
tinyurl.com/2gczzn3k
tinyurl.com/2z6rzxx9
CHAPTERS:
0:00 No mass would exist without this
1:15 What is symmetry?
3:29 Why does the universe break symmetry?
4:56 Mass is a problem in the Standard Model
5:52 What is symmetry breaking?
6:12 What is expectation value?
8:15 How do fundamental particles gain rest mass?
8:45 How does ALL mass come from symmetry breaking?
9:45 Chiral symmetry breaking
11:55 Summary of the origin of mass
13:15 Chemistry and our universe
SUMMARY:
What is the origin of mass in the universe? Symmetry breaking. Symmetries in quantum mechanics result in 3 of the fundamental forces of nature - electromagnetic, weak and strong forces. However, the breaking of certain symmetries is just as important as symmetries. Without it no mass would exist in the universe and no life would exist.
What is symmetry in physics? it's when the properties of particles don’t change after being subjected to transformations. The simplest example is the fact that the laws of physics are the same whether you are here, or in China - this is space translation symmetry. Symmetries show us that mother nature has some simple rules it uses to build the universe.
Imagine a Mexican hat potential. Now if I asked you to place a ball such that you didn’t break symmetry, you would only have one choice - in the middle, at the maximum. What if instead, we put the ball in one of the minima? Now the symmetry would no longer exist. This is a representation of how the Higgs mechanism works to impart mass to fundamental particles. Certain fundamental particles break symmetry by not being in the center, by being in the non-zero potential of the Higgs field.
The issue with the standard model is that all particles must be massless according its equations. This is a demand from the symmetry of the equations. So how do masses of the fundamental particles come about? symmetry breaking.
What is symmetry breaking? Briefly, modern quantum theory shows that all particles are excitations in fields that permeate the entire universe. The lowest energy state of all the other fields is zero. This means that even though they are modulating and changing, meaning that particle and antiparticles are quickly coming in and out of existence forming and annihilating all the time, overall the energy used to create and annihilate these virtual particles has a net value of zero. But the Higgs field is different . It’s field is non zero, even in empty space.
This means our Higgs field becomes massive at a lower energy state, and any fundamental particle that interacts with it gains a rest mass. All the mass associated with the particles of the standard model is due to the fact that they interact with the Higgs field. Particles that don’t interact with the Higgs field remain massless, like the massless photon.
But symmetry breaking is responsible for all mass, not just the mass of fundamental particles. The mass of protons and neutrons comes mainly from the binding energy that keeps quarks glued together inside protons and neutrons, as well as the biding energy that keeps protons glued to other protons and neutrons in the nucleus. It comes from gluon interactions associated with the strong force.
What kind of symmetry breaking explains this binding energy? Chiral symmetry. A chiral symmetric theory treats left handed and right handed particles the same. But the standard model is not a chiral-symmetric theory. It does not treat left and right-handed particles the same.
Consider a left-handed up quark. It has a mass of about 2.3 MeV. The anti-particle of this quark will be right handed.
When these two quarks are bound together, this combination is called a meson. If left and right chirality were treated equally, this meson would annihilate with a net energy of roughly zero. The combination of a quark/anti-quark pair would result in zero mass.
However, if chiral symmetry is broken, they are not treated equally, and the net energy is NOT zero. In fact the total mass is 135 to 140 MeV. Where did this increase in mass come from? It comes about due to chiral symmetry breaking.
#symmetry
#mass
The gluons form a kind of cloud around the quarks. This confines the quarks, breaks chiral symmetry, and generates the binding energy that is measured as mass of the meson. The same phenomenon occurs in protons and neutrons. This is the origin of 99% of the visible mass in the universe. The other 1% is due to the Higgs boson. - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
I love it that you explain things in a clear way without hours of math formulae, but at the same time, treat us like we can handle these high-level concepts. Your unique style leads to us being able to gain a general overview of concepts that are at the cutting-edge of human knowledge. You go further than about any other person in explaining these in the most comprehensible ways possible.
Thanks for that. I appreciate it. And I'm glad you find my videos helpful.
@@ArvinAsh Thank you! 👍
I don't see why the issue needs to be confused with this long winded symmetry, energy is binding the quarks and energy is mass
Are you paid to make positive comments? Or you just little bit ignorant and believe all cartoons?
