Chronology:- 1905- Bengal partition + swadeshi movement. 1906- Muslim league foundation. 1907- Division in congress (surat split) 1909- Marle minto act. 1911- Delhi darbaar (Delhi became the capital of india).... 1913 -Gadar party ( san Francisco) LALA HARDIYAL. 1915- Mk Gandhi returned to India from SA 1916- Congress and muslim league alliance. 1919- rowlett act + khilafat movement by ali brothers. 1920- Non cooperation movement. 1922- chauri chaura हत्याकांड 1923 - swaraj party 1924PARTY 1924- HRA FOUNDATION BY RAM PRASAD BISMIL. 1925- kakori लूटपाट 1928- Bhagat singh & azad met in Lahore. 1929-Bhagat Singh surrendered. 1931- Bhagat Singh hanged to death. 1930,31,32 - Round table 1,2,3 respectively. 1930- सविनय अविज्ञा आंदोलन (civil disobedience movement) (dandi march) 1937-Self rule. 1942- Cripps mission . 9 August 1942- Quit India movement ( from mumbai) -Do or die.
जय हिंद सर मैं फौज में ड्यूटी करते हुए भी आपके सभी क्लास को अटेंड करने की पूरी कोशिश करता हूं और मुझे आपके समझाने का तरीका बहुत ही बेहतरीन लगता है जो क्लास छूट जाता है उसे डाउनलोड कर बाद में देखता हूं
सर आपकी क्लास अंदर से झकझोर देती है उन वीर शहीदों को याद कराके..आंख से आंसू नहीं रुक रहे हैं..कितने संघर्ष के बाद आज हम सुकून से बैठे हैं ..gk पढ़ने बैठे थे पर आपने पूरी वीर गाथा ही सुना दी..दिल कर रहा था कि ये क्लास ही न खत्म हो..बहुत बहुत धन्यवाद सर 🙏🙏
02:45 1885- Indian National Congree formed 11:00 1905- Bengal partition + swadeshi movement. 17:00 1906- Muslim league foundation. 19:27 1907- Surat Split- Congress divided into Garam Dal & Naram Dal 26:20 1909- Morley Minto Reform 29:40 1911- Delhi darbaar- King George V & Queen Mary 33:10 1913 -Gadar party ( san Francisco) 35:15 1915- Gandhian Era Begns as he returned to India from SA 36:20 1916- Congress and muslim league alliance. 43:15 1917- Champaran Satyagrah-1st Satyagrah in India 43:54 1918- Ahmedabad Mill Strike-1st Hunger Strike 45:10 1919- rowlett act $ Jalianwala Bagh Massacre 55:12 1919- khilafat movement by Ali brothers 49:45 1920- Non Coperation Movement (असहयोग आंदोलन) 53:35 1922- Chauri-Chaura Incident 58:50 1923 -Swaraj Party- by CR Das & Motilal Nehru 59:56 1924- Hindusta Republican Association 1925- Kakori Train Action 01:03:00 1926- Navjawan Bharat Sabha by Bhagat Singh 01:04:06 1928- Hindustan Socialist Republican Association by C Azad 1928- Simon Commission-REJECTED-Lala Lajpat Rai lathicharged in "Simon Go Back" protest & later died. 1928- Lahore Conspiracy (killed Saunders) by C Azad & Bhagat Singh to avenge Lala ji death 1929- Central Assembly Bomb Case by Bhagat Singh & Batukeshawar Dutt.Both surrendered. 1931- 23 March 1931- Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev & Raj Guru hanged til death 01:18:30 1930,31,32 - Round table 1,2,3 respectively. 01:20:55 1930- civil disobedience movement (सविनय अविज्ञा आंदोलन)- (Dandi March) 01:23:30 1937- Self rule Movement by J L Nehru 01:28:14 1939- Tripuri Crisis-SC Bose quits congress inspite of winning congress session presidency 1939- All India Forwrd Bloc formed by SC Bose & later in 1942 joins Azad Hind Fauz 01:25:05 1942- Cripps Proposal/ August Offer arrives-REJECTED "Post dated cheque"- MK Gandhi 01:26:55 1942- Quit India movement ( from mumbai) -"Do or die"-MK Gandhi 01:30:10 1946- Cabinet Mission arrives- Patthick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, AV Alexander
सरदार भगत सिंह और चंद्र शेखर आजाद जैसा न कोई हुआ है न होगा these are the gems of India जिनको हमने खो दिया 🪔🥺🥺 आज हम सुकून से जी रहे है तो सिर्फ इनकी दी हुई हिम्मत की वजह से वर्ना भारत में गद्दारों की कमी न तब थी ना अब है ।। नमन है ऐसे वीरों को 🙏🙏🙏
''Ab sale ko lord nhi likhunga dimag khrab hota h bolkar k " this line tiuch my hearts deeply sir , and your style of teaching is so nice , faltoo ka koi bkbk nhi sidhe point pe aao 👍🙏🥰❣️❣️
I cried a lot.. 😭😭😭 Inquilab zindabad.. dhanya hai mera Bharat janha Bhagat Singh aur Azad Chandra Sekhar jaise mahan logon ki janm hui... And sir... You are not only a teacher by profession... You are an honest Indian...🙏🙏🙏🙏
Pranam Sir.. I am an old student of yours I never comment during live class kyunki mera dhyan sirf apki teachings mein rehta hai..but I would like to tell you that..whenever I learn modern history from you...Aur ap jab bhi VEER BHAGAT SINGH and baki freedom fighters k bare mein padhate ho.. main kabhi apne aansu nahi rok pati.. itni feelings hoti hain.. apke lecture mein.. Itna achha koi nahi padha sakta.. sare subjects.. You are great Sir.. Both my kids too are a big fan of you Sir.. Now they know.. "Sultan" kise kehte hain.. Than you Sir.. 21 March ko exam hai.. keep blessing Sir..🙏🏻😊😇
GK strong krne ke liye yeh class suru kari thi.... Lekin iss class ne andr se hilakr rkh diya or aakho me aasu aagye...🙏🇮🇳 Naman hai mera Bhagat Singh or Chandrashekhar Azad jese mahapuruso ko 😔❤️
TH-cam pe first time comment kr rha hu " Lord nhi likhunga dimakh khrab hogya" Salute h sir aapko es se acha koi nhi pda skta ek ek point yaad hogya. Jai hind
Bhagat Singh aur Jaliawalabag sunke anshu nahi ruke sir. Padhate toh bht sare teacher hai but apke padhane me jo feelings tha, hats off sir, hats off🙏❤️
Wow just wow.. you are amazing sir. I felt every moment . The saddest part was when Bhagat singh ji thought he would just be jailed for some time but he was hanged and nobody could meet him for last 15-16 days. His mom met him somedays earlier and asked you are going , how would i recognise you again then he said YOU are a mother , you'll find me out., I'll having a mark in neck. INQLAAB ZINDAABAD.
