Hello ma’am, I wanted to know how I can differentiate between endothelium and epithelium because I’m thinking of them as the same thing, what’s the difference?
Endothelium is a type of epithelium. Epithelium is a general term for skin/outer layers. Endothelium is a specific type of epithelium composed of a single layer of smooth, thin cells, no cilia. Can be found in capillaries.
Thank you so much for these videos Miss Beh. I always enjoy your lessons because they are just packed with all the info needed, yet still explained in such an understandable way that i just immediately get it. You are a wonderfull teacher, Biology would be so much harder without you❤ PS. Is there any way that i can donate to show my support?
also in the book (answers to SAQs) the effector is the cells that line the DCT / collecting duct... so what is the effector then? is it the pituitary gland or the cells?
Renal capsule is used interchangeably with bowman’s capsule in the Cambridge exams, therefore taught here as well. I realised this term differs in usage and can refer to two separate things, and can be confusing! Renal just means kidney.
So, in loop of henle , ions from medulla diffuse into descending limb and water diffuse out into tissue fluid of medulla as filtrate moves down the descending limb and the remaining concentrated filtrate reaches ascending limb. Then active transport takes place and sodium and chloride ions move out into tissue fluid of medulla increasing the solute potential of medulla. is this the whole summary of reabsorption in loop of henle or am i missing something???
@@penelopekristan5860 take pipe as an example. if you ress one art , its lumen decreases but pipe opening does not. so pessure build and water is in great sppeed than usual
heyy miss i am a little confused .Glucose moves out of pct via facilitated diffusion right but in the next slide at 27:01 it is written that glucose is ACTIVELY reabsorbed...PLz explain :(
Well it's not stated explicitly all this while, but i have seen it in past papers....? Not often as direct questions, but used as like "scenarios" where they give you nee info and expect you to answer accordingly. So this is me teaching it... Lol
Only some is reabsorbed! It helps with maintaining the concentration gradients in the medulla and cortex area, so that excretion of most urea is effective without lost of too much water.
Great vid. In the syllabus it doesnt mention anything about loop of henle distal convoluted tubule reabsportion. Only how it is adapted and reabsorption of water in collecting duct. Do we have to study all the reabsportion of nephron? Pct, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule
@@yunussicakozul2223 they may ask about the overall process and add pct, loop of henle, dct in the marking scheme without explicitly asking about it. CAIE is sneaky like that. It's best to be on the safe side and learn all these processes, even if it isn't mentioned in the spec. Better to be safe than sorry 😅
Basement membrane is equivalent to basal membrane. So there is 3 layers at the bowman's capsule : endothelial cells of capillaries, basement membrane, and podocytes.
most of the times the explanation is unclear thankfully the slides are good. but you are like "whatever" or "like that " and unsure about things. i have watched alot of videoes and then analysed them
Ms I just wanted to let you know how much your videos have helped me! Thank you so much for these uploads, if I get an A all the credit goes to u!!
U saved my life
Hello ma’am, I wanted to know how I can differentiate between endothelium and epithelium because I’m thinking of them as the same thing, what’s the difference?
Endothelium is a type of epithelium. Epithelium is a general term for skin/outer layers. Endothelium is a specific type of epithelium composed of a single layer of smooth, thin cells, no cilia. Can be found in capillaries.
27:40 aren't Na+ ions also reabsorbed? why aren't they included?
Yes kinda but in other parts of the nephron it's pumped into the filtrate again. So it's not in the list
thankyou miss it helped me alot.May god bless you. miss can u please make some videos on yearly p4 papers.
Aaaaa havent had time but maybeeee!
you make it all so easy thank you!
Thank you so much for these videos Miss Beh. I always enjoy your lessons because they are just packed with all the info needed, yet still explained in such an understandable way that i just immediately get it. You are a wonderfull teacher, Biology would be so much harder without you❤
PS. Is there any way that i can donate to show my support?
You’re so sweet! You can give via Super Thanks! which is youtube function… or really, just recommend whichever video you find helpful to others 😅😂
also in the book (answers to SAQs) the effector is the cells that line the DCT / collecting duct... so what is the effector then? is it the pituitary gland or the cells?
It's kinda both! They both carry out the response. But i put it this way bcs it was in a past paper.
@@behlogy thank you sm!
HI ms I just wanna know whether the adaptations of PCT and Ultrafiltration processes
are important to learn still?
Yep!
@@behlogy what about now?
Hello Ms. Beh, is thermoregulation included in the may/june 2025 exam?
Nope, but it’s a super common example and they expect you to have it as background knowledge
@@behlogy What exactly are they expecting us to know?
Hi, renal capsule is not bowmans capsule. Renal capsule is the fibrous layer that surrounds the kidney
Renal capsule is used interchangeably with bowman’s capsule in the Cambridge exams, therefore taught here as well. I realised this term differs in usage and can refer to two separate things, and can be confusing! Renal just means kidney.