@@freefall9832 Cos when the universe was created there was equal amount of matter and anti matter ie the symmetry
i would LOVE to get involve with this particular study of science. I was the grade school geek who read about quarks in one of those early science magazines and argued with science teachers when they graded me WRONG for answering that protons, neutrons weren't the "smallest parts of an atom". I literally had to SHOW her the article before she would change my grade. Her answer was that "i wasn't supposed to know that" but the reality was that SHE did not (yet) know that so she was teaching what everyone taught back in the early 70's. Now that I am nearing retirement I can return to this original thirst for knowledge and constantly watch yours and other science and math videos. While I took calculus, discrete structures, statistics and all those other higher maths, I am not as good at them as I am with physics, QED and such so these fit well with my objectives. I'd much rather watch these videos so THANK YOU for continuing to bring us AWESOME content like this! Could you do a video on "penta" quarks?
Classical teacher, punishing students for "knowing more than they should". Sadly school is not for learning to think but for learning how to follow.
I'm glad she changed your grade, but at least she did do so once shown. Also, quarks were something of a novelty in the 70s, viewed then widely as mathematical conjecture, not necessarily physical reality. Indeed, even today no one has actually pulled out a quark as a separate part.
@@Primitarian yeah, quarks when pulled apart just create another quark to bond with.
@@Parmenides7 What? Do you mean it is sad that school tells you how to feel/think, or did you think that I was saying you need school in order to think? 😆
Go for it
I'm really happy that you are going deeper into this subject than other channels. I'm just an ordinary guy and I want to understand this stuff better, and you're making it possible 😁👍
Deeper than PBS Space Time?
@@yziib3578 I was about to say lol
Pbs?
@@aryanbansode1897 What about, into the impossible or Sabine?
You may want to check Physics Explained channel if you wish go deeper into equations
This is the best explanation of mass.
wtf hey
If this is what causes mass. And it takes time for it to happen. Then wouldn't more mass take more time. .
Wouldn't spacetime stretch to accommodate the interactions required for more mass. Wouldn't objects acelerating through spacetime have more interactions and gain mass.
Would the mass at the center of a black hole have a constant connection to the Higgs field and require infinite time.
Would that explain gravity.
Bro don’t pretend like you understand it lmao
I'm once again truly humbled by your unparalleled ability to convey these mind blowing theories while continuously taking us closer to the core fundamentals. Thank you so much for these beautiful insights Arvin. What a video, keep up the good fight, kind sir!
What an amazing visual representation to help us learn
I am watching your channel since 2019. Your channel and Pbs spacetime are outstanding.
Thank you Arvin. This topic was always mysterious to me but the veil has been somewhat lifted by your explanation. I look forward to more breakthroughs that will further demystify the universe.
Hi Arvin
Just a trolling physicist who landed here again by accident and glad I did. As usual, a fabulous job done by you and your expert physics team. I have no reservations recommending you (and PBS Spacetime, etc.) to any of my students for the correct explanations, backed up by good "production values" (as they say), to go further than dry equations.
Your visualizations are second to none, Arvin! Keep it up!
❤
Every single one of Arvin’s videos is incredible.
Home run episode right there! Kudos. Side note: The bi-lateral symmetry of the human face can be nearly perfect. Yet, by far, those faces with noticeable minor asymmetries (like in this photo 2:16) consistently score the highest beauty-wise in aggregated results. Though totally subjective, might it be that it's our (lower conscious) way of paying homage to the universe's solid move of breaking symmetry? Pretty sure that needs to be a new Netflix series.
I really enjoy your videos Arvin, I feel ever more enlightened with each one I watch. Thank you for making and sharing them🌌
My pleasure! Thank you for watching.
I appreciate the way you explain and make complex ideas accessible. Thank you. Subscribed.
That was clear vision and gave me understanding of the Higgs field.
Whoaaaat a legend. Explained one of the most complex part in particle physics in just 15 minutes. Science teacher in my school would take 500 years to explain this. 😂😂
Exceptionally awesome visualizations in your Video @Arvin 🙂
Really appreciate the description.❤
Thanks very much for Wondrium. The multitude of courses in the natural sciences were fascinating.
Excellent content and presentations. Such high quality. I am a big fan.
