I've read somewhere that conservation of energy is such an important concept in physics that each time it didn't seem to work energy was just hiding somewhere else and it lead to immense breaktroughs in physics. I hope this will be the case for this as well.
Nope. On non-intergalactic distances is energy always conserved, just on intergalactic distances (or rather on distances between galaxy clusters) this is no longer the case. This means that the effect can only be used if your machine is of a size of several million light yearsm, which is of course impossible. Energy conservation is indeed not perfectly strict, when ,looking at the universe,, but on human scales (eg on any distance within the milky way) it is, absolutely without exception. This means for all practical purposes: the law of energy conservation is still valid.
You might be onto something in some sense as the simplified form of the Einstein field equations used by cosmology does not conserve information a.k.a. the mathematics with the chosen constraints can not be made internally self consistent according to the implications of the No big crunch theorem. In essence this comes down to the nature of derivatives within the field equations or rather to be more blunt any and all possible systems of differential equations due to one of the defining properties of differential equations being that there is a unique solution for each and every possible set of initial conditions. Because of this property it turns out that in general the rate of expansion of contraction must be dependent on the local spacetime curvature's effect on the rate of time passing else there can not exist any valid solution to the Einstein field equations which is internally self consistent, i.e. logical self contradictions become inevitable in that the metric must simultaneously display two mutually incompatible conditions for such a solution to be able to exist. Ergo the Friedmann Lemaitre Robertson Walker metric while a valid solution to the Einstein field equations is not a mathematically stable solution meaning any and all perturbations from this will result in an irreversible runaway divergence and no other possible linearizable solutions can exist within the set of all possible valid metrics to the Einstein field equations. From this it can be shown that the cosmological principal and is causally forbidden for all possible nontrivial metrics as there will always be more underdensities produced by gravitational attraction than underdensities and this will in the limit of a sufficiently large universe (size much larger than the rate of causal information propagation) result in the rate of expansion even if it was initially the same everywhere rapidly becoming locally dependent on the past light cone's curvature imprint. This implies a coupling between the metric and its own derivatives in a way that the simplified linear Einstein field equations doesn't allow which implies that the metric of spacetime itself necessarily must carry information on its past evolutionary state imprinted into the local expansion rate which can at its simplest only every be a nonzero rank 2 tensor system of differential equations that depend on both space and time. But there is more as we can also derive that this means the off diagonal terms of the metric tensor must always be irreducibly asymmetric and nonzero to avoid this logical paradox and this has big mathematical implications as it means that in order for causality to be preserved in an expanding (or contracting) universe the metric of the Einstein field equations must at the very least be nonlocal for off diagonal terms with computational numerical simulations showing that these off diagonal contributions are naturally repulsive for an expanding universe and grow nonlinearly with distance based on the cross sectional volume curvature of any path through spacetime. This is striking because unlike the conventional assumptions that these terms should become small with large distances we see that the distance dependence is in the numerator and thus the magnitude of these terms rather than dropping off in fact must grow with distance. These terms due to not dropping off with distance means we need a natural nonlocalizable and quantized ground state contribution to the metric in order for the Einstein field equations to be mathematically valid for any and all possible choices of initial conditions and thus we naturally recover Bells inequality as an essential property of the Einstein field equations at the cost of revealing that General Relativity is intrinsically a nonlocal variable theory in any sufficiently large expanding or contracting universe. The most obvious implication is that if any observer in such a universe applies the invalid linearized model we can see that the apparent acceleration of spacetime is inevitable and independent of all possible choices of lambda (including zero). In essence this dark energy term is based on Occam's razor likely just the off diagonal contributions which are by definition always nonzero for any and all possible nontrivial solutions. Moreover from the asymmetry we can tell that all terms must in effect be a sum of causally possible interactions between information which is strikingly similar to the ER=EPR conjecture if the metric itself gravity +dark energy itself is really just the sum of all current and past causal interactions (i.e. quantum entanglement==gravity). More striking however is the asymmetric character of these contributions as this asymmetry is a property of spinors which tells us mathematically that only terms which obey Fermi Dirac statistics can be quantized in general relativity at least in the case of off diagonal terms, i.e. the argument based on symmetry used to produce nice and simple metrics is invalid because exact symmetric canceling is logically forbidden at large scales and thus symmetric metrics can only exist in a particular size limit where the relative off diagonal contributions are comparatively small. This is somewhat shocking as it goes against the established theory yet logically and mathematically we see it must be true if the Einstein field equations are to be a valid system of differential equations. It is also in hindsight fairly obvious from the framework of mathematics as any mathematical system must be internally self consistent in accordance to Gödel's incompleteness theorems. As a potential extension of this nonlocality via quantization if we make the quantization general for all terms then so long as the universe is large and full of matter outside the cosmological horizon of any observer then we should expect nonlocal gravity terms for the linear contributions too. These would be small proportional to the minimum value however they would be cumulative for all massive bodies in the Universe, specifically all those which have ever had the potential to exchange information when the Universe was small and dense. This would thus result in a threshold where the behavior of gravity would change as the relative magnitude of local gravity becomes comparable to the non local contributions a.k.a. you derive MOND as the general formulation for gravity. So it turns out we also might not need dark matter or at least the amount of dark matter and thus the abundance of any dark matter particles may be significantly lower than astronomers have assumed. Again remember that these terms arise as a consequence of the past light cone of the observable universe at earlier times imprinting itself onto the rate of change of the metric. If you don't have these nonlocal terms then you have broken causality or equivalently either deleted information from the history of the universe or created information from nothing. The true beauty of this is the implications of this as it turns out we can use this result to completely eliminate all the sources of apparent incompatibility between general relativity and quantum mechanics. No most naturally of these is the singularity which typically appears in symmetric solutions at small sizes as Fermi Dirac statistics place a hard limit on how tightly space can ever be squeezed eliminating true causal horizons from actually being able to occur. Instead its an asymptotic limit which appears to have gravity's strength weaken the more densely space is full of matter since the off diagonal terms naturally oppose the attractive component of linear terms. Instead space and time get distorted in such a way that distances effectively appear to be larger with smaller relative intervals of time and thus it seems highly probable (this requires more computational testing of course) that the escape velocity of any massive body can only ever asymptotically approach the speed of causality. In other words the information paradox and the infinites appear to vanish quite trivially. We can also see a natural mechanism for the "spooky action at a distance" since now the metric always holds the information on the paired state of any information which has been moved out beyond the local causal horizon within the rate and direction of change due to expansion in any region of spacetime. So from simple limit analysis we can find that dropping the single assumption of the cosmological principal and enforcing the conservation of information (of the initial condition) to ensure that the Einstein field equations obey the definitional rules of all systems of differential equations eliminates the incompatibility between the Einstein field equations and quantum mechanics at the cost of making all nontrivial solutions irreducibly nonlinear. The advantage however is that we get a number of add-on's which have conventionally had to be added as a parameterization for free as a natural consequence of the nonlinear terms which have conventionally been neglected. Dark energy? nope just asymmetric gravity contributions, dark matter? possibly goes away or at least greatly less of it needed, information paradox? turns out to be a trivial consequence of making n assumption which unequivocally must break information conservation for it to hold in an expanding universe. There is probably a lot more than this as this is just what can be gleaned from limit analyses of the implications of the "no big crunch theorem, the low hanging fruit if you will. I would bet that these nonlocal contributions if calculated explicitly for an ensemble of numerical solutions would turn out to close energy conservation
This is actually really neatly resolved if you assume an hyperbolic, Anti-desitter space universe, that just appears flat, possibly due to the fact that our sensory apparati and tools are all warping spacetime to near flat due to the fact they're all contained within masses, which bow spacetime outwards. You can see this effect by looking at how motion appears when you move, with farther objects appearing to move more slowly than those up close.
This is actually how the neutrino was predicted because they couldn't figure out where the energy was going so they searched for an extra particle. Hey, maybe all that energy that's lost from light redshifting is making it's way into some field and lending itself to dark energy or something. Nobody can say it's not considering we have no idea what dark energy is.
@@noneofyourbusiness-qd7xiyou're missing the point he's saying that every time they thought energy wasn't conserved it turns out it was so that could be the case considering we have so much we don't know. You can't say no with such certainty.
Arvin, that is a great video. When we first intreracted, I told you my brain had suffered. Now it has melted. I can get much more out of your explanations. You're a really great presenter who knows his subject. I will add, your presentations have acquired a subtle gloss and a wonderful technical advancement. If we are to continue to attract juniors into the STEM subjects at school, we couldn't do better than making your series part of the curriculum. Learning is sometimes difficult, but if it is attractively and coherently presented, students will assimilate the information easily. Knowledge is power and we will need more and more science students to lead us into the future. Thank you for your keen interest and your work.
Hi intelligent person Question: Normally a star is stable because the its own gravity is balanced by force produced inside the star due to nuclear fusion. How are black holes stable then i.e. why isn't all the mass of a black hole in the singularity?
Thank you for the video! Energy is the conserved quantity that arises from time translation symmetry. Our Universe as a whole doesn’t seem to have time translation symmetry.
1:33 I have a BChE in chemical engineering and even *I* long forgot this clear distinction. I've seen TH-camrs toss these words around but NOBODY stated the definitions THIS clearly like YOU did, Arvin Ash! Thanks!
A wonderful, condensed video on a complex subject. I truly appreciate your simplification to accommodate the time. Thank you! I've been looking for a new video , concerns for your health after the long period of treatment/cap. Thanks
Hi intelligent person Question: Normally a star is stable because the its own gravity is balanced by force produced inside the star due to nuclear fusion. How are black holes stable then i.e. why isn't all the mass of a black hole in the singularity?
I remember the first and second laws of Thermodynamics this way: 1. You can't win (matter and energy are always conserved; you can't get more out of a closed system than you put in; there's no such thing as a perpetual motion machine) 2. You always lose (entropy always increases, and also no perpetual motion machine) As for the third, "a perfect crystal at 0K has zero entropy," I'd not be able to remember even on a multiple guess quiz. But discrepancies occur at the small end, too. Certain quantum mechanical studies seemed to say that particles wink in and out of certain fields. We need to explore these.
Have you checked recent article Medium: Einstein: Energy-Time Equivalence which presents 3 Einstein's energy formulas in conservative manner. For example E = ℏ×𝜈 does not conserve energy because of apparent Hubble Redshift, but E = ℏ(D)×𝜈, where ℏ(D)=ℏ/D³, with time dilation D, conserves it.
@@educatedguest1510 Hi intelligent person Question: Normally a star is stable because the its own gravity is balanced by force produced inside the star due to nuclear fusion. How are black holes stable then i.e. why isn't all the mass of a black hole in the singularity?
@@educatedguest1510 Bruh what is this article? Who is the noob who wrote this? The article says black holes don't exist. We've a photograph of a black hole. Stop believing in such nonsense
@@Pain53924 By definition of black hole, nobody can photograph it, because light don't escape it - it cannot rich your camera. The same about space expansion - as if observed - but it is not observed.
Eureka moment at 11:11... "Gravity must be negative energy". That statement seems to raise a question for me. Does spacetime bend toward a mass and stay there statically, or does the event continuously occur, churning, bending and straightening relative to the size, motion and distance from the mass? If it's the latter, it's almost as if mass "consumes" spacetime to cause the evident bending. I wonder if a black hole could "consume" so much spacetime that it had no more to consume. If there were no spacetime to bend, then the observed gravity inside the black hole would disappear. Maybe that would look like some sort of "big bang".
Sir Arvin thanks again for providing us all with such high quality videos , in the future I would like to work with you in Science field as it's my passion and I get really excited by it. I think that nowadays we are not having that many breakthroughs in science as compared to the previous century. It could be due to some reasons. I rarely comment, cos i think its not worth the time. But on your videos, i really love all your videos. GOD BLESS YOU, SIR😊
If particles can briefly appear and annihilate themselves and not violate conservation rules, maybe at the scale of the universe, borrowing of energy can also take place. Perhaps energy is conserved when looking at the universe at different points in time (eg big bang vs the end of time).
@@debrachambers1304: It isn't, though, because we know these so-called "virtual" particles have real effects. For everything we know, everything we see could be "virtual" particles. The entire universe could potentially be a vacuum fluctuation; see the classic paper _Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?_ by Tryon.
@@hoon_sol They have real effects, but the exact image of a pair popping into existence then ceasing to exist isn't necessarily accurate to my knowledge
@@debrachambers1304: When they have real effects, then by definition they are real. And they work exactly like particle pairs popping into existence. See _Are Virtual Particles Less Real?_ by Jaeger: _The question of whether virtual quantum particles exist is considered here in light of previous critical analysis and under the assumption that there are particles in the world as described by quantum field theory. The relationship of the classification of particles to quantum-field-theoretic calculations and the diagrammatic aids that are often used in them is clarified. It is pointed out that the distinction between virtual particles and others and, therefore, judgments regarding their reality have been made on basis of these methods rather than on their physical characteristics. As such, it has obscured the question of their existence. It is here argued that the most influential arguments against the existence of virtual particles but not other particles fail because they either are arguments against the existence of particles in general rather than virtual particles per se, or are dependent on the imposition of classical intuitions on quantum systems, or are simply beside the point. Several reasons are then provided for considering virtual particles real, such as their descriptive, explanatory, and predictive value, and a clearer characterization of virtuality-one in terms of intermediate states-that also applies beyond perturbation theory is provided. It is also pointed out that in the role of force mediators, they serve to preclude action-at-a-distance between interacting particles._ *_For these reasons, it is concluded that virtual particles are as real as other quantum particles._*
General relativity and quantum mechanics will never be combined until we realize that they take place at different moments in time. Because causality has a speed limit (c) every point in space where you observe it from will be the closest to the present moment. When we look out into the universe, we see the past which is made of particles (GR). When we try to look at smaller and smaller sizes and distances, we are actually looking closer and closer to the present moment (QM). The wave property of particles appears when we start looking into the future of that particle. It is a probability wave because the future is probabilistic. Wave function collapse happens when we bring a particle into the present/past. GR is making measurements in the predictable past. QM is trying to make measurements of the probabilistic future.
Good argument. Are you a theoretical physicist? Do you mean physicists need to better understand the concept of time to understand the far and the near laws of physics?
Nothing more but bunch of nonsense. Quantum mechanics is false and completely wrong. You have your physics wrong and Einstein was wrong and he is a fraud.
@ 5:47 I like how (sarcastically speaking) many use this diagram to show how planets move around the sun but the diagram fails when we add satellites like the moon. The moon would wobble and crash into Earth if it followed that curvature while trying to spin around Earth at the same time.