*Sir aaj apka pdya ithihas jehan m baith gaya hai i couldn't even control my emotions aj k notes k sath kuch yade b pen ki shyai(ink) m ghul gyi hai jb b ye notes ka revision hoga to wo bhikri hui shyahi yad dilygi azadi sirf bato se nhi mili hai 😭😭 love u sultan etihas etne ache se smhjane k leye* ❤️❤️
No teacher in my entire life have taught history with such a passion and you made it look so interesting that didn't even felt like taking a break and i was feeling so curious what happened next. Also you taught everything in such an amazing chronological order I've made notes and they are very very easy to remember. Thank you so much for doing this for free. This means a lot sir.🙏
1:13:00-1:14:25 - Ghoosebumbs.... 🙏 Sir wht ur voice.. Sir the way u portrait the event of our Hero Bhagat Singh and his Mother. It's unbelievable. Made me cry. I saw 5 times. . Sir so much respect 🙏🙏
Sir, I went to Amritsar once and visited jalianwala bag. The place is so remorseful I can't explain, when you are elaborating the incident today, I cried again. I saw the walls and still have the bullet holes. I saw the well too. Couldn't stop crying that time. It's my request to all, we should always value the freedom, we got with so much of bloodshed and sacrifice of our true heroes! 🙏🙏🙏
10 tareek ko ye trend kro all India....... जब रेलवे सहित लगभग सभी सरकारी संस्थाओं का निजीकरण किया जा रहा है तो युवाओं को सरकारी नौकरी कैसे और कहाँ से मिलेगी? देश के छात्र-युवाओं, शिक्षकगणों,छात्र संगठनों,बुद्धिजीवियों, नेताओं एवं पार्टियों को सड़क पर उतरकर निजीकरण के विरोध मे आंदोलन करना चाहिए
Ya i felt same but u know what that place also reminds me of shaheed udham singh who avenged jalianwala bagh by killing dyer, not in india but in britain. So that fills me with proud too.
@@kajalghosh4734 ya exactly, but how unfortunate it was that the whole movement was withdrawn after that whereas they should have been rewarded for showing such courage and i was quite shocked when sir said somebody tipped off the Britishers about Chandrashekhar azad and obviously hinting at Jawaharlal nehru. That was goosebumps moment.
I literally had goosebumps and tears while you were teaching Sir. Never felt this way before And never realised the freedom fighters sacrifices so much before. Thankyou sir ❤️
Mazza hi agaya Sir... App Aise explain karr rahe hain Jaise hamare samne Yee Sab hoo Raha hai aur trust me sir history mein itna mazza mujhe Kabhi Nahin ayaa bahat curious thi age kya hua Jann ne ke liye.. bahat mazza Aya ... Thank you so much Sir 🙏
Mujhe lgta tha modern history sabse tough .. aur me isko padhne se Bach rhi thi bahut time se but finally mene ye video bahut baar skip krne k baad dekh hi li .. n I m like .. history is so easy actually modern history kitni easy n intresting n emotional h.. sir ne kitne ache se samjha Diya har event ko simple n easy kr diya.. sir ap bahut acha padhate hain.. 😊
Sir, what u said during your teaching regarding the britishers - bohot badhiya tha. Padhai mein josh aa gaya. Every Indian should remember what our nationalists sacrificed for our present situation. I visited Jallianwala Bagh and experienced the same as u described. And thank you so much for ur precious teachings. U r really helping all of us. Salute to ur selfless work.
Ajay devgan wali bhagat singh dekhoge to rone hi lg jaoge even mene abhi kuch din phle dekhi thi history pdkr m rone lge Or aisa krantikari wala josh aa gya yrrr
सर अब तक आपकी ये क्लास बहुत बार देख चुका हु पर हर बार देखने पर शरीर में ऐसे रोंगटे से खड़े हो जाते है एक दम जोश सा भर जाता है और साथ ही हमारे देश के वीर पुरुषो की वीर गाथा सुन आंखे आशुयो से भर सी जाती नमन है उन वीरों को जिन के रक्त के बलिदान से हमे ये आजादी नसीब हुई है Jai hind Jai Bharat इंकलाब ज़िंदाबाद
I cried very much😥. For the first time i felt the value of sacrifices. Loving someone unconditionally is so pure. Our freedom fighters loved us. We love you our freedom fighters♥️🇮🇳. Thank you Varun Sir for making me feel our history.
10 tareek ko ye trend kro all India....... जब रेलवे सहित लगभग सभी सरकारी संस्थाओं का निजीकरण किया जा रहा है तो युवाओं को सरकारी नौकरी कैसे और कहाँ से मिलेगी? देश के छात्र-युवाओं, शिक्षकगणों,छात्र संगठनों,बुद्धिजीवियों, नेताओं एवं पार्टियों को सड़क पर उतरकर निजीकरण के विरोध मे आंदोलन करना चाहिए
sir you are truly a great teacher.. thnku so much for this session..in the last 20 minutes of the lecture.. i could imagine each and every incident that you were telling..i had tears in my eyes..sir no one can explain and make us feel proud like you did...i wish to meet you if i get a chance..love you sir..wish you all the good health.
sir aj first time kisi ke channel pe comment krne ka mn kia..... apne itna bdiya pdaya sir bhot acha...mn se iccha hue aj comment krke apko thankyou krne ki...thankyou so much.. bht acha pdaya sir apne.. first time mere ko itna clear hua modern india.. fan hogye sir apke aj...