Your work is so wonderful. You are a top reference in the first and now the second Volume of my “Our Self Assembling Universe” AWTbook(tm) Series. The second one is in final stages of writing. It’s subtitled “Who is Us? The nanoscale answer to that question is so incredible and you nail so much of it with your beautifully clear answers. Whether my efforts make any difference remains to be seen. But I do think I am onto something with my new, may I say it, literary art form in which you were first featured in OSAU-2, C&I&L&E=mc2.
Thanks Arvin. I'm gonna go ahead and keep this tab open so I can watch it 5 more times.
Arvin, you are an incredible teacher ! Myself I am mathematician very frustrated to not had good theoretical physics understanding, probably due to bad teaching of physics when I was student in Paris, 25 years ago. My dream would be to meet people like you who can explain me physics simply !
The fastest growing physics channel and so informative ❤ .
I love the fact that you bring some very fundamental question ,like this video,never thaught about this thing...
But amazing video love your videos.
Loved your videos as always!!
Great job! Great video! Great graphics! You might be the best science communicator in the world?! 👍
Wow, thanks!
This video cannot be commended enough. It is best of the best.
Wow, amazing, though some of it went above my head, it is presented in an as simple as it can get manner. But what a lot to know about the universe, and you are doing a wonderful job communicating these extremely hard concepts in simple terms. I've signed up to you channel already.
Welcome aboard!
The chiral symmetry breaking in the proton is very interesting. I wonder how expirements have to be set up in order prove these theories?
So much respect for the attitude to “why” questions. This is a needed disclaimer for people
The Higgs Field is probably one of the most fascinating aspects of physics to me. Especially when discussing Vacuum Decay. Which I couldn't help thinking about watching the animations illustrating the non-zero energy expectations. Any chance you could do a deep-dive on the whole Higgs/mass/vacuum decay topic?
I did make a video on that here: th-cam.com/video/zY6IK0ObDYU/w-d-xo.html
Thanks for doing this. The Goldstone mechanism is a tricky concept.
Love the channel, the mass comes from the strongforce, and interaction between the gluons and the Quarks :)
Check the link for example th-cam.com/users/shortsFxE-V3JN-EE?feature=share
Yes...
And the gravitational force gives mass weight.
The Mass comes from the energy binding the quarks together
That's only for composite particles, fundamental particles( except neutrinos) get their mass from the higgs field
I just subbed to Wondrium and I'm loving it so far with Understanding Electronics course.
Wonderful. I love the app myself.
A great explaination that increased my understanding of this.
Thanks, you are doing great job, making things easier is not easier
You can place the ball anywhere on graph as long as u change ur perspective postition to make the ball appear symmetrical
Thanks for doing what you do
I appreciate the efforts of all scientists over the thousands of years
We need more scientists to understand this vast universe
We need more scientists like Einstein
Im glad to say that I've learned about a few of the things mentioned in this video during my physics classes and its really² hard involving a lot of equations that are really² long😅😅
You answered so many questions without answering any questions lol. I'm gonna have to watch this again to fully get what u mean
A fabulous video - great job again! Could you do a video on CIG Theory?
Great info, Thank you
You have done well
Amazing information !
This is bestest explanation of MASS in TH-cam universe, many alternate universes exist in minds of those 1 percent Scientists.. who actually actually reached these MIND BENDING conclusions.. ie mass comes from energy, the gluon clouds.. whoa.. a BIG WHOA
Your videos should be part of home schooling.👏 I think it would be a great idea to create a home schooling series, for you have an excellent way of explaining advanced concepts in a way that are easy to understand. Thanks
This explanation of symmetry breaking has cleared up my understanding of dark matter theories for WIMPs being a likely candidate as the spontaneous field fluctuations cause particles to pop into and out of existence. Thanks for another great video
Great to hear that the video was helpful. Thank you for watching.
no words for appreciation....God blessing you sir for all times.......
Mind-blowing. Just outstanding! 💖
Thank you! Cheers!
Huh things are clearer now. Thank you for the best explanation I have yet to see.
Well explained, thanks
You should check this out th-cam.com/users/shortsFxE-V3JN-EE?feature=share
He is definitely very interesting in his talks about the universe
Great stuff man, thanks! Keep it up 💪😎🇺🇸
Most accurate but, simplified easy to understand physics!