I think, there are some little inaccuracies: Not the size of a systems dictates conservation of energy/momentum, but symmetry. This is described in the famous Noether-theorem (details see Wikipedia). The second problem is a widespread misconception about gravitation. While already Newtonian mechanics has found out in accordance with the gravitational law F=G·m·M/r², the Integral of a force along a distance constitutes potential energy, masses «create» gravitational force with the gravitational constant G as the coupling factor, Einstein recognized, bent spacetime itself create the gravitational force, while presence of masses - coincidently - create a spacetime curvature too, that differs from «flat» Minkovsky-metrics. This has a bunch of implications. The first is, there must be other means to bend spacetime - without presence of masses, or expending significant amounts of energy. Without masses, a particular spacetime-curvature has no intrinsic energy (sic). This follows from the Lagrangian equation set of the accepted (!) physical standard model with its «ghost photons» most people ignore, since they cancel out each other - apparently, when no masses are involved. The second misconception is about gravitation itself. since spacetime itself can be bent in two directions (concave or convex as visualized by the rubber-sheet model) - or both at the same time (more difficult to visualize). The latter forms a dipolar force - like a magnet, while same polarities repel each other, and opposing attract. Since multiple spacetime-curvatures can be superimposed, we can use Maxwell's equations set to calculate every relationship, while the electric field E is flipped to Eg (gravitoelectricity) and the magnetic field B goes into Bg (gravitomagnetism). Both can be tied together as gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM). And this is much more, than a formal analogy. Spacetime can be quite easily bent in an arbitrary direction by means of condensed matter physics. A bulk-piece of coupled electrons-pairs (e.g. Cooper-pairs within a topological insulator at room temperature), that are ruled by Pauli's exclusion principle, can be hired for this job. Normally, Cooper-pairs follow a bosonic statistics, but when accelerated within a RF-field, superimposed with a DC electric, or magnetic field to polarize them (align in the same direction), they turn periodically into fermions at the maximum of acceleration a=d²'(f(s)/ds=d²'sin(wt)/dt=-w²·sin(wt). This corresponds exactly to the quenching-current in superconductors. Since two bound fermions can not possess the same quantum state at the same time and location, they overcome this restriction by the creation of extra-space. Extra-space within a confined piece of spacetime is an euphemism for bent spacetime. This adds up to a dipolarly bent spacetime, as everybody can watch in aerobatic shows, as officially presented in a couple of US-DOD USN-UAP videos (these are ours, BTW). 😁
I'm surprised you didn't mention Noether's theorem: it shows precisely when (and why) energy is conserved and when it isn't. It's all about certain symmetries, and for energy it's about time translation symmetry: if the system works the same way on Monday as on Thursday, i.e. the Lagrangian doesn't depend on time directly, then energy is conserved. In an expanding universe it's not the case, so by that theorem total energy is not conserved.
Noether's theorem doesn't explain retrocasuality. It makes the theorem incorrect. Noether's theorem takes a subset of data to generalize a solution and called it a theorem.
@@crazieeez It's a purely mathematical theorem, showing 100% precisely how from certain continuous symmetries certain conserved quantities arise. It doesn't care about retrocausality which is most probably not a thing anyway.
@@crazieeez This is false you can actually use Noether's theorem in the context of information to arive at why an arrow of time will arise in General Relativity. In all comes down to the implications of the proof of the no big crunch theorem which show us that the conditions needed for any universe's net expansion/contraction to reverse direction can never be met so long as we account for information conservation. Ultimately this tells us that no equilibria or inflection points exist for the Einstein field equations other than the Friedmann Lemaître Robertson Walker(FLRW) metric but that this solution is unfortunately an unstable equilibrium in the sense that all possible deviations from this solution are irreversible and divergent, since if such a solution did exist then you would have to have two mutually exclusive properties within the metric tensor be simultaneously true. Effectively this comes down to the defining property for differential equations namely that they always have a unique solution for each and every possible valid set of initial conditions. Or to be more blunt this says that the paths information propagates out into spacetime takes are not the same i.e. gravity is path dependent. This has been experimentally been proven when scientists showed that spacetime curvature does bend light but this also says that the Einstein field equations can not be linearized in general especially at cosmological scales. This has big implications as well as perturbation theory is only valid for convergent solutions which it has been shown can not exist within the set of all possible solutions to the Einstein field equations. (In essence the sign between the differential time of any time slices of spacetime always has the same sign as the change in volume for those two time slices. If you are astute you might notice that this has the same mathematical formalism as the second law of thermodynamics, and this is no coincidence as following from the definition of entropy in information theory we can show that the volume information can have propagated over via the 3 space +1 time dimensional light cone does correspond to an entropy proportional to volume. Note that through limit analysis and the case where the paths are effectively identical we can apply the general stokes theorem to derive that this is equivalent to Hawking's area dependent entropy for the surface area of that horizon. You might have noticed that this causes big problems for the whole standard model of cosmology as it shows the assumption that the off diagonal terms should become negligible at large distances if false. This means you can't use perturbation theory to simplify the solutions to the FLRW metric and running numerical solutions have shown that the errors of falsely assuming the standard model of cosmology in a universe that is anisotropic and inhomogeneous and expanding trivially recovers the affects proscribed to as the Hubble tension and dark energy. In the context of "retrocausality" you can in some sense formulate things around that as an interpretation of quantum mechanics but here we see that the direction of the arrow of time is in fact proportional to the change in volume because once a net direction of change has been made it can not be unmade/ Mathematically speaking it might be more apt to say that a trivial(empty set) FLRW metric universe breaks down into a forward and reverse direction "universes" which can only evolve to more asymmetric and inhomogeneous states with this mirror universe appearing as a result of the use of the method of images. Thus no idea if the reverse universe is real or not but at least the transition mathematically involves both, and there might not be a way to tell if its real or not. Point is the internal consistency of the Einstein field equations turns out to be linked to the existence of a fixed arrow of time and the conservation of information(of the initial conditions). In this sense weirdly enough the apparent asymmetry of time is itself a logical symmetry in spacetime corresponding to the conservation of information.
Our universe is not losing energy but rather gaining energy as it expands. You can see that the density of the universe decreases in an inversely proportional manner to the square (instead of the cube) of its radius (the current density of the universe is ~10^120 times thinner than the Planck density, whereas the radius of the universe is ~10^60 times larger than the Planck length), which means that the total energy contained in our universe is increasing, being proportional to its radius.
One of my favourite little papers* is a thought experiment about two bodies in space stationary in one sense to one another but at such a distance that the expansion of space time is pulling them apart. An indestructible rope is anchored to one and wound round a generator at the other. It would seem that such a set up would tug the rope, spin the generator and produce energy, but where exactly that energy comes from is not at all clear. *Mining Energy in an Expanding Universe - Edward R Harrison
One thing I noticed in your explanation about the small scale was the in the conservation on energy, the weak force can break that rule in a couple small exceptions.
I think this is a misinterpretation of how QFT works. Virtual particles are not counted in energy conservation, and so appearance of virtual W bosons doesn't violate anything.
@@paulthomas963 Textbook definition of a quantum field relies on particle creation and annihilation operators, mathematically the field is "made of" those operators, so you can't talk about a quantum field without its quanta - particles. Whether they are physical objects or just mathematical abstractions is a different question, a well worthy one.
What i really like about Irvins viedeos is his famous "... I am going to explain that RIGHT NOW! " at the start and then it really begins a couple of seconds later!
6:09 Is the discovery itself of an expanding universe of Hubble in 1929 already related to non conservation of energy? Or does it need an accelerated expansion for the non conservation of energy?
It does because conservation of energy requires a time-symmetry. If the universe is expanding or contracting, then it is not time-symmetric and therefore does not have to conserve energy. ALL conservation laws are based upon symmetries in nature. (Noether's theorem). This is also true in quantum mechanics (conservation of charge, spin etc..) As Arvin pointed out, the non-conservation of energy is also embedded in General Relativity, for a non-statics universe, but this is quite a story (but is consistent with Noether's theorem). IMO if you want to explain why the universe does not have to conserve energy, then time-symmetry is a better explanation.
Off Topic - but I have a couple of questions about time dilation and speed of light that I’ve never seen covered… 1. Are all galaxies that are moving away from us, moving away at the same speed as each other when they are the same distance from us? Or do they have variable speeds? I understand that as they get further and further away from us, they appear to be accelerating and moving faster due to the expansion of space - but when each galaxy reaches the half way point between us and the edge of the observable universe - are they all travelling the exact same speed away from us at the moment they get there? (Or could some be travelling faster than others and potentially even overtake one that is further away but moving slower?) 2. Time dilation occurs as objects approach the speed of light. So then how fast are the clocks running on the planets near the edge of our observable galaxy compared to clocks on earth? Suppose we parked a wormhole between their solar system and ours when they were much closer to us and our clocks were ticking at roughly the same speed. How far off would they be now? With the expansion of space, they could appear to be traveling away from us “faster than light”, right? Wouldn’t that mean that to them, our clocks would be frozen (or even running backwards)? So then what would happen if we traveled through that wormhole? Thanks for the weekly videos!
1. The EXACT same speed, no. But very, very close. Any differences will be due to local relative velocity. For instance Andromeda is moving towards us. So from a far away galaxy we would both be moving away, but with very slightly different speeds. By the time you get to a few hundred million light years, no galaxies are going fast enough to overtake up from any vantage point. 2. wormholes. I know nothing about wormholes.
1. As Edward rightly said, there is some relative motion of galaxies, so not all speeds are the same. 2. This is tricky. Kinetic time dilation (due to relative speed) is about how clocks on some object moving in your frame of reference seem to tick relative to your own clocks "stationary" in this frame of reference. In flat (non-expanding, no gravity) spacetime of Special Relativity you can apply this effect for any moving object no matter how far it is, your frame of reference is good enough to describe distant objects. But in curved spacetime of General Relativity it's no longer the case. Your frame of reference only works locally, for nearby objects. For distant objects the very notion of relative velocity starts to lose sense: velocity is a vector and in Riemannian geometry of curved spaces two vectors can only be compared locally, at the same point. To compare a vector from some distant point with yours, you need to parallel-transport that vector to your location first and the result will depend on path you use to transport it, so it's not objective, there's no single answer. The way space expansion works, those distant galaxies are not actually moving through space with those ridiculous speeds (often faster than light). They hardly move at all. But the distance between us grows, in fact all distances between very remote objects grow by the same amount. It's a bit like monetary inflation: you wake up tomorrow and all prices in the shop grew a bit, did milk become really more valuable than the day before? The redshifts of galaxies we see are not due to kinetic motion as in Special Relativity, such motion would only be possible up to speed of light, yet we can still see galaxies who "recede" much faster than light speed. Because it's not real motion through space but rather inflation of all space between. Which means in case of wormhole between us we would probably see each other at the same time rate, no real differences in clock rates expected.
@@thedeemon Thank you for the answers. I did realize that a solar system in a distant galaxy may be moving through local space at pretty much the same speed that we move through our local space - but that new space is being created in between us. I would think that to observers here, it would look like time was running slower in the distant solar system - but time dilation is hard enough to understand without taking expansion into account and I just got lost. 🤷🏻♂️ In any case, thank you and Edward both for taking the time to reply!
Material energy in Dark Energy and Dark Matter can help to grow Black Holes according to new research. Therefore, the universe can conserve the total material energy.
Very interesting video, the combination of light (all frequencies) losing energy + the lost gravitational energy might be two of the components explaining the static energy density of the growing space vacuum. But something does not fit in the form of an equation: + Dark energy - light energy + (- Gravitational Potential Energy) + (- other unknown energy losses) = 0 The GPE should be a growing negative number with increasing distance between mass, but that's not how it normally works in GPE calculations, it then becomes a less negative number... going towards 0 with an infinite distance. Can someone form the correct equation, or correct reasoning ?
Arvin: Basing our energy density from the 94b LY diameter is foolish considering the edge of causality. It would be more accurate to add in all the energy from the lightcones of all matter in our own lightcone. Unfortunately we can't know that due to that part of the universe being beyond our horizon.
So my final assignment for the physics degree is about the thermodynamics of dark energy and OH BOY LET ME TELL YOU the relief I'm feeling as this good man tells me that energy is, in fact, not conserved in the Lambda-CDM model
If you are beginning to take on your physic's degree thesis and have never heard of Noether's theorem, you shouldn't have skipped ALL your classes. Seriouosly .. what kind of university is that ?
You're the best Arvin! Luv your content. I was wondering if you might consider doing a series on each (or at least the most commonly used) of the physics equations? Really break down each of the variables in what they represent, how they are measured/derived, and what is implied by their relationships. I know it sounds kind of dry, but folks like me would really appreciate it! Thank you 🤗 Or if there is a really good library of such content out there to freely access, please point me in the right direction, anyone.
Arvin, could it be possible that space in the beginning was in the minimum energy state ( quantum state), therefore there were no energy and no mass? Suppose something external to the three space dimensions (may be in the other dimension) made the known dimensions to expand and like a rubber band when it is stretched, the three known dimensions gain energy by the expansion of the three known dimensions. When ebergy was available, then nass was created as per the big bang and other cosmological theories explain. If we want to keep the energy and momentum conservation laws, we may infer the other dimensions theorized by the string theories will then be compressing as results of the expansion of the three known dimensions. How could the other dimensions be compressing? We may speculate by the same law and behavior as Gravity works or behave when everything (energy and mass) is compressed in a gravitational field. As an analogy, this happens in s black hole. Suppose the same behavior might occur in the other not yet observed dimensions at the plank size. Crazy let me know. Maybe it is science fiction, but please let me know your opinion whatever it is. Thanks.