Hamare desh k nagrik chutiya or masooom they ,kahi bhi kese bhi kisi s bhi mara lete they ,isliye mullo or angrejo n mari.. Jese aaj modi amit shah mang raha h
सर मै उतर प्रदेश मे परिवहन मैं उत्तर प्रदेश में परिवहन विभाग में आउटसोर्सों को बस का कंडक्टर है पर मैं आपका क्लास लेने के लिए उत्साहित रहता हूं जब-जब आपका क्लास आते हैं समय निकाल कर देख लेता हूं
Thank you so much sir itna achha achha marathon lane ke liye pura reversion ek bar me ho jata hai ham to notes bhi banate hai .... Apne papa ji ko bhi dikhate hai unhe bhot achha lagta hai
At first I thought it was going to be too lenghty...... But the way you put in emotions, patriotism, enthusiasm ..... Hatts off.......... i couldn't took my eyes off
This important point you missed sir. 👉"The Poona Pact" was an agreement between M. Gandhi and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. It was made on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Poona. Dr. Ambedkar demanded the reservation of the electoral seats in the Legislature of the British Government for Dalits. It was signed by Madan Mohan Malviya and M. Gandhi on behalf of upper caste Hindus. Thanks sirji.
Sir history m kabhi bhi interest nhi raha life m jab kabhi bhi history ki baat aayi to 1947 k siwa na kuch pata tha aur na kuch padhne ka mnn karta tha pr sir aapki video dekhi life m pehli baar kisi teacher ki class pr comment kar raha hu mera exam h is week m aur aapki class ne meri itni help kari h shayad aapko andaaza bhi nhi hoga k aap kitne acche teacher ho.....I love you so much sir,I hope you have a healthy and Happy year😄
Best teacher in the world... The way taught us modern history... I really felt like crying for our respected freedom fighters... And saw your love towards our country and the fighters....
Session kab khatam ho Gaya pata hi nei chala... really PHENOMENAL session sir... Best part of this session-- Bhagat Singh and Chandra Shekhar Ajad🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 Thank you sir 🙏 Jai Jagannath 🙏🙏🙏🙏 Jai Hind 🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳
Sir aaj aapne jo bataya hamre Freedom fighters k baare m bhagat singh ranguru sukhdev azad ji or b na jaanekitne freedom fighters h jinke baare m ncert m nhi phadya jata I wish ncert m add kya jaye hamre Freedom fighters k baare m And after watching class I watch movie on shemroo movies channel on bhagat singh got tears in my eyes 😪😪and proud Hua ki bhagat singh jaise yuva hamre desh m janme🇮🇳🇮🇳 Jai hind 🇮🇳🇮🇳
Sir I am speechless..k aap bs formal class nhi karai h is vdo me..aap to hame aj k date me v us kranti ki woh junoon feel kraye..really great ful to u sir.. with deep respect😊😊
खून खौल उठता है जब भारत के उन वीरों के बलिदान के बारे में पड़ता है मुझे गुस्सा इस बात पर है की समय में क्यों नहीं उन वीरों की जगह मै अपना बलिदान 😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭 जय हिन्द
You are sir excellent, everyone needs a teacher like you, tears in my eyes and the main part is history is so boring part but when you explained it ohh God, really salute you sir ..everything in history is now feel simple to read and understand. Thank you 1000 time sir..
Itni baar history pada lekin aapn kch aisa padaya ke sb jaise samne chl rha ho aur mai bahut chah ke bhe kch kr nhi paa rha hu..,....wo bahut bade bhagyashali the jinko ye mauka mila lekin mai pura viswas rakhta hu pichle janm me ye mauka mujhe mila hoga aur maine eska prayog apne desh ke liye kiya hoga 🙏
10 tareek ko ye trend kro all India....... जब रेलवे सहित लगभग सभी सरकारी संस्थाओं का निजीकरण किया जा रहा है तो युवाओं को सरकारी नौकरी कैसे और कहाँ से मिलेगी? देश के छात्र-युवाओं, शिक्षकगणों,छात्र संगठनों,बुद्धिजीवियों, नेताओं एवं पार्टियों को सड़क पर उतरकर निजीकरण के विरोध मे आंदोलन करना चाहिए
Jai hind! !! 🌟🌟🍀🍀🌹🌹😊😊"जिन्दगी में कभी किसी को कम मत समझो, क्योकि पूरी दुनिया को डूबोने की ताकत रखने वाला समन्दर तेल की एक बूंद को नही डूबो सकता"!!!🌟🌟🍀🍀🍀🌟🌟👍👍👍👍👍 12/03/2021🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷
मैं रेलवे प्रोटेक्शन स्पेशल फोर्स (RPSF)में रहते हुए आपकी हर क्लास देखने का प्रयास करता रहता हु सर लेकिन अफसोस की बात यह है कि इसमें ड्यूटी टाइम ज्यादा हो जाता है इसलिए आपकी क्लास देखने में ज्यादा बिलंब कर देता हु सर पर देखता जरूर हु 🙏 आपका पढ़ने का अंदाज great full sir दिल जीत लेते है ❤
Sir, the way u explained about the death of Bhagath Singh I literally got tears in my eyes. Salute to u sir and huge respect to the sacrifices of all our freedom fighters. This whole session gave me goosebumps
Great effort sir. I don't want to miss a single word from you. You are very precious for all of us. That Deep knowledge you are giving must be appreciated
01:03:00 se 01:20:00 tak maine ek jhalak bhi nahi hataya....aaj tak maine koi bhi class pura ek baar me nahi dekha...apko pahli baar video dekha hu wo v pura ek baar me😊😊😊😊
Wonderful class sir. I have never enjoyed a history class so much in my entire life. We r so fortunate to have u sir. Thank you so much for your support and help. Keep up the good work and God bless.
Great video sir Your expression binds us for 1 hour Your feelings against britishers and respect toward each freedom fighter is clearly depicted in video
I don't know why but my eyes got filled and water started coming out of them. when sir told about Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad. I feel very bad for modern India where politicians are making rift between religions our freedom fighters would not be happy seeing this😞.