This high quality narrative and graphics bring me tantalizingly close to grasping these notions but the maths I encountered in my biochem and medical career weren’t enough for a proper understanding. I wonder if a math course catch-up is a feasible goal in retirement.
Hey! I'm wondering if the equations for the mass of things like the W, Z bosons, Higgs Boson, and Top Quark can be covered since I'm really interested in the math that goes into those particles.
Even if it's really simplified equations I'd love to see any articles that cover this topic or even videos - since I still don't entirely know how these things are calculated - just that they are, and I wanna know the "how?" that goes into it. Love your videos and they're quite helpful for understanding our world and sciences better.
One of you most important videos. To me it would seem there are keys or paths in this video as to how gravity works that we currently are missing. The big bang potential working time clock machine first law of thermodynamics resulting in the recorded second law of thermodynamics including all resulting paths and consistent symmetries within time space and mass gravity causality pathways or E=mc2. Sort of a algebra puzzle with lot's of pieces.
mind blown in 15 mins.......
Hi ARVIN. If you think about it right. A black hole is a good or perfect example of what an atom probably looks like in realty. On an atom, the electron would be compared to the event horizon on a black hole. A certain section or volume is filled with a fluid or gas or an electrical field, on or near the nucleus. So the pulp or the core would be a supermassive black hole made of heavier elements in subatomic particles. SUBCOOLED and LIQUID STATE these volumes break the atom and resemble our smallest interactions. Whilst the MACRO SENSE looks very similar.
Very interesting and well explains vidoe. Arvin Ash being one of the best to explain complicated things much simplified.
I am glad that some people that are not dancing on tiktok, do something actually highly productive to propel our existence into the future
I think it was pretty beautiful
I love your videos!!
I learned a lot from this video, thanks! The graphics were very helpful 🙌
great as always 👏🏻🇧🇷
One of the better explanations for beggeners I have heard. Thanks.
great job👍👍👍👍👍👍
Thank you
Excellent
Appreciate Arvin, for peeling 1 layer at a time for a person interested in topic But minimal acedemic knowledge of high school physics of 70s -:)
Thanks, now I know what the big deal about the Higgs field and the Higgs boson was all about. Nice explanation!!
Can someone tell me what the symbols in the bottom left at 1:15 (intro screen with text: Arvin Ash Complex Questions Explained Simply) are from or are called?
the way i see it; the 'symmetry' breaking and conversion are because we assembled the model in this way so its not really answering a 'why'. its like trying to explain the why by saying because there is addition done... symmetry is just a more complex addition.
if we had a full and complete model of the universe we would have no breaking of symmetry given a similar model to what we have now because everything would be accounted for in the equations.
Good one.
The Universe is not just expanding the whole Universe is also rotating which started with the big bang.
According to current knowledge 99% of the mass is from strong force and 1% of the mass is from Higgs field.
Heads up check the link for example th-cam.com/users/shortsFxE-V3JN-EE?feature=share
Yes, why he went on about Higgs and symmetry is just over complicating the topic
actually it is from the color force
@@robotaholic The color force is the strong force
This is only for composite particles. Elementary particles(except neutrinos) get all their mass from the higgs field
Theory:
1. We did never produce anti matter in the labs. It was something else but no anti matter!
2. We and all galaxys visible to us are in "local" spots of regular matter which we can see and where gravity works attracting.
3. Between this galaxies is anti matter which we can not interact with and which negated gravity forces are pushing the galaxies apart.
4. this was not like this in the early universe, it is a result of the attracting and pushing forces of matter and anti matter it self.
I ❤ Bros intro
Love this video. Thanks. How come the interactions with the higgs field don't count as measurements?
Mass units such as a neutron or proton have, are photons of wavelength 2pi Planck length trapped over their own gravity with the help of a neutrino
m=E/c²
mass is energy in orbit over a sphere, trapped by its own gravity creating classical inertia c² (v²) creating inertia.
The meaning of mass has been deciphered in the "Novel quantitative push gravity/electricity theory poised for verification". It provides an alternative platform to map out existing experimental data. Hopefully, there may be a correspondence between the outlined ideas in the above video and the ideas on mass, force fields, black holes and much more derived by the proposed novel theory. It is much easier to conceptualize with palpable explanations. The examination of alternatives is always a fruitful exercise. Please give it a try.