5:34 ... What general relativity tells us is that if spacetime were standing still, that is, if it were flat and not changing, then energy would be constant. But if spacetime is curving and changing, then the momentum is changing, and thus the energy is changing as well. So, astonishingly, it tells us that at large scales, energy is really not conserved in the universe. We can point to several observations that confirm this. 6:02 The first is the observed expansion of the universe. The first empirical evidence of this was gathered in 1929 by Edwin Hubble. Then, in the late 1990s scientists (Saul Perlmutter, American Astrophysicist | b. 1059) discovered is not only expanding, but that this expansion is accelerating. This acceleration is called Dark Energy. The problem with expanding spacetime is that empty space has energy. If the volume of this space is increasig then energy is increasing. We know that the energy desity of spacetime doesn't change, but energy desity is energy over volume. If the volume increases, then energy also increases. This phenomenon appears to indicate that energy is not being conserved. Another consequence of an expanding spacetime is the observed redshift. The light from distand galaxies is redshifted. As the universe expands, the wvaelength of light also expands. And as we learned from Max Planck: E equals hμ, μ is the fequency, which we can rewrite as the speed of light divided by wavelength, lambda. Thus, we see that if the wavelength is longer, the engergy is lower. So the photons have lower energy by the time they reach us. This appeas to violate conservation of energy. 7:23 Where did this loss of energy go? Well, the energy of the photon is observer dependent. From our perspective, the photon loses its energy to the expanding spacetime between its origin and us. 7:41 Now I know some of you are going to ask, since we know that dark energy is increasing, could it be that the energy that light waves lose turns to dark energy, thus conserving energy overall? Well, the problem with that idea is that even if you take all the observed light of the universe into account, it would not account for the amount of dark energy in the universe. [] Dark energy is almost 70% of the energy of the universe, whereas all the matter and light that we can observe is only about 5%. The lost energy of light would be miniscule portion of all the energy needed too counterbalance increasing dark energy. The expansion of the universe presents a major issue with treating the universe as an isoloated system. [] We don't even know what the size of the universe really is, so we can't define what the isolated system would be. We only know the observable universe, which is about 94 billion light years in diameter. There is a so called cosmic event horizon which is the end of this observable universe. The galaxies at the edge of this cosmic event horizon are moving away from us such that the light beyond it will never reach us. 8:43 I was watching a video on Magellan TV, today's sponsor, which showed how it's possible that the universe beyond the visible universe could be infinite. [Very challenge, if the universe is infinite, the Christianity theologians will be frustrated, because it suggest the uinverse is not created by God the infinite, instead, it's parallel with the house of God, then Dualism is right, then Bilbe is wrong, right? Then what Stephen Hawking said is right: we don't need a God who's doing nothing to our unviverse] And if that's true, then the universe would definitely NOT be an isolated system, since we could not put any boundary around it. In this case we would have to conclude that the universe likely does not conserve energy. The Magellan TV documentary is called, "Is the Universe Infinite" - and 9:14
Problem! In the field equation, right side, 8 x Pi x G divided by C^4 is being multiplied into ( Change in the Covariant derivative x Energy Momentum Tensor) where the Change in the Covariant Derivitive x Energy Momentum Tensor is equal to 0 . So..... you are multiplying by Zero. Isn't this an issue?
5:01 it is hard to understand from here . But I am extremely interested in these kind of science topics (theoretical physics ,quantum physics ,particle physics and cosmology ) .I have just got into 10th class so I have no knowledge about concepts like Calculus, derivatives and Energy density and thermodynamics . So can anyone help me to understand this so that I can pursue my interest ..
9:15 Why couldn’t an infinite universe to be an isolated system. I guess you might have a problem making the energy finite in the first place, but is there really anything in yhe thermodynamics of isolated systems that require them to be finite. I can imagine places in the maths where you could run into trouble, but if there are solid no-go theorems on the issue I’d be interested to read about it. (I’m fine with reading research level papers if that helps.)
Sir Arvin, The accelerated redshift, can be explained with shrinking atoms, If an atom halves in diameter, then the emitted wavelength is also halved and a frequency twice as high is emitted, if we then look into space and we see a system with 50% redshift, then the light is there, atomic-generated, with double the diameter of ours and our atoms are halved in the time it took the light to get to us. If our atoms halve in diameter, the mutual reaction time is also halved and you could say that the clock goes twice as fast, so that the next halving takes place in half the time and you see an accelerated redshift. With this formulation, a galaxy with 75% redshift would have Atoms with a diameter 4 times as large and no longer fit the Hubble constant, if this galaxy takes 2 times as long to halve in diameter, as a galaxy with 50% redshift and then 3 times as far. If we now use the parallax, of the orbit of our Solar System around the Milky Way center, which we orbit at 840,000 kilometers per hour, and with the old Hubble photos we have a parallax with a base of 720,000,000,000 kilometers , which is 2400 times greater than the parallax around the Sun and then, with Hubble's old 2.5 meter mirror telescope, we can calculate objects that are 480,000 light-years away, with the Hubble space telescope we could use the old photos. from 30 years ago, possibly much farther out in space to measure the distances and with James Webb, that we measure hundreds of millions of light years away, the distance and the redshift, to see if it fits the shrinking atom theory. Sir Arvin, De versnelde roodverschuiving, is met krimpende atomen te verklaren, Als een atoom halveert in diameter, dan halveert ook de uitgezonden golflengte en word er een 2 maal zo hoge frequentie uitgezonden, als we dan de ruimte in kijken en we een stelsel met 50% roodverschuiving zien, dan is het licht daar, door atomen opgewekt, met een dubbele diameter als bij ons en zijn onze atomen gehalveerd in de tijd dat het licht er over deed om naar ons toe te komen. Als onze atomen in diameter halveren, dan word de onderlinge reactie tijd ook gehalveerd en zou je kunnen stellen dat de klok 2 maal zo snel gaat, waar door de volgende halvering in de halve tijd plaats vind en krijg je een versnelde roodverschuiving te zien. Met deze formulering, zou een sterrenstelsel met 75% roodverschuiving Atomen hebben met een 4 maal zo grote diameter en niet meer passen bij de Constante van Hubble, als dit stelsel er 2 maal zo lang over doet om te halveren in diameter, als een stelsel met 50% roodverschuiving en dan 3 maal zo ver staat. Als we nu de parallax gebruiken, van het rondje van ons Zonnestelsel om het Melkweg centrum, waar we met 840.000 kilometer per uur een rondje om draaien en we met de oude Foto,s van Hubble een parallax hebben met een basis van 720.000.000.000 kilometer, wat 2400 maal groter is als de parallax om de Zon en we dan, met de oude 2,5 meter spiegel telescoop van hubble, objecten kunnen berekenen die op 480.000 lichtjaar staan, met de Hubble ruimte telescoop zouden we met de oude foto,s van 30 jaar geleden, mogelijk nog veel verder in de ruimte de afstanden meten en met James Webb, dat we honderden miljoenen lichtjaren ver, de afstand en de roodverschuiving meten, om te zien of het overeen komt met de krimpende atomen theorie.
Let me interpret what you are saying in this video, We live in an infinite universe. some matter leaks from the edges of our infinite universe. What I dont understand is that if the speed of expansion increases, the amount of energy is increasing in the universe out of nothing. How can this be? Can you explain this?
Well, that's part of the issue. If energy is increasing, then energy is not conserved. Keep in mind though what I said near the end of the video. Some scientists argue that increasing energy is counterbalanced by gravity's negative energy.
I think i have born in the time where physics is in its primitive state and answered just basic works of the universe. I think i should've been born some 10000 years later. These are some of the questions that keeps coming to my mind. If any future physicist has been able to come to the past (now present) plz answer these questions. 1. What was before big bang? 2. Why the heck big bang happened? 3. What is there at singularity of a black hole? 4. Why is universe expanding? 5. How can universe theoretically expand with the speed more than light's? 6. What is the size of the universe? 7. What is total space that can be ever occupied by the expansion of the universe? I'm just lost in the universe and life is just a mere accident.
If you're going to say that the observable universe isn't an isolated system, then I don't think it's makes sense to say that energy conservation is violated. It makes more sense to say the preconditions were never met. While it is true that no perfectly isolated systems exist in our observable universe, it is also true that science has made good use of the concept, despite having no real world examples. Besides the ambiguity of what it means to be a closed/isolated system, there's also ambiguity as to what it means to be an "observable" universe. I'm sure Heisenberg uncertainties are well defined, but that only describes the observability of small scales. On cosmological scales we're not limited by an established physical law like the uncertainty principle, we're limited by the power of our telescopes! At this scale we don't have an uncertainty principle, we just have specifications for our technology. To me, energy conservation has philosophical significance. It's always been an incomplete theory, we still don't know how to convert energy between all its different forms. What we do know is that there's some variable that we can account for in the experimental data that always seems to balance cause and effect. When we do the accounting, and follow the missing energy, we always seem to find it.
At 5:50 it would seem that the momentum is constantly changing since it's a vector and direction is constantly changing, but given a circular orbit, the energy which is not a vector would remain constant.
In rotational systems, you have to transform all equations from translatoric motion into the rotational ones: E.g.: E=m·v²/2 -> E=J·w²/2, m=m·v -> L=J·w, F -> M·r. Additionally, Keplers laws must be observed.
@@edweinb Energy is energy. No matter, how you convert, store, or transform it. Simply the math changes. When you swirl around a mass on a thread, rotational equations describe every property. In the moment, you let the mass go, its movements turns into a linear motion, and translatoric equations are applicable. Things can really become strange, when quasi-particles are involved (read my post above) but it works - ruled by the Noether-theorem BTW.
In 7:19, where Red shift was demonstrated, it is incorrect to go from blue to purple to red, the correct order would be blue, green, yellow, red while this obviously hyperbolated for simplicity i think this would better encapsulate the idea
Arvin, can I please request a video topic? I would love you to do a video commenting on and debunking (or proving) Professor Salvatore Pais' five wild US Navy Patents covering a plethora of novel physics, including piezoelectric room temperature semiconductor, electromagnetic resonance and gravity waves. You looked at the scientific evidence behind Bob Lazar's claims, now I would love to hear you do the same here!
5:18 Covariant tensors use subscripts while contravariant tensors use superscripts. No one teaches energy conservation, we teach mass-energy conservation (or momentum-energy if you like). Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission both convert matter to energy, so energy is not conserved, rather it is created. 6:31 the expansion is not called dark energy, rather dark energy is posited to be the cause of the accelerating expansion. Wayne Y. Adams B.S. Chemistry M.S. Physics
Mass, through mc^2, is just one component of total energy, when we talk about energy conservation. In a certain sense, rest mass is just confined energy, especially if you look inside protons & neutrons.
Thanks @Arvinn Ash for this video for explaining the fundamentals so simply. I only wish you had further delved into what the conservation of momentum-energy means and if it has any relationship with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle which says we cannot no position and momentum with a degree of accuracy. Since in quantum mechanics energy is conserved what is the implication then momentum is also conserved in small scales independently as we learn in classical physics ? The second question I have is the fact the the universe seems flat from where we are even though our measurements show universe if expanding at at accelerated rate, does this somehow indicate a conservation of energy ? if we were expanding at at accelerated rate and dominated by dark energy if the universe seems flat does it mean then the gravitational energy of dark matter , light and matter offsets leaving the rest as "stress energy" . This questions puzzled me for a while, but you have only touched upon it here. Only one term with T relates to energy in Einstein's field equations. Then what is the equivalent equation or (inequality) which has gravitational energy, stress energy and dark energy as terms in it. Sorry for the long question but could you perhaps clarify or do a part 2 if this video ?
1. In classical mechanics both energy and momentum conservation are consequences of time & space translation symmetries, as described by Noether's theorem. Any continuous symmetry of certain kind in the Lagrangian leads mathematically to a conserved quantity. Energy is just the name for such quantity in case of time translation symmetry, which basically says the Lagrangian must not depend on time directly, an experiment performed on Monday should give the same results as the same experiment performed on Friday. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem In relativity theory energy and momentum are also related to time and space correspondingly as parts of the en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-momentum . In quantum mechanics energy & momentum are also related to time and space correspondingly: energy operator is basically time derivative of the wave function (this is what Schroedinger equation literally says), and momentum operator is spatial derivative of the wave function. Values of energy and momentum are eigenvalues of those operators. In QFT particles are represented as combinations of simple waves where frequency in time is energy and frequency in space is momentum, up to a constant of course (see Klein-Gordon equation). Their conservation (in flat spacetime) comes more or less automatically in equations describing scattering processes (see S-Matrix). 2. No, accelerated expansion of space means time-translation symmetry is not present, universe today is not the same as yesterday, so we don't expect energy to be conserved. www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2010/02/22/energy-is-not-conserved/ 3. In current cosmological models space (3D) is flat but spacetime (4D) is not. See FLRW metric: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric 4. Regarding Einstein's equation, indeed gravitational energy and dark energy are not in T on the right side, they are on the left side - in the values of metric g_mu_nu and in the cosmological constant Λ. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant
At 6:35 you say we know that the energy density of spacetime doesn’t change. My question is, how do we know that? An explanation of this would be a great follow up video.
I have wondered about gravitational potential energy which increases with distance until the object goes over the cosmic horizon. Then, that potential energy drops instantly to zero. I understand that energy conservation only holds if the frame of reference does not change. If you accelerate then stop accelerating, you just changed the kinetic energy of everything in the universe from your point of view.
The question what's happening to the energy that gets lost during the redshift puzzled me and unfortunately my cosmology professor hadn't had such a clear answer to this question back then. But still then it is fascinating, that a process that happens at spacetime point A cannot be reversed at some arbitrary spacetime point B in the universe in general because the event arrives with less energy there.
I’ve had an amazing thought! In the beginning of the universe, (not the very beginning, but close to it) at the moment when the Higgs field gave rise to massive bodies, these bodies would be so energetic, they would be traveling at almost the speed of light. The relativistic speeds would cause space to appear contracted in the reference frames of these high speed particles. Since space was relativistically contracted due to high speeds between the massive observers, then as those massive observers slowed down relative to one another, it would have made space appear to start expanding due to relativistic principles of space dilating from the perspective of each massive bodies as they slow down relative to one another. I wonder, if the expansion of space we find today might be just that! As matter continues to slow down in the ever increasing relativistic expansion of space, this give the appearance that distances between massive objects continues to expand. The effect is a runaway expansion of space and a forever increasing slowing down of matter due to the increased volume of space for matter to occupy.
If its the divergence of the combinaton of momentum and energy that is conserved, then how does that work out with the expanding universe adding ever more dark energy as it expand? Thanks in advance!
Thanks for answering a question I've thought about for years. I have a science degree (BSc Chemistry) but I always suspected that conservation of energy was not absolute because of the expansion of the universe, it is nice to know that I was not wrong.
The expansion of the universe indeed destroys the symmetry, which would be the basis of the symmetry, for which Noether's theom would predict a conservation law. This indeed means, that energy is not strictly conserved conserved in an expanding universe. The issue is: the explanation given (or rather not given ) in the video is crap. It also forgets to mention, that the expansion of space is (at least currently) prevented by gravity within galactic clusters and takes only place outside of them. This means, that within any galactic cluster (and especially within any galaxy) the law of energy conservation is perfectly valid, without exception.
It is ofc possible on a universe scale energy is conserved within something bigger that we have not defined yet! You are a superb explainer ^__^ great vids always!!
Could energy be taken from things other than light, as a source for this expansion energy? For example could the energy for expansion be the 'space' stealing energy from all moving matter through space time? Per object the amount of energy taken may be so small we haven't detected this effect?
The rapid expanding is troubling. It's like a balloon blowing up, maybe one day it will just pop. The bible says the heavens will burn, like vacuum death would be, and then new heavens and the new earth, or maybe the same one all over again. Snake eating it's tail, if there is an actual end of time and it repeats like a movie. Since time is linked with space and specific to it's universe, it's possible new universes could create old ones in the multiverse, and we can get around the problem of origin this way.
Regarding the conservation of energy in General Relativity, please see Landau and Lifshitz (1975), Vol.2, The Classical Theory of Fields, section#96: Pseudotensor of the energy-momentum of gravitational field. We can define the total 4-impulse so that it is conserved.
What is your view on information conservation? If energy is not conserved it seems the same should be the case for information. The non-conservation of information is something that I've long believed due to the probabilistic nature of reality, but I'm curious to hear your thoughts.