📌RRB | NTPC | RPF (रेलवे Selection का रामबाण)👉 amzn.to/3V0Cs0V
📌Static GK Book (Hindi)- amzn.to/3wJ905N
📌Static GK Book (English)- amzn.to/4am7h51
📌GS 8900+ PYQ Book Flipkart- link.bigify.in/varun_awasthi_sir_gs
📌Static GK Book (Hindi) Flipkart- link.bigify.in/varun_awasthi_sir_static
📌Static GK Book (English) Flipkart- link.bigify.in/varun_awasthi_sir_static_gk
चंद्रशेखर आज़ाद औऱ भगतसिंह के लिए बहुत दुःख हुआ। आपने ऐसा पढ़ाया की सुनकर आँसू आ गए।
सभी वीर शहीदों को शत शत नमन।🇮🇳🙏🏻
Same here yarr 😭
Same here
Same here 😭😭😭😭
True
th-cam.com/users/postUgkxQtTln1WOY99bqYzsVOV2bXsuwVVmVN29
Chronology:-
1905- Bengal partition + swadeshi movement.
1906- Muslim league foundation.
1907- Division in congress (surat split)
1909- Marle minto act.
1911- Delhi darbaar (Delhi became the capital of india)....
1913 -Gadar party ( san Francisco)
LALA HARDIYAL.
1915- Mk Gandhi returned to India from SA
1916- Congress and muslim league alliance.
1919- rowlett act + khilafat movement by ali brothers.
1920- Non cooperation movement.
1922- chauri chaura हत्याकांड
1923 - swaraj party
1924PARTY
1924- HRA FOUNDATION BY RAM PRASAD BISMIL.
1925- kakori लूटपाट
1928- Bhagat singh & azad met in Lahore.
1929-Bhagat Singh surrendered.
1931- Bhagat Singh hanged to death.
1930,31,32 - Round table 1,2,3 respectively.
1930- सविनय अविज्ञा आंदोलन (civil disobedience movement) (dandi march)
1937-Self rule.
1942- Cripps mission .
9 August 1942- Quit India movement ( from mumbai) -Do or die.
🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏👍
Good yar....... very good.... incomparable,......👶👶👶👶😁😁😁🤗🤗🤗🤗
Thanks dear
Mujhe yaad ni ho rhaaa
👌👌
जय हिंद सर मैं फौज में ड्यूटी करते हुए भी आपके सभी क्लास को अटेंड करने की पूरी कोशिश करता हूं और मुझे आपके समझाने का तरीका बहुत ही बेहतरीन लगता है जो क्लास छूट जाता है उसे डाउनलोड कर बाद में देखता हूं
th-cam.com/video/QYVOX3rX51Q/w-d-xo.html
Jay hind
जय हिन्द सर🙏
Jay hind sir you are great
🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
सर आपकी क्लास अंदर से झकझोर देती है उन वीर शहीदों को याद कराके..आंख से आंसू नहीं रुक रहे हैं..कितने संघर्ष के बाद आज हम सुकून से बैठे हैं ..gk पढ़ने बैठे थे पर आपने पूरी वीर गाथा ही सुना दी..दिल कर रहा था कि ये क्लास ही न खत्म हो..बहुत बहुत धन्यवाद सर 🙏🙏
02:45 1885- Indian National Congree formed
11:00 1905- Bengal partition + swadeshi movement.
17:00 1906- Muslim league foundation.
19:27 1907- Surat Split- Congress divided into Garam Dal & Naram Dal
26:20 1909- Morley Minto Reform
29:40 1911- Delhi darbaar- King George V & Queen Mary
33:10 1913 -Gadar party ( san Francisco)
35:15 1915- Gandhian Era Begns as he returned to India from SA
36:20 1916- Congress and muslim league alliance.
43:15 1917- Champaran Satyagrah-1st Satyagrah in India
43:54 1918- Ahmedabad Mill Strike-1st Hunger Strike
45:10 1919- rowlett act $ Jalianwala Bagh Massacre
55:12 1919- khilafat movement by Ali brothers
49:45 1920- Non Coperation Movement (असहयोग आंदोलन)
53:35 1922- Chauri-Chaura Incident
58:50 1923 -Swaraj Party- by CR Das & Motilal Nehru
59:56 1924- Hindusta Republican Association
1925- Kakori Train Action
01:03:00 1926- Navjawan Bharat Sabha by Bhagat Singh
01:04:06 1928- Hindustan Socialist Republican Association by C Azad
1928- Simon Commission-REJECTED-Lala Lajpat Rai lathicharged in "Simon Go Back" protest & later died.
1928- Lahore Conspiracy (killed Saunders) by C Azad & Bhagat Singh to avenge Lala ji death
1929- Central Assembly Bomb Case by Bhagat Singh & Batukeshawar Dutt.Both surrendered.
1931- 23 March 1931- Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev & Raj Guru hanged til death
01:18:30 1930,31,32 - Round table 1,2,3 respectively.
01:20:55 1930- civil disobedience movement (सविनय अविज्ञा आंदोलन)- (Dandi March)
01:23:30 1937- Self rule Movement by J L Nehru
01:28:14 1939- Tripuri Crisis-SC Bose quits congress inspite of winning congress session presidency
1939- All India Forwrd Bloc formed by SC Bose & later in 1942 joins Azad Hind Fauz
01:25:05 1942- Cripps Proposal/ August Offer arrives-REJECTED "Post dated cheque"- MK Gandhi
01:26:55 1942- Quit India movement ( from mumbai) -"Do or die"-MK Gandhi
01:30:10 1946- Cabinet Mission arrives- Patthick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, AV Alexander
1931 (5th March)- Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Thanks Brother 😊 👏
Very hlpful
Oh bosss😯🔥💯
Thank u Ji 🙏🙏🙏
Thank u Bhai
सरदार भगत सिंह और चंद्र शेखर आजाद जैसा न कोई हुआ है न होगा these are the gems of India जिनको हमने खो दिया 🪔🥺🥺
आज हम सुकून से जी रहे है तो सिर्फ इनकी दी हुई हिम्मत की वजह से वर्ना भारत में गद्दारों की कमी न तब थी ना अब है ।। नमन है ऐसे वीरों को 🙏🙏🙏
''Ab sale ko lord nhi likhunga dimag khrab hota h bolkar k " this line tiuch my hearts deeply sir , and your style of teaching is so nice , faltoo ka koi bkbk nhi sidhe point pe aao 👍🙏🥰❣️❣️
th-cam.com/users/postUgkxQtTln1WOY99bqYzsVOV2bXsuwVVmVN29
I cried a lot.. 😭😭😭 Inquilab zindabad.. dhanya hai mera Bharat janha Bhagat Singh aur Azad Chandra Sekhar jaise mahan logon ki janm hui...