So, in loop of henle , ions from medulla diffuse into descending limb and water diffuse out into tissue fluid of medulla as filtrate moves down the descending limb and the remaining concentrated filtrate reaches ascending limb. Then active transport takes place and sodium and chloride ions move out into tissue fluid of medulla increasing the solute potential of medulla. is this the whole summary of reabsorption in loop of henle or am i missing something???
That's it!
Can anyone explain why exactly it is that the increased diameter of the afferent arteriole increases glomerular pressure?
It’s the *difference*in diameter of afferent and efferent arteriole that causes the pressure buildup !
@ Okay, but how exactly?
@@penelopekristan5860 take pipe as an example. if you ress one art , its lumen decreases but pipe opening does not. so pessure build and water is in great sppeed than usual
*press *part
heyy miss i am a little confused .Glucose moves out of pct via facilitated diffusion right but in the next slide at 27:01 it is written that glucose is ACTIVELY reabsorbed...PLz explain :(
OVERALL, including the sodium pump and what not, it is an active process.
@@behlogy ohk thanks ✍💙💙
so if they ask to identify the control centre in osmoregulation, it is the hypothalamus / brain, right?
Yep hypothalamus. The more specific the better
hey miss,
isn't the descending limb impermeable to ions and only permeable to water
Nooo it’s permeable to both! That pic is from the textbook
@@behlogy okay thanks
but Ms I have checked the syllabus and I can not find the reabsorbtion in the LOOP of Henle and the other parts of the nephron
Well it's not stated explicitly all this while, but i have seen it in past papers....? Not often as direct questions, but used as like "scenarios" where they give you nee info and expect you to answer accordingly. So this is me teaching it... Lol
Hi Ms! Could you please explain why urea is reabsorbed, again?
Only some is reabsorbed! It helps with maintaining the concentration gradients in the medulla and cortex area, so that excretion of most urea is effective without lost of too much water.
Do we actually need to know all the kidney structures? Or just main parts? Thank you very much!
Everything covered in the video is part of the syllabus!
Miss i did not understand the tight junctions part in adaptations of pct cells tight junctions with what?
Tight junctions between pct cells themselves! Basically it barely has a gap so proteins facing inside cannot float to face outside and vice versa
Great vid. In the syllabus it doesnt mention anything about loop of henle distal convoluted tubule reabsportion. Only how it is adapted and reabsorption of water in collecting duct. Do we have to study all the reabsportion of nephron? Pct, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule
Yes 100%
@@behlogy i see. But why? I cant see it in the syllabus
@@yunussicakozul2223 they may ask about the overall process and add pct, loop of henle, dct in the marking scheme without explicitly asking about it. CAIE is sneaky like that. It's best to be on the safe side and learn all these processes, even if it isn't mentioned in the spec. Better to be safe than sorry 😅
is loop of henle part of the 2022-2025 syllabus?please answer
Yes!
Is the notes that has to be bought the same as your power point?
Yes! :)
the syllabus has us studying the structures of everything but we should only know the process of bowmans capsule and the PCT right?
You need to know everything mentioned in this video :3 i have seen all of these in past papers.
8:45 for myself
what is the basal membrane? its mentioned in the textbook so im a little confused
Basement membrane is equivalent to basal membrane. So there is 3 layers at the bowman's capsule : endothelial cells of capillaries, basement membrane, and podocytes.
@@behlogy so i dont really have to mention basal cells in my answers right. ty miss
@@mohammedalkasas654 it is actually membrane present in bottom lining of pct cell. It contains sodium potassium pump.
Ms Why haven't you mentioned anything about C-amp, is it not included? If it is could you briefly explain it for me
cAMP = cyclic AMP involved in the glucagon/adrenaline pathway, under blood glucose conc! go watch the other video
When r u releasing videos on how to answer p4 and p5 qns?
Will do so when I can.... Stay tuned heh
Don’t get me wrong but the loop of henle is not the part of the syllabus for 2022-2024 anymore right?
Its structure is still very much a part of the syllabus, esp the permeability bit! The process tho....unsure so I am teaching it just in case.
is thermoregulation no longer a part of the syllabus
Yes
yes no longer.
22:30
ajeeb baghairat admi hay tu
Life saver istg
you are literally just reading the slides.......
most of the times the explanation is unclear thankfully the slides are good. but you are like "whatever" or "like that " and unsure about things. i have watched alot of videoes and then analysed them
I made the slides, and it is helpful to write all say / say all i write. So therefore it may look like that
Great, do whatever works for you. Sometimes I don't go into detail on purpose tho bcs it's not important....or it has been covered in a previous video
Bro shut the hell up. Thank God and Miss Beh for these videos. Arguably the best source for A level biology