Information is equivalent to energy. If i remember correctly; that is the Landauer theorem. To erase one bit of information cost some amount of information. Therefore; no energy conservation = no information conservation
These are two independent issues. Energy conservation is a consequence of a certain symmetry (time translation). See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem. Information conservation is about unitarity of time evolution operator, about distinguishability of states where energy is just a property of those states.
@@victoratanasov9680 nope. Information equals the entropy content of a system, not it's energy content (as the later one is, at least as a rule of thumb, constant within a closed system, while the energy and entropy content are not). You cited Landauer's theorem absolutely correctly but misinterpreted it. Just because erasing information (which in the end doesn't really erase the information (as information can not be destroyed)), just distributes it further with in the system, thereby increasing the entropy of the system).
Could the following descriptive view of the universe, or something similar, account for what you describe in this video? I think energy conservation would hold in this view. What if the universe’s zero point energy were an elastic solid with a viscoelastic liquid suspended in it due to ripping energy apart from the underlying solid and coalescing into quanta from a plank scale event (a big bang) - similar to an elastic solid/viscous liquid colloidal suspension with gravity being the relationship between the analog energy of the elastic solid and the quantized viscoelastic liquid? That could make space-time the elastic solid, could account for the randomness of black hole evaporation, account for effects attributed to dark matter, account for wave-particle duality, account for the expansion of the universe, and could account for the redshift as well as potentially be the source of another big bang as quanta become unstable and then critical due to energy dissipation. Could then gravity be just a matter of conservation of energy? I can’t see why this descriptive view couldn’t accommodate the standard model as applied to the viscoelastic liquid and general relativity applying to the relationship between the elastic solid and the viscoelastic liquid. These questions have been nagging me for a number of years. Please let me know if this description could be at least partially correct or not?
I clicked on this fully expecting to scoff and laugh at someone's magical/superstitious thinking. I'm pleasantly surprised that instead I watched a video that taught ke something and made me think. Well done!
2:25 Technically your car brakes are not a closed system because a small amount of matter is lost as your brake pads wear down. That is why you have to have your brake pads changed periodically. i realize it is negligible and can be ignored, but it is a factor, nonetheless.
@@wayneyadams Not too much, that's why I wrote: "You are right". The important part is imho not, that parts of the brakes can leave the system, but the braking energy in form of heat will leave the system.
@@noneofyourbusiness-qd7xi Of course it will, did I ever say it would not? My comment was that mass also leaves the system, even though it is negligible, it still happens.
Hello Arwin Ash Sir…. The world “Sir” I am using only because I really respect your work for the humanity….. And perhaps the time has come when your student can teach you something which you always dreamt off. I will first start by explaining the Hidden Reality of interference patter when one electron is fired and observation is made. Because I know you are very much eager to know the reality and you itself many times says that “May be we must wait for someone to come and explain it” This will soon be published in the top journal of world. But I was not able to resist myself to at-least tell you that soon you will have answers of every puzzle in our mind
Arvin, You didn't mention Noether's Theorem. In the wider Universe, the only primary law is the conservation of symmetry. The conservation of energy is derived from the conservation of symmetry; conservation of energy is valid locally, but not for the Universe as a whole...
"Conservation of symmetry" is not a thing. Symmetry is either there or not. Just presence of certain continuous symmetries in the laws describing the system leads to conservation of corresponding quantities.
This is a really good video that explains another reason as to why The Big Bang, and Cosmic Expansion is wrong, Arvin unintentionally added another point that points out a glaring problem with The Big Bang and Cosmic Expansion, and why neither is possible, but unfortunately, I doubt we'll have a very meaningful conversation about it, as most scientists aren't keen on giving up their dearly held beliefs, sad, but true.
Regarding the Black Hole Information Paradox and Hawking Radiation, does the conservation or loss of Information make any difference when explaining Conservation of Energy on tne scale of the Universe?
These are two independent issues. Energy conservation is a consequence of a certain symmetry (time translation). See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem. Information conservation is about unitarity of time evolution operator, about distinguishability of states where energy is just a property of those states.
No, information equals entropy, not energy. While energy is (largely) conserved in a closed system, information and entropy increase over time and can not be reduced (entropy) resp. destroyed (information).
I never understand the ball on a rubber thing. Ok, it curves space, so an object in movement is going to have its trajectory curved. But how does that explain gravity between stationary objects?
Spacetime is a 4D manifold, all objects are moving through time, so when two objects are mutually stationary at time T, it just means their trajectories through spacetime are parallel at that moment T, going only in time direction and not in any space directions. But then due to curvature of spacetime they will stop being parallel and start approaching each other. Just like two airplanes starting at equator going straight North are initially going parallel but then they'll start to get closer to each other even though each one is going straight North and never turns.
It is important to consider star-systems like our solar system are relatively compact compared to nearest neighbors, while galaxies are much closer to each other relative to their size, so easier to conserve energy and momentum at solar system level, while galaxies are something different, although also snail-slow over human time scales. Galaxies also show dark matter affecting rotation curves, so we only slightly know what's going on at galactic scales. We don't know what dark matter is, but generally assumed to NOT be ordinary matter, even if there is ordinary nonstar matter in galaxies too, which we can "see" as nebulae and dark clouds, second more visible with brighter backgrounds.
I just watched that new video by Suskind. It says that after heat death or equilibrium, complexity continues to expand. Time can stop moving forward, and complexity still increases. To me, I feel like you could argue that with increased complexity comes increased emergence, and with that spontaneous events of random entropy fluctuation. The Boltzmann's brain idea, is just as likely to be what I describe below, as it is to be random particles floating in space... A static heat dead patch of space continues to become more and more complex, until a small portion of that space randomly becomes super critically saturated, and explodes into a furiously expanding self contained bubble... But is the bubble growing or everything inside it shrinking/evaporating? Meaning what, time is the rigid structure of continuousness, and that matter and energy are the fluid filing that scaffolding??? Crazy stuff.
I'd like to see a scientist tackle the question of to which degree the bubble of the observable universe can be considered an isolated system. And what the expansion of the universe (but relative shrinkage of the the observable universe) means for it.
There’s something big we don’t know! And that’s very encouraging to keep looking. I don’t think our universe is infinite. It definitely feels like it though.
Actually, energy can still be conserved if we consider that the galaxies and stars may be shrinking in size, while space remains the same volume. If viewed this way, then we see that the energy contained in the vacuum of space always remains the same, since the volume of that space always remains the same. We can view matter as shrinking which might better explain our universe. There is also no way for us to tell the difference between an expanding universe and a universe with shrinking matter, for those ideas are both mathematically equal. When we measure distances, our rulers would also be shrinking, and this would cause us to mistake our universe for an expanding universe. And really, since energy conservation is being violated in our views of an expanding universe, I think it should be thoroughly considered that a shrinking matter scenario may actually be the case. If this is the case, then it means that radiation does not shrink though, only matter shrinks. Here we see, that photons would be reddened in that case, having longer wavelengths after traveling across great distances of space, not because of space expansion, but only bcus our rulers will have had the necessary time to shrink substantially during the photon’s very long trip. Also, if we are a shrinking matter universe, then it means the constant C is also always slowing down, such that it matches constantly when our shrinking rulers indicate a measure of 1 second per light-second. I’m sure all of the math will be in agreement with an expanding universe. Since the math checks out, then this shrinking matter theory could prove to be a very possible scenario, so this model should be explored more I think, especially since it allows us to restore the principles of energy conservation.
You state that the energy density of the universe is constant. Can you explain the evidence that would support this statement? It does not seem intuitive. I could see how this might be true at a certain scale. But at this scale it would seem like you would lose much of the fine detail. From the moon earth mostly looks flat. But if you’re standing in front of the Himalayas you might disagree with the earth being smooth/flat, that fine detail is lost at the scale of the moon.
@@thedeemon I am asking about experiment/observation where neither energy nor momentum is conserved individually but together, ie. energy-momentum, there is conservation.
@@samo4003 Ah, that's an interesting question, yes. As far as I know energy conservation is independent from momentum conservation and they work separately, when they work. So I wouldn't expect one turning into another, other than when we change our frame of reference. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-momentum
In a static universe (not shrinking/expanding) : energy is strictly conserved, as a result of Noether's theorem. In an expanding universe that's no longer perfectly true. On small scales (within galaxies/galaxy clusters) space does not expand and energy is still conserved (although that's strictly speaking not a closed system anymore), but on large scales (intergalactic/inter-galaxy-cluster distances) this is no longer strictly true. So for an expanding universe, the law of energy conservation is not longer strictly true, as there is no symmetry, upon which the symmetry would be based upon.
I wonder if this could relate in any way to Roger Penrose's cyclical model of the universe? His model, as I'm given to understand it, seems to violate certain laws of thermodynamics, but if it's possible that the universe can in certain ways and circumstances violate its own rules, then I wonder if this might correlate with that in any way. 🤔
I thought I read just recently that some experiment or some observation proves that the cyclical model of the universe was proved false. I will have to look for it if I remember to do that.
This is the best argument I have seen that actually confirms Prof Neil Turoks Universe/Antiuniverse . The sum total of energy of the Universe/Antiuniverse cancels out. Each Universe is not isolated, but both together muat sum up to what created the Universe/Antiuniverse, that is nothing.
If we know the age of the universe and its expansion rate, how do we not know its size and if it is infinite? If it is infinite could it still be within something larger?
Here is another case at microscopic level. An electron orbiting an atom emits electric field and magnetic field because is moving randomly around the atom on its orbit. Since energy flows out of the electron and it's mass doesn't decrease and is not losing momentum and falling on the nucleus, the only explanation is that is fed with some form of energy from the environment continuously. E.T.Whittaker had a paper where he expressed the electric and magnetic field as two scalar fields interacting to each other. This arrangement suggested there is an incoming and outgoing wave out of the electron at the same heartbeat across the universe. We're not feeling that or we cant' measure it because we're made of electrons which are waving in sync/phase otherwise they will not feel each other or interact with each other. Same with the instruments we built, electrons in them are waving in sync with our bodies, etc
Since discovering quantum mechanics ~100 years ago we know electron is not a little ball that's actually orbiting the nucleus, so it doesn't have to emit light while staying there.
@@thedeemon Sorry but it emits an electric field. There is no arguing here. And because is moving it emits a magnetic field as well. Any charged particle in motion creates magnetic field. The two fields combined might not meet the criteria for "light" but they still make up energy created continuously as I have explained.
@@car9167 You can argue, that it is not moving, when you look at it as a wave. In a stable orbit, the circumference of the orbit is exactly an integer multiple of the wavelength (simplyfied). It creates a standing wave, which doesnt seem to move at all. Thats why it doesn't lose energy via radiation (cyclotron radiation). "Emitting a field" doesn't consume energy over time. After an electric or magnetic field is created, it just keeps existing, until you cancel it with an opposite amount of energy. There is no energy constantly flowing away from the electron. This would be like saying, "the earth is losing energy by constantly creating a gravitational field".
Dear sir, can you recommend a best book of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics for self study? Can statistical mechanics be learned like classical mechanics? It really discourages me while also i cant find a good teacher of stat mech. Thanks.
While not completely thermodynamics, an excellent and scientifically solid introduction to the topic (including kinetic gas theory/statistical mechanics) and thermodynamics is: Atkins: Physical Chemistry. It's the standard textbook on the topic (but it also deals with other topics, eg introduction to Quantum mechanics, Schroedingererquation etc etc.). It's aimed at undergraduates, so it's fairly easy read. An alternative is Tipler: Physics (which obviuosly also deals with other topics). Both are general standard undergraduate textbooks and no monographs on thermodynamics, but are good solid introductions into the topic. If you want an 900p+ specialized monograph, on thermodynamics try: Sonntag, Fundamentals of thermodynamics.
Gravity and dark energy are the description of the same slop. The same slope at the edge of a black hole Is dark energy pushing or gravity pulling? The slope of space time is the edge dislocation of virtual particles. Positive and negative virtual particles sliding against each other like two necklaces. Stadium Holà is a gravitational wave but they move one seat over. That is 1 dimension but in 4 d it is a circle that also is a tunnel. I hope it helps. So yes. Dark energy is therefore the gravity of our parent univers. 😅 Enjoy. And thank you fir reading
I've read somewhere that conservation of energy is such an important concept in physics that each time it didn't seem to work energy was just hiding somewhere else and it lead to immense breaktroughs in physics. I hope this will be the case for this as well.
Nope. On non-intergalactic distances is energy always conserved, just on intergalactic distances (or rather on distances between galaxy clusters) this is no longer the case. This means that the effect can only be used if your machine is of a size of several million light yearsm, which is of course impossible. Energy conservation is indeed not perfectly strict, when ,looking at the universe,, but on human scales (eg on any distance within the milky way) it is, absolutely without exception. This means for all practical purposes: the law of energy conservation is still valid.
You might be onto something in some sense as the simplified form of the Einstein field equations used by cosmology does not conserve information a.k.a. the mathematics with the chosen constraints can not be made internally self consistent according to the implications of the No big crunch theorem.
In essence this comes down to the nature of derivatives within the field equations or rather to be more blunt any and all possible systems of differential equations due to one of the defining properties of differential equations being that there is a unique solution for each and every possible set of initial conditions. Because of this property it turns out that in general the rate of expansion of contraction must be dependent on the local spacetime curvature's effect on the rate of time passing else there can not exist any valid solution to the Einstein field equations which is internally self consistent, i.e. logical self contradictions become inevitable in that the metric must simultaneously display two mutually incompatible conditions for such a solution to be able to exist.
Ergo the Friedmann Lemaitre Robertson Walker metric while a valid solution to the Einstein field equations is not a mathematically stable solution meaning any and all perturbations from this will result in an irreversible runaway divergence and no other possible linearizable solutions can exist within the set of all possible valid metrics to the Einstein field equations.
From this it can be shown that the cosmological principal and is causally forbidden for all possible nontrivial metrics as there will always be more underdensities produced by gravitational attraction than underdensities and this will in the limit of a sufficiently large universe (size much larger than the rate of causal information propagation) result in the rate of expansion even if it was initially the same everywhere rapidly becoming locally dependent on the past light cone's curvature imprint. This implies a coupling between the metric and its own derivatives in a way that the simplified linear Einstein field equations doesn't allow which implies that the metric of spacetime itself necessarily must carry information on its past evolutionary state imprinted into the local expansion rate which can at its simplest only every be a nonzero rank 2 tensor system of differential equations that depend on both space and time.