And sir... You are not only a teacher by profession... You are an honest Indian...🙏🙏🙏🙏
Pranam Sir.. I am an old student of yours
I never comment during live class kyunki mera dhyan sirf apki teachings mein rehta hai..but I would like to tell you that..whenever I learn modern history from you...Aur ap jab bhi VEER BHAGAT SINGH and baki freedom fighters k bare mein padhate ho.. main kabhi apne aansu nahi rok pati.. itni feelings hoti hain.. apke lecture mein..
Itna achha koi nahi padha sakta.. sare subjects..
You are great Sir..
Both my kids too are a big fan of you Sir.. Now they know.. "Sultan" kise kehte hain.. Than you Sir..
21 March ko exam hai.. keep blessing Sir..🙏🏻😊😇
😊
Same
Very true
J.o.a ka exam h apka ?.
Same here ❤️
GK strong krne ke liye yeh class suru kari thi.... Lekin iss class ne andr se hilakr rkh diya or aakho me aasu aagye...🙏🇮🇳
Naman hai mera Bhagat Singh or Chandrashekhar Azad jese mahapuruso ko 😔❤️
th-cam.com/users/postUgkxQtTln1WOY99bqYzsVOV2bXsuwVVmVN29
What a Teacher..
Salute sir..
I have read spectrum like 10 times but never visualize the events like this before..
Thank you ..
th-cam.com/video/UhZsvGnCdS8/w-d-xo.html
Bhai iski pdf hai aapke pass
🤣🤣
🤔🤔😂😂😂
Me toooo PUBG bhai.....😊
1:25:21 काहे का सर, घंटे का सर mast attitude se bola sir ji 🥳🥳, bhoot acche sir ❤
हृदय नहीं वो पत्थर है!
जिसमे स्वदेश का प्यार नहीं!!
Heart touching class sir ji🙏
Excise inspector th-cam.com/video/Lge2yss5FTY/w-d-xo.html
th-cam.com/users/postUgkxQtTln1WOY99bqYzsVOV2bXsuwVVmVN29
मन मे आया था कि आधुनिक भारत पढूंगा
पर एक शहीद गाथा सुन्ने को मिली 😢😢
इंकलाब जिंदाबाद
आज़ाद है हम आजाद ही रहेंगे 🖋️🖋️
th-cam.com/play/PLWMTQ9EhJP2Irfn4PuSvyz1Mv7zPhzhls.html
❤🎉🇮🇳
TH-cam pe first time comment kr rha hu
" Lord nhi likhunga dimakh khrab hogya"
Salute h sir aapko es se acha koi nhi pda skta ek ek point yaad hogya.
Jai hind
Bada jaldi smj agaya ki lord ni likhna....
जालियांवाला बाग हत्याकांड में हुए शहीद सारे भारतीय वीरों को मेरा दिल से नमन
जय हिंद 🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼
Other teachers तो बस पढ़ाते हैं but aap feel करा देते हैं ❤️❤️ best teacher ever...❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️
Love you ☺️ sir ....
❤️
Apka voice incredible......
th-cam.com/users/postUgkxQtTln1WOY99bqYzsVOV2bXsuwVVmVN29
Bhagat Singh aur Jaliawalabag sunke anshu nahi ruke sir. Padhate toh bht sare teacher hai but apke padhane me jo feelings tha, hats off sir, hats off🙏❤️
In this whole class of 1.5hrs,this teacher didn't even took a small break..he remained calm & charged up till the end as he was in the beginning.🙏❤️
That's what heroes do🔥❤️
th-cam.com/play/PLWMTQ9EhJP2Irfn4PuSvyz1Mv7zPhzhls.html
Absolutely 💯 correct, God bless him
@@ayushkushwaha8590 p1
Phli baar dekha kya kisi teacher ko padhaate hue
Wow just wow.. you are amazing sir. I felt every moment . The saddest part was when Bhagat singh ji thought he would just be jailed for some time but he was hanged and nobody could meet him for last 15-16 days. His mom met him somedays earlier and asked you are going , how would i recognise you again then he said YOU are a mother , you'll find me out., I'll having a mark in neck. INQLAAB ZINDAABAD.
*Sir aaj apka pdya ithihas jehan m baith gaya hai i couldn't even control my emotions aj k notes k sath kuch yade b pen ki shyai(ink) m ghul gyi hai jb b ye notes ka revision hoga to wo bhikri hui shyahi yad dilygi azadi sirf bato se nhi mili hai 😭😭 love u sultan etihas etne ache se smhjane k leye* ❤️❤️
👍
😃😃😃😃
Bhai control ....... 😓..mujhe bhi ruladiya tuh ne..
Aap asli me sultan ho sir ..kya baat..first teacher in the history of life..so live..teaching..hatts off..