Laws of spacial symmetry is different in different places
Awesome!! Thanks-been thinking about chirality and symmetries for years and this really helped.
Symmetry seemed like something thrown in to complicate the subject
@@freefall9832 it's not
@TD haha comment from the past, I looked into it, and I'm not buying symmetry. Physicists found their rabbit hole and they might be lost to us forever hahaha
@@freefall9832 why aren't you buying symmetry?
@TD I see modern physics built on shaky foundations. The misuse of math to predict future or past events has led to the current state where things aren't adding up. Symmetry, entanglement, red shift are all in doubt and on the chopping block
I know I'm being dim not stopping at the link that'll untrip me understanding this, but I just watched it again, and couldn't find the right link! You kindly recommended me looking at the link explaining strong forces as I'm struggling with Gluons, but links kept popping up and going like quarks. I didn't know which one to follow. Can you be really kind and tell me the time info for the link? Second viewing just confused me more. You're terrific at explaining, but I overthink in Physics which messes with my listening and following. Thanks so much. I don't want to press the wrong link, I'll just get lost further .
If you're looking to find out more about the strong force how quarks and gluons interact, then my video on QCD is probably what you are looking for: th-cam.com/video/KnbrRhkJCRk/w-d-xo.html
Or this new one on how quarks stay glued together: th-cam.com/video/WF2c_jzefKc/w-d-xo.html
@@ArvinAsh Thanks 👍
So the Higgs seems to exist to supply enough particles with starter "mass" so they can bond and create the actual mass via gluon interactions. Fascinating.
This must be mass week. Anton Petrov also had a video on his TH-cam channel this week called "But What Exactly Is Mass And How Is It Formed?"
Hey check this example out th-cam.com/users/shortsFxE-V3JN-EE?feature=share
PBS Space Time released one also commeting on QCED and gluon energy to be causing the rest of the mass.
1. First "kinetic energy", as the linear momentum of a particulate mass-object that is in motion relative to another (e.g. 'observer') mass-object, as imparted to it by an initial 'pulse' of accelerating force; and the "potential energy" we say a mass-object has that is being held aloft in a (say) gravitational field, are in fact the same thing - the "held aloft" object being, in fact, subjected to a sustained (or you might say, not yet completed pulse of) accelerating force point-radially with respect to the center of mass of the system under consideration.
2. Second, all "motion" is - ultimately - point-radial, originating from "The Big Bang", and still proceeding from it we must assume - no matter which 'direction' a given particulate mass-object is "pushed" by one of its fellows.
What distinguishes a bounded region (such as a "proton") of confined motion (such as that of its "quarks") from the "empty space" (defined by the propagation of EMR photons through it at "the speed of light") surrounding such a region, is precisely that property it exhibits that we call "mass", and which is more accurately described (I propose) as the point-radial (and 'still spinning') fluid vortexual acceleration-flow (complete with 'length contraction' and 'time dilation') imparted to the spacetime contained in that region by some initial point-radially 'explosive' event like "The Big Bang" or a stellar supernova "event".
3. "Spacetime", the 'stuff' we perceive as being "curved" by the presence of a gravitating mass, is an otherwise scale-uniform superfluid medium (SUM) whose self-relative motion -- a.k.a. "acceleration" -- is what endows it with structure (geometric and otherwise).
Another Great AA vid
When you're ready for the correct explanation of the origin of all mass in the universe, you're ready for matter theory.
THANK YOU... DR. ARVIN ASH...!!!
You sir should see this th-cam.com/users/shortsFxE-V3JN-EE?feature=share
I have a little off topic question but we know due to entropy time travel is not possible because entropy always increases or remains same but that is for the closed system what if we create a system in which one sides entropy is getting transferred to the other side something like a huge refrigerater, can then time travel (in backwards direction) be possible?
4:19 Is there a correlation between the number of the symmetry groups and the amount of bosons? In SU1 I notice that there is one boson: the photon. In SU2 there is the W and Z boson, so that seems to give 2 bosons, however there are two W bosons, so why is that? And in SU3 there are three color charges, but I believe there are 8 (?) different gluons? Still 8 is 2³, so is there a correlation between the symmetry group number and the amount of bosons? If so, why?