But there is more as we can also derive that this means the off diagonal terms of the metric tensor must always be irreducibly asymmetric and nonzero to avoid this logical paradox and this has big mathematical implications as it means that in order for causality to be preserved in an expanding (or contracting) universe the metric of the Einstein field equations must at the very least be nonlocal for off diagonal terms with computational numerical simulations showing that these off diagonal contributions are naturally repulsive for an expanding universe and grow nonlinearly with distance based on the cross sectional volume curvature of any path through spacetime. This is striking because unlike the conventional assumptions that these terms should become small with large distances we see that the distance dependence is in the numerator and thus the magnitude of these terms rather than dropping off in fact must grow with distance. These terms due to not dropping off with distance means we need a natural nonlocalizable and quantized ground state contribution to the metric in order for the Einstein field equations to be mathematically valid for any and all possible choices of initial conditions and thus we naturally recover Bells inequality as an essential property of the Einstein field equations at the cost of revealing that General Relativity is intrinsically a nonlocal variable theory in any sufficiently large expanding or contracting universe.
The most obvious implication is that if any observer in such a universe applies the invalid linearized model we can see that the apparent acceleration of spacetime is inevitable and independent of all possible choices of lambda (including zero). In essence this dark energy term is based on Occam's razor likely just the off diagonal contributions which are by definition always nonzero for any and all possible nontrivial solutions.
Moreover from the asymmetry we can tell that all terms must in effect be a sum of causally possible interactions between information which is strikingly similar to the ER=EPR conjecture if the metric itself gravity +dark energy itself is really just the sum of all current and past causal interactions (i.e. quantum entanglement==gravity).
More striking however is the asymmetric character of these contributions as this asymmetry is a property of spinors which tells us mathematically that only terms which obey Fermi Dirac statistics can be quantized in general relativity at least in the case of off diagonal terms, i.e. the argument based on symmetry used to produce nice and simple metrics is invalid because exact symmetric canceling is logically forbidden at large scales and thus symmetric metrics can only exist in a particular size limit where the relative off diagonal contributions are comparatively small. This is somewhat shocking as it goes against the established theory yet logically and mathematically we see it must be true if the Einstein field equations are to be a valid system of differential equations. It is also in hindsight fairly obvious from the framework of mathematics as any mathematical system must be internally self consistent in accordance to Gödel's incompleteness theorems.
As a potential extension of this nonlocality via quantization if we make the quantization general for all terms then so long as the universe is large and full of matter outside the cosmological horizon of any observer then we should expect nonlocal gravity terms for the linear contributions too. These would be small proportional to the minimum value however they would be cumulative for all massive bodies in the Universe, specifically all those which have ever had the potential to exchange information when the Universe was small and dense. This would thus result in a threshold where the behavior of gravity would change as the relative magnitude of local gravity becomes comparable to the non local contributions a.k.a. you derive MOND as the general formulation for gravity. So it turns out we also might not need dark matter or at least the amount of dark matter and thus the abundance of any dark matter particles may be significantly lower than astronomers have assumed. Again remember that these terms arise as a consequence of the past light cone of the observable universe at earlier times imprinting itself onto the rate of change of the metric. If you don't have these nonlocal terms then you have broken causality or equivalently either deleted information from the history of the universe or created information from nothing.
The true beauty of this is the implications of this as it turns out we can use this result to completely eliminate all the sources of apparent incompatibility between general relativity and quantum mechanics. No most naturally of these is the singularity which typically appears in symmetric solutions at small sizes as Fermi Dirac statistics place a hard limit on how tightly space can ever be squeezed eliminating true causal horizons from actually being able to occur. Instead its an asymptotic limit which appears to have gravity's strength weaken the more densely space is full of matter since the off diagonal terms naturally oppose the attractive component of linear terms. Instead space and time get distorted in such a way that distances effectively appear to be larger with smaller relative intervals of time and thus it seems highly probable (this requires more computational testing of course) that the escape velocity of any massive body can only ever asymptotically approach the speed of causality. In other words the information paradox and the infinites appear to vanish quite trivially. We can also see a natural mechanism for the "spooky action at a distance" since now the metric always holds the information on the paired state of any information which has been moved out beyond the local causal horizon within the rate and direction of change due to expansion in any region of spacetime.
So from simple limit analysis we can find that dropping the single assumption of the cosmological principal and enforcing the conservation of information (of the initial condition) to ensure that the Einstein field equations obey the definitional rules of all systems of differential equations eliminates the incompatibility between the Einstein field equations and quantum mechanics at the cost of making all nontrivial solutions irreducibly nonlinear. The advantage however is that we get a number of add-on's which have conventionally had to be added as a parameterization for free as a natural consequence of the nonlinear terms which have conventionally been neglected. Dark energy? nope just asymmetric gravity contributions, dark matter? possibly goes away or at least greatly less of it needed, information paradox? turns out to be a trivial consequence of making n assumption which unequivocally must break information conservation for it to hold in an expanding universe.
There is probably a lot more than this as this is just what can be gleaned from limit analyses of the implications of the "no big crunch theorem, the low hanging fruit if you will.
I would bet that these nonlocal contributions if calculated explicitly for an ensemble of numerical solutions would turn out to close energy conservation
This is actually really neatly resolved if you assume an hyperbolic, Anti-desitter space universe, that just appears flat, possibly due to the fact that our sensory apparati and tools are all warping spacetime to near flat due to the fact they're all contained within masses, which bow spacetime outwards.
You can see this effect by looking at how motion appears when you move, with farther objects appearing to move more slowly than those up close.
This is actually how the neutrino was predicted because they couldn't figure out where the energy was going so they searched for an extra particle. Hey, maybe all that energy that's lost from light redshifting is making it's way into some field and lending itself to dark energy or something. Nobody can say it's not considering we have no idea what dark energy is.
@@noneofyourbusiness-qd7xiyou're missing the point he's saying that every time they thought energy wasn't conserved it turns out it was so that could be the case considering we have so much we don't know. You can't say no with such certainty.
My mind just exploded. That's a good thing. One valuable insight is that I don't understand momentum well enough. Thank you, Dr. Ash!!!
Arvin, that is a great video. When we first intreracted, I told you my brain had suffered. Now it has melted. I can get much more out of your explanations. You're a really great presenter who knows his subject. I will add, your presentations have acquired a subtle gloss and a wonderful technical advancement. If we are to continue to attract juniors into the STEM subjects at school, we couldn't do better than making your series part of the curriculum. Learning is sometimes difficult, but if it is attractively and coherently presented, students will assimilate the information easily. Knowledge is power and we will need more and more science students to lead us into the future. Thank you for your keen interest and your work.
Brain m meltdown! Awesome!
Hi intelligent person
Question: Normally a star is stable because the its own gravity is balanced by force produced inside the star due to nuclear fusion. How are black holes stable then i.e. why isn't all the mass of a black hole in the singularity?
it is@@Pain53924
Thank you for the video! Energy is the conserved quantity that arises from time translation symmetry. Our Universe as a whole doesn’t seem to have time translation symmetry.
1:33 I have a BChE in chemical engineering and even *I* long forgot this clear distinction.
I've seen TH-camrs toss these words around but NOBODY stated the definitions THIS clearly like YOU did, Arvin Ash! Thanks!
A wonderful, condensed video on a complex subject. I truly appreciate your simplification to accommodate the time. Thank you! I've been looking for a new video , concerns for your health after the long period of treatment/cap. Thanks
Hi intelligent person
Question: Normally a star is stable because the its own gravity is balanced by force produced inside the star due to nuclear fusion. How are black holes stable then i.e. why isn't all the mass of a black hole in the singularity?
This is gold! You are a scholar and a gentleman my friend, love your content and your style.
A scholar and a gentleman, foresoothe!
I remember the first and second laws of Thermodynamics this way:
1. You can't win (matter and energy are always conserved; you can't get more out of a closed system than you put in; there's no such thing as a perpetual motion machine)
2. You always lose (entropy always increases, and also no perpetual motion machine)
As for the third, "a perfect crystal at 0K has zero entropy," I'd not be able to remember even on a multiple guess quiz.
But discrepancies occur at the small end, too. Certain quantum mechanical studies seemed to say that particles wink in and out of certain fields. We need to explore these.
I always used 1, 2, 3 strikes you're out of entropy for the third.
I've read it as "You can't even get out of the game", i.e. you can't reach absolute zero
Sabine Hossenfelder (a friend of Arvin's channel) recently released a video about her reservations on the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
@@wefinishthisnow3883
Yes, and she gives recent evidence. I like her.😊
Awesome video! Seems like you addressed all the typical questions 👍
Have you checked recent article
Medium: Einstein: Energy-Time Equivalence
which presents 3 Einstein's energy formulas in conservative manner. For example E = ℏ×𝜈 does not conserve energy because of apparent Hubble Redshift, but
E = ℏ(D)×𝜈, where ℏ(D)=ℏ/D³, with time dilation D, conserves it.
@@educatedguest1510 Hi intelligent person
Question: Normally a star is stable because the its own gravity is balanced by force produced inside the star due to nuclear fusion. How are black holes stable then i.e. why isn't all the mass of a black hole in the singularity?
@@Pain53924 Good explanation on Medium "Unrealistic Einstein and Dogmatic Modern Physics"
@@educatedguest1510 Bruh what is this article? Who is the noob who wrote this? The article says black holes don't exist. We've a photograph of a black hole.
Stop believing in such nonsense
@@Pain53924 By definition of black hole, nobody can photograph it, because light don't escape it - it cannot rich your camera. The same about space expansion - as if observed - but it is not observed.
Eureka moment at 11:11... "Gravity must be negative energy".
That statement seems to raise a question for me. Does spacetime bend toward a mass and stay there statically, or does the event continuously occur, churning, bending and straightening relative to the size, motion and distance from the mass? If it's the latter, it's almost as if mass "consumes" spacetime to cause the evident bending.
I wonder if a black hole could "consume" so much spacetime that it had no more to consume. If there were no spacetime to bend, then the observed gravity inside the black hole would disappear. Maybe that would look like some sort of "big bang".
Sir Arvin thanks again for providing us all with such high quality videos , in the future I would like to work with you in Science field as it's my passion and I get really excited by it. I think that nowadays we are not having that many breakthroughs in science as compared to the previous century. It could be due to some reasons. I rarely comment, cos i think its not worth the time. But on your videos, i really love all your videos. GOD BLESS YOU, SIR😊
There's no evidence for existence of god though
@@Pain53924 There's also not any evidence against it either.
@@Pain53924 no evidence against it though
Interestingly God finds your conclusion a sad one because it means you are refusing his love and forgiveness.
@@antispamman4795 Innocent children get murdered everyday. If god exists, I abhor him.
Fascinating observations as always, Arvin!
If particles can briefly appear and annihilate themselves and not violate conservation rules, maybe at the scale of the universe, borrowing of energy can also take place. Perhaps energy is conserved when looking at the universe at different points in time (eg big bang vs the end of time).
Watch one of those self driving cars blow up and know... you can't hold back energy from escape!
The model of particles briefly existing is mostly mathematical, I think.
@@debrachambers1304:
It isn't, though, because we know these so-called "virtual" particles have real effects. For everything we know, everything we see could be "virtual" particles. The entire universe could potentially be a vacuum fluctuation; see the classic paper _Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?_ by Tryon.
@@hoon_sol They have real effects, but the exact image of a pair popping into existence then ceasing to exist isn't necessarily accurate to my knowledge
@@debrachambers1304:
When they have real effects, then by definition they are real. And they work exactly like particle pairs popping into existence. See _Are Virtual Particles Less Real?_ by Jaeger:
_The question of whether virtual quantum particles exist is considered here in light of previous critical analysis and under the assumption that there are particles in the world as described by quantum field theory. The relationship of the classification of particles to quantum-field-theoretic calculations and the diagrammatic aids that are often used in them is clarified. It is pointed out that the distinction between virtual particles and others and, therefore, judgments regarding their reality have been made on basis of these methods rather than on their physical characteristics. As such, it has obscured the question of their existence. It is here argued that the most influential arguments against the existence of virtual particles but not other particles fail because they either are arguments against the existence of particles in general rather than virtual particles per se, or are dependent on the imposition of classical intuitions on quantum systems, or are simply beside the point. Several reasons are then provided for considering virtual particles real, such as their descriptive, explanatory, and predictive value, and a clearer characterization of virtuality-one in terms of intermediate states-that also applies beyond perturbation theory is provided. It is also pointed out that in the role of force mediators, they serve to preclude action-at-a-distance between interacting particles._ *_For these reasons, it is concluded that virtual particles are as real as other quantum particles._*
General relativity and quantum mechanics will never be combined until we realize that they take place at different moments in time. Because causality has a speed limit (c) every point in space where you observe it from will be the closest to the present moment. When we look out into the universe, we see the past which is made of particles (GR). When we try to look at smaller and smaller sizes and distances, we are actually looking closer and closer to the present moment (QM). The wave property of particles appears when we start looking into the future of that particle. It is a probability wave because the future is probabilistic. Wave function collapse happens when we bring a particle into the present/past. GR is making measurements in the predictable past. QM is trying to make measurements of the probabilistic future.
Good argument. Are you a theoretical physicist? Do you mean physicists need to better understand the concept of time to understand the far and the near laws of physics?
No two observers experience a common "now." Your "present moment" is not my "present moment."
Congratulation!
You seems to realize that they happen in different moments in time, then what is stopping you to combine them?
You seems to realize that they happen in different moments in time, then what is stopping you to combine them?
Thanks Arvin, for another well explained, interesting video.. Please keep on making them.
Nothing more but bunch of nonsense. Quantum mechanics is false and completely wrong. You have your physics wrong and Einstein was wrong and he is a fraud.
@ 5:47 I like how (sarcastically speaking) many use this diagram to show how planets move around the sun but the diagram fails when we add satellites like the moon. The moon would wobble and crash into Earth if it followed that curvature while trying to spin around Earth at the same time.
Good deal man,I always enjoy watching ur videos then thinking about the universe, keep making these great topics 😎
I think, there are some little inaccuracies: Not the size of a systems dictates conservation of energy/momentum, but symmetry. This is described in the famous Noether-theorem (details see Wikipedia). The second problem is a widespread misconception about gravitation. While already Newtonian mechanics has found out in accordance with the gravitational law F=G·m·M/r², the Integral of a force along a distance constitutes potential energy, masses «create» gravitational force with the gravitational constant G as the coupling factor, Einstein recognized, bent spacetime itself create the gravitational force, while presence of masses - coincidently - create a spacetime curvature too, that differs from «flat» Minkovsky-metrics. This has a bunch of implications. The first is, there must be other means to bend spacetime - without presence of masses, or expending significant amounts of energy. Without masses, a particular spacetime-curvature has no intrinsic energy (sic). This follows from the Lagrangian equation set of the accepted (!) physical standard model with its «ghost photons» most people ignore, since they cancel out each other - apparently, when no masses are involved. The second misconception is about gravitation itself. since spacetime itself can be bent in two directions (concave or convex as visualized by the rubber-sheet model) - or both at the same time (more difficult to visualize). The latter forms a dipolar force - like a magnet, while same polarities repel each other, and opposing attract. Since multiple spacetime-curvatures can be superimposed, we can use Maxwell's equations set to calculate every relationship, while the electric field E is flipped to Eg (gravitoelectricity) and the magnetic field B goes into Bg (gravitomagnetism). Both can be tied together as gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM). And this is much more, than a formal analogy. Spacetime can be quite easily bent in an arbitrary direction by means of condensed matter physics. A bulk-piece of coupled electrons-pairs (e.g. Cooper-pairs within a topological insulator at room temperature), that are ruled by Pauli's exclusion principle, can be hired for this job. Normally, Cooper-pairs follow a bosonic statistics, but when accelerated within a RF-field, superimposed with a DC electric, or magnetic field to polarize them (align in the same direction), they turn periodically into fermions at the maximum of acceleration a=d²'(f(s)/ds=d²'sin(wt)/dt=-w²·sin(wt). This corresponds exactly to the quenching-current in superconductors. Since two bound fermions can not possess the same quantum state at the same time and location, they overcome this restriction by the creation of extra-space. Extra-space within a confined piece of spacetime is an euphemism for bent spacetime. This adds up to a dipolarly bent spacetime, as everybody can watch in aerobatic shows, as officially presented in a couple of US-DOD USN-UAP videos (these are ours, BTW). 😁
I'm surprised you didn't mention Noether's theorem: it shows precisely when (and why) energy is conserved and when it isn't. It's all about certain symmetries, and for energy it's about time translation symmetry: if the system works the same way on Monday as on Thursday, i.e. the Lagrangian doesn't depend on time directly, then energy is conserved. In an expanding universe it's not the case, so by that theorem total energy is not conserved.
Noether's theorem doesn't explain retrocasuality. It makes the theorem incorrect. Noether's theorem takes a subset of data to generalize a solution and called it a theorem.
@@crazieeez It's a purely mathematical theorem, showing 100% precisely how from certain continuous symmetries certain conserved quantities arise. It doesn't care about retrocausality which is most probably not a thing anyway.
Very likely because he's never heard about it, otherwise he wouldn't have given several pseudo-explanations.
@@crazieeez This is false you can actually use Noether's theorem in the context of information to arive at why an arrow of time will arise in General Relativity.
In all comes down to the implications of the proof of the no big crunch theorem which show us that the conditions needed for any universe's net expansion/contraction to reverse direction can never be met so long as we account for information conservation.
Ultimately this tells us that no equilibria or inflection points exist for the Einstein field equations other than the Friedmann Lemaître Robertson Walker(FLRW) metric but that this solution is unfortunately an unstable equilibrium in the sense that all possible deviations from this solution are irreversible and divergent, since if such a solution did exist then you would have to have two mutually exclusive properties within the metric tensor be simultaneously true. Effectively this comes down to the defining property for differential equations namely that they always have a unique solution for each and every possible valid set of initial conditions. Or to be more blunt this says that the paths information propagates out into spacetime takes are not the same i.e. gravity is path dependent. This has been experimentally been proven when scientists showed that spacetime curvature does bend light but this also says that the Einstein field equations can not be linearized in general especially at cosmological scales.
This has big implications as well as perturbation theory is only valid for convergent solutions which it has been shown can not exist within the set of all possible solutions to the Einstein field equations. (In essence the sign between the differential time of any time slices of spacetime always has the same sign as the change in volume for those two time slices. If you are astute you might notice that this has the same mathematical formalism as the second law of thermodynamics, and this is no coincidence as following from the definition of entropy in information theory we can show that the volume information can have propagated over via the 3 space +1 time dimensional light cone does correspond to an entropy proportional to volume.
Note that through limit analysis and the case where the paths are effectively identical we can apply the general stokes theorem to derive that this is equivalent to Hawking's area dependent entropy for the surface area of that horizon.
You might have noticed that this causes big problems for the whole standard model of cosmology as it shows the assumption that the off diagonal terms should become negligible at large distances if false.
This means you can't use perturbation theory to simplify the solutions to the FLRW metric and running numerical solutions have shown that the errors of falsely assuming the standard model of cosmology in a universe that is anisotropic and inhomogeneous and expanding trivially recovers the affects proscribed to as the Hubble tension and dark energy. In the context of "retrocausality" you can in some sense formulate things around that as an interpretation of quantum mechanics but here we see that the direction of the arrow of time is in fact proportional to the change in volume because once a net direction of change has been made it can not be unmade/
Mathematically speaking it might be more apt to say that a trivial(empty set) FLRW metric universe breaks down into a forward and reverse direction "universes" which can only evolve to more asymmetric and inhomogeneous states with this mirror universe appearing as a result of the use of the method of images. Thus no idea if the reverse universe is real or not but at least the transition mathematically involves both, and there might not be a way to tell if its real or not.
Point is the internal consistency of the Einstein field equations turns out to be linked to the existence of a fixed arrow of time and the conservation of information(of the initial conditions). In this sense weirdly enough the apparent asymmetry of time is itself a logical symmetry in spacetime corresponding to the conservation of information.
Our universe is not losing energy but rather gaining energy as it expands. You can see that the density of the universe decreases in an inversely proportional manner to the square (instead of the cube) of its radius (the current density of the universe is ~10^120 times thinner than the Planck density, whereas the radius of the universe is ~10^60 times larger than the Planck length), which means that the total energy contained in our universe is increasing, being proportional to its radius.
One of my favourite little papers* is a thought experiment about two bodies in space stationary in one sense to one another but at such a distance that the expansion of space time is pulling them apart. An indestructible rope is anchored to one and wound round a generator at the other. It would seem that such a set up would tug the rope, spin the generator and produce energy, but where exactly that energy comes from is not at all clear.
*Mining Energy in an Expanding Universe - Edward R Harrison
That would only happen outside a gravitational domain, in other words, outside a galaxy.
Thanks for another science-heavy video and breaking it down into smaller bits
One thing I noticed in your explanation about the small scale was the in the conservation on energy, the weak force can break that rule in a couple small exceptions.
I think this is a misinterpretation of how QFT works. Virtual particles are not counted in energy conservation, and so appearance of virtual W bosons doesn't violate anything.
@@paulthomas963 Textbook definition of a quantum field relies on particle creation and annihilation operators, mathematically the field is "made of" those operators, so you can't talk about a quantum field without its quanta - particles. Whether they are physical objects or just mathematical abstractions is a different question, a well worthy one.
Finally, I have been saying this for quite a long time. Nice to hear someone else break it down.
Mind blown 🤯
What i really like about Irvins viedeos is his famous "... I am going to explain that RIGHT NOW! " at the start and then it really begins a couple of seconds later!
6:09 Is the discovery itself of an expanding universe of Hubble in 1929 already related to non conservation of energy? Or does it need an accelerated expansion for the non conservation of energy?
It does because conservation of energy requires a time-symmetry. If the universe is expanding or contracting, then it is not time-symmetric and therefore does not have to conserve energy.
ALL conservation laws are based upon symmetries in nature. (Noether's theorem). This is also true in quantum mechanics (conservation of charge, spin etc..)
As Arvin pointed out, the non-conservation of energy is also embedded in General Relativity, for a non-statics universe, but this is quite a story (but is consistent with Noether's theorem). IMO if you want to explain why the universe does not have to conserve energy, then time-symmetry is a better explanation.
Off Topic - but I have a couple of questions about time dilation and speed of light that I’ve never seen covered…
1. Are all galaxies that are moving away from us, moving away at the same speed as each other when they are the same distance from us? Or do they have variable speeds? I understand that as they get further and further away from us, they appear to be accelerating and moving faster due to the expansion of space - but when each galaxy reaches the half way point between us and the edge of the observable universe - are they all travelling the exact same speed away from us at the moment they get there? (Or could some be travelling faster than others and potentially even overtake one that is further away but moving slower?)
2. Time dilation occurs as objects approach the speed of light. So then how fast are the clocks running on the planets near the edge of our observable galaxy compared to clocks on earth? Suppose we parked a wormhole between their solar system and ours when they were much closer to us and our clocks were ticking at roughly the same speed. How far off would they be now? With the expansion of space, they could appear to be traveling away from us “faster than light”, right? Wouldn’t that mean that to them, our clocks would be frozen (or even running backwards)? So then what would happen if we traveled through that wormhole?
Thanks for the weekly videos!
1. The EXACT same speed, no. But very, very close. Any differences will be due to local relative velocity. For instance Andromeda is moving towards us. So from a far away galaxy we would both be moving away, but with very slightly different speeds. By the time you get to a few hundred million light years, no galaxies are going fast enough to overtake up from any vantage point.
2. wormholes. I know nothing about wormholes.
1. As Edward rightly said, there is some relative motion of galaxies, so not all speeds are the same.
2. This is tricky. Kinetic time dilation (due to relative speed) is about how clocks on some object moving in your frame of reference seem to tick relative to your own clocks "stationary" in this frame of reference. In flat (non-expanding, no gravity) spacetime of Special Relativity you can apply this effect for any moving object no matter how far it is, your frame of reference is good enough to describe distant objects. But in curved spacetime of General Relativity it's no longer the case. Your frame of reference only works locally, for nearby objects. For distant objects the very notion of relative velocity starts to lose sense: velocity is a vector and in Riemannian geometry of curved spaces two vectors can only be compared locally, at the same point. To compare a vector from some distant point with yours, you need to parallel-transport that vector to your location first and the result will depend on path you use to transport it, so it's not objective, there's no single answer. The way space expansion works, those distant galaxies are not actually moving through space with those ridiculous speeds (often faster than light). They hardly move at all. But the distance between us grows, in fact all distances between very remote objects grow by the same amount. It's a bit like monetary inflation: you wake up tomorrow and all prices in the shop grew a bit, did milk become really more valuable than the day before? The redshifts of galaxies we see are not due to kinetic motion as in Special Relativity, such motion would only be possible up to speed of light, yet we can still see galaxies who "recede" much faster than light speed. Because it's not real motion through space but rather inflation of all space between. Which means in case of wormhole between us we would probably see each other at the same time rate, no real differences in clock rates expected.
@@thedeemon Thank you for the answers.
I did realize that a solar system in a distant galaxy may be moving through local space at pretty much the same speed that we move through our local space - but that new space is being created in between us. I would think that to observers here, it would look like time was running slower in the distant solar system - but time dilation is hard enough to understand without taking expansion into account and I just got lost. 🤷🏻♂️
In any case, thank you and Edward both for taking the time to reply!
"Quantum mechanics: the science that proves that, sometimes, even the universe doesn't quite know what it's doing."
Do you really believe the universe has consciousness?
@@wilfredoaldarondo5649 Of course the Universe is conscious. They're called human beings.
😂😂😂
@@wilfredoaldarondo5649 pure awareness become universe to know itself and it's our consiousness
Material energy in Dark Energy and Dark Matter can help to grow Black Holes according to new research. Therefore, the universe can conserve the total material energy.
Very interesting video, the combination of light (all frequencies) losing energy + the lost gravitational energy might be two of the components explaining the static energy density of the growing space vacuum. But something does not fit in the form of an equation: + Dark energy - light energy + (- Gravitational Potential Energy) + (- other unknown energy losses) = 0
The GPE should be a growing negative number with increasing distance between mass, but that's not how it normally works in GPE calculations, it then becomes a less negative number... going towards 0 with an infinite distance. Can someone form the correct equation, or correct reasoning ?
Arvin: Basing our energy density from the 94b LY diameter is foolish considering the edge of causality. It would be more accurate to add in all the energy from the lightcones of all matter in our own lightcone. Unfortunately we can't know that due to that part of the universe being beyond our horizon.
So my final assignment for the physics degree is about the thermodynamics of dark energy and OH BOY LET ME TELL YOU the relief I'm feeling as this good man tells me that energy is, in fact, not conserved in the Lambda-CDM model
If you are beginning to take on your physic's degree thesis and have never heard of Noether's theorem, you shouldn't have skipped ALL your classes.
Seriouosly .. what kind of university is that ?
You're the best Arvin! Luv your content. I was wondering if you might consider doing a series on each (or at least the most commonly used) of the physics equations? Really break down each of the variables in what they represent, how they are measured/derived, and what is implied by their relationships. I know it sounds kind of dry, but folks like me would really appreciate it! Thank you 🤗
Or if there is a really good library of such content out there to freely access, please point me in the right direction, anyone.
go buy a textbook.
@@MomentumHR6 Go buy a life, troll.
great work, respect for your work sir!
Arvin, could it be possible that space in the beginning was in the minimum energy state ( quantum state), therefore there were no energy and no mass? Suppose something external to the three space dimensions (may be in the other dimension) made the known dimensions to expand and like a rubber band when it is stretched, the three known dimensions gain energy by the expansion of the three known dimensions. When ebergy was available, then nass was created as per the big bang and other cosmological theories explain. If we want to keep the energy and momentum conservation laws, we may infer the other dimensions theorized by the string theories will then be compressing as results of the expansion of the three known dimensions. How could the other dimensions be compressing? We may speculate by the same law and behavior as Gravity works or behave when everything (energy and mass) is compressed in a gravitational field. As an analogy, this happens in s black hole. Suppose the same behavior might occur in the other not yet observed dimensions at the plank size. Crazy let me know. Maybe it is science fiction, but please let me know your opinion whatever it is. Thanks.
Well, I suppose it is possible. But we really have no idea what was there at moment of the beginning.
@@ArvinAsh You've been targeted by a flat earther begging for views. His channel is dying.
@@paulthomas963 👍
@@paulthomas963 yes minimum energy state but not zero but no mass prior to inflation
5:34 ... What general relativity tells us is that if spacetime were standing still, that is, if it were flat and not changing, then energy would be constant. But if spacetime is curving and changing, then the momentum is changing, and thus the energy is changing as well. So, astonishingly, it tells us that at large scales, energy is really not conserved in the universe. We can point to several observations that confirm this. 6:02 The first is the observed expansion of the universe. The first empirical evidence of this was gathered in 1929 by Edwin Hubble. Then, in the late 1990s scientists (Saul Perlmutter, American Astrophysicist | b. 1059) discovered is not only expanding, but that this expansion is accelerating. This acceleration is called Dark Energy. The problem with expanding spacetime is that empty space has energy. If the volume of this space is increasig then energy is increasing. We know that the energy desity of spacetime doesn't change, but energy desity is energy over volume. If the volume increases, then energy also increases. This phenomenon appears to indicate that energy is not being conserved. Another consequence of an expanding spacetime is the observed redshift. The light from distand galaxies is redshifted. As the universe expands, the wvaelength of light also expands. And as we learned from Max Planck: E equals hμ, μ is the fequency, which we can rewrite as the speed of light divided by wavelength, lambda. Thus, we see that if the wavelength is longer, the engergy is lower. So the photons have lower energy by the time they reach us. This appeas to violate conservation of energy. 7:23 Where did this loss of energy go? Well, the energy of the photon is observer dependent. From our perspective, the photon loses its energy to the expanding spacetime between its origin and us. 7:41 Now I know some of you are going to ask, since we know that dark energy is increasing, could it be that the energy that light waves lose turns to dark energy, thus conserving energy overall? Well, the problem with that idea is that even if you take all the observed light of the universe into account, it would not account for the amount of dark energy in the universe. [] Dark energy is almost 70% of the energy of the universe, whereas all the matter and light that we can observe is only about 5%. The lost energy of light would be miniscule portion of all the energy needed too counterbalance increasing dark energy. The expansion of the universe presents a major issue with treating the universe as an isoloated system. [] We don't even know what the size of the universe really is, so we can't define what the isolated system would be. We only know the observable universe, which is about 94 billion light years in diameter. There is a so called cosmic event horizon which is the end of this observable universe. The galaxies at the edge of this cosmic event horizon are moving away from us such that the light beyond it will never reach us. 8:43 I was watching a video on Magellan TV, today's sponsor, which showed how it's possible that the universe beyond the visible universe could be infinite. [Very challenge, if the universe is infinite, the Christianity theologians will be frustrated, because it suggest the uinverse is not created by God the infinite, instead, it's parallel with the house of God, then Dualism is right, then Bilbe is wrong, right? Then what Stephen Hawking said is right: we don't need a God who's doing nothing to our unviverse] And if that's true, then the universe would definitely NOT be an isolated system, since we could not put any boundary around it. In this case we would have to conclude that the universe likely does not conserve energy. The Magellan TV documentary is called, "Is the Universe Infinite" - and 9:14
Problem!
In the field equation, right side, 8 x Pi x G divided by C^4 is being multiplied into ( Change in the Covariant derivative x Energy Momentum Tensor) where the Change in the Covariant Derivitive x Energy Momentum Tensor is equal to 0 .
So..... you are multiplying by Zero. Isn't this an issue?
5:01 it is hard to understand from here . But I am extremely interested in these kind of science topics (theoretical physics ,quantum physics ,particle physics and cosmology ) .I have just got into 10th class so I have no knowledge about concepts like Calculus, derivatives and Energy density and thermodynamics . So can anyone help me to understand this so that I can pursue my interest ..
9:15 Why couldn’t an infinite universe to be an isolated system. I guess you might have a problem making the energy finite in the first place, but is there really anything in yhe thermodynamics of isolated systems that require them to be finite.
I can imagine places in the maths where you could run into trouble, but if there are solid no-go theorems on the issue I’d be interested to read about it. (I’m fine with reading research level papers if that helps.)
There are no infinities in reality.
Good video. In around minute 6:44 it is said that when Volume increases Energy also increases. Is this not an offset to the loss of energy?
Sir Arvin, The accelerated redshift, can be explained with shrinking atoms, If an atom halves in diameter, then the emitted wavelength is also halved and a frequency twice as high is emitted, if we then look into space and we see a system with 50% redshift, then the light is there, atomic-generated, with double the diameter of ours and our atoms are halved in the time it took the light to get to us. If our atoms halve in diameter, the mutual reaction time is also halved and you could say that the clock goes twice as fast, so that the next halving takes place in half the time and you see an accelerated redshift. With this formulation, a galaxy with 75% redshift would have Atoms with a diameter 4 times as large and no longer fit the Hubble constant, if this galaxy takes 2 times as long to halve in diameter, as a galaxy with 50% redshift and then 3 times as far.
If we now use the parallax, of the orbit of our Solar System around the Milky Way center, which we orbit at 840,000 kilometers per hour, and with the old Hubble photos we have a parallax with a base of 720,000,000,000 kilometers , which is 2400 times greater than the parallax around the Sun and then, with Hubble's old 2.5 meter mirror telescope, we can calculate objects that are 480,000 light-years away, with the Hubble space telescope we could use the old photos. from 30 years ago, possibly much farther out in space to measure the distances and with James Webb, that we measure hundreds of millions of light years away, the distance and the redshift, to see if it fits the shrinking atom theory.
Sir Arvin, De versnelde roodverschuiving, is met krimpende atomen te verklaren, Als een atoom halveert in diameter, dan halveert ook de uitgezonden golflengte en word er een 2 maal zo hoge frequentie uitgezonden, als we dan de ruimte in kijken en we een stelsel met 50% roodverschuiving zien, dan is het licht daar, door atomen opgewekt, met een dubbele diameter als bij ons en zijn onze atomen gehalveerd in de tijd dat het licht er over deed om naar ons toe te komen. Als onze atomen in diameter halveren, dan word de onderlinge reactie tijd ook gehalveerd en zou je kunnen stellen dat de klok 2 maal zo snel gaat, waar door de volgende halvering in de halve tijd plaats vind en krijg je een versnelde roodverschuiving te zien. Met deze formulering, zou een sterrenstelsel met 75% roodverschuiving Atomen hebben met een 4 maal zo grote diameter en niet meer passen bij de Constante van Hubble, als dit stelsel er 2 maal zo lang over doet om te halveren in diameter, als een stelsel met 50% roodverschuiving en dan 3 maal zo ver staat.
Als we nu de parallax gebruiken, van het rondje van ons Zonnestelsel om het Melkweg centrum, waar we met 840.000 kilometer per uur een rondje om draaien en we met de oude Foto,s van Hubble een parallax hebben met een basis van 720.000.000.000 kilometer, wat 2400 maal groter is als de parallax om de Zon en we dan, met de oude 2,5 meter spiegel telescoop van hubble, objecten kunnen berekenen die op 480.000 lichtjaar staan, met de Hubble ruimte telescoop zouden we met de oude foto,s van 30 jaar geleden, mogelijk nog veel verder in de ruimte de afstanden meten en met James Webb, dat we honderden miljoenen lichtjaren ver, de afstand en de roodverschuiving meten, om te zien of het overeen komt met de krimpende atomen theorie.
4:33 John Wheeler said, "Matter tells spacetime how to curve, and spacetime tells matter how to move."
Let me interpret what you are saying in this video, We live in an infinite universe. some matter leaks from the edges of our infinite universe. What I dont understand is that if the speed of expansion increases, the amount of energy is increasing in the universe out of nothing. How can this be? Can you explain this?
Well, that's part of the issue. If energy is increasing, then energy is not conserved. Keep in mind though what I said near the end of the video. Some scientists argue that increasing energy is counterbalanced by gravity's negative energy.
I think i have born in the time where physics is in its primitive state and answered just basic works of the universe. I think i should've been born some 10000 years later. These are some of the questions that keeps coming to my mind. If any future physicist has been able to come to the past (now present) plz answer these questions.
1. What was before big bang?
2. Why the heck big bang happened?
3. What is there at singularity of a black hole?
4. Why is universe expanding?
5. How can universe theoretically expand with the speed more than light's?
6. What is the size of the universe?
7. What is total space that can be ever occupied by the expansion of the universe?
I'm just lost in the universe and life is just a mere accident.
If you're going to say that the observable universe isn't an isolated system, then I don't think it's makes sense to say that energy conservation is violated.
It makes more sense to say the preconditions were never met.
While it is true that no perfectly isolated systems exist in our observable universe, it is also true that science has made good use of the concept, despite having no real world examples.
Besides the ambiguity of what it means to be a closed/isolated system, there's also ambiguity as to what it means to be an "observable" universe. I'm sure Heisenberg uncertainties are well defined, but that only describes the observability of small scales. On cosmological scales we're not limited by an established physical law like the uncertainty principle, we're limited by the power of our telescopes! At this scale we don't have an uncertainty principle, we just have specifications for our technology.
To me, energy conservation has philosophical significance. It's always been an incomplete theory, we still don't know how to convert energy between all its different forms. What we do know is that there's some variable that we can account for in the experimental data that always seems to balance cause and effect. When we do the accounting, and follow the missing energy, we always seem to find it.
At 5:50 it would seem that the momentum is constantly changing since it's a vector and direction is constantly changing, but given a circular orbit, the energy which is not a vector would remain constant.
In rotational systems, you have to transform all equations from translatoric motion into the rotational ones: E.g.: E=m·v²/2 -> E=J·w²/2, m=m·v -> L=J·w, F -> M·r. Additionally, Keplers laws must be observed.
@@debrainwasher But the energy stats the same, right?
@@edweinb Energy is energy. No matter, how you convert, store, or transform it. Simply the math changes. When you swirl around a mass on a thread, rotational equations describe every property. In the moment, you let the mass go, its movements turns into a linear motion, and translatoric equations are applicable. Things can really become strange, when quasi-particles are involved (read my post above) but it works - ruled by the Noether-theorem BTW.
In 7:19, where Red shift was demonstrated, it is incorrect to go from blue to purple to red, the correct order would be blue, green, yellow, red
while this obviously hyperbolated for simplicity i think this would better encapsulate the idea
Arvin, can I please request a video topic? I would love you to do a video commenting on and debunking (or proving) Professor Salvatore Pais' five wild US Navy Patents covering a plethora of novel physics, including piezoelectric room temperature semiconductor, electromagnetic resonance and gravity waves. You looked at the scientific evidence behind Bob Lazar's claims, now I would love to hear you do the same here!
What's with the bullshit? ;-)
5:18 Covariant tensors use subscripts while contravariant tensors use superscripts.
No one teaches energy conservation, we teach mass-energy conservation (or momentum-energy if you like). Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission both convert matter to energy, so energy is not conserved, rather it is created.
6:31 the expansion is not called dark energy, rather dark energy is posited to be the cause of the accelerating expansion.
Wayne Y. Adams
B.S. Chemistry
M.S. Physics
Mass, through mc^2, is just one component of total energy, when we talk about energy conservation. In a certain sense, rest mass is just confined energy, especially if you look inside protons & neutrons.
Thanks @Arvinn Ash for this video for explaining the fundamentals so simply. I only wish you had further delved into what the conservation of momentum-energy means and if it has any relationship with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle which says we cannot no position and momentum with a degree of accuracy. Since in quantum mechanics energy is conserved what is the implication then momentum is also conserved in small scales independently as we learn in classical physics ? The second question I have is the fact the the universe seems flat from where we are even though our measurements show universe if expanding at at accelerated rate, does this somehow indicate a conservation of energy ? if we were expanding at at accelerated rate and dominated by dark energy if the universe seems flat does it mean then the gravitational energy of dark matter , light and matter offsets leaving the rest as "stress energy" . This questions puzzled me for a while, but you have only touched upon it here. Only one term with T relates to energy in Einstein's field equations. Then what is the equivalent equation or (inequality) which has gravitational energy, stress energy and dark energy as terms in it. Sorry for the long question but could you perhaps clarify or do a part 2 if this video ?
1. In classical mechanics both energy and momentum conservation are consequences of time & space translation symmetries, as described by Noether's theorem. Any continuous symmetry of certain kind in the Lagrangian leads mathematically to a conserved quantity. Energy is just the name for such quantity in case of time translation symmetry, which basically says the Lagrangian must not depend on time directly, an experiment performed on Monday should give the same results as the same experiment performed on Friday. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem
In relativity theory energy and momentum are also related to time and space correspondingly as parts of the en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-momentum .
In quantum mechanics energy & momentum are also related to time and space correspondingly: energy operator is basically time derivative of the wave function (this is what Schroedinger equation literally says), and momentum operator is spatial derivative of the wave function. Values of energy and momentum are eigenvalues of those operators. In QFT particles are represented as combinations of simple waves where frequency in time is energy and frequency in space is momentum, up to a constant of course (see Klein-Gordon equation). Their conservation (in flat spacetime) comes more or less automatically in equations describing scattering processes (see S-Matrix).
2. No, accelerated expansion of space means time-translation symmetry is not present, universe today is not the same as yesterday, so we don't expect energy to be conserved. www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2010/02/22/energy-is-not-conserved/
3. In current cosmological models space (3D) is flat but spacetime (4D) is not. See FLRW metric: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric
4. Regarding Einstein's equation, indeed gravitational energy and dark energy are not in T on the right side, they are on the left side - in the values of metric g_mu_nu and in the cosmological constant Λ. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant
Thanks in billions for explaining in a precise way ❤
At 6:35 you say we know that the energy density of spacetime doesn’t change. My question is, how do we know that? An explanation of this would be a great follow up video.
Interesting speculations. Very few people are willing to question it, let alone come up with a good argument.
Most thought provoking ideas
I have wondered about gravitational potential energy which increases with distance until the object goes over the cosmic horizon. Then, that potential energy drops instantly to zero. I understand that energy conservation only holds if the frame of reference does not change. If you accelerate then stop accelerating, you just changed the kinetic energy of everything in the universe from your point of view.
The question what's happening to the energy that gets lost during the redshift puzzled me and unfortunately my cosmology professor hadn't had such a clear answer to this question back then. But still then it is fascinating, that a process that happens at spacetime point A cannot be reversed at some arbitrary spacetime point B in the universe in general because the event arrives with less energy there.
Great video, Arvin.
I’ve had an amazing thought! In the beginning of the universe, (not the very beginning, but close to it) at the moment when the Higgs field gave rise to massive bodies, these bodies would be so energetic, they would be traveling at almost the speed of light. The relativistic speeds would cause space to appear contracted in the reference frames of these high speed particles. Since space was relativistically contracted due to high speeds between the massive observers, then as those massive observers slowed down relative to one another, it would have made space appear to start expanding due to relativistic principles of space dilating from the perspective of each massive bodies as they slow down relative to one another. I wonder, if the expansion of space we find today might be just that! As matter continues to slow down in the ever increasing relativistic expansion of space, this give the appearance that distances between massive objects continues to expand. The effect is a runaway expansion of space and a forever increasing slowing down of matter due to the increased volume of space for matter to occupy.
If its the divergence of the combinaton of momentum and energy that is conserved, then how does that work out with the expanding universe adding ever more dark energy as it expand? Thanks in advance!
Thanks for answering a question I've thought about for years. I have a science degree (BSc Chemistry) but I always suspected that conservation of energy was not absolute because of the expansion of the universe, it is nice to know that I was not wrong.
+1 I've been wondering about this for a long time too! Seems fundamentally "strange", for lack of a better word. Very odd but apparently (?) true.
The expansion of the universe indeed destroys the symmetry, which would be the basis of the symmetry, for which Noether's theom would predict a conservation law. This indeed means, that energy is not strictly conserved conserved in an expanding universe. The issue is: the explanation given (or rather not given ) in the video is crap. It also forgets to mention, that the expansion of space is (at least currently) prevented by gravity within galactic clusters and takes only place outside of them. This means, that within any galactic cluster (and especially within any galaxy) the law of energy conservation is perfectly valid, without exception.
Maravilloso vídeo.
It is ofc possible on a universe scale energy is conserved within something bigger that we have not defined yet! You are a superb explainer ^__^ great vids always!!
Great explanation!
Simplesmente adoro suas explicações!
Could energy be taken from things other than light, as a source for this expansion energy? For example could the energy for expansion be the 'space' stealing energy from all moving matter through space time? Per object the amount of energy taken may be so small we haven't detected this effect?
For me the most important think of a platform is to be able to discuss the thing i just saw with other people. Does magelan has a comment section?