PM👌💘💘
Ll💘
No teacher in my entire life have taught history with such a passion and you made it look so interesting that didn't even felt like taking a break and i was feeling so curious what happened next. Also you taught everything in such an amazing chronological order I've made notes and they are very very easy to remember. Thank you so much for doing this for free. This means a lot sir.🙏
th-cam.com/video/UhZsvGnCdS8/w-d-xo.html
U r right 👍
th-cam.com/video/QYVOX3rX51Q/w-d-xo.html
सदा सच्चे और ईमानदार और अच्छे काम करते रहने चाहिए
Ankho main Ashu ageya ... Bhagat singh aur Chandra sekhar azad ke baat sunkar😢
1:13:00-1:14:25 - Ghoosebumbs.... 🙏 Sir wht ur voice.. Sir the way u portrait the event of our Hero Bhagat Singh and his Mother. It's unbelievable. Made me cry. I saw 5 times. . Sir so much respect 🙏🙏
Thik h ab BJP ko vote de dena sb barabr ho jayega
भगत सिंह चंद्र शेखर आजाद राजगुरु सुखदेव इनके बारे में जब आपने पूरी कहानी सुनाई मेरी आंखे आंसुओ से भर गई और लगातार 10 minutes मैं रोता रहा 😢🙏😔😔
Sir, I went to Amritsar once and visited jalianwala bag. The place is so remorseful I can't explain, when you are elaborating the incident today, I cried again. I saw the walls and still have the bullet holes. I saw the well too. Couldn't stop crying that time. It's my request to all, we should always value the freedom, we got with so much of bloodshed and sacrifice of our true heroes! 🙏🙏🙏
10 tareek ko ye trend kro all India....... जब रेलवे सहित लगभग सभी सरकारी संस्थाओं का निजीकरण किया जा रहा है तो युवाओं को सरकारी नौकरी कैसे और कहाँ से मिलेगी? देश के छात्र-युवाओं, शिक्षकगणों,छात्र संगठनों,बुद्धिजीवियों, नेताओं एवं पार्टियों को सड़क पर उतरकर निजीकरण के विरोध मे आंदोलन करना चाहिए
truuu
Ya i felt same but u know what that place also reminds me of shaheed udham singh who avenged jalianwala bagh by killing dyer, not in india but in britain. So that fills me with proud too.
@@dikshant6559 also the incident of chourichoura ❤️🔥
@@kajalghosh4734 ya exactly, but how unfortunate it was that the whole movement was withdrawn after that whereas they should have been rewarded for showing such courage and i was quite shocked when sir said somebody tipped off the Britishers about Chandrashekhar azad and obviously hinting at Jawaharlal nehru. That was goosebumps moment.
I literally had goosebumps and tears while you were teaching Sir.
Never felt this way before
And never realised the freedom fighters sacrifices so much before.
Thankyou sir ❤️
Mazza hi agaya Sir... App Aise explain karr rahe hain Jaise hamare samne Yee Sab hoo Raha hai aur trust me sir history mein itna mazza mujhe Kabhi Nahin ayaa bahat curious thi age kya hua Jann ne ke liye.. bahat mazza Aya ... Thank you so much Sir 🙏
th-cam.com/video/SDUvKJ2hAro/w-d-xo.html
Sir hindi me likhiye sir
Sir aap bahut achhe smjha rahe h but hindi me likhiye
Isme maza aane jaisa kya tha?🥺
Rongte khade ho gaye ke hamare freedom fighters ke saath kya kya hua tha😒
Thank you sir
Mujhe lgta tha modern history sabse tough .. aur me isko padhne se Bach rhi thi bahut time se but finally mene ye video bahut baar skip krne k baad dekh hi li .. n I m like .. history is so easy actually modern history kitni easy n intresting n emotional h.. sir ne kitne ache se samjha Diya har event ko simple n easy kr diya.. sir ap bahut acha padhate hain.. 😊
Sir, what u said during your teaching regarding the britishers - bohot badhiya tha. Padhai mein josh aa gaya. Every Indian should remember what our nationalists sacrificed for our present situation. I visited Jallianwala Bagh and experienced the same as u described.
And thank you so much for ur precious teachings. U r really helping all of us. Salute to ur selfless work.
1:14:00 pr to sirji rongte hi khade ho gaye hai....
Bhagat Singh ji ki aakhiri baat sunke🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻
INQALAB ZINDABAD
Ajay devgan wali bhagat singh dekhoge to rone hi lg jaoge even mene abhi kuch din phle dekhi thi history pdkr m rone lge Or aisa krantikari wala josh aa gya yrrr
Ver y nice teaching सर
Ye wala part bahat hard tha sir"av lord nehi likhunga mud kharab ho gaya"strong emotion.🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳thank you sir
सर अब तक आपकी ये क्लास बहुत बार देख चुका हु
पर हर बार देखने पर शरीर में ऐसे रोंगटे से खड़े हो जाते है एक दम जोश सा भर जाता है और साथ ही हमारे देश के वीर पुरुषो की वीर गाथा सुन आंखे आशुयो से भर सी जाती
नमन है उन वीरों को जिन के रक्त के बलिदान से हमे ये आजादी नसीब हुई है
Jai hind Jai Bharat
इंकलाब ज़िंदाबाद
I cried very much😥. For the first time i felt the value of sacrifices. Loving someone unconditionally is so pure. Our freedom fighters loved us. We love you our freedom fighters♥️🇮🇳. Thank you Varun Sir for making me feel our history.
th-cam.com/video/UhZsvGnCdS8/w-d-xo.html
01:10:00 onward most emotional part.....bhai rona aa gya yarrr......proud to be the lagecy of such great leaders..
SIR नमस्कार,
ये मेरी आपके द्वारा प्रदतप्रथम कक्षा थी।
शिक्षक तो बहुत देखें हैं जीवन में आज पहली बार किसी गुरू के दर्शन हुए हैं। 🙏
सच में sir 🙏
th-cam.com/video/mcKhfZX8tDE/w-d-xo.html
Goosebumps, tears, and emotions = Indian history 📖😊😇 proud to be an Indian🇮🇳
GS padhna ho toh Sirf SULTAN se
SULTAN JI ek request hai SOUTH DYNASTIES pr ek detail video dedo.. Janta khus ho jayegi
10 tareek ko ye trend kro all India....... जब रेलवे सहित लगभग सभी सरकारी संस्थाओं का निजीकरण किया जा रहा है तो युवाओं को सरकारी नौकरी कैसे और कहाँ से मिलेगी? देश के छात्र-युवाओं, शिक्षकगणों,छात्र संगठनों,बुद्धिजीवियों, नेताओं एवं पार्टियों को सड़क पर उतरकर निजीकरण के विरोध मे आंदोलन करना चाहिए
You teach so well... Anyone in this world will understand it so clearly... Thank you
सर शहीद ए आजम भगतसिंह की कहानी सुनाकर बहुत इमोसनल कर दिया आपने
मेरी आँखों मे आँसु आ गए
UV m etv Dr
Ek video in ke upper bhi banbao sir.....