Yes indeed. See the rest of the video, where I talk about it.
we need a in-depth video on antimatter
Nick picking question: 12:57 the y-axis represents the energy level, but what is the meaning of the x-axis?
Y axis is potential energy. X axis is the expectation value of the field. I talked about what expectation value is in the video. It has to do with the overall energy of particle/anti-particle creation and annihilation in the field.
great video Arvin ! I think we will still have to wait (insert best guess) years before a full understanding of what is mass ! Is amazing how after 100 years of einstein some of the answers he gave special and general theory of relativity are still not fully reconciled with quantum physics.
Mass is property of Energy. Mass is the name we give to the tendency of highly concentrated energy to resist acceleration when acted upon by an external force.
The question is what is Energy.
@@LyubomirIko Thanks you. Newtown explain gravity and its relationship with mass with this famous equation F = GmM / r^2 . Einsten elaborated and replaced with his theory of general relativity. So that much is clear. What we are yet to understand I think is how is is that this property of emerges (mass) emerges. The explanation of higgs mechanism and how the energy of gluons gives rise to mass is wonderful , Arvin did a great job of explaining all that. But it is not very satisfying. Why gluons have the energy they do or why the higgs potential has the value is does. None of the theories mentioned spo far have explaines where these values come from. That is the great mystery. As you say if we truly understand energy then we may understand how this property of energy as you put it emerges.
@@rajeevyelkur7568 "Why gluons have the energy they do" - as we know - The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed - only converted from one form of energy to another... Yet - gluons breaks this laws every moment - in a constant stream - zipping in and out of existence on top of that -in order to create the whole Universe. It is enormous paradox - both for science, but for philosophy too.
@@LyubomirIko I am not a physicist to give a perfect answer here. But yes the zero point energy paradox as it is called is known as the "worst prediction in physics" order of 10^120 wrong from observation. However I think there is a partial resolution at least 1. particles have positive energy and anti particles negative energy. that should cancel. But gluons are the binding energy . However gluons binding virtual particles and antiparticle pairs according to me at least do not represent energy unless they particles themselves become real . What really makes them "real" is the next question. Yes this part is an unresolved mystery. I have some ideas in this area but its too much to put here as a comment. I believe it has to do with dark energy and how particles become real or come into being. However at this time i do not know of any theory that accounts for dark energy at sub atomic particle levels. I have been trying to gather some ideas about this for some time now.
@@rajeevyelkur7568 It's rather the opposite - the particles are special manifestation of the so called virtual particles. By virtual particles science mean field of particles.
And all particles are virtual particles - there is no other type.
- Read a better description from someone with master degree in science:
In quantum field theory we are taught that virtual particles are just mathematical fictions, only existing inside Feynman diagrams. The only measurable things are "real" particles that exist in the "in" and the "out" external states, the lines entering or leaving a Feynman diagram. However......
..the truth is the reverse. It is the real particles, the external legs on the Feynman diagrams, that are the mathematical fictions, because they are presumed to be free or non-interacting, which is just a mathematical convenience - a fiction - to simplify the calculations. It is the virtual particles that really exist and that the rest of the world interacts with. The universe is just a set of particle interactions or Feynman diagrams, without artificial boundaries; we are "inside" the diagrams.
Question: in high school i learned that the mass of neutron is higher than the mass of proton because a neutron has 2 down quarks whereas a proton has a single down quark but according to this video quarks are responsible for only 1% of the mass so could it be that the gluon cloud formed by down quark is heavier than that of the gluon cloud formed by up quark
At 11:59, the proton example showing the actual measured mass (938 MeV) vs the quarks(9.4MeV).
That total is due to the interactions of the quarks, bosons and fermions with the difference of the total mass (99%) and individual quarks mass (1%).
Energy equals mass. The closer to the speed of light something with mass get the more energy required.
Stands to reason the opposite might be true. If something can start out as massless energy traveling the speed light, interacts with something else that also started out as massless energy, the energy from the interaction would force the particles to slow and in turn form mass. 🤔
Thank you for another very interesting video. Could you explain to me why in chiral symmetry when a lefthanded quark combines with a righthanded antiquark the result is zero mass and zero energy? I thought that matter and anti-matter combine with a release in energy.