The rapid expanding is troubling. It's like a balloon blowing up, maybe one day it will just pop. The bible says the heavens will burn, like vacuum death would be, and then new heavens and the new earth, or maybe the same one all over again. Snake eating it's tail, if there is an actual end of time and it repeats like a movie. Since time is linked with space and specific to it's universe, it's possible new universes could create old ones in the multiverse, and we can get around the problem of origin this way.
Regarding the conservation of energy in General Relativity, please see Landau and Lifshitz (1975), Vol.2, The Classical Theory of Fields, section#96: Pseudotensor of the energy-momentum of gravitational field. We can define the total 4-impulse so that it is conserved.
What is your view on information conservation? If energy is not conserved it seems the same should be the case for information. The non-conservation of information is something that I've long believed due to the probabilistic nature of reality, but I'm curious to hear your thoughts.
Information is equivalent to energy. If i remember correctly; that is the Landauer theorem. To erase one bit of information cost some amount of information. Therefore; no energy conservation = no information conservation
These are two independent issues. Energy conservation is a consequence of a certain symmetry (time translation). See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem.
Information conservation is about unitarity of time evolution operator, about distinguishability of states where energy is just a property of those states.
@@victoratanasov9680 nope. Information equals the entropy content of a system, not it's energy content (as the later one is, at least as a rule of thumb, constant within a closed system, while the energy and entropy content are not).
You cited Landauer's theorem absolutely correctly but misinterpreted it. Just because erasing information (which in the end doesn't really erase the information (as information can not be destroyed)), just distributes it further with in the system, thereby increasing the entropy of the system).
Could the following descriptive view of the universe, or something similar, account for what you describe in this video? I think energy conservation would hold in this view.
What if the universe’s zero point energy were an elastic solid with a viscoelastic liquid suspended in it due to ripping energy apart from the underlying solid and coalescing into quanta from a plank scale event (a big bang) - similar to an elastic solid/viscous liquid colloidal suspension with gravity being the relationship between the analog energy of the elastic solid and the quantized viscoelastic liquid? That could make space-time the elastic solid, could account for the randomness of black hole evaporation, account for effects attributed to dark matter, account for wave-particle duality, account for the expansion of the universe, and could account for the redshift as well as potentially be the source of another big bang as quanta become unstable and then critical due to energy dissipation. Could then gravity be just a matter of conservation of energy? I can’t see why this descriptive view couldn’t accommodate the standard model as applied to the viscoelastic liquid and general relativity applying to the relationship between the elastic solid and the viscoelastic liquid.
These questions have been nagging me for a number of years. Please let me know if this description could be at least partially correct or not?
WoW...what a beautiful explanation
I clicked on this fully expecting to scoff and laugh at someone's magical/superstitious thinking. I'm pleasantly surprised that instead I watched a video that taught ke something and made me think. Well done!
More than 90 billion light-years is the observable universe... and maybe infinite... such videos ground your position in this little world 😊
Gotta respect the boldness of an Energy Distribution pie chart that doesn't contain normal energy
2:25 Technically your car brakes are not a closed system because a small amount of matter is lost as your brake pads wear down. That is why you have to have your brake pads changed periodically. i realize it is negligible and can be ignored, but it is a factor, nonetheless.
You are right, but the major effect is that the system is indeed not closed and therefore the energy can dissipate in form of heat out of the system.
@@noneofyourbusiness-qd7xi How is this any different from what i just wrote?
@@wayneyadams Not too much, that's why I wrote: "You are right".
The important part is imho not, that parts of the brakes can leave the system, but the braking energy in form of heat will leave the system.
@@noneofyourbusiness-qd7xi Of course it will, did I ever say it would not? My comment was that mass also leaves the system, even though it is negligible, it still happens.
I believe the right title would be How our fundamental laws of physics violates our universe😅. I love you Arvin. Peace. .
Can we say in this case energy is conserved locally but not globally? Because covariant derivative of EM tensor is zero.
Hello Arwin Ash Sir….
The world “Sir” I am using only because I really respect your work for the humanity…..
And perhaps the time has come when your student can teach you something which you always dreamt off.
I will first start by explaining the Hidden Reality of interference patter when one electron is fired and observation is made. Because I know you are very much eager to know the reality and you itself many times says that “May be we must wait for someone to come and explain it”
This will soon be published in the top journal of world.
But I was not able to resist myself to at-least tell you that soon you will have answers of every puzzle in our mind
Arvin,
You didn't mention Noether's Theorem.
In the wider Universe, the only primary law is the conservation of symmetry.
The conservation of energy is derived from the conservation of symmetry; conservation of energy is valid locally, but not for the Universe as a whole...
"Conservation of symmetry" is not a thing. Symmetry is either there or not. Just presence of certain continuous symmetries in the laws describing the system leads to conservation of corresponding quantities.
This is a really good video that explains another reason as to why The Big Bang, and Cosmic Expansion is wrong, Arvin unintentionally added another point that points out a glaring problem with The Big Bang and Cosmic Expansion, and why neither is possible, but unfortunately, I doubt we'll have a very meaningful conversation about it, as most scientists aren't keen on giving up their dearly held beliefs, sad, but true.
Regarding the Black Hole Information Paradox and Hawking Radiation, does the conservation or loss of Information make any difference when explaining Conservation of Energy on tne scale of the Universe?
These are two independent issues. Energy conservation is a consequence of a certain symmetry (time translation). See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem.
Information conservation is about unitarity of time evolution operator, about distinguishability of states where energy is just a property of those states.
No, information equals entropy, not energy. While energy is (largely) conserved in a closed system, information and entropy increase over time and can not be reduced (entropy) resp. destroyed (information).
I never understand the ball on a rubber thing. Ok, it curves space, so an object in movement is going to have its trajectory curved. But how does that explain gravity between stationary objects?
Spacetime is a 4D manifold, all objects are moving through time, so when two objects are mutually stationary at time T, it just means their trajectories through spacetime are parallel at that moment T, going only in time direction and not in any space directions. But then due to curvature of spacetime they will stop being parallel and start approaching each other. Just like two airplanes starting at equator going straight North are initially going parallel but then they'll start to get closer to each other even though each one is going straight North and never turns.
It is important to consider star-systems like our solar system are relatively compact compared to nearest neighbors, while galaxies are much closer to each other relative to their size, so easier to conserve energy and momentum at solar system level, while galaxies are something different, although also snail-slow over human time scales. Galaxies also show dark matter affecting rotation curves, so we only slightly know what's going on at galactic scales. We don't know what dark matter is, but generally assumed to NOT be ordinary matter, even if there is ordinary nonstar matter in galaxies too, which we can "see" as nebulae and dark clouds, second more visible with brighter backgrounds.
I just watched that new video by Suskind. It says that after heat death or equilibrium, complexity continues to expand. Time can stop moving forward, and complexity still increases. To me, I feel like you could argue that with increased complexity comes increased emergence, and with that spontaneous events of random entropy fluctuation. The Boltzmann's brain idea, is just as likely to be what I describe below, as it is to be random particles floating in space... A static heat dead patch of space continues to become more and more complex, until a small portion of that space randomly becomes super critically saturated, and explodes into a furiously expanding self contained bubble... But is the bubble growing or everything inside it shrinking/evaporating? Meaning what, time is the rigid structure of continuousness, and that matter and energy are the fluid filing that scaffolding??? Crazy stuff.
particles are not floating, please get this idea out of your head
also, time doesn't exist
@@earth-is-flat-prove-me-wrong Where did I say particles at all, let alone floating?
The Boltzmann's brain idea, is just as likely to be what I describe below, as it is to be random particles floating in space...
I'd like to see a scientist tackle the question of to which degree the bubble of the observable universe can be considered an isolated system. And what the expansion of the universe (but relative shrinkage of the the observable universe) means for it.
Does gravity have a maximum radius? Like if spacetime is quantized, there is a minimum curvature that would "snap" to flat rendering gravity null?
In General Relativity there is no such limit. And we don't have a working quantum theory of gravity yet.
Keep up the great work Team Ash! ^.^
There’s something big we don’t know! And that’s very encouraging to keep looking.
I don’t think our universe is infinite. It definitely feels like it though.
Actually, energy can still be conserved if we consider that the galaxies and stars may be shrinking in size, while space remains the same volume. If viewed this way, then we see that the energy contained in the vacuum of space always remains the same, since the volume of that space always remains the same. We can view matter as shrinking which might better explain our universe. There is also no way for us to tell the difference between an expanding universe and a universe with shrinking matter, for those ideas are both mathematically equal. When we measure distances, our rulers would also be shrinking, and this would cause us to mistake our universe for an expanding universe. And really, since energy conservation is being violated in our views of an expanding universe, I think it should be thoroughly considered that a shrinking matter scenario may actually be the case. If this is the case, then it means that radiation does not shrink though, only matter shrinks. Here we see, that photons would be reddened in that case, having longer wavelengths after traveling across great distances of space, not because of space expansion, but only bcus our rulers will have had the necessary time to shrink substantially during the photon’s very long trip. Also, if we are a shrinking matter universe, then it means the constant C is also always slowing down, such that it matches constantly when our shrinking rulers indicate a measure of 1 second per light-second. I’m sure all of the math will be in agreement with an expanding universe. Since the math checks out, then this shrinking matter theory could prove to be a very possible scenario, so this model should be explored more I think, especially since it allows us to restore the principles of energy conservation.
You state that the energy density of the universe is constant.
Can you explain the evidence that would support this statement?
It does not seem intuitive. I could see how this might be true at a certain scale. But at this scale it would seem like you would lose much of the fine detail. From the moon earth mostly looks flat. But if you’re standing in front of the Himalayas you might disagree with the earth being smooth/flat, that fine detail is lost at the scale of the moon.
@Arvin Ash Is there any observation/experiment that show the conservation of energy-momentum?
Pretty much every experiment people did on Earth.
@@thedeemon I am asking about experiment/observation where neither energy nor momentum is conserved individually but together, ie. energy-momentum, there is conservation.
@@samo4003 Ah, that's an interesting question, yes. As far as I know energy conservation is independent from momentum conservation and they work separately, when they work. So I wouldn't expect one turning into another, other than when we change our frame of reference. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-momentum
@@thedeemon So, this is another part of Einstein equation that is yet to be proved?
In a static universe (not shrinking/expanding) : energy is strictly conserved, as a result of Noether's theorem.
In an expanding universe that's no longer perfectly true. On small scales (within galaxies/galaxy clusters) space does not expand and energy is still conserved (although that's strictly speaking not a closed system anymore), but on large scales (intergalactic/inter-galaxy-cluster distances) this is no longer strictly true. So for an expanding universe, the law of energy conservation is not longer strictly true, as there is no symmetry, upon which the symmetry would be based upon.
I wonder if this could relate in any way to Roger Penrose's cyclical model of the universe? His model, as I'm given to understand it, seems to violate certain laws of thermodynamics, but if it's possible that the universe can in certain ways and circumstances violate its own rules, then I wonder if this might correlate with that in any way. 🤔
I thought I read just recently that some experiment or some observation proves that the cyclical model of the universe was proved false. I will have to look for it if I remember to do that.
Resistance to be used as equalization? Thermaldynamics the variable?
Sir I request you to do some work on spintronics... explain visual spin to charge current conversion, quantum hall effect and ishe etc
Good discussion Arvin.
This is the best argument I have seen that actually confirms Prof Neil Turoks Universe/Antiuniverse . The sum total of energy of the Universe/Antiuniverse cancels out. Each Universe is not isolated, but both together muat sum up to what created the Universe/Antiuniverse, that is nothing.
If we know the age of the universe and its expansion rate, how do we not know its size and if it is infinite? If it is infinite could it still be within something larger?
Here is another case at microscopic level. An electron orbiting an atom emits electric field and magnetic field because is moving randomly around the atom on its orbit. Since energy flows out of the electron and it's mass doesn't decrease and is not losing momentum and falling on the nucleus, the only explanation is that is fed with some form of energy from the environment continuously. E.T.Whittaker had a paper where he expressed the electric and magnetic field as two scalar fields interacting to each other. This arrangement suggested there is an incoming and outgoing wave out of the electron at the same heartbeat across the universe. We're not feeling that or we cant' measure it because we're made of electrons which are waving in sync/phase otherwise they will not feel each other or interact with each other. Same with the instruments we built, electrons in them are waving in sync with our bodies, etc
Since discovering quantum mechanics ~100 years ago we know electron is not a little ball that's actually orbiting the nucleus, so it doesn't have to emit light while staying there.
@@thedeemon Sorry but it emits an electric field. There is no arguing here. And because is moving it emits a magnetic field as well. Any charged particle in motion creates magnetic field. The two fields combined might not meet the criteria for "light" but they still make up energy created continuously as I have explained.
@@car9167 who told you it's moving?
@@thedeemon lol you're funny. Don't tell me it stays in a fixed position somewhere around the atom.
@@car9167 You can argue, that it is not moving, when you look at it as a wave.
In a stable orbit, the circumference of the orbit is exactly an integer multiple of the wavelength (simplyfied).
It creates a standing wave, which doesnt seem to move at all.
Thats why it doesn't lose energy via radiation (cyclotron radiation).
"Emitting a field" doesn't consume energy over time. After an electric or magnetic field is created, it just keeps existing, until you cancel it with an opposite amount of energy. There is no energy constantly flowing away from the electron.
This would be like saying, "the earth is losing energy by constantly creating a gravitational field".
Dear sir, can you recommend a best book of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics for self study?
Can statistical mechanics be learned like classical mechanics?
It really discourages me while also i cant find a good teacher of stat mech.
Thanks.
While not completely thermodynamics, an excellent and scientifically solid introduction to the topic (including kinetic gas theory/statistical mechanics) and thermodynamics is: Atkins: Physical Chemistry. It's the standard textbook on the topic (but it also deals with other topics, eg introduction to Quantum mechanics, Schroedingererquation etc etc.). It's aimed at undergraduates, so it's fairly easy read. An alternative is Tipler: Physics (which obviuosly also deals with other topics).
Both are general standard undergraduate textbooks and no monographs on thermodynamics, but are good solid introductions into the topic. If you want an 900p+ specialized monograph, on thermodynamics try: Sonntag, Fundamentals of thermodynamics.
@@noneofyourbusiness-qd7xi thanks.
@@noneofyourbusiness-qd7xi is there a book like atkins on purely statistical mechanics?
Gravity and dark energy are the description of the same slop.
The same slope at the edge of a black hole
Is dark energy pushing or gravity pulling?
The slope of space time is the edge dislocation of virtual particles.
Positive and negative virtual particles sliding against each other like two necklaces. Stadium Holà is a gravitational wave but they move one seat over.
That is 1 dimension but in 4 d it is a circle that also is a tunnel.
I hope it helps.
So yes. Dark energy is therefore the gravity of our parent univers. 😅
Enjoy. And thank you fir reading