सर! इतिहास की घटना को आपने ऐसे पढ़ाया जैसे मानो वर्तमान की घटना हो🙏।
नमन है भारत मां के सभी वीर सपूतों को🙏
No one ever made me this emotional during a lecture.... So proud of our freedom fighters. May their souls rest in eternal peace ❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️
😢
sir respect to u i have never read history like this in my entire lifetime , preparing for cgl 1st time
sir you are truly a great teacher.. thnku so much for this session..in the last 20 minutes of the lecture.. i could imagine each and every incident that you were telling..i had tears in my eyes..sir no one can explain and make us feel proud like you did...i wish to meet you if i get a chance..love you sir..wish you all the good health.
Ye kahani har ek youth or har ek bachhe ko sun ni chahiye... Salute to you sir.. Ap bhi kisi krantikaari se kam nahin h.. Jay hind, jai bharat.....
Really outstanding aise history aaj tak ...kabhi nhi padhi bhut achha padate h sir aasu aa padkar jaise sab kuch aankho ke aage chal rha h
Aaj bhi Bhagat Singh aur Chandrashekher Azad k baare m sunke aankhe nam aur dil gusse s bhr jata hai!
Hats off Sir, Amazing lecture...
He gave me goosebumps. No one ever taught history the way he has.😍😭
Thank you sir..
sir aj first time kisi ke channel pe comment krne ka mn kia..... apne itna bdiya pdaya sir bhot acha...mn se iccha hue aj comment krke apko thankyou krne ki...thankyou so much.. bht acha pdaya sir apne.. first time mere ko itna clear hua modern india.. fan hogye sir apke aj...
I got goosebumps by his lecture...u r a inspiration...i m a fan of ur teaching.
Ye class dekh kar mere aanshu band nahi ho rahe he 😢😢😢etne kast sahe hmare apne logo ne hume ajaad krne ke liye... Naman he yese shaheedon ko mera....
Mat ro mere babu
Hamare desh k nagrik chutiya or masooom they ,kahi bhi kese bhi kisi s bhi mara lete they ,isliye mullo or angrejo n mari..
Jese aaj modi amit shah mang raha h
शानदार प्रदर्शन सर् आप से पढने के बाद एक अजीब सी उर्जा का संचार होता है ❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️
सर मै उतर प्रदेश मे परिवहन मैं उत्तर प्रदेश में परिवहन विभाग में आउटसोर्सों को बस का कंडक्टर है पर मैं आपका क्लास लेने के लिए उत्साहित रहता हूं जब-जब आपका क्लास आते हैं समय निकाल कर देख लेता हूं
Thank you so much sir itna achha achha marathon lane ke liye pura reversion ek bar me ho jata hai ham to notes bhi banate hai .... Apne papa ji ko bhi dikhate hai unhe bhot achha lagta hai
Bhot aacha
I am 77 years and enjoying my revision of school history through your classes. A big thank you.
th-cam.com/video/UhZsvGnCdS8/w-d-xo.html
1:06:40 ..this sentence give me goosebumps
At first I thought it was going to be too lenghty...... But the way you put in emotions, patriotism, enthusiasm ..... Hatts off.......... i couldn't took my eyes off
This important point you missed sir. 👉"The Poona Pact" was an agreement between M. Gandhi and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. It was made on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Poona. Dr. Ambedkar demanded the reservation of the electoral seats in the Legislature of the British Government for Dalits. It was signed by Madan Mohan Malviya and M. Gandhi on behalf of upper caste Hindus. Thanks sirji.
Nobody taught by years expect you that's why we came here brilliant sir 🔥💚
जय हो श्री गुरू चंद्रशेखर आज़ाद भगत सिंह सुखदेव राजगुरू
Sir history m kabhi bhi interest nhi raha life m jab kabhi bhi history ki baat aayi to 1947 k siwa na kuch pata tha aur na kuch padhne ka mnn karta tha pr sir aapki video dekhi life m pehli baar kisi teacher ki class pr comment kar raha hu mera exam h is week m aur aapki class ne meri itni help kari h shayad aapko andaaza bhi nhi hoga k aap kitne acche teacher ho.....I love you so much sir,I hope you have a healthy and Happy year😄
Best teacher in the world... The way taught us modern history... I really felt like crying for our respected freedom fighters... And saw your love towards our country and the fighters....
The story of Bhagat Singh should be taught to each and every student of India.
🥰🥰i agreed👍👍👍
One of the best teacher I have ever studied.❤️
Session kab khatam ho Gaya pata hi nei chala... really PHENOMENAL session sir...
Best part of this session-- Bhagat Singh and Chandra Shekhar Ajad🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
Thank you sir 🙏
Jai Jagannath 🙏🙏🙏🙏
Jai Hind 🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳
Sir itna acche se aap ne modern history ko samghaya hai bahut si chize jo jaane ko mili jaise bhagat Singh chandrashekhar Azad ✨👍
Sir aap history padhate nhi ho, history dikhate ho,
Bow down to you sir ,
Love and respect ❤️🙏
Sir aaj aapne jo bataya hamre Freedom fighters k baare m bhagat singh ranguru sukhdev azad ji or b na jaanekitne freedom fighters h jinke baare m ncert m nhi phadya jata
I wish ncert m add kya jaye hamre Freedom fighters k baare m
And after watching class I watch movie on shemroo movies channel on bhagat singh got tears in my eyes 😪😪and proud Hua ki bhagat singh jaise yuva hamre desh m janme🇮🇳🇮🇳
Jai hind 🇮🇳🇮🇳
Gandhiji chatye to Bhagat Singh ko fanshi nahi hoti puna pact
Sir I am speechless..k aap bs formal class nhi karai h is vdo me..aap to hame aj k date me v us kranti ki woh junoon feel kraye..really great ful to u sir.. with deep respect😊😊
खून खौल उठता है जब भारत के उन वीरों के बलिदान के बारे में पड़ता है मुझे गुस्सा इस बात पर है की समय में क्यों नहीं उन वीरों की जगह मै अपना बलिदान 😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭 जय हिन्द
Kisan aandolan is waiting for worries like u
@@Dameon_Targaryen right bro I am Reddy to support kishan andolan
@@ajaymilakdelhipolice1045 bhai,jalad hi aao kisan aandolan me. current crisis is similar to freedom struggle for farmers
Bonding is prime need in teacher student relation and i come to know that why i connect with you . It is because ur teaching touches heart.
You are sir excellent, everyone needs a teacher like you, tears in my eyes and the main part is history is so boring part but when you explained it ohh God, really salute you sir ..everything in history is now feel simple to read and understand. Thank you 1000 time sir..
Itni baar history pada lekin aapn kch aisa padaya ke sb jaise samne chl rha ho aur mai bahut chah ke bhe kch kr nhi paa rha hu..,....wo bahut bade bhagyashali the jinko ye mauka mila lekin mai pura viswas rakhta hu pichle janm me ye mauka mujhe mila hoga aur maine eska prayog apne desh ke liye kiya hoga 🙏
21:52 sir while surat split 1st meeting NAGPUR mai hone wali thi not in NASHIK....other concepts aache se samaj aa gaye..thank you sir🙏
Now I like to read history when I attend your class....Thank you sir
One of the best session on modern history on TH-cam 🙌
बहुत ही गहराई,मार्मिक एवं भावुकता के साथ पढ़ाते है जो सीधा दिल दिमाग पर चोट करती हैं.
Modern history aapse padh kar aisa laga ki hum ne modern history ko jiya Ho,
Such me Sir Rona a gaya 😢😢😢😢😢
Sultan ko salad🙏🙏🙏
Hats off to you sir for your great explaination. I can't express after watching your video first time how i feel. We always need a teacher like you.
गुलामी की दस्तां सुनाते हुए आपने हमें आजादी तक पढाया, धन्यवाद सर 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
10 tareek ko ye trend kro all India....... जब रेलवे सहित लगभग सभी सरकारी संस्थाओं का निजीकरण किया जा रहा है तो युवाओं को सरकारी नौकरी कैसे और कहाँ से मिलेगी? देश के छात्र-युवाओं, शिक्षकगणों,छात्र संगठनों,बुद्धिजीवियों, नेताओं एवं पार्टियों को सड़क पर उतरकर निजीकरण के विरोध मे आंदोलन करना चाहिए
@@pardeepgagan1602 👍👍
th-cam.com/play/PLWMTQ9EhJP2Irfn4PuSvyz1Mv7zPhzhls.html
@@pardeepgagan1602 ki aa gaya tha ki aa gaya aur kamm
सर् मैं यूट्यूब पर बहुत सारे वीडियो देखें लेकिन आपका पढ़ाने का तरीका सबसे अलग है बहुत ही मजा आता है पढ़ने में लगता है कोई कहानी सुन रहा हु
I am from Shantiniketan in West Bengal.. thank you sir for your crucial class. This is very helpful 🙏🙏
i got goose bump when sir was explaining jaliawala bagh😭 it's makes me cried😭
Hii dear really
Jai hind! !!
🌟🌟🍀🍀🌹🌹😊😊"जिन्दगी में कभी किसी को कम मत समझो, क्योकि पूरी दुनिया को डूबोने की ताकत रखने वाला समन्दर तेल की एक बूंद को नही डूबो सकता"!!!🌟🌟🍀🍀🍀🌟🌟👍👍👍👍👍
12/03/2021🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷
Absolutely right
मैं रेलवे प्रोटेक्शन स्पेशल फोर्स (RPSF)में रहते हुए आपकी हर क्लास देखने का प्रयास करता रहता हु सर लेकिन अफसोस की बात यह है कि इसमें ड्यूटी टाइम ज्यादा हो जाता है इसलिए आपकी क्लास देखने में ज्यादा बिलंब कर देता हु सर पर देखता जरूर हु 🙏 आपका पढ़ने का अंदाज great full sir दिल जीत लेते है ❤
Sir, the way u explained about the death of Bhagath Singh I literally got tears in my eyes. Salute to u sir and huge respect to the sacrifices of all our freedom fighters. This whole session gave me goosebumps
Apart from competitive preparation, this should be listen by everyone. V should well aware of our proud history.
History was never interesting for me before learning it from you. Massive respect sir, your personality reflects in your words.🙏
Same here
If it was taught in schools as the way we are learning today from this video
Surely no body wants social science to be end .
Thanks
are u from odisha yar?????
Can you help, if Lord minto-2 and kurzon were on same time on 1905 so partition the bengal
Jittni tarif kiya jaye kaam hai.... Thank you so much sir...
Rona aa gaya sir bhagat Singh ke kahani sun ke.......😭😭😭😭
Sahi bola
🙏🏻 aap ko ayse hi ni GS guru Bolte h sir aap JB padhate ho Etna clear lgta h Jaise movie Dekh rhe ho koi nazar hatne Ka to sawal hi ni utha🙏🏻❤️
True
Great effort sir. I don't want to miss a single word from you. You are very precious for all of us. That Deep knowledge you are giving must be appreciated
01:03:00 se 01:20:00 tak maine ek jhalak bhi nahi hataya....aaj tak maine koi bhi class pura ek baar me nahi dekha...apko pahli baar video dekha hu wo v pura ek baar me😊😊😊😊
15:58 Salute you sir, for respecting our swatantrata senani🇮🇳
Wonderful class sir. I have never enjoyed a history class so much in my entire life. We r so fortunate to have u sir. Thank you so much for your support and help. Keep up the good work and God bless.
अति सुंदर सर इतिहास से अवगत कराने के लिए बहुत-बहुत धन्यवाद आपकी क्लास पढ़ कर हमें बहुत अच्छा लगा और आंखों से आंसू भी निकलने लगे😥😥
इतने अच्छे explanation और इतनी गहरी सचाई मैन आज तक नही पढ़ी... लगा कि सब आखों के सामने हो रहा such a great work sir तहे दिल से सुक्रिया🙏👌👍
Lord minto-2 or curzon dono bharat ke viceroy they toh kiske adesh mein bengal ka partition huwa🙏
After 10 yrs again I m preparing for pcs...and the way u teach is great and easy for an aspirant 🙏
Shadi bhi ho gyi hogi bache kitne h apke
Great video sir
Your expression binds us for 1 hour
Your feelings against britishers and respect toward each freedom fighter is clearly depicted in video
th-cam.com/video/SDUvKJ2hAro/w-d-xo.html
I don't know why but my eyes got filled and water started coming out of them. when sir told about Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad. I feel very bad for modern India where politicians are making rift between religions our freedom fighters would not be happy seeing this